title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: Other parts of APG not attached to the main installation include the Churchville Test Area in Harford County, and the Carroll Island and Graces Quarters in Baltimore County, Maryland. The Churchville Test Area is a test track with hills that provide steep natural grades and tight turns to stress engines, drivetrains, and suspensions for army vehicles, including M1 Abrams tanks, Bradley Fighting Vehicles, and Humvees.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: The eastern half of Carroll Island was used as a testing location for open air static testing of chemical weapons since the 1950s. During tests of chemical agents and other compounds at Carroll Island, Maryland, from July 1, 1964, to December 31, 1971, nearly of chemicals were disseminated on the test area including of irritants, of anticholinesterase compounds such as the nerve gasses Sarin and VX, and of incapacitants such as LSD. Simulant agents, incendiaries, decontaminating compounds, signaling and screening smokes, mustard, and herbicides were also released as well as riot control gasses. The test sites consisted of spray grids, a wind tunnel, test grids, and small buildings.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: Edgewood Chemical Activity is a chemical-weapons located at APG. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: Fort Hoyle was established on October 7, 1922, and was created from a portion of the Edgewood Arsenal. Named for Brigadier General Eli D. Hoyle, who had commanded the 6th Field Artillery Regiment, the post was home to Headquarters, 1st Field Artillery Brigade (1922 to 1939), the 6th Field Artillery Regiment (1922 to 1940), the 1st Ammunition Train (1922 to 1930), and the 99th Field Artillery Regiment (minus 2nd Battalion) (1940 to 1941). Fort Hoyle was officially disestablished as a separate military post when it was reabsorbed by Edgewood Arsenal on September 10, 1940.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: The U.S. Army Ordnance Corps Museum previously located at APG, was moved to Fort Lee, Virginia, as a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Act.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: APG is located at and occupies a land area of . Its northernmost point is near the mouth of the Susquehanna River, where the river enters the Chesapeake Bay, while on the south, it is bordered by the Gunpowder River. The installation lies on two peninsulas separated by the Bush River. The northeastern is known as the "Aberdeen Area" and the southwestern is called the "Edgewood Area" (formerly the "Edgewood Arsenal").


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (5.09%) is water.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: For statistical purposes the base is delineated as a census-designated place (Aberdeen Proving Ground CDP) by the U.S. Census Bureau. As of the 2020 census, the resident population was 1,668.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: The Edgewood area of the Aberdeen Proving Ground site was proposed to the Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List of the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites requiring long term remedial action on April 10, 1985. The site was formally added to the National Priorities List on February 21, 1990.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: The Edgewood area has large areas of land and water and numerous buildings that are contaminated or suspected of contamination. Virtually all the land areas of the site contain contaminated or potentially contaminated sites and potentially buried ordnance. Substances disposed of in the area include significant quantities of napalm, white phosphorus, and chemical agents. On-site surface waters include rivers, streams, and wetlands.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: Edgewood area standby water supply wells in the Canal Creek area previously served approximately 3,000 people. The wells have been abandoned. The Long Bar Harbor well field of the County Department of Public Works and the well field used by the Joppatowne Sanitary Subdistrict serve 35,000 people within of the site. On-site groundwater sampling has identified perchlorate, various metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and chemical warfare agent degradation products. On-site soil contamination sampling has identified various VOCs, metals, and unexploded ordnance in surface and subsurface soil. On-site surface water sampling has identified various metals, pesticides, phosphorus, and VOCs. People who accidentally ingest or come in direct contact with contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil, or sediments may be at risk. The area is a designated habitat for bald eagles.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: A scandal at the APG surfaced in 1996. The U.S. Army brought charges against twelve commissioned and non-commissioned male officers for sexual assault of female trainees under their command.


