title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: The team prepares for battle in a universe lacking intelligent life, but Thor accidentally draws Ultron's attention. A battle ensues, which ends with T'Challa stealing the Soul Stone and Strange teleporting a horde of zombies including a zombified Wanda Maximoff onto Ultron, before escaping to Ultron's home universe. There, they meet that universe's Natasha Romanoff before they are interrupted by a returning Ultron, who had defeated the zombies. The team manages to subdue Ultron and Gamora uses the Infinity Crusher in an attempt to destroy the Infinity Stones, but fails as the Crusher and the Stones are from different universes.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: Ultron re-engages the team and begins to overpower them. Romanoff, with Carter's help, shoots Ultron with Clint Barton's arrow that contains Arnim Zola's artificial intelligence. Zola's AI destroys Ultron's mind, but Killmonger steals Ultron's armor and the Infinity Stones, telling the Guardians that the power may be able to "fix their worlds", but they refuse. Zola reactivates Ultron's Vision body and begins to fight Killmonger for the Stones. Strange and the Watcher freeze them in time and seal them inside a pocket dimension which Strange agrees to watch over.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: The Watcher returns Carter, T'Challa, Thor and Gamora back to their home universes, with Romanoff (who refuses to return to her own dead universe) being brought to the universe where most of the Avengers (including that universe's Romanoff) were assassinated by Hank Pym as she saves Nick Fury from Loki. The Watcher continues to watch over the Multiverse which he now vows to protect.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: In a mid-credits scene, after returning to her universe, Carter and her universe's Romanoff defeat Batroc before discovering the Hydra Stomper armor with someone contained inside.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: By September 2018, Marvel Studios was developing an animated anthology series based on the "What If...?" comic books, which would explore how the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films would be altered if certain events occurred differently. Head writer A.C. Bradley joined the project in October 2018, with director Bryan Andrews meeting Marvel Studios executive Brad Winderbaum about the project as early as 2018; Bradley and Andrews' involvement was announced in August 2019. They executive produce alongside Winderbaum, Kevin Feige, Louis D'Esposito, and Victoria Alonso. Bradley wrote the ninth episode, titled "What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?", which was released on Disney+ on October 6, 2021. In the episode's alternate storyline, Ultron continues with his plans after having successfully transferred his consciousness into Vision's body. The episode also reimagines moments of the films "The Avengers" (2012), "" (2014), "" (2015), "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2" (2017), "" (2017), "" (2018), and "" (2019).


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: Unlike other episodes, this episode acts as a direct continuation to the previous one. Andrews stated that the creative team always planned to make this episode bring together all the stories from previous episodes and Bradley stated that the season finale's major source of tension involves if the Watcher will break his oath of not interfering or he will stay as usual doing nothing, musing if he will always watch and not interfere or will "a story" force him to intervene. Bradley also felt that the episode will finally answer the show's end tag.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: The episode would revisit various characters from previous episodes, including Peggy Carter / Captain Carter from the first episode, Doctor Strange Supreme from the fourth episode, Thor from the seventh episode, and Erik "Killmonger" Stevens from the sixth episode. An alternate Gamora who killed Thanos is introduced in this episode; an episode exploring her what if scenario was originally intended to release during the first season, but was delayed to the second following COVID-19 pandemic-related production issues. Bradley revealed that it was early on in production that it was decided these characters would return for a resolution in the finale, thus the ending of each episode had a cliffhanger.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: The episode included a mid-credits scene featuring Captain Carter, being the show's first after-credits scene. Early on the show's development, it was discussed to have post-credits scene in every episodes; Winderbaum and Feige insisted to not do so and air the episodes without additional content, but the creative team eventually felt the need to include an after-credits scene in the season finale to tease potential further adventures in the upcoming second season, especially for Captain Carter due to her popularity among the show's crew. The impetus for the scene's final shot was the crew's "way" to ask Marvel Studios to let them explore more Captain Carter's universe. The mid-credits scene also depicts Carter as being friends with her universe's Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, being two strong women who "support each other, save the day and have fun together", without being any jealously or competition among them. Bradley inspired their friendship with the one Steve Rogers / Captain America has with Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier in the film series, in addition to the friendships she has with her female friends.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: The Watcher sends Natasha Romanoff from the dystopian Ultron world to the world seen in the third episode of the season because the creative realized that returning her to her world "was a fate worse than death". Bradley added that this decision came from what they wanted to say about the Watcher, who "loves these stories, these people, these heroes" and how he would not want to banish her back to her original world by herself.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: Jeffrey Wright narrates the episode as the Watcher, with Marvel planning to have other characters in the series voiced by the actors who portrayed them in the MCU films. The episode stars previous-episode actors Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter / Captain Carter, Lake Bell as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, Frank Grillo as Brock Rumlow, Chadwick Boseman as Star-Lord T'Challa, Michael B. Jordan as N'Jadaka / Erik "Killmonger" Stevens, Chris Hemsworth as Thor, Benedict Cumberbatch as Doctor Strange Supreme, Toby Jones as Arnim Zola, Tom Hiddleston as Loki, Kurt Russell as Ego, Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury, and Mick Wingert as Tony Stark / Iron Man. Georges St-Pierre also reprises his role as Georges Batroc from previous MCU media.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: Brian T. Delaney, Ozioma Akagha, and Ross Marquand reprise their roles as Peter Quill, Shuri, and Ultron from the second, seventh, and eighth episode, respectively, in which they replaced MCU stars Chris Pratt, Letitia Wright, and James Spader. Cynthia McWilliams voices Gamora, replacing Zoe Saldaña. This version of Gamora was marketed as "Gamora, Daughter of Thanos". Eitri, Pepper Potts, Steve Rogers / Captain America, Sam Wilson / Falcon, Clint Barton / Hawkeye, Wanda Maximoff, and Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel appear in non-speaking roles.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: Animation for the episode was provided by Flying Bark Productions, with Stephan Franck serving as head of animation. Andrews developed the series' cel-shaded animation style with Ryan Meinerding, the head of visual development at Marvel Studios. Though the series has a consistent art style, elements such as the camera and color palette differ between episodes.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: To depict the fighting styles of both Ultron and the Watcher in this episode and its predecessor, the animators used the Kirby Krackle, which helped to showcase the immense multiversal power both characters have. Bradley was adamant to adopt this artistic convention for the show due to never being used in the franchise's live-action films.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: A soundtrack for the episode was released digitally by Marvel Music and Hollywood Records on October 8, 2021, featuring composer Laura Karpman's score.


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: After the episode's release, Marvel announced merchandise inspired by the episode as part of its weekly "Marvel Must Haves" promotion for each episode of the series, including apparel, accessories, and Funko Pops based on Frost Giant Loki, Infinity Killmonger, Gamora with Thanos' blade, Captain Carter with her stealth suit, and the Watcher. Marvel also released a poster for the episode, featuring Gamora, Romanoff, T'Challa, Carter, Strange Supreme, Killmonger, Thor, and the Watcher, together with a quote from the episode and the title "Guardians of the Multiverse".


title: What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?

text: Kirsten Howard at "Den of Geek" praised the animation and design as "top-notch" and commended the chemistry between Carter and Romanoff. Howard considered the episode enjoyable, but clarified that it "stops short of greatness" given that the episode centered on Gamora and Stark had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She gave the episode 4 out of 5 stars. "io9" Charles Pulliam-Moore praised the episode as a satisfying close to the season, in comparison to the abrupt endings of previous episodes. Pulliam-Moore enjoyed the character interactions, particularly between Romanoff and Carter. However, he criticized the post-credits scene as "one of [Marvel Studios'] less compelling." Amon Warmann at "Yahoo! Movies" considered the episode was successful in combining characters from different realities, and compared its storytelling favorably to previous episodes. Warmann praised the balance between motifs in Karpman's musical score, and was impressed by the action scenes and visuals. He also commended the episode's tone, balancing "the gravity of the stakes" with Thor's levity. He thought the twist was expected, though he praised its conclusion and expressed interest in future seasons. "IGN" Tom Jorgensen was more critical of the episode. He thought the finale prioritized action over good storytelling and considered it a "missed opportunity" to resolve the storylines of previous episodes. He thought the fight against Ultron was "underwhelming", comparing it negatively with that of episode eight and the fight against Thanos on Titan from "Infinity War" and felt the lack of familiarity between the characters made it "hard to get emotionally invested in the action".


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The Jeep Gladiator, Jeep Pickup or J-series is a series of full-size pickup trucks based on the large Jeep SJ (Wagoneer) platform, which was built and sold under numerous marques from 1962 to 1988. The Jeep Gladiator/Pickup design is noteworthy for remaining in production for more than 26 years on a single automobile platform generation. The Gladiator was the basis of the first post-war U.S. Army trucks designed to be civilian vehicles and adapted to military use. Numerous versions of the Jeep pickup were built in other markets, including Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) and Argentina by Industrias Kaiser Argentina (IKA).


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The Gladiator nameplate was revived on a midsize pickup truck based on the fourth-generation Jeep Wrangler (JL). It was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show on November 28, 2018.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: Introduced in 1962 for the 1963 model year, the Gladiator was a conventional body on frame pickup design that shared its basic frame architecture and front end with the Jeep Wagoneer four-wheel-drive station wagon.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: Gladiators were available in RWD and 4WD, with optional dual rear wheels. A remarkable innovation was the available independent front suspension (IFS) instead of a solid front axle on the 4WD half-ton Gladiator trucks. It was a simple IFS design with a Dana 44 center section, that proved troublesome, did not sell well, and the option was deleted in 1965. Most likely very few were produced with this option.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: Gladiator trucks were available as: Cab and Chassis; Wrecker; Stake Bed; and chassis-mounted campers with extended wheelbases. The load bed options were Townside, Thriftside (a conventional bed, similar to a Ford "Flareside" or Chevrolet "Stepside"), and Stake Bed, with up to G.V.W. and almost two-ton payload capacity.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: A new overhead cam Jeep Tornado engine straight-six producing was standard. It was the first production overhead cam engine in an American light truck or SUV and one of the first OHC engines offered by an American manufacturer.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: Further innovations for four-wheel-drive pickups included optional automatic transmission (an industry first), as well as power brakes, power steering, and just like early post-war Jeeps a power take-off for numerous accessories that included snow plows and push plates.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: During 1965 the AMC V8 engine became available. It produced and of torque at 2600 rpm. The standard Tornado engine was replaced by American Motors' OHV inline six.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: In 1967 all (RWD) two-wheel drive versions, except for the J-100 panel delivery, were dropped due to poor sales.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: For 1968, the flared-fender Thriftside models were dropped while a new camper option was added for the J-3600. From 1968 to 1971 Jeep pickups offered the Buick Dauntless V8 as an optional engine.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased the Kaiser Jeep operations in 1970 when Kaiser Industries decided to leave the automobile business. The Jeep trucks moved to all AMC engines to improve performance and standardize production and servicing. The Buick engine was replaced by the or AMC V8s.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: In 1970, the Gladiator's front grille was changed to the same design as the Jeep Wagoneer SUV. This was the truck's first styling change since its introduction. An AMC badge was also added on the grille.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The Gladiator name was dropped after 1971, after which the line was known simply as the Jeep pickup, or J-series. The pickups were designated as J2000 and J4000 models (the 3000 series was dropped in 1971) until 1973, then as J10 and J20 models from 1974 to 1988.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The AMC I6 engine was introduced in 1972 and offered through 1988. The engine produced and of torque.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The AMC 360 cu in (5.9L) was offered in 1971 and through 1988. Producing in early versions and of torque. Later 360s produced and of torque.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The model designations were simplified for 1974, with the J-2000 and the J-4000, which designate wheelbase, being swapped out for the J-10 and J-20, designating payload capacity. Larger brakes were made standard and the turning radius reduced. The Quadra-Trac system was now available with all engines.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The AMC was offered from 1974 through 1978. These engines are known for their toughness and excellent power output. The 401 produced and of torque.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: For 1977, Jeep J-10 pickups included Dana's manual four-wheel-drive system, a more powerful six-cylinder engine, and heavier axle tubes, while power front disc brakes became standard equipment and the considerably greater GWV capacity J-20s included AMC's V8 engine. The engine was optional, as well as full-time Quadra-Trac and both automatic and manual transmissions.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: From 1981 to 1985 a rebodied version of the J-10 was built and sold as the Jeep CJ-10, featuring a CJ-like nose and cab, as well as a very boxy redesigned rear truck-bed, somewhat resembling that of a Land-Rover.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: Chrysler bought out AMC in 1987. The full-size Jeep Pickup line was not only an aging model, but also competed directly with the broader range of Dodge trucks. Chrysler discontinued the full-size Jeep trucks, but continued to build the luxurious and highly profitable Grand Wagoneer, which shared the chassis with the large pickups.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: After the Chrysler buyout, the compact Jeep Comanche pickup (based on the Jeep Cherokee (XJ) platform) received only minor changes and its production continued until 1992.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: Military versions of the civilian Jeep pickup included the M715 and M725, built from 1967 to 1969. They were built under contract for nations in addition to the United States. The idea was to reduce costs by starting from a civilian truck and sharing parts with normal production-line truck, like the later "Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle" (CUCV) for the military as a ton tactical vehicle.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The Swedish Air Force acquired 450 Gladiator vehicles in the early 1980s. They were given the local designations "Klargöringsbil 9711" and "Klargöringsbil 9712", with the latter variant being equipped with a hard cargo bed top. The vehicles were modified to be used by aircraft groundcrew for mobile flight line operations in the Swedish Bas 90 system, and could carry trailers with equipment and tow aircraft. It is often informally referred to as "The Dallas Jeep".


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The Lebanese Armed Forces acquired a number of both the M715 and Gladiator SJ versions in the early 1970s, which saw extensive use during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). Many of these vehicles fell into the hands of the various competing Lebanese militias, who either used them for logistical and transport operations or modified them to be used as technicals, fitted with heavy machine guns or anti-aircraft autocannons.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: From 1975, Jeep tried making their pickups more "car-like" and appealing to consumers, starting with the Pioneer package, featuring a fancier interior, woodgrain interior and exterior trim, chromed front bumpers, window moldings, and wheel covers, dual horns, and other “car” features.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: From 1976 to 1983 the "Honcho" trim package was offered on the J10 pickup. It consisted of bold striping and decals, and was offered with factory extras such as the Levi's interior or a roll bar. The content of the Honcho package varied from year to year, but "always included the wide-track look of the Cherokee Chief."


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The Honcho was one in a series of special decal packages offered for J-Series trucks in the mid to late 1970s, which included the 1977–1979 Golden Eagle and the 1978 "10-4" version which offered an optional Citizens' Band radio along with the decals. The Honcho package was only available on the sportside (stepside) and short bed trucks. Between 1974 and 1983, only 1,264 Honcho package trucks were produced.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: Decal packages were available for many of Jeep's vehicles in the 1970s, including a package for the Jeep Cherokee called the Cherokee Chief. The Golden Eagle package was also available for both the CJ and the Cherokee.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The 1980 (1981 model year) Laredo package was perhaps the most luxurious one, including leather bucket seats, and leather-wrapped steering wheel, chrome interior trim, and a state-of-the-art Alpine sound system.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: Jeep has shown numerous concept pickup trucks, and officials at the automaker have "expressed interest in putting such a vehicle into production."


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: A production-ready version of a Jeep Scrambler pickup was shown in 2003 at the North American Dealers Association, but was pulled after a few hours. According to "Motor Trend", there might be a "production Jeep pickup truck in the works".


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: In late-2004 a new Jeep Gladiator concept was introduced. While not officially intended to be sold, it was used as a demonstration "that a Jeep pickup was in the dark recesses of DaimlerChrysler's brain trust".


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The Gladiator concept features an open-air canvas roof, fold-down windshield, removable doors, and has an expandable truck bed. The Gladiator has a 2.8-liter, 4-cylinder common-rail turbo diesel engine that provides and of torque. The truck has a 6-speed manual transmission. Ground clearance is , with a break-over angle of 23.2°, an approach angle of 47.6° and departure angle of 38.0°. Front and rear tires are and are mounted on 18x8-inch wheels. The Jeep Gladiator has a payload.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: A "midgate" made the concept Gladiator truck closer to an imitation of the Chevrolet Avalanche, "than an attempt to revive its namesake's glory."


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: The 2005 Gladiator Concept was also a preview of the all-new 2007 Jeep Wrangler (JK) and Jeep Wrangler (JK) Unlimited, and featured nearly identical exterior and interior styling to the production model of the 2007-2017 Jeep Wrangler (JK).


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: In March, Jeep announced a revealing of a new concept at the Easter Jeep Safari in Moab, Utah. The J-12 is based on a modified Wrangler Unlimited chassis with a frame extension allowing the use of a load bed. The styling resembles the classic 1960s-era Jeep Gladiator truck and features "old-school" 16-inch smooth steel wheels with 36-inch tires, as well as a full bench seat in the cab.


title: Jeep Gladiator (SJ)

text: At the 2016 Jeep Safari in Moab, Utah, Jeep revealed seven new concepts including a Crew Chief 715 pickup with four-doors and a 5-foot cargo bed. The design was inspired by the Kaiser Jeep M715 military vehicle from the late 1960s that was based on the regular civilian production Jeep Gladiator pickup. The Jeep Crew Chief concept rides on 20-inch beadlock wheels, and 40-inch military tires, but is mostly based on a Wrangler Unlimited stretched to a wheelbase.


title: Andala Rakshasi

text: Andala Rakshasi () is a 2012 Indian Telugu-language romance film written and directed by Hanu Raghavapudi. It is produced by Sai Korrapati and S. S. Rajamouli under Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram banner. The film marks the debut of actors Naveen Chandra, Rahul Ravindran and Lavanya Tripathi. The soundtrack of the film was composed by Radhan and cinematography was by Murali G. The film was released on 10 August 2012.


title: Andala Rakshasi

text: In 1991, Gautham (Rahul Ravindran) a wealthy man sees Mithuna (Lavanya Tripathi) for the first time and falls in love with her. However she becomes involved in an accident and is on her death bed. Gautham pays for her surgeries and she recovers but after she gains consciousness, Mithuna asks about Surya (Naveen Chandra). Apparently, both are in love with each other but Mithuna is told that Surya is dead. Meanwhile, Gautham expresses his feelings and he takes her to Ooty and shows his love for Mithuna, who is unable to forget Surya. The two often fight and argue and one day Mithuna goes missing. Gautham thinks that Mithuna has left the house to commit suicide. He slaps her but realizes that she accepts his love and has decided to marry him. As he goes to Hyderabad to make the arrangements for the wedding, he suddenly sees a painting of Mithuna on the road. A beggar tells him that a mad man named Surya drew it, which shocks Gautham. The beggar tells him that Surya stays near a factory and to his disbelief, he finds glass bottles of different colors arranged to represent Mithuna's face. Surya is revealed to be alive and is distraught at the thought of Mithuna being dead.


title: Andala Rakshasi

text: A flashback from three months prior shows that Surya had seen Mithuna on the same day as Gautham. He falls in love with her at first sight. Surya follows Mithuna and woos her. Mithuna always pushes him away, saying that she will never like him and that either she or he will die if she one day ends up falling for him. After months pass and Surya's attempts remain unsuccessful, he gives up. In his absence, Mithuna suddenly feels for Surya and yearns to see him. She visits his home, finds out that he is an artist, and reciprocates Surya's feelings for her. The two celebrate and near a highway Mithuna asks him if he will ever leave her and he replies that he will not. Soon after, Mithuna is involved in a car accident and her parents are unable to bear the cost of her recovery.