title: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: Following campaigning by PETA, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and other organizations, the U.S. military announced in 2011 that it was replacing its use of monkeys in the Army's nerve-agent attack training courses with human simulators and other non-animal teaching methods. The training drills had been carried out on vervet monkeys and conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: Felipe Augusto de Almeida Monteiro (born 16 May 1989), known simply as Felipe or Felipe Monteiro, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Spanish club Atlético Madrid and the Brazil national team.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: Felipe began his career with União Mogi and was loaned to Bragantino before joining Corinthians in 2012. He played 109 times for the club, winning honours including the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup and the 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. In 2016, he joined Porto, where he won a Primeira Liga title in 2018. The following year, he signed for Atlético Madrid, and won La Liga in 2021.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: He made his senior international debut for Brazil in 2018, and was part of their squad that came runners-up at the 2021 Copa América.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: Born in Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Felipe trialled at Sport Club Corinthians Paulista at the age of 14 but was released. He then worked for his mother-in-law, delivering mushrooms to restaurants, while playing for Valtra, a tractor company works team partnered with União Futebol Clube. He turned professional there, and debuted in the Campeonato Paulista Série A2 in 2009. After playing two friendlies against Clube Atlético Bragantino of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B in 2011, he signed for them on loan. He then won the attention of Corinthians.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: With only 88 minutes of football to his name in his first year for Corinthians, he was a surprise inclusion for the squad chosen by manager Tite for the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan. He was unused as his club won the title against Chelsea.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: In the 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Felipe played 26 games as Corinthians won the national title. He scored his first goal in the competition on 26 July in a 1–1 draw at Coritiba Foot Ball Club, and on 9 August he was sent off in a game of the same result at city rivals São Paulo FC.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: On 15 June 2016, Felipe moved abroad for the first time, signing a five-year deal at FC Porto. He made his debut on 12 August as they began their season with a 3–1 win at Rio Ave FC. On 23 August, he opened the scoring in a 3–0 win at A.S. Roma in the UEFA Champions League playoff to put Porto into the group stages 4–1 on aggregate, and five days later he scored a first league goal to open a 2–1 loss at rivals Sporting CP.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: In 2017–18, Porto won the league and Felipe was one of five club players named in the Team of the Year, alongside his fellow defenders Alex Telles and Ricardo Pereira. On 3 January he headed the winner at C.D. Feirense (2–1) then was sent off for a second yellow card.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: On 2 April 2019, Felipe was sent off in a 1–1 draw at S.C. Braga, though his team advanced to the 2019 Taça de Portugal Final 4–1 on aggregate. Due to his accumulation of yellow cards over the season, he missed the next two league matches. In the final on 25 May at the Estádio Nacional, he scored in added time at the end of extra time to secure a 2–2 draw with Sporting, but the Lisbon team won on penalties.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: On 27 May 2019, Felipe signed for Atlético Madrid for a fee of €20 million. The "Colchoneros" were seeking to boost their defence after the recent losses of Diego Godín, Juanfran and Lucas Hernandez. He scored his first goal for the club in 2–0 UEFA Champions League last matchday win against FC Lokomotiv Moscow on 11 December, qualifying his team to the knockout phase.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: In 25 games for his first domestic season, Felipe scored once to win a 2–1 home game against Levante UD, with all goals scored by the 18th minute. His form dropped as the 2019–20 season concluded after a three-month COVID-19 lockdown, and the following season he fought for a place in the central defence alongside José María Giménez, Stefan Savić and Mario Hermoso, nonetheless being the most played of the four as the team won the league.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: In 2021–22, Felipe was sent off three times in all competitions, including twice in the Champions League. In a group game against Liverpool, he was dismissed with a straight red for a foul on Sadio Mané, while in the quarter-finals against another English team Manchester City he got two yellows for fouls on Phil Foden, prompting a melee.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: Felipe was called up to Brazil's squad by coach Dunga for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Paraguay in March 2016, to replace the suspended David Luiz. He made his debut for the national team on 11 September 2018, in a 5–0 friendly win against El Salvador at FedExField in the United States. His Porto teammate Éder Militão debuted in the same game.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: Felipe's second game came on 9 October 2020 in a 5–0 rout of Bolivia at his former club ground of Arena Corinthians, as a 71st-minute substitute for Thiago Silva in the first game of 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification. He was included in the squad for the 2021 Copa América on home soil, but left the team, which finished runners-up, due to a right knee sprain.


title: Felipe (footballer, born 1989)

text: Felipe was naturalised as a Spanish citizen in April 2022, which freed up a space for a non-European Union player at Atlético Madrid.


title: Jesco White

text: Jesco White, also known as the "Dancing Outlaw" (born July 30, 1956) is an American folk dancer and entertainer. He is best known as the subject of three American documentary films that detail his desire to follow in his famous father's footsteps while dealing with depression, drug addiction, alcoholism, and the poverty that affects some parts of rural Appalachia.


title: Jesco White

text: Jesco White was born in Bandytown, a tiny community located in the Appalachian Mountains of Boone County, West Virginia, to Donald Ray White (1927–1985), also known as D. Ray White, and Bertie Mae White. White's father was profiled in the Smithsonian Folkways documentary "Talking Feet: Solo Southern Dance: Buck, Flatfoot and Tap" (1987) as one of the greatest mountain dancers in the United States. Following in the footsteps of his father, Jesco's dance style is a subtle mix of tap and clog dancing that is native to Appalachia. After the death of his father, Jesco obtained D. Ray's tapping shoes which he wears while performing. Jesco White's dancing has been featured in at least three documentaries.


title: Jesco White

text: In 1985, while finalizing the film "Talking Feet", D. Ray, Jesco, and his younger brother Dorsey were involved in a domestic dispute. Steve Allen Rowe used his 12-gauge shotgun to shoot D. Ray once in the chest, Jesco received one neck wound, and Dorsey a single gunshot to the eye. D. Ray was the only fatality of the disturbance, who was reportedly protecting his youngest son during a drunken disagreement.


title: Jesco White

text: In April 2009, White was featured in the documentary "The Wild and Wonderful Whites of West Virginia", produced by Storm Taylor and MTV's Johnny Knoxville and Jeff Tremaine. The film was premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York. White has claimed that his portrayal in the documentary was an act and is not an accurate depiction of the White family.


title: Jesco White

text: The week after the release of "Wild and Wonderful", Jesco White and his sister, Sue Bob White, were arrested in West Virginia on suspicion of drug-related crimes. White gave an on-camera interview while in jail and stated that he had been drug-free for 30 years. White said that he is not a bad person and that he was "embarrassed" and "hurt" by the arrest. Shortly after his arrest, White was bonded out of jail by the producers of the documentary. A month after his arrest, the charges against White were dismissed due to lack of evidence.