title: Andala Rakshasi

text: Gautham's father arrives and proposes his son's marriage to Mithuna. Mithuna's father asks Surya to leave her. Surya, who is heartbroken, roams aimlessly on the roads of Anantagiri. After learning the truth, Gautham tells Mithuna that Surya is alive. She becomes emotional but refuses to marry him. Gautham's father plans to kill Surya for the love of his son. Gautham learns of the plan and tells his father that he will be killed instead of Surya. Gautham sacrifices his life for Mithuna but before he dies, Mithuna is walking in front of his car. Mithuna is heartbroken a second time. Later Mithuna and Surya meet each other. Gautham's love succeeds when Mithuna asks Surya for time to forget Gautham. Gautham's father understands his mistake in trying to kill Surya and regrets that his own son was killed instead. Upon his son's death, he understands that true love cannot be replaced, longs for his son, and decides to die. Later, a dead man at the graveyard is Gautham's father who has been missing.


title: Andala Rakshasi

text: Hanu Raghavapudi, a former associate of director Chandra Sekhar Yeleti, made his directorial debut with the film. It was reported that Sai Korrapati, who previously made the 2012 blockbuster film "Eega" with S. S. Rajamouli started the film's production in December 2010. The first posters of the film were released in February 2012. The first trailer of the film was released on 31 May 2012 on YouTube. It was announced that the theatrical distribution rights of the film for Andhra Pradesh region were sold to Dil Raju's SVC Cinemas. Later through his Twitter account, Rajamouli announced that he bought a stake in the film and would now act as the co-producer. On 31 July, the film was censored by the Central Board of Film Certification and was given a U/A certificate. The overseas theatrical distribution rights of the film were sold to 14 Reels Entertainment in collaboration with Ficus.


title: Andala Rakshasi

text: The soundtrack of the film was composed by Radhan. The audio of the film was launched in Hyderabad on 2 June 2012 through Vel Records. The album consists of six songs, which were penned by Rakendu Mouli, Krishnakanth, Vasishta Sharma and Lakshmi Bhupal. IndiaGlitz reviewed the album and said "'Andala Rakshasi' could have been a better album shortening at least three songs. The songs are situation-based and could work in the film, more than the audio. The review of the soundtrack audio positive overall." Kathik from Milliblog reviewed the album and praised Radhan for his efforts.


title: Zhang Jin (actor)

text: Zhang Jin (born 19 May 1974), also known as Max Zhang, is a Chinese actor and former wushu athlete who won the Best Supporting Actor at the 33rd Hong Kong Film Awards.


title: Zhang Jin (actor)

text: Zhang began his career as a stunt actor, notably in "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" (2000) as the stunt double for Zhang Ziyi, with whom he later collaborated as a screen actor in "My Lucky Star" (2013) and "The Grandmaster" (2013). He also starred in "Rise of the Legend" in 2014, "" and "Ip Man 3" in 2015, "The Brink" in 2017, "" in 2018 and "" in 2019. He also appears in a small minor role in "Pacific Rim Uprising" (2018). In 2021, he joined the cast of reality tv show "Call Me By Fire" as a contestant.


title: Zhang Jin (actor)

text: On 12 January 2008, Zhang married Ada Choi, a Hong Kong actress, they are both Protestant Christians. They have two daughters, Zoe and Chloe. On 15 November 2019, they had a son nicknamed "Le Er".


title: Walter Audisio

text: Walter Audisio (; 28 June 1909 – 11 October 1973) was an Italian partisan and Communist politician, also known by his "nom de guerre" Colonel Valerio.


title: Walter Audisio

text: A member of the Italian resistance movement during World War II, Audisio was involved in the death of Benito Mussolini, and personally executed the dictator and his mistress Clara Petacci according to the generally accepted account of the event.


title: Walter Audisio

text: Walter Audisio was born in Alessandria, in the north-western Piedmont region of Italy, in a family of modest economic conditions. He rose to the top of his class in school and found his first employment in a factory making Borsalino hats before working as an accountant. After his military service he got close to the underground anti-fascist movement and joined the illegal Communist Party of Italy in 1931. In 1932 he married Ernestina Ceriana, the daughter of another Communist militant. In May 1934 the group he was part of, which mostly distributed propaganda, was discovered by the police and Audisio was arrested. He was sentenced to five years of internal exile on the island of Ponza, where he managed to keep contacts with other Communist exiles and to deepen his studies on political and military topics. In 1935 he spent ten months in prison at Poggioreale for having taken part in a public protest while in Ponza. In May 1939 he was hospitalized for pleurisy; the poor health conditions of his wife convinced him to publicly renounce his "subversive principles" and ask for his punishment to be commuted. However, by 1942 he had reprised underground activity with the Communist Party.


title: Walter Audisio

text: In the days following the armistice of Cassibile, in September 1943, he took part in an attempt to organize anti-German resistance, and went into hiding after its failure.


title: Walter Audisio

text: After spending some weeks in Casale Monferrato, where he helped organize partisan groups, he reached Turin and made contact with the National Liberation Committee (CLN) and the Piedmontese leadership of the Communist Party. In January 1944 he was sent to Vigevano, Lombardy, to set up the local GAP, underground urban guerrilla groups. From May to August 1944 he was inspector of the Garibaldi Brigades for the Varese and Bergamo area. He was then given the military command for the Mantua area and parts of the Po Valley, where he was in charge of about one thousand partisans and liaisoned directed with the general command of Resistance units, the "Corpo Volontari della Libertà" (CVL). During this time he started using the pseudonym "Colonel Valerio".


title: Walter Audisio

text: In December 1944 Giorgio Amendola, who had been exiled on Ponza with him, introduced him to Luigi Longo, vice-commander of the CVL. After this Audisio took part in the organization of the general insurrection of April 1945.


title: Walter Audisio

text: On 27 April 1945 the high command of the CVL entrusted him with the execution of Benito Mussolini, who had been arrested on that day by Communist partisans near Dongo. He carried out the execution of Mussolini, his mistress, and a number of high-ranking Fascists the following day in Giulino di Mezzegra, along with fellow partisan officers Aldo Lampredi and Michele Moretti. Audisio always claimed to have been the one who shot the dictator, something supported by a private report written by Lampredi as well.


title: Walter Audisio

text: Some sources have questioned this version, alleging instead that the execution was carried out by Lampredi, Moretti or other partisans who were with him, by British SOE officers, by Luigi Longo, or that Mussolini and Petacci committed suicide with cyanide capsules.


title: Walter Audisio

text: In the following years Audisio would also be the target of various disputes over secret papers or valuables that Mussolini had allegedly been carrying at the time of its arrest, the death of Petacci, and the public exhibition of the corpses in Piazzale Loreto.


title: Walter Audisio

text: His personal account of the events was published in the party newspaper "l'Unità" between 18 November and 15 December 1945 (under his pseudonym), and then again in March 1947, and in his memoirs "In nome del popolo italiano", published posthumously in 1975.


title: Walter Audisio

text: After the war Audisio continued working with the communist movement. His identity as "Colonel Valerio" was revealed in March 1947 by the conservative newspaper "Il Tempo", and then subsequently confirmed by the Communist Party. In 1948 he was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies for Alessandria with the Italian Communist Party, as part of the Popular Democratic Front, an alliance with the Socialist Party and smaller left-wing groups. He was re-elected in 1953 and 1958, and to the Senate in 1963. At the end of his Senate term he quit politics to work for the Italian oil company Eni.


title: Walter Audisio

text: He was also active as a member of the National Association of Italian Partisans (ANPI) and the National Association of Antifascist Italian Victims of Political Persecution (ANPPIA).


title: Mental image

text: A mental image is an experience that, on most occasions, significantly resembles the experience of 'perceiving' some object, event, or scene, but occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses. There are sometimes episodes, particularly on falling asleep (hypnagogic imagery) and waking up (hypnopompic imagery), when the mental imagery may be dynamic, phantasmagoric and involuntary in character, repeatedly presenting identifiable objects or actions, spilling over from waking events, or defying perception, presenting a kaleidoscopic field, in which no distinct object can be discerned. Mental imagery can sometimes produce the same effects as would be produced by the behavior or experience imagined.


title: Mental image

text: The nature of these experiences, what makes them possible, and their function (if any) have long been subjects of research and controversy in philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, and, more recently, neuroscience. As contemporary researchers use the expression, mental images or imagery can comprise information from any source of sensory input; one may experience auditory images, olfactory images, and so forth. However, the majority of philosophical and scientific investigations of the topic focus upon "visual" mental imagery. It has sometimes been assumed that, like humans, some types of animals are capable of experiencing mental images. Due to the fundamentally introspective nature of the phenomenon, it has been difficult to assess whether or not non-human animals experience mental imagery.


title: Mental image

text: Philosophers such as George Berkeley and David Hume, and early experimental psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James, understood ideas in general to be mental images. Today it is very widely believed that much imagery functions as mental representations (or mental models), playing an important role in memory and thinking. William Brant (2013, p. 12) traces the scientific use of the phrase "mental images" back to John Tyndall's 1870 speech called the "Scientific Use of the Imagination". Some have suggested that images are best understood to be, by definition, a form of inner, mental or neural representation. Others reject the view that the image experience may be identical with (or directly caused by) any such representation in the mind or the brain, but do not take account of the non-representational forms of imagery.


title: Mental image

text: The notion of a "mind's eye" goes back at least to Cicero's reference to mentis oculi during his discussion of the orator's appropriate use of simile.


title: Mental image

text: In this discussion, Cicero observed that allusions to "the Syrtis of his patrimony" and "the Charybdis of his possessions" involved similes that were "too far-fetched"; and he advised the orator to, instead, just speak of "the rock" and "the gulf" (respectively)—on the grounds that "the eyes of the mind are more easily directed to those objects which we have seen, than to those which we have only heard".


title: Mental image

text: The concept of "the mind's eye" first appeared in English in Chaucer's (c. 1387) Man of Law's Tale in his "Canterbury Tales", where he tells us that one of the three men dwelling in a castle was blind, and could only see with "the eyes of his mind"; namely, those eyes "with which all men see after they have become blind".


title: Mental image

text: The biological foundation of mental imagery is not fully understood. Studies using fMRI have shown that the lateral geniculate nucleus and the V1 area of the visual cortex are activated during mental imagery tasks. Ratey writes:


title: Mental image

text: The visual pathway is not a one-way street. Higher areas of the brain can also send visual input back to neurons in lower areas of the visual cortex. [...] As humans, we have the ability to see with the mind's eye—to have a perceptual experience in the absence of visual input. For example, PET scans have shown that when subjects, seated in a room, imagine they are at their front door starting to walk either to the left or right, activation begins in the visual association cortex, the parietal cortex, and the prefrontal cortex—all higher cognitive processing centers of the brain.


title: Mental image

text: A biological basis for mental imagery is found in the deeper portions of the brain below the neocortex. In a large study with 285 participants, Tabi, Maio, Attaallah, et al. (2022) investigated the association between an established measure of visual mental imagery, Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) scores, and volumes of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, primary motor cortex, primary visual cortex and the fusiform gyrus. Tabi et al. (2022) found significant positive correlations between visual imagery vividness and the volumes of the hippocampus and primary visual cortex.


title: Mental image

text: Significant positive correlations were also obtained between VVIQ scores and hippocampal structures including Bilateral CA1, CA3, CA4 and Granule Cell (GC) and Molecular Layer (ML) of the Dentate Gyrus (DG). Follow-up analysis revealed that visual imagery was in particular correlated with the four subfields presented in the above illustration (Tabi et al., 2022).


title: Mental image

text: The thalamus has been found to be discrete to other components in that it processes all forms of perceptional data relayed from both lower and higher components of the brain. Damage to this component can produce permanent perceptual damage, however when damage is inflicted upon the cerebral cortex, the brain adapts to neuroplasticity to amend any occlusions for perception . It can be thought that the neocortex is a sophisticated memory storage warehouse in which data received as an input from sensory systems are compartmentalized via the cerebral cortex. This would essentially allow for shapes to be identified, although given the lack of filtering input produced internally, one may as a consequence, hallucinate—essentially seeing something that isn't received as an input externally but rather internal (i.e. an error in the filtering of segmented sensory data from the cerebral cortex may result in one seeing, feeling, hearing or experiencing something that is inconsistent with reality).


title: Mental image

text: Not all people have the same mental imagery ability. For many, when the eyes are closed, the perception of darkness prevails. However, some people are able to perceive colorful, dynamic imagery (McKellar, 1957). The use of hallucinogenic drugs increases the subject's ability to consciously access mental imagery including synaestesia (McKellar, 1957).


title: Mental image

text: Furthermore, the pineal gland is a hypothetical candidate for producing a mind's eye. Rick Strassman and others have postulated that during near-death experiences (NDEs) and dreaming, the gland might secrete a hallucinogenic chemical "N","N"-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) to produce internal visuals when external sensory data is occluded. However, this hypothesis has yet to be fully supported with neurochemical evidence and plausible mechanism for DMT production.


title: Mental image

text: The condition where a person lacks mental imagery is called aphantasia. The term was first suggested in a 2015 study.


title: Mental image

text: Common examples of mental images include daydreaming and the mental visualization that occurs while reading a book. Another is of the pictures summoned by athletes during training or before a competition, outlining each step they will take to accomplish their goal. When a musician hears a song, they can sometimes "see" the song notes in their head, as well as hear them with all their tonal qualities. This is considered different from an after-effect, such as an afterimage. Calling up an image in our minds can be a voluntary act, so it can be characterized as being under various degrees of conscious control.


title: Mental image

text: There are several theories as to how mental images are formed in the mind. These include the dual-code theory, the propositional theory, and the functional-equivalency hypothesis. The dual-code theory, created by Allan Paivio in 1971, is the theory that we use two separate codes to represent information in our brains: image codes and verbal codes. Image codes are things like thinking of a picture of a dog when you are thinking of a dog, whereas a verbal code would be to think of the word "dog". Another example is the difference between thinking of abstract words such as "justice" or "love" and thinking of concrete words like "elephant" or "chair." When abstract words are thought of, it is easier to think of them in terms of verbal codes—finding words that define them or describe them. With concrete words, it is often easier to use image codes and bring up a picture of a "human" or "chair" in your mind rather than words associated or descriptive of them.


title: Mental image

text: The propositional theory involves storing images in the form of a generic propositional code that stores the meaning of the concept not the image itself. The propositional codes can either be descriptive of the image or symbolic. They are then transferred back into verbal and visual code to form the mental image.


title: Mental image

text: The functional-equivalency hypothesis is that mental images are "internal representations" that work in the same way as the actual perception of physical objects. In other words, the picture of a dog brought to mind when the word "dog" is read is interpreted in the same way as if the person looking at an actual dog before them.


title: Mental image

text: Research has occurred to designate a specific neural correlate of imagery; however, studies show a multitude of results. Most studies published before 2001 suggest neural correlates of visual imagery occur in Brodmann area 17. Auditory performance imagery have been observed in the premotor areas, precunes, and medial Brodmann area 40. Auditory imagery in general occurs across participants in the temporal voice area (TVA), which allows top-down imaging manipulations, processing, and storage of audition functions. Olfactory imagery research shows activation in the anterior piriform cortex and the posterior piriform cortex; experts in olfactory imagery have larger gray matter associated to olfactory areas. Tactile imagery is found to occur in the dorsolateral prefrontal area, inferior frontal gyrus, frontal gyrus, insula, precentral gyrus, and the medial frontal gyrus with basal ganglia activation in the ventral posteriomedial nucleus and putamen (hemisphere activation corresponds to the location of the imagined tactile stimulus). Research in gustatory imagery reveals activation in the anterior insular cortex, frontal operculum, and prefrontal cortex. Novices of a specific form of mental imagery show less gray matter than experts of mental imagery congruent to that form. A meta-analysis of neuroimagery studies revealed significant activation of the bilateral dorsal parietal, interior insula, and left inferior frontal regions of the brain.


title: Mental image

text: Imagery has been thought to cooccur with perception; however, participants with damaged sense-modality receptors can sometimes perform imagery of said modality receptors. Neuroscience with imagery has been used to communicate with seemingly unconscious individuals through fMRI activation of different neural correlates of imagery, demanding further study into low quality consciousness. A study on one patient with one occipital lobe removed found the horizontal area of their visual mental image was reduced.


title: Mental image

text: Visual imagery is the ability to create mental representations of things, people, and places that are absent from an individual’s visual field. This ability is crucial to problem-solving tasks, memory, and spatial reasoning. Neuroscientists have found that imagery and perception share many of the same neural substrates, or areas of the brain that function similarly during both imagery and perception, such as the visual cortex and higher visual areas. Kosslyn and colleagues (1999) showed that the early visual cortex, Area 17 and Area 18/19, is activated during visual imagery. They found that inhibition of these areas through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) resulted in impaired visual perception and imagery. Furthermore, research conducted with lesioned patients has revealed that visual imagery and visual perception have the same representational organization. This has been concluded from patients in which impaired perception also experience visual imagery deficits at the same level of the mental representation.


title: Mental image

text: Behrmann and colleagues (1992) describe a patient C.K., who provided evidence challenging the view that visual imagery and visual perception rely on the same representational system. C.K. was a 33-year old man with visual object agnosia acquired after a vehicular accident. This deficit prevented him from being able to recognize objects and copy objects fluidly. Surprisingly, his ability to draw accurate objects from memory indicated his visual imagery was intact and normal. Furthermore, C.K. successfully performed other tasks requiring visual imagery for judgment of size, shape, color, and composition. These findings conflict with previous research as they suggest there is a partial dissociation between visual imagery and visual perception. C.K. exhibited a perceptual deficit that was not associated with a corresponding deficit in visual imagery, indicating that these two processes have systems for mental representations that may not be mediated entirely by the same neural substrates.


title: Mental image

text: Schlegel and colleagues (2013) conducted a functional MRI analysis of regions activated during manipulation of visual imagery. They identified 11 bilateral cortical and subcortical regions that exhibited increased activation when manipulating a visual image compared to when the visual image was just maintained. These regions included the occipital lobe and ventral stream areas, two parietal lobe regions, the posterior parietal cortex and the precuneus lobule, and three frontal lobe regions, the frontal eye fields, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the prefrontal cortex. Due to their suspected involvement in working memory and attention, the authors propose that these parietal and prefrontal regions, and occipital regions, are part of a network involved in mediating the manipulation of visual imagery. These results suggest a top-down activation of visual areas in visual imagery.


title: Mental image

text: Using Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) to determine the connectivity of cortical networks, Ishai et al. (2010) demonstrated that activation of the network mediating visual imagery is initiated by prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex activity. Generation of objects from memory resulted in initial activation of the prefrontal and the posterior parietal areas, which then activate earlier visual areas through backward connectivity. Activation of the prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex has also been found to be involved in retrieval of object representations from long-term memory, their maintenance in working memory, and attention during visual imagery. Thus, Ishai et al. suggest that the network mediating visual imagery is composed of attentional mechanisms arising from the posterior parietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex.