title: Jesco White

text: White was first profiled on the Public Broadcasting Service's "Different Drummer" series. The first of these documentaries was "Dancing Outlaw" (1991), directed by Jacob Young, which featured him at home in West Virginia and gave audiences a glimpse into his troubled life. Young originally came to Boone County in search of D. Ray who had been murdered years prior. The TV series aimed to showcase "the unsung geniuses and charismatic madmen of Appalachian county." The director used this opportunity to unveil Jesco's talent and introduce America to the Dancing Outlaw. Viewers are acquainted with Jesco's three distinct personalities. "The gentle and loving Jesse, the violent and dangerous Jesco, and the extremely strange Elvis." This is the first of many mentions he makes regarding his lifelong struggle with his personality disorder. His admiration of Elvis is apparent in his stage attire and Elvis room within his home which White claims "saved his life from certain doom". The film won an American Film Institute Award and an Emmy for Best Documentary, was screened at the Museum of Modern Art, and was named best public television program in 1992.


title: Jesco White

text: "Dancing Outlaw II" (1999) (also directed by Jacob Young) chronicles White's trip to Los Angeles to appear in the episode "I Pray the Lord My Stove to Keep" of the sitcom "Roseanne" as the Elvis impersonating "Dan's Clog-Dancing Cousin".


title: Jesco White

text: The documentary "The Wild and Wonderful Whites of West Virginia" (2009) directed by Julien Nitzberg follows the White Family for one year, according to Mamie White, eldest of D. Ray and Bertie Mae’s children. It primarily consists of first person interviews detailing the poverty, crime, addiction and the ramifications of the coal-mining industry on Appalachian society.


title: Jesco White

text: Jesco White provides his voice as the DJ of Rebel Radio in the video game "Grand Theft Auto V". He also makes a cameo in-game as an Easter egg, where you can find a character depiction of Jesco doing his mountain dance. The easter egg is found in the Alamo Sea region of San Andreas, dancing to an Ozark Mountain Daredevils song being played on a small boombox behind him. Motion capture technology was used to help depict Jesco's unique style of dancing.


title: Jesco White

text: Jesco has also been sampled or referred to by numerous musicians, including the bands Ministry, Mastodon, Live, Big & Rich, Əkoostik hookah, Jim Shelley, The Atomic Bitchwax, Headcrash, and Tanner Flowers.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: "Monster" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West, released as the third single from his fifth studio album, "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" (2010). The song features rappers , Rick Ross, and Nicki Minaj, along with indie folk group Bon Iver. All five credited acts have writing credits on the posse cut, with the production handled by West and Mike Dean. Lyrically, the song expresses often disturbing, horror film-influenced concepts, with some comparing the song's eerie aesthetic to the Michael Jackson track "Thriller". The song contains an atmospheric, drum-heavy composition.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Originally released through West's GOOD Friday initiative, a weekly free music giveaway he started to promote "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "Monster" was later confirmed to be featured on the album, and was released as a digital download on October 23. It was met with mostly positive reviews from music critics, with Minaj's verse being praised, and West's production being well received. However, critics were mixed in their assessing of who had the better verse between West and Jay-Z. The song was listed amongst the best tracks of 2010 by publications, with "NME" placing it at number 53 on its list of the "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: The song debuted and peaked on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at position 18. "Monster" was promoted with an accompanying music video, directed by Jake Nava. The music video had several references to horror films and featured extensive horror imagery, with zombies, decapitated corpses and heavily atmospheric cinematography. The music video was widely controversial, being banned from MTV. The video has been criticized for its portrayal of women, and the content of the video was described as weird and disturbing.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: To promote his upcoming fifth album, West launched GOOD Fridays, a weekly free music giveaway. The intention was to release a free new song every Friday for a few months, and the weekly tracks generally featured various rappers from his label, GOOD Music, and other artists he usually collaborated with. In the first week West released onto his website a remix of the album's first single, "Power", and "Monster" was released on the second week. The song was promptly removed from his website and replaced with another track, with "Monster" being uploaded as a digital single onto iTunes. West announced that "Monster" was actually intended for his collaborative album "Watch the Throne" with Jay-Z. West's announcement failed to surface however, and the song actually appeared on "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" and was released as the album's third single.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Following some media controversies, West chose to record his fifth studio "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" in a reclusive manner in Oahu, Hawaii. Like the majority of the album, "Monster" was composed there. Rapper Rick Ross was invited to Hawaii to work with West, because West was set to produce the song "Live Fast, Die Young", which appeared on "Teflon Don", an album by Ross. While Ross was there with West in his recording studio, he actually walked in on West while recording another song. Ross was not initially intended to be featured on West's album, however Ross was so impressed with what he heard he decided to record a quick, though short verse.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Ross had the concept of the song explained to him by West, which according to Ross, blew him away in presentation. West was so impressed by Ross that he invited him back to his studio during the final stages of the album, where he also appeared on "Devil in a New Dress". While Ross was there, both Jay-Z and Minaj were recording their verses. Ross expressed his admiration for Minaj, who impressed him during the recording. He stated that what he had observed had earned him respect for Minaj, who called the recording process a "moment of history".


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Minaj expressed excitement when approached to collaborate on the song, and she had contributed 32 bars to the track. Her main inspiration behind working on the track was the possibility of meeting Jay-Z, with whom she was obsessed since a young age. According to her, she literally couldn't have a conversation without quoting a line by him, and it was a dream come true to collaborate with the artist. Minaj had recorded her lines around four months before the lyrics finally appeared on the song. Minaj described both Jay-Z and West as "icons", and stated that she was blessed to be working with them. In an interview with Rap-Up, Minaj mused "never in a billion years would've thought that I would've not only been on a song with one of them but both them".