title: Mental image

text: Vividness of visual imagery is a crucial component of an individual’s ability to perform cognitive tasks requiring imagery. Vividness of visual imagery varies not only between individuals but also within individuals. Dijkstra and colleagues (2017) found that the variation in vividness of visual imagery is dependent on the degree to which the neural substrates of visual imagery overlap with those of visual perception. They found that overlap between imagery and perception in the entire visual cortex, the parietal precuneus lobule, the right parietal cortex, and the medial frontal cortex predicted the vividness of a mental representation. The activated regions beyond the visual areas are believed to drive the imagery-specific processes rather than the visual processes shared with perception. It has been suggested that the precuneus contributes to vividness by selecting important details for imagery. The medial frontal cortex is suspected to be involved in the retrieval and integration of information from the parietal and visual areas during working memory and visual imagery. The right parietal cortex appears to be important in attention, visual inspection, and stabilization of mental representations. Thus, the neural substrates of visual imagery and perception overlap in areas beyond the visual cortex and the degree of this overlap in these areas correlates with the vividness of mental representations during imagery.


title: Mental image

text: Mental images are an important topic in classical and modern philosophy, as they are central to the study of knowledge. In the "Republic", Book VII, Plato has Socrates present the Allegory of the Cave: a prisoner, bound and unable to move, sits with his back to a fire watching the shadows cast on the cave wall in front of him by people carrying objects behind his back. These people and the objects they carry are representations of real things in the world. Unenlightened man is like the prisoner, explains Socrates, a human being making mental images from the sense data that he experiences.


title: Mental image

text: The eighteenth-century philosopher Bishop George Berkeley proposed similar ideas in his theory of idealism. Berkeley stated that reality is equivalent to mental images—our mental images are not a copy of another material reality but that reality itself. Berkeley, however, sharply distinguished between the images that he considered to constitute the external world, and the images of individual imagination. According to Berkeley, only the latter are considered "mental imagery" in the contemporary sense of the term.


title: Mental image

text: The eighteenth century British writer Dr. Samuel Johnson criticized idealism. When asked what he thought about idealism, he is alleged to have replied "I refute it thus!" as he kicked a large rock and his leg rebounded. His point was that the idea that the rock is just another mental image and has no material existence of its own is a poor explanation of the painful sense data he had just experienced.


title: Mental image

text: David Deutsch addresses Johnson's objection to idealism in "The Fabric of Reality" when he states that, if we judge the value of our mental images of the world by the quality and quantity of the sense data that they can explain, then the most valuable mental image—or theory—that we currently have is that the world has a real independent existence and that humans have successfully evolved by building up and adapting patterns of mental images to explain it. This is an important idea in scientific thought.


title: Mental image

text: Critics of scientific realism ask how the inner perception of mental images actually occurs. This is sometimes called the "homunculus problem" (see also the mind's eye). The problem is similar to asking how the images you see on a computer screen exist in the memory of the computer. To scientific materialism, mental images and the perception of them must be brain-states. According to critics, scientific realists cannot explain where the images and their perceiver exist in the brain. To use the analogy of the computer screen, these critics argue that cognitive science and psychology have been unsuccessful in identifying either the component in the brain (i.e., "hardware") or the mental processes that store these images (i.e. "software").


title: Mental image

text: Cognitive psychologists and (later) cognitive neuroscientists have empirically tested some of the philosophical questions related to whether and how the human brain uses mental imagery in cognition.


title: Mental image

text: One theory of the mind that was examined in these experiments was the "brain as serial computer" philosophical metaphor of the 1970s. Psychologist Zenon Pylyshyn theorized that the human mind processes mental images by decomposing them into an underlying mathematical proposition. Roger Shepard and Jacqueline Metzler challenged that view by presenting subjects with 2D line drawings of groups of 3D block "objects" and asking them to determine whether that "object" is the same as a second figure, some of which rotations of the first "object". Shepard and Metzler proposed that if we decomposed and then mentally re-imaged the objects into basic mathematical propositions, as the then-dominant view of cognition "as a serial digital computer" assumed, then it would be expected that the time it took to determine whether the object is the same or not would be independent of how much the object had been rotated. Shepard and Metzler found the opposite: a linear relationship between the degree of rotation in the mental imagery task and the time it took participants to reach their answer.


title: Mental image

text: This mental rotation finding implied that the human mind—and the human brain—maintains and manipulates mental images as topographic and topological wholes, an implication that was quickly put to test by psychologists. Stephen Kosslyn and colleagues showed in a series of neuroimaging experiments that the mental image of objects like the letter "F" are mapped, maintained and rotated as an image-like whole in areas of the human visual cortex. Moreover, Kosslyn's work showed that there are considerable similarities between the neural mappings for imagined stimuli and perceived stimuli. The authors of these studies concluded that, while the neural processes they studied rely on mathematical and computational underpinnings, the brain also seems optimized to handle the sort of mathematics that constantly computes a series of topologically-based images rather than calculating a mathematical model of an object.


title: Mental image

text: Recent studies in neurology and neuropsychology on mental imagery have further questioned the "mind as serial computer" theory, arguing instead that human mental imagery manifests both visually and kinesthetically. For example, several studies have provided evidence that people are slower at rotating line drawings of objects such as hands in directions incompatible with the joints of the human body, and that patients with painful, injured arms are slower at mentally rotating line drawings of the hand from the side of the injured arm.


title: Mental image

text: Some psychologists, including Kosslyn, have argued that such results occur because of interference in the brain between distinct systems in the brain that process the visual and motor mental imagery. Subsequent neuroimaging studies showed that the interference between the motor and visual imagery system could be induced by having participants physically handle actual 3D blocks glued together to form objects similar to those depicted in the line-drawings. Amorim et al. have shown that, when a cylindrical "head" was added to Shepard and Metzler's line drawings of 3D block figures, participants were quicker and more accurate at solving mental rotation problems. They argue that motoric embodiment is not just "interference" that inhibits visual mental imagery but is capable of facilitating mental imagery.


title: Mental image

text: As cognitive neuroscience approaches to mental imagery continued, research expanded beyond questions of serial versus parallel or topographic processing to questions of the relationship between mental images and perceptual representations. Both brain imaging (fMRI and ERP) and studies of neuropsychological patients have been used to test the hypothesis that a mental image is the reactivation, from memory, of brain representations normally activated during the perception of an external stimulus. In other words, if perceiving an apple activates contour and location and shape and color representations in the brain’s visual system, then imagining an apple activates some or all of these same representations using information stored in memory. Early evidence for this idea came from neuropsychology. Patients with brain damage that impairs perception in specific ways, for example by damaging shape or color representations, seem to generally to have impaired mental imagery in similar ways. Studies of brain function in normal human brains support this same conclusion, showing activity in the brain’s visual areas while subjects imagined visual objects and scenes.


title: Mental image

text: The previously mentioned and numerous related studies have led to a relative consensus within cognitive science, psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy on the neural status of mental images. In general, researchers agree that, while there is no homunculus inside the head viewing these mental images, our brains do form and maintain mental images as image-like wholes. The problem of exactly how these images are stored and manipulated within the human brain, in particular within language and communication, remains a fertile area of study.


title: Mental image

text: One of the longest-running research topics on the mental image has basis on the fact that people report large individual differences in the vividness of their images. Special questionnaires have been developed to assess such differences, including the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) developed by David Marks. Laboratory studies have suggested that the subjectively reported variations in imagery vividness are associated with different neural states within the brain and also different cognitive competences such as the ability to accurately recall information presented in pictures Rodway, Gillies and Schepman used a novel long-term change detection task to determine whether participants with low and high vividness scores on the VVIQ2 showed any performance differences. Rodway et al. found that high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low-vividness participants. This replicated an earlier study.


title: Mental image

text: Recent studies have found that individual differences in VVIQ scores can be used to predict changes in a person's brain while visualizing different activities. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study the association between early visual cortex activity relative to the whole brain while participants visualized themselves or another person bench pressing or stair climbing. Reported image vividness correlates significantly with the relative fMRI signal in the visual cortex. Thus, individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery can be measured objectively.


title: Mental image

text: Logie, Pernet, Buonocore and Della Sala (2011) used behavioural and fMRI data for mental rotation from individuals reporting vivid and poor imagery on the VVIQ. Groups differed in brain activation patterns suggesting that the groups performed the same tasks in different ways. These findings help to explain the lack of association previously reported between VVIQ scores and mental rotation performance.


title: Mental image

text: Some educational theorists have drawn from the idea of mental imagery in their studies of learning styles. Proponents of these theories state that people often have learning processes that emphasize visual, auditory, and kinesthetic systems of experience. According to these theorists, teaching in multiple overlapping sensory systems benefits learning, and they encourage teachers to use content and media that integrates well with the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic systems whenever possible.


title: Mental image

text: Educational researchers have examined whether the experience of mental imagery affects the degree of learning. For example, imagining playing a five-finger piano exercise (mental practice) resulted in a significant improvement in performance over no mental practice—though not as significant as that produced by physical practice. The authors of the study stated that "mental practice alone seems to be sufficient to promote the modulation of neural circuits involved in the early stages of motor skill learning".


title: Mental image

text: In general, Vajrayana Buddhism, Bön, and Tantra utilize sophisticated visualization or "imaginal" (in the language of Jean Houston of Transpersonal Psychology) processes in the thoughtform construction of the yidam sadhana, kye-rim, and dzog-rim modes of meditation and in the yantra, thangka, and mandala traditions, where holding the fully realized form in the mind is a prerequisite prior to creating an 'authentic' new art work that will provide a sacred support or foundation for deity.


title: Mental image

text: Mental imagery can act as a substitute for the imagined experience: Imagining an experience can evoke similar cognitive, physiological, and/or behavioral consequences as having the corresponding experience in reality. At least four classes of such effects have been documented.


title: Randy Jones (singer)

text: Randy Jones (born September 13, 1952) is an American disco and pop singer and best known as the cowboy from Village People from 1977 to 1980, and again from 1987 until 1990.


title: Randy Jones (singer)

text: Jones attended William G. Enloe High School in Raleigh, North Carolina and graduated in 1970. While there, he was a founder of Enloe's Drama Club, which was then called Amicus Scaena, Latin for "friend of scene" or "friend of theatre". He then studied at North Carolina School of the Arts before moving to New York.


title: Randy Jones (singer)

text: Jones had a marriage ceremony with his boyfriend of 20 years, Will Grega, at a New York City club on May 7, 2004. Although the marriage was not legally binding at the time, as gay marriage was not yet recognized in New York State, Jones commented, "It's only a matter of time before the courts rule in favor of what's morally right and humanly decent." The pair had published a book together in 1996, titled "Out Sounds: The Gay and Lesbian Music Alternative".


title: Randy Jones (singer)

text: In 2007, he released a disco and pop solo album "Ticket to the World". In 2009, he appeared on "Flight of the Conchords" in their music video for "Too Many Dicks".


title: Randy Jones (singer)

text: In 2014, Jones appears as Tiberius in the Off-Broadway musical, "The Anthem". The production was directed and choreographed by Rachel Klein, with a book by Gary Morgenstein, lyrics by Erik Ransom, and music by Jonnie Rockwell. The production performed at the Lynn Redgrave Theatre in New York City.


title: Randy Jones (singer)

text: In 2017, he released "Hard Times", the first single from the album, "Still Makin' Noise". The single reached number 42 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, and was the first chart placement from any member of the Village People as a solo artist.


title: All Killer No Filler

text: All Killer No Filler is the debut studio album by Canadian rock band Sum 41, released on May 8, 2001. It was certified platinum in the United States, Canada, and in the UK.


title: All Killer No Filler

text: Despite mixed reviews, the album was a commercial success, peaking at No. 13 on the "Billboard" 200. The single, "Fat Lip" peaked at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Alternative Airplay.


title: All Killer No Filler

text: The album's style has been described as pop punk and skate punk. NOFX's album "Punk in Drublic" was a considerable influence on the album. Sum 41's vocalist Deryck Whibley cites Rancid, Elvis Costello, the Beatles, and Pennywise as influences on "All Killer No Filler". The band has mentioned Green Day as their main influence for the album. "I was about 14 when "Dookie" came out," Whibley says. "I remember seeing the video for 'Basket Case' for the first time... It had so much energy and it was so different. I'd never seen anything like it before. From then I was an instant fan."


title: All Killer No Filler

text: Absolutepunk described the album as "the album that your parents don't want you to discover at age 11 when you're just starting to think that school is bullshit and the only thing that really matters is that ridiculously cute girl who honestly treats you like shit", as well as adding "The lyrics are broad enough that everyone can relate to them, but specific enough that each song makes you think of a certain person or situation in your life. The perfect balance".


title: All Killer No Filler

text: Steve Jocz wrote "Pain for Pleasure" in 10 minutes while he was on the toilet. The song, sung by Jocz, is an homage to the style of Iron Maiden. During performances, the band takes on costumes and persona in that style.


title: All Killer No Filler

text: On March 8, 2001, "All Killer No Filler" was announced for release in two months' time. "All Killer No Filler", which was Sum 41's first full-length album, was released on May 8, 2001. In August, the band performed at Edgefest II in Canada. In October, the band embarked on a headlining US tour, with support from Unwritten Law and Gob. Alongside the tour, the band performed on "Saturday Night Live". In April 2002, the band went on a tour of the east coast US and Canada territories, with support from HO, and Autopilot Off. Following this, the band toured the US and Canada with Goldfinger. On April 6, 2011, a special edition of the album was released to celebrate the 10th anniversary of "All Killer No Filler", exclusive to Japan.


title: All Killer No Filler

text: From the initial success of the album, Deryck Whibley stated that it led him to "immediate embarrassment" stating that "I've always felt it wasn't that great, if I'm being honest," and "I never quite understood - to a point where it's almost like, when people tell me it means a lot to them or it was a really good album compared to other records, I always think they're lying."


title: All Killer No Filler

text: Despite initially receiving mixed reviews in 2001, the album has received retrospective acclaim in more recent years. AllMusic said "It would be a mistake to view Sum 41 as just another second-rate band cashing in on the early-'00s punk-pop boom, even if it did recruit Jerry Finn to produce All Killer No Filler." Top40.com ranked the album as the 9th greatest pop punk album of all time. The album was included in "Rock Sound"s 101 Modern Classics list at number 46. The album was included at number 11 on "Rock Sound"s "The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time" list. BuzzFeed included the album at number 4 on their "36 Pop Punk Albums You Need To Hear Before You F——ing Die" list.


title: All Killer No Filler

text: The album was very successful; it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in August 2001 and in 2002, it was reported that the album sold at least 1,690,000 copies in the United States. "Fat Lip" was the most successful song on "All Killer No Filler", going to number 66 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on September 8, 2001 and number 1 on the Alternative Songs chart on August 18, 2001. "In Too Deep" went to number 10 on the Alternative Songs chart on December 1, 2001. "All Killer No Filler" went to number 13 on the "Billboard" 200 on August 4, 2001, and was on the "Billboard" 200 for 49 weeks. During 2001, "Fat Lip" went to number 1 on MTV's "Total Request Live" many times. "All Killer No Filler" was among the top 30 best-selling albums of 2001 in Canada and the third-best selling album of the year in Canada by a Canadian artist. Between 1996 and 2016, "All Killer No Filler" was among the top 20 best-selling albums by Canadian bands in Canada.


title: All Killer No Filler

text: Island Records released an EP to promote the All Killer No Filler album by releasing seven songs from the album.


title: Change UK

text: The Independent Group for Change, also known as Change UK, was a British centrist, pro-European Union political party, founded in February 2019 and dissolved ten months later, shortly after all its MPs lost their seats in the 2019 general election. Its principal policy was support for a second withdrawal referendum on European Union membership, in which it would campaign to remain in the EU. On economic issues it expressed a commitment to the social market economy.


title: Change UK

text: In February 2019, seven MPs resigned from the Labour Party to sit as The Independent Group. They were dissatisfied by Labour's leftward political direction under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, its approach to Brexit and its handling of allegations of antisemitism within the party. They were soon joined by four more MPs, including three from the governing Conservative Party who disliked their party's approach to Brexit and its perceived move rightward. That April, the group registered as a political party under the name Change UK – The Independent Group and appointed former Conservative MP Heidi Allen as their leader so as to compete in the 2019 European Parliament election.


title: Change UK

text: Following the party's failure to secure any seats in that election, six of its eleven MPs, including Allen, left the party and Anna Soubry took over as leader. Four of the six formed The Independents grouping and two defected to the Liberal Democrats. Later, three of The Independents also joined the Liberal Democrats. Following a legal dispute with petition website Change.org, in June the party adopted the name The Independent Group for Change. Three of the party's MPs stood for re-election in the 2019 general election. None of them was re-elected, each losing to candidates from their former parties. On 19 December 2019, Soubry announced the party's dissolution.


title: Change UK

text: The group was founded by MPs Luciana Berger, Ann Coffey, Mike Gapes, Chris Leslie, Gavin Shuker, Angela Smith and Chuka Umunna, who simultaneously announced their resignations from the Labour Party on 18 February 2019. Rather than forming a party, the group were a coalition of officially Independent MPs referring to themselves as The Independent Group. Leslie, Shuker and Smith had previously lost no-confidence motions brought by their Constituency Labour Parties. Berger had two no-confidence motions brought against her but both were withdrawn. Ian Murray planned to resign alongside the others but pulled out shortly before the launch.


title: Change UK

text: The media compared the group to the Gang of Four which split from the Labour Party in order to found the Social Democratic Party in 1981. Four of the seven founding members (Berger, Gapes, Shuker and Leslie) were Labour and Co-operative Party MPs; they left both parties. Announcing the resignations, Berger described Labour as having become "institutionally antisemitic", while Leslie said Labour had been "hijacked by the machine politics of the hard left" and Gapes said he was "furious that the Labour leadership is complicit in facilitating Brexit".


title: Change UK

text: On the day of the group's launch, founding member Angela Smith appeared on the BBC's "Politics Live" programme, where she said, in a discussion about racism, that: "The recent history of the party I've just left suggested it's not just about being black or a funny tin... you know, a different... from the BAME community". The offending phrase was partially uttered, but it was widely reported to be "funny tinge". Smith apologised shortly afterwards, saying, "I'm very upset that I misspoke so badly." Commentators noted an irony, given the fact that the group had been formed in response to perceived racism.


title: Change UK

text: On 19 February 2019, Joan Ryan announced her departure from the Labour Party, becoming the first MP to join after the group's formation. Ryan had previously lost a vote of no-confidence brought by her constituency party. On 20 February 2019, three Conservative MPs left their party to join the group: Sarah Wollaston, Heidi Allen and Anna Soubry, citing the handling of Brexit by the Prime Minister (including "red lines" which alienated most Remainers); the party's reliance on the European Research Group (a group supporting a no-deal Brexit) and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in passing Brexit-related legislation; what they saw as the takeover of the Conservative Party by "right wing, ... hard-line anti-EU" MPs; and lack of concern from the Conservative Party for the "most vulnerable in society", as reasons for their departure.


title: Change UK

text: Umunna rejected the notion of any merger with the Liberal Democrats, with Soubry calling on one-nation Conservatives and "like-minded Lib Dems" to join the group. A few former Conservative and Labour parliamentarians publicly declared a switch of allegiance to the new group, while in February some Labour local councillors in England left the Party with the intention of aligning with The Independent Group.