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Justin Vernon's involvement on the song stemmed from being approached by West directly. West first got into contact with Vernon when he directly phoned him, with the intention of sampling his song "Woods". The two talked on the phone for about 40 minutes, where West explained some of the concepts for the project, and invited him down to his studio in Hawaii. West is a big admirer of Bon Iver's album "For Emma, Forever Ago", and was impressed with Vernon's unique use of auto-tune. The two artists became friends while playing games of basketball together, and West introduced him to Jeff Bhasker, one of his main producers.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Vernon was sampled on another song from the album, "Lost in the World" and appears on vocals on "Monster". While there during recording sessions, he had reportedly recorded 10 tracks. He watched Minaj record her verse, and he too, expressed admiration for Minaj's performance on the song, however he noted that initially he had no idea who she was. Vernon described the process as highly artistic, stating that the fourteen-hour day recording schedule allowed for a lot of fun and creativity. West, talking about recording the song with Vernon, stated that he was "similar to me, where he just does shit just so people would be like, 'Oh shit, how did you do that? How did that happen?' He's just a really cool guy to be around."


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Considered a horrorcore song, "Monster" has been described as brooding, disturbing, creepy and the "weirdest A-list event-rap posse cut in recent memory." The song begins with an ominous, distorted vocal roar, sung by Justin Vernon of Bon Iver, with Vernon declaring "I shoot the lights out", which sets up the dark atmosphere of the track. The intro of the song is followed by a brief verse given by Ross, delivered in the rapping style of boom bap. In a deep voice, Ross asserts the lines "bitch, I'm a monster, no good bloodsucker, fat motherfucker, now look who's in trouble," over the eerie production featured during the beginning. Following the introduction by Ross, West then provides the song's hook, singing "everybody know / I'm a motherfuckin' monster" in a heavily distorted manner. West then launches into a full verse. "Chicago Sun-Times" writer Thomas Conner stated that West rhyming "esophagus" with "sarcophagus" was surely a hip-hop first.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Jay-Z appears on the song after West's verse, and raps in a more forceful, sinister flow. During his verse, Jay-Z references several different horror characters, including the Sasquatch, Godzilla, King Kong, the Loch Ness Monster, goblins, ghouls and zombies. Lyrically Jay-Z discusses his discontent at former associates, and concludes his verse by admitting that his Achilles' heel is "love". Minaj is the final rapper to appear on the song, who delivers her lines in an urgent, energetic manner. Minaj's delivery has been described as surreal, changing delivery in mid-line. In her verse, Minaj references Jamaican DJ Tony Matterhorn. The song ends in a spooky, hoarse vocal riff delivered by Vernon, reminiscent of the track "Thriller". An extended vocal riff, described as "scratchy" closes the track. "Pitchfork"'s Tom Breihan summarized the content of the song, writing:


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Rick Ross drops by to say hi, keeping his appearance so brief that I can't help but wonder what he's even doing here. Justin Vernon inexplicably bookends the thing, pushing his falsetto into Antony range on the outro and muttering befuddling lyrics that have nothing to do with the rest of the song. All this over the straight-up funkiest beat Kanye West has made in years, a rippling electro push-pull that adds an effortless strut to his recent progged-out chilliness. But all that other stuff fades into the background when Nicki Minaj shows up. [...] She's a whirlwind of energy, showing her full repertoire of nutso voices and kicking the living f*ck out of the beat, sounding like she's having an absolute blast the whole time."


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: The song heavily features bombastic tribal drums, and paranoia-inducing strings that create a feeling of tension. The beat of "Monster" has been described as a "hyperventilating death rattle" by "The Washington Post"s Chris Richards, commenting that the song was permeated with dark, urgent-sounding moans. The chorus of the song has two separate meanings; on the surface, it appears that West is bragging about his abilities as a rapper, while also making a comment on the media's reception of him, with lines like "gossip, gossip, nigga just stop it, everybody knows I'm a muthafuckin' monster".