title: Change UK

text: In March 2019, the group announced that it had applied to the Electoral Commission to register as a political party under the name "Change UK – The Independent Group", in order to be able to stand candidates if the UK participated in the May 2019 European elections. Heidi Allen was appointed interim leader, pending an inaugural party conference planned for September 2019.


title: Change UK

text: The registration was confirmed by the Electoral Commission on 15 April 2019. The party's proposed emblem, however, was rejected by the Commission, both for inclusion of the TIG acronym which they considered insufficiently well-known and for use of a hashtag.


title: Change UK

text: On 15 April 2019, the centrist Renew Party, which had formed in 2017 but failed to win seats, announced that it would be supporting Change UK – The Independent Group in the European Elections. Change UK welcomed the move and said it would accept applications from Renew-approved candidates to become Change UK candidates.


title: Change UK

text: On 16 April 2019, it was announced that MEPs Julie Girling and Richard Ashworth had joined Change UK. Both MEPs had been elected for the Conservative Party, but were suspended from the Conservatives after supporting a motion in the European Parliament saying sufficient progress had not been made in Brexit negotiations to allow trade talks to start. Both Ashworth and Girling were members of the centre-right European People's Party group in the European Parliament.


title: Change UK

text: However, on 10 May, Girling, who decided not to stand in the 2019 European Elections, encouraged Remain supporters in the South West to vote for the Liberal Democrats, saying they were "clearly the lead Remain party in the South West". Girling and Change UK later said that she had never been a member or one of their MEPs.


title: Change UK

text: The party announced on 23 April that it would stand a full slate of candidates in Great Britain for the European Parliament elections, including Ashworth, writer Rachel Johnson (sister of Conservative MPs Jo and Boris Johnson); former BBC journalist Gavin Esler; former Conservative MPs Stephen Dorrell and Neil Carmichael; former Labour MEP Carole Tongue; former Labour MPs Roger Casale and Jon Owen Jones; former Liberal Democrat MEP Diana Wallis; and the former deputy Prime Minister of Poland Jacek Rostowski.


title: Change UK

text: Within a day, controversial tweets, some of an alleged racist nature, by two candidates—including the top candidate for the Scottish constituency—were discovered, leading to their withdrawals. The Muslim Council of Great Britain and anti-racism charity Tell MAMA condemned the selection of a third candidate, Nora Mulready, who they said had conflated Islam with terrorism and legitimised the far right; this was dismissed by Mulready and by Change UK as a "smear campaign". Prominent LGBT journalists have condemned the selection of Rostowski for his anti-gay marriage stance, although he was believed to have since recanted homophobic remarks made in 2011 and 2013 about same-sex relationships.


title: Change UK

text: On 15 May, David MacDonald, who had earlier replaced Joseph Russo as the party's lead candidate in Scotland following controversy over the latter's tweets, defected from the party and encouraged supporters to vote for the Scottish Liberal Democrats. In an interview with "The Times", the lead candidate in South West England, Rachel Johnson, described the party as a "sinking ship", criticised the leadership structure and said that Change UK was a "terrible" name.


title: Change UK

text: On 20 May 2019, interim leader Heidi Allen suggested that the party might not exist at the next general election and hinted at the formation of an alliance with the Liberal Democrats. On 22 May, she said that she and Wollaston wanted to advise Remain supporters to vote tactically for the Liberal Democrats in the European elections outside of London and South East England, but they were overruled by other party members. Allen said she threatened to resign as leader over the issue of whether to endorse the Liberal Democrats in some regions. She denied her party was in disarray.


title: Change UK

text: Between the European Parliament polling day and the count, with the Liberal Democrats expected to have done much better in the vote than Change UK, Umunna said that he thought a pact between Change UK and the Liberal Democrats at the next election "would be sensible". Allen then said she would go "one step further" and implied she wanted a merger with the Liberal Democrats. However, Soubry criticised Allen's tactical voting comments and the idea of any imminent alliance with the Liberal Democrats, describing talk of an alliance as being "a long way down the line".


title: Change UK

text: The party won no seats in the European elections, garnering 3.3% of the vote overall. Their highest vote was 5.3% in London. They were closest to winning a seat in the South East England constituency where they got 4.2% and were 3.1% away from a seat.


title: Change UK

text: An internal party report was supposedly critical of some of the MPs for supposedly talking down the party's prospects.


title: Change UK

text: After a meeting of the party's MPs on 4 June 2019, described as "amicable" by the "Financial Times" but "fraught" by the "New Statesman", six of the party's MPs – Berger, Shuker, Smith, Umunna, Wollaston and interim party leader Allen – announced their resignation from the party. The other five MPs remained in the party, with Brexit and Justice spokeswoman Anna Soubry becoming leader.


title: Change UK

text: In an article shortly before the announcement of the resignations, Stephen Bush of the "New Statesman" described three viewpoints in the party: a group favouring merger with the Liberal Democrats, including Allen and Umunna; a group ideologically unsympathetic towards the Liberal Democrats, including Gapes, Leslie, Ryan and Soubry; and a group who supported reverting to being a loose collection of independents that could attract Labour and Conservatives defectors who would find it difficult to switch to a rival party – another "New Statesman" article identified Shuker as being in this group. The "Financial Times" described a longstanding split between Umunna and Leslie, both of whom had vied to be the leading force within the party, with the choice of Allen as interim leader having been made to defuse tensions.


title: Change UK

text: In an interview that evening, Soubry said that those leaving wanted Change UK to become a "movement" that did not field candidates. The "New Statesman" commented that most of the MPs with links to donors had left, and that the party's finances were not secure.


title: Change UK

text: Rumours continued that some, but not all, of those who left the party would eventually join the Liberal Democrats, with the "New Statesman" suggesting that Umunna, Wollaston and Allen were best placed to be able to win re-election as Liberal Democrats. Umunna joined the Liberal Democrats in June. On 10 July, Berger, Shuker, Smith and Allen along with John Woodcock formed a non-party group called The Independents. By the time of the election, Berger, Smith and Allen had left this grouping to join the Liberal Democrats.


title: Change UK

text: At the time of the party's registration, the petitions website Change.org announced that it would challenge the branding, which it regarded as having "hijacked" its identity. Shortly after announcing themselves as Change UK, Soubry accidentally called the party "Change.org" in parliament. Threats from the website to sue resulted in the party making an application to the Electoral Commission on 13 June 2019 to change its name to The Independent Group for Change, which was approved on 5 July.


title: Change UK

text: Before the 2019 general election, the party announced that the only seats it would contest would be Broxtowe, Ilford South and Nottingham East, where Soubry, Gapes and Leslie, respectively, were seeking re-election. Coffey and Ryan did not stand for re-election. The Liberal Democrats announced that they would not stand against Soubry in Broxtowe.


title: Change UK

text: In the election on 12 December 2019, all three of the party's candidates lost their seats: Soubry and Gapes came third in their seats, while Leslie was fourth. Soubry had the highest vote share at 8.5%. Of its six former members, Allen did not stand in the election, Shuker stood as an independent candidate and the other four stood for the Liberal Democrats. All lost their seats, with Berger performing best, coming second with 31.9%, standing in a different constituency, Finchley and Golders Green.


title: Change UK

text: Soubry announced on 19 December 2019 that their management council had agreed to deregister with the Electoral Commission and begin the process of closing down the Independent Group for Change. The party tweeted: "It was right to shine a spotlight on Britain's broken politics. But having taken stock and with no voice now in parliament, we begin the process of winding up our party. Thanks to all who stood with us." The party was formally deregistered by the Electoral Commission on 5 July 2020.


title: Change UK

text: On 19 February 2019, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn responded that he was "disappointed" by the actions of the MPs leaving Labour. Labour Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell said that Independent Group MPs had a "responsibility" to resign and fight by-elections, as they had been elected as Labour MPs and should seek the approval of the electorate for their new platform. Other Labour Party figures stressed reflection, with deputy leader Tom Watson imploring his party to change in order to stave off further defections. Jon Lansman, the founder of Momentum, said he had "personal sympathy" for Berger because of the "hate and abuse" she had suffered. However, the six other former Labour MPs were, in his opinion, malcontents opposed to Corbyn's leadership.


title: Change UK

text: Labour MP Ruth George, who had been asked to respond to a Facebook comment suggesting the group's financial backers were "Israelis", replied that "Support from the State of Israel, which supports both Conservative and Labour Friends of Israel of which Luciana was chair is possible and I would not condemn those who suggest it, especially when the group's financial backers are not being revealed". After Jewish groups said that she was indulging an antisemitic conspiracy theory, she apologised and withdrew her comment.


title: Change UK

text: On 25 February, Labour announced that it would back moves for a second EU referendum in the coming weeks, a move interpreted as being, in part, in reaction to the threat of further defections to The Independent Group.


title: Change UK

text: On 19 March, MPs passed a motion put forward by Labour to remove Gapes, as well as non-TIG independent Ian Austin, from their seats on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee they held as part of the Labour Party's allocation. They were replaced by Labour MPs Conor McGinn and Catherine West. Gapes called the move "a sad day for the independence of Select Committees", while Labour said that it was right that the party filled its allocation of seats on the committees.


title: Change UK

text: On 20 February 2019, Prime Minister and Conservative leader Theresa May stated that she was "saddened" by the departure of Anna Soubry, Sarah Wollaston and Heidi Allen. Former Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron wrote in a statement on Twitter that he respected but disagreed with the three MPs' decision, as the party needs "strong voices at every level of the party calling for the modern, compassionate Conservatism that saw the Conservative Party return to office."