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: "Monster" was well received by critics, with most singling out Minaj's verse as a highlight of the song. Becky Bain of Idolator stated that while the song featured five distinct artists, Minaj actually had the brightest appearance on the song. Sara D. Anderson of AOL gave the song a positive review, complimenting each artist on their contribution. Chris Ryan of "MTV" positively reviewed West, Jay-Z and Minaj as the stand out rappers in the song, stating "on car stereos, computers and in clubs all over, nothing got more burn than 'Monster,' his new beastly posse cut. Kanye spits about his presence being a present to us all, Jay-Z comes through with what might be his strongest verse in years, and that's where Nicki comes in, more than holding her own against the bad boys." Pitchfork Media's Ryan Dombal reported that Minaj gave the verse of her life, and applauded the contributions by Ross, who added a "hallucinatory tone" to the song. Another Pitchfork writer, Tom Breihan mused that the track contained the "straight-up funkiest beat" West has made in years, while commenting that Minaj was the best in show.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: "The Village Voice"s Sean Fennessey commented that "Monster" was the track that announced Minaj's "brilliance" to most people, stating that when the posse cut "crept up the Hot 100, the song became more than track six—it became an essential part of this album's story, delivered months early." Alex Denney of "NME" mused that the track "proves a riotous bit of respite" and features West "sending up his rep with a self-mocking diatribe about drowning his pain in a blizzard of blow jobs and mass adulation while Nicki Minaj sets the dials to 'ridiculous' with a fire-breathing, raga-inflected verse." Embling of Tiny Mix Tapes felt that with "super-sized cipher cuts" like "Monster" and "So Appalled", West balanced out some of the darker moments of "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", and that the song contained heavy "shit-talking." "Slant Magazine" Cole Matthew also commented that posse cuts "Monster" and "So Appalled" were amongst the hardest tracks ever produced by West.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: "IGN"s Chad Grischow mused that the track featured great guest appearances from Jay-Z and Minaj, going as far as saying that Minaj's performance "clears up what all the hype is about for anyone still unsure". Robert Christgau of MSN Music stated that West perfectly acknowledged his status as a rapper, and noted that his persona seems to be aware that his "bling-and-sex brag is about to get blown away by padrone Jay-Z's 'all I see is these niggaz I made millionaires/Millin about' and pink-haired Nicki Minaj's 'bitch from Sri Lanka-Willy Wonka-watch the queen conquer' trifecta." David Amidon of "PopMatters" praised the production of the song, and stated that the track features "glass-shattering bass". Nitsuh Abebe of "Vulture" declared that Minaj gave one of the best verses of the year.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Nathan Rabin of "The A.V. Club" praised the guest picks on the album, musing that West trades verses with the "few superstars fit to breathe his rarified air, including Jay-Z, Rick Ross, and Nicki Minaj, who single-handedly justifies her deafening buzz with her verse on the song." Kitty Empire of "The Guardian" praised West's performance on the song describing it as "brilliant", but also noted that on the particular song Minaj and Jay-Z were superior to him, citing Minaj's verse as her career's best. Siim Nurklik from "Eesti Ekspress" also seems to agree with Kitty, as he claims "Nicki's final verse on "Monster" is just colossal." Dan Vidal of "URB" stated that West milks the potential of his guest rappers to the most impressive degree, reporting that Jay-Z's generally relaxed performance was "with a fiery growl on" and that it "features Nicki Minaj going even more bonkers with her flow than we're accustomed to." Sputnikmusic's Channing Freeman echoed the consensus about Minaj stating that her verse was the most memorable part of the song, though felt that Bon Iver's appearance didn't add up to much.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: "Gigwise" named it the best song of 2010. The song was named the "Collaboration of the Year" 2010 by "HipHopDX". Minaj's verse for the song was named "Verse of the Year" by the same website. "Rolling Stone" ranked it number 10 on its list of the Best Singles of 2010. Rap-Up declared the song the third best of 2010. MTV News declared the track the 14th best of the year. In January 2011, "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll named "Monster" the sixth-best single of 2010; West's other singles "Power" and "Runaway" were ranked at numbers five and four, respectively on the same poll. "Dagsavisen" placed it third on its list of the best 10 best songs of 2010. "Dagbladet" named it the fifth best song of 2010. "Slant Magazine" ranked it 19th on its list of the best singles of 2010. "Hot Press" named it one of the best songs of 2010. "Monster" was named the 19th best song of 2010 by Beats Per Minute.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: In October 2011, "NME" placed it at number 53 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years", with the site's staff stating that while West had a good performance on the song, it was "star turns from Jay-Z (channeling his world-weary hip hop legend who just needed a cuddle) and Nicki Minaj (a show stealing turn from the heir apparent who was battling herself as much as the haters) that took this track over.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: In 2013, "Complex" ranked Minaj's verse on "Monster" as the best rap verse of the past five years. It was ranked at number 69 by "Rolling Stone" on their list of "100 Greatest Hip-Hop songs of all time". In 2014, "Fact" placed it at number 30 on its list of The 100 best songs of the 2010s. The 2015 book The Rap Year Book which deconstructed the most important rap songs every year since 1979, chose "Monster" as the most important rap song of 2010.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: "Monster" appeared on numerous best songs of the 2010s decade lists; "Stereogum" placed it at 28th, "Slant Magazine" placed it at 25th, "Pitchfork" placed it at 38th, "Parade" placed it at 50th, and "Uproxx" placed it at 100th. "Harper's Bazaar" named it one of the 35 best songs of the 2010s, saying "it's a six-minute-long masterpiece of rap heaven and hell." Elsewhere, "GQ" included it its list of 24 songs that shaped the decade, commenting "Minaj's roaring interrogation of her bubblegum alter-ego stole the show". "Monster" was listed as one of seven 2010s songs that should have placed higher in the annual Triple J Hottest 100.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: "Monster" was sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio stations on September 21, and it was released to the iTunes Store on October 23, 2010, around Halloween. It spent five weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 18 on the chart. The song also appeared within the top 30 on both the "Billboard" Hot Rap Songs and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. "Monster" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of 1,000,000 certified units on March 31, 2014, becoming West's 11th track to achieve the certification. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 146 and went on to peak at number 111 on the chart. As of October 24, 2019, the song stands as West's 27th most successful track of all time on the UK Singles Chart. On December 29, 2017, the song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling 200,000 copies in the UK.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: The song was performed at Jay-Z's and Eminem's "Home & Home" concert in the new Yankee Stadium, during Jay-Z's portion of the performance. Both Minaj and West joined Jay-Z at the concert and performed the song together as a group, though Ross was absent. After joining Jay-Z during the performance, West remained on stage and performed his own singles, including the remixed version of "Power", "Can't Tell Me Nothing" and "Good Life". West wore exactly the same outfit he did for his 2010 MTV Video Music Awards performance and his subsequent "Saturday Night Live" performance; a red suit accessorized with his gold Egyptian god Horus necklace and red Louis Vuitton shoes. During a live performance in New York City, West joined Ross and performed "Devil in a New Dress" and "Monster".


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Minaj performed the song live at Britney Spears' Femme Fatale Tour as one of the final songs in her setlist. On one occasion, West performed the track alongside Minaj on the tour, on August 2, 2011, at the Nassau Coliseum in Long Island, New York, as a surprise guest. During his set at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, West performed "Monster" during the first half of his setlist. The performance was accompanied by Vernon who provided his vocal hook on the song. West's performance was described as "one of the most memorable performances in Coachella history." The song was performed by West and Jay-Z during their Watch the Throne Tour. Minaj has also performed her verse on the European and American legs of her debut concert tour, the Pink Friday Tour. She has rapped her verse on her . She has also rapped her verse on her European tour, the Nicki Wrld Tour.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: An unfinished version of a music video, directed by Jake Nava leaked online before the official release on December 30, 2010. West was annoyed at the leak of the video, and nearly shelved the video altogether. A finalized version of the video was officially released on June 4, 2011, on West's official website. A promotional trailer for the music video was released online. When released, the video came with a disclaimer, stating "the following content is in no way to be interpreted as misogynistic or negative towards any groups of people. It is an art piece and it shall be taken as such."


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: The music video is inspired by horror films and extensively features gothic and horror related imagery, including references to "Michael Jackson's Thriller". The video features references to horror cult films such as "American Psycho" and "Saw" as well as the supposedly haunted painting "The Hands Resist Him". "The Hand Resists Him" is a painting created by artist Bill Stoneham in 1972, depicting a young boy and female doll standing in front of a glass paneled door against which many hands are pressed. The painting became famous for apparently being haunted. The painting is referenced during a scene in the video where Kanye West attempts to hold a door closed, from the monsters outside attempting to enter. The video features mostly naked corpse looking models, some of which are decapitated. West's role in the video is similar to Doctor Frankenstein, with the video set in a castle. Jay-Z appears in the video dressed in a tuxedo, standing in front of a nude corpse in a darkly-lit library. Zombies appear in the video, with hanging corpses and blood-splattered furniture.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: The video also contains the duality of Minaj; Harajuku Barbie who is from Heaven, and Roman Zolanski who is from Hell. Roman Zolanski reveals his real form; a naturally curly long black-haired demon in his signature black gothic outfit. He is a dominatrix in this video. Harajuku Barbie reveals her real form; a naturally straight long banged neon pink-haired angel in her signature white bridal dress. However, she is a damsel in distress in this video. This is because Roman kidnapped Barbie. He tortures her while they both rap Minaj's dialogued verse.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: HitFix's Melinda Newman called the video both "chilling" and "raw" and stated that the video captured the concept of the song well, expressing that it was a "brutal reveal of West's psyche". Simon Vozick-Levinson of "Entertainment Weekly" stated that the video should have been more creative and called it offensive, stating that Minaj's appearance was the best part. Matthew Perpetua of "Rolling Stone" commented that the video was morbid, comparing it to "Thriller", though noted that "instead of dancing zombies, he gives us undead, barely dressed and occasionally dismembered models". Perpetua called Minaj's appearance "cameo of the year" describing her appearance in the video:


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: "She switches up her delivery repeatedly over the course of 31 bars, veering between cartoonish sweetness and unhinged villainy. She dramatizes the jarring dynamic shifts in the clip by appearing as a fanged dominatrix torturing a far more innocent version of herself in a neon pink wig and frilly white dress. It's a brilliant visual take on a breathtakingly badass verse, but really, they could've just focused in on her incredible facial expressions and called it a day. She's just that entertaining to watch."


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: The music video for "Monster" was widely controversial, being banned on MTV. Ta-Nehisi Coates of "The Atlantic" questioned "what would have become of John Mayer, had he cut a video with dead black women strewn about and invoked black women throughout his lyrics in the manner Kanye does" and labeled the video both racist and sexist in nature. However, Brandon Soderberg of "Spin" argues that the video was simply a "surreal response to hip-hop misogyny" and a "knowing provocation", and commented that the video was in fact inspired by horror films.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Daphne Bramham of the "Vancouver Sun" commented that "what's entertaining about women in lingerie hanging by their necks on chains? What's artful about images of drugged, unconscious women about to be sexually assaulted?" Mikhail Lyubansky of the "Huffington Post" had a negative opinion of the video, stating that the video "not-so-subtly suggests that complete female passivity, lifelessness, and even death are erotic", and interpreted the message of the video as being that "for women, what's sexually desirable is passivity, lifelessness, and death." The release of the video was received by American activist Ann Simonton with an internet petition seeking the preemptive removal of the full video from broadcast or promotion, criticizing the video as glorifying sexual violence against women.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Due to the negative reactions, the video was removed from Kanye West's YouTube channel. It is unknown if it violated YouTube's policy against showing gory content or if Vevo took it down for the same reason.


title: Monster (Kanye West song)

text: Minaj's verse has been praised by fans and music critics alike, with multiple celebrities including Demi Lovato, Chloë Grace Moretz, Ed Sheeran, Kim Petras and Troye Sivan rapping her verse in concerts or interviews. In January 2016, singer Adele rapped Nicki Minaj's verse on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" during a segment called "Carpool Karaoke", which Minaj reacted to with praise. British actress Millie Bobby Brown rapped the same verse while on "The Tonight Show" with Jimmy Fallon in September 2016. In 2017, Singer/Songwriter Ed Sheeran attempted to rap the verse during an interview on "The Breakfast Club", but forgot the words to it. The song was featured in the 2011 film "The Hangover Part II" as well as the ABC sitcom "Black-ish". The song was remixed for the trailer of the second season of "The Witcher". Minaj herself later performed the song during her medley performance for the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2022 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Chuck Russell

text: Charles Russell (born May 9, 1958) is an American filmmaker and actor known for his work on several genre films.


title: Chuck Russell

text: Some of Russell's best known films include the slasher fantasy film "", the 1988 remake of the 1958 monster horror film "The Blob", the fantasy superhero comedy film "The Mask", the action film "Eraser", and the action-adventure "The Scorpion King". Russell also executive produced the critically acclaimed Michael Mann-directed neo-noir action thriller "Collateral".


title: Chuck Russell

text: Russell was born in Park Ridge, Illinois and grew up in Chicago. He attended Maine South High School and was a graduate of the 1976 class. While attending the University of Illinois, Russell became fascinated with Chicago's active theater scene and began writing, acting and directing one act plays. Chicago's famous Second City Theater was an inspiration for Russell, where he saw such comedians as John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd get their start. Russell became fascinated with comedy improv, studying techniques he later applied in the development of such films as "Back to School" and "The Mask".


title: Chuck Russell

text: After graduating from the University of Illinois, Russell left Chicago to begin work in film production in Los Angeles. He worked his way up, assistant directing and production managing independent films while writing screenplays.


title: Chuck Russell

text: Russell made his directorial debut in 1987 with "". At that time, New Line Cinema was uncertain about the future of the Elm Street franchise. Russell convinced them that the series could take a step further into Freddy's nightmare world through advanced visual effects and dramatize the bond among Freddy's youthful victims with the concept of "Dream Warriors". The success of the film redefined the franchise for New Line, earning more at the box office than the first two films put together.


title: Chuck Russell

text: Russell went on to write and direct the cult horror film, "The Blob" in 1988, once again stretching the boundaries of visual effects on a limited budget. He then found international acclaim with the blockbuster "The Mask" about a bank clerk who discovers an ancient mask that transforms him into a malicious prankster who uses practical jokes to fight crime. Russell created groundbreaking digital technologies for "The Mask" with George Lucas's Industrial Light and Magic, combining live action performance with radically new concepts in visual effects. Russell's work earned the film an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. "The Mask" also created international stardom for both Jim Carrey and Cameron Diaz. With a production budget of $18 million, "The Mask" earned more than $350 million in worldwide box office.


title: Chuck Russell

text: Russell then went on to direct the action films "Eraser" with Arnold Schwarzenegger, which grossed over $240 million internationally, and "The Scorpion King", which was the first leading role for WWE star Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Both films were #1 box office hits upon their release.


title: Chuck Russell

text: Fourteen years after directing "The Scorpion King", Russell's next film was 2016's "I Am Wrath" starring John Travolta. In 2019, he directed "Junglee", an Indian action-adventure film that released on March 29, 2019. For "Junglee", the 60-year-old director worked with elephants and the song-and-dance tradition unique to Indian cinema for the first time. Both were inspiring, he told Scroll.in during a recent visit to Mumbai.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: Gilbert is described in the books as being very handsome with brown, curly hair and hazel eyes. He is tall with a lean build and used to wear an Aegean hat.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: In his youth, he seems aware of his good looks and popularity with the girls; perhaps because of this, he sometimes tends to look at them up and down making them blush. The dismissal of his affections toward the eponymous Anne Shirley, however, seems to ground him, and he matures and is well-liked by many. Throughout the series, Gilbert is depicted as a fair, practical and reliable man, who is inclined to have a "common sense" view of things. Keenly intelligent, he has a strong wit and sense of humour.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: As Gilbert matures, he becomes less headstrong and demonstrates a sense of patience and devotion. He eventually becomes a highly respected doctor in the fictional town of Glen St Mary, Prince Edward Island (PEI), where he lives with his wife Anne and their children, and the family's spinster housekeeper, Susan.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: Gilbert Blythe takes an immediate interest in Anne upon their first meeting and tries to gain her attention; however, when Anne ignores him, he teasingly calls her "Carrots" because of her red hair, unaware of her sensitivity about it. In response, Anne smashes her slate over his head in anger; and despite his attempts to apologize, she refuses to forgive him for several years. Throughout the entire first book, Gilbert repeatedly shows admiration for Anne, but she coldly rebuffs him. She continues her grudge even after he rescues her from the pond after a near-disastrous reenactment of Tennyson's "Lancelot and Elaine." When Anne refuses his offer of friendship after the incident, Gilbert decides to respond in kind and stops openly trying to gain her attention. They develop a strong academic rivalry instead (though the competition is entirely good-natured on Gilbert's side), and Anne gradually acknowledges Gilbert as an intellectual equal; they eventually compete to win scholarships at Queens Academy.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: Following his time at Queens, Gilbert decides to teach at the Avonlea school to finance his future college education. When one of Anne's guardians, Matthew, dies of a heart attack, Anne chooses to give up the Avery Scholarship to stay at Green Gables and support Marilla. After learning of Anne's predicament, Gilbert, who has always loved Anne, gives up his position so Anne can teach in Avonlea and live at Green Gables with Marilla. Gilbert teaches at the White Sands School and Anne, after learning of his noble act, finally forgives him and becomes good friends.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: During the two years, Anne teaches in Avonlea, Gilbert, and Anne becomes very close. At the end of their teaching 'chapter in life,' Anne starts to have stronger feelings towards him but does not recognize them as love. Gilbert aspires to become a doctor and goes on to study at Redmond College, where he is joined by Anne, freed of personal obligations after the widowed Rachel Lynde moves to Green Gables to keep Marilla company, in "Anne of the Island".


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: Gilbert's feelings for Anne become increasingly apparent during their first year of college, while Anne becomes uncomfortable around him because she believes her feelings for Gilbert are entirely platonic as he does not match her idealized notion of true love, which requires a dark, proud, melancholy and over-romanticized hero. However, Anne's jealousy of Gilbert's other potential love interests, her moments of physical attraction for him, and her deep respect and devotion to their friendship suggest that she may be falling in love with him without realizing it.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: In their second year of college, Gilbert proposes but Anne refuses him, saying she doesn't care for him "in that way" and that she only wants to be his friend. Disappointed, Gilbert reveals that "your friendship can't satisfy me, Anne. I want your love -- and you tell me I can never have that". Their relationship becomes awkward, especially after Anne meets and is courted by fellow Redmond student Roy Gardner, a man who at first seems to personify her "ideal", although Anne secretly admits to herself that Roy lacks certain qualities and that she and Roy do not share a mutual sense of humor. Gilbert seems to concede defeat and Anne believes that he has become involved with another student, Christine Stuart, who is later revealed to be only a friend. Instead, he focuses his attention on obtaining the Cooper Prize, a prestigious scholarship that will allow him to attend medical school.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: Not long after graduation, Gilbert contracts typhoid fever as a result of physically exhausting himself during school. Anne, who has recently refused a proposal of marriage from Roy Gardner after realizing during his proposal that she does not love Roy, is shocked to learn that Gilbert may die. She realizes that she loves and has always loved him; that "she belonged to him and he to her", and recognizes at last that she mistook her "bond" to Gilbert for strong friendship instead of love, while her relationship with Roy was merely "flattered fancy." Gilbert also admits that he never loved Christine Stuart; she was already engaged and he had been ordered to look after her while she was at college.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: Gilbert recovers from his illness and resumes his friendship with Anne after learning she refused Roy Gardner. He proposes to her again and she accepts. However, they remain engaged for three years, as Gilbert intends to finish his medical course before marrying her; they correspond regularly in their time apart ("Anne of Windy Poplars"), while Anne works as a principal at Summerside High School.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: The two marry in "Anne's House of Dreams", and move to the town of Glen St. Mary, where Gilbert takes over his uncle's medical practice. He proves to be an excellent and well-respected doctor. Their married life is very happy and they have seven children: Joyce (also called Joy; died as an infant), James Matthew (Jem), Walter (who dies during the First World War), Anne and Diana (twins; also called Nan and Di), Shirley (the youngest boy), and Bertha Marilla (called Rilla).


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: As the series ends, it is 1919 and they are happy; Gilbert is 55 and still sincerely in love with Anne of Green Gables.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: In the 1919 film adaption, Gilbert was portrayed by Paul Kelly. In the 1934 film adaption, Gilbert was portrayed by Tom Brown. In the 1940 sequel "Anne of Windy Poplars", Gilbert was portrayed by Patric Knowles. In the 1972 BBC TV adaptation, the young Gilbert was played by Robin Halstead, and in the follow-up series, "Anne of Avonlea", the adult Gilbert was played by Christopher Blake.


title: Gilbert Blythe

text: Gilbert was portrayed by Jonathan Crombie in the CBC Television film adaptations of 1985, 1987, and . In the Japanese anime adaptation of "Anne of Green Gables", he is voiced by Kazuhiko Inoue. The CD recording of the musical that has run for more than 40 years at the Charlottetown Festival, focusing on Anne and Gilbert's relationship, features Andrew MacBean as Gilbert. Gilbert was portrayed by Drew Haytaoglu in the 2016 film "L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables". Gilbert is portrayed by Lucas Jade Zumann in the 2017 CBC and Netflix series "Anne with an E". Gilbert was also portrayed by Dylan Duff in the 2019 play/film Anne of Green Gables.


title: Mixed reality

text: Mixed reality (MR) is a term used to describe the merging of a real-world environment and a computer-generated one. Physical and virtual objects may co-exist in mixed reality environments and interact in real time. Mixed reality is largely synonymous with augmented reality.


title: Mixed reality

text: Mixed reality that incorporates haptics has sometimes been referred to as Visuo-haptic mixed reality.


title: Mixed reality

text: In a physics context, the term "interreality system" refers to a virtual reality system coupled with its real-world counterpart. A 2007 paper describes an interreality system comprising a real physical pendulum coupled to a pendulum that only exists in virtual reality. This system has two stable states of motion: a "Dual Reality" state in which the motion of the two pendula are uncorrelated, and a "Mixed Reality" state in which the pendula exhibit stable phase-locked motion, which is highly correlated. The use of the terms "mixed reality" and "interreality" is clearly defined in the context of physics and may be slightly different in other fields, however, it