title: Change UK

text: On 18 February 2019, before the breakaway, Liberal Democrats leader Vince Cable said that his party would "work with them in some form" but that his party would not be "subsumed" by them. On 19 February, Cable later added that he has "offered a hand of friendship to the new Independent Group" and sees "the way forward as a collaborative arrangement, a confederation of groups who have a lot in common". On 20 February Cable also suggested that the Liberal Democrats might not put up candidates against members of the Independent Group at future elections. On 21 February, former Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron said in a radio interview that it was "entirely possible" that the two groups could merge to form a new centrist political party.


title: Change UK

text: On 23 February, Cable contacted members of The Independent Group to seek support for his proposed parliamentary motion for a second Brexit referendum. The Liberal Democrats signalled support for the amendment, along with the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru.


title: Change UK

text: In March 2019, it was reported by "Business Insider" that the Liberal Democrats and The Independent Group held discussions about the possibility of forming an electoral alliance where joint candidates would stand under the same "umbrella".


title: Change UK

text: Cable proposed standing joint candidates with the Greens and Change UK on a common policy of seeking a second referendum on Brexit at the European Parliament elections, but both other parties rejected the idea. On 24 April 2019, an unverified internal Change UK document memo leaked describing their plans to target Liberal Democrat donors and members in an attempt to supplant the Liberal Democrats. Part of the Change UK objectives specified in the memo were "No mergers, pacts or alliances." On 26 April, Cable said that Change UK had thrown away opportunities at the 2019 European Parliament election had they pooled their strength, but that the Lib Dems and Change UK had agreed a "non-aggression pact" to discourage "friendly fire". After the Liberal Democrats came second in the European elections and Change UK failed to win any seats, the Liberal Democrats suggested they would make it clear that they would welcome Change UK MPs joining their party (as Umunna, Wollaston, Berger, Smith and Allen subsequently did).


title: Change UK

text: The party was launched as a group of independent MPs with a convenor (initially Gavin Shuker) and spokesperson (initially Chuka Umunna). It was established without a formal policy platform. In March 2019, this structure was changed as the group applied for registration as a political party with Heidi Allen as its leader (on an interim basis until an annual conference could be held). The party's registration was confirmed in April 2019. In June 2019, Allen left the party and Anna Soubry replaced her as leader. By July 2019, the party employed one member of staff on a full-time basis, down from 11 staff employed during the European Parliament election campaign.


title: Change UK

text: Chris Leslie described the party as offering a home to those on the centre-left or in the "liberal" or "one nation" tradition. The party was expressly pro-European, supporting calls for a further referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union, and was considered to be centrist. The party's slogan was "Politics is broken. Let's change it", and it stated that it aimed to pursue evidence-led policies, rather than those led by ideology, with the group being tolerant of differing opinions.


title: Change UK

text: Specific stated values included a "diverse, mixed social market economy", freedom of the press, environmentalism, devolution, subsidiarity and opposition to Brexit. All of its MPs supported a second referendum on the EU. Although the party never published a manifesto, it listed eleven "values", including that the government must do "whatever it takes" to protect national security, as Britain is "a great country of which people are rightly proud." Shuker stated that "[we] back well-regulated business but in return we expect them to provide decent, secure and well-paid jobs" and Leslie stressed the group was pro-NATO.


title: Change UK

text: On 14 March 2019, Sarah Wollaston's amendment calling for a second EU referendum was called by the Speaker of the House of Commons, the first TIG amendment to be called. This was the first time that parliament had the opportunity to directly vote on a second referendum. However, after both the People's Vote and Best for Britain campaigns advised supporters not to vote for the amendment, and the Labour Party whipped its MPs to abstain, the amendment fell 85–334.


title: Change UK

text: The group was supported in its aims by The Independent Group (TIG) Ltd (previously named Gemini A Ltd), a non-trading company started by Shuker and registered in England and Wales. Berger stated that the seven founders funded the launch themselves.


title: Change UK

text: The group claimed that thousands of donors gave small amounts within days of the launch. On 23 February 2019, David Garrard, previously a major donor to the Labour Party, was reported to have given financial support to the group; the amount as reported by "The Sunday Telegraph" was £1.5 million. A "significant" donation to the group was later made by crossbencher Lord Myners, the former City Minister under Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown.


title: Change UK

text: The party was not entitled to the parliamentary financial assistance for opposition parties (Short Money) as this is not available to political parties established in the middle of a parliamentary term.


title: Change UK

text: A report by the party's auditors, published as part of the group's accounts filed with Companies House in May 2020, found that bank statements and records of donors had been "inappropriately destroyed" by staff members during the group's winding down and could not be satisfactorily reconstructed. The auditors stated that nothing had come to their attention to suggest there were any "material errors in the financial statements", but they were "unable to determine" whether any adjustments to financial statements "might have been found to be necessary had the scope of our work not been limited". In response, Soubry's partner, Neil Davidson, who had acted as the party's treasurer, stated that the party had "absolutely nothing to hide".


title: Change UK

text: At the time of the group's formation, Gavin Shuker was named as the group's convener and Chuka Umunna as the spokesperson. The group used a collective approach to leadership, with Umunna saying that "all the members of our group have... a responsibility to provide leadership". Registration as a party mandated having a formal leader. Allen was appointed interim leader when the party was officially formed on 29 March 2019, with the intention that a permanent leader would be elected at a party conference in September. When Allen left the party on 4 June, Anna Soubry took over the leadership role.


title: Change UK

text: In February 2019, Labour councillors in over ten councils also left the party and intended to align with The Independent Group. Two former Labour councillors in Brighton and Hove Council left the party to form their own independent group on 25 February, aligning with the Parliamentary group. There were further resignations from the party by Labour councillors in Barnet, Bexley, Derby, Salford, Stafford, and Southwark and by Conservative councillors in South Bucks and Calderdale. It is unknown how many of these councillors supported Change UK, but many gave the same reasons as the Labour MPs who left the party: alleged antisemitism in Labour, Corbyn's leadership and Brexit.


title: Change UK

text: Richard Ashworth, an MEP who was elected as a Conservative in 2014, and had been a European People's Party-affiliated independent since 2018, joined Change UK on 16 April 2019. In the European Parliament election the following month, Ashworth was the first list candidate for Change UK in South East England but was not reelected, with the list gaining 4.2% of the votes.


title: Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar

text: Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (7 February 1898 – 27 May 1935) was the first wife of B. R. Ambedkar, who said her support was instrumental in helping him pursue his higher education and his true potential. She has been the subject of a number of biographical movies and books. A number of landmarks across India have been named after her. She is also known as "Ramai" (Mother Rama).


title: Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar

text: Ramabai was born in a poor family to Bhiku Dhotre (Valangkar) and Rukmini. She lived with her three sisters and a brother, Shankar, in the Mahapura locality within the village of Vanand near Dapoli Ratnagiri. Her father earned his livelihood by carrying baskets of fish from Harnai Bunder & Dabhol harbour to the market. Her mother died when she was young and, after her father also died, her uncles Valangkar and Govindpurkar took the children to Bombay to live with them in Byculla market.


title: Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar

text: Ramabai married Ambedkar in 1906 in a very simple ceremony in the vegetable market of Byculla, Mumbai. At the time, Ambedkar was aged 15 and Ramabai was Eight. His affectionate name for her was "Rāmu", while she called him "Saheb". They had five children – Yashwant, Gangadhar, Ramesh, Indu (daughter) and Rajratna. Apart from Yashwant (1912–1977), the other four died in their childhood.


title: Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar

text: Ramabai died on 27 May 1935 at Rajgruha in Hindu Colony, Dadar, Bombay, after a prolonged chronic illness. She had been married to Ambedkar for 29 years.


title: Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar

text: B. R. Ambedkar's book "Thoughts on Pakistan", published in 1941, was dedicated to Ramabai. In the preface, Ambedkar credits her with his transformation from an ordinary "Bhiva or Bhima" to Dr Ambedkar.


title: Social Democratic Party of Switzerland

text: The Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (; SP; ) or Swiss Socialist Party (, ; PS), is a political party in Switzerland. The SP has had two representatives on the Federal Council since 1960 and received the second highest total number of votes in the 2019 Swiss federal election.


title: Social Democratic Party of Switzerland

text: The SP was founded on 21 October 1888 and is currently the second largest of the four leading coalition political parties in Switzerland. It is the only left-leaning party with representatives on the Federal Council, currently Alain Berset and Simonetta Sommaruga. As of September 2019, the SP is the second largest political party in the Federal Assembly.


title: Social Democratic Party of Switzerland

text: Unlike most other Swiss parties, the SP is the largest pro-European party in Switzerland and supports Swiss membership of the European Union. Additionally, it is strongly opposed to capitalism and maintains a long-term goal of "overcoming capitalism". The party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate member of the Party of European Socialists.


title: Social Democratic Party of Switzerland

text: Before the establishment of the national SP, there were various 19th-century labour movements in Switzerland such as the Grütli Union, the Swiss Federation of Trade Unions and several local social-democratic parties. Most of these labour parties only lasted a short time, until the foundation of the Social Democratic Party on 21 October 1888 (the Swiss Labour Day). Albert Steck of Bern composed the party's platform which emphasised democracy, rejected revolutionary aspirations and mandated a democratic solution to the social question. The first party president was Alexander Reichel of Bern.


title: Social Democratic Party of Switzerland

text: Two years after the party's foundation, Jakob Vogelsanger was the first Social Democrat to be elected to the National Council. In 1904, the moderate party platform was replaced at a party conference in Aarau with a Marxist program written by Otto Lang. The first-past-the-post voting system for elections to the National Council and the borders of the electorates initially prevented the party from achieving serious political power on the national level, despite growing numbers of supporters. Two popular initiatives for the introduction of a proportional voting system were rejected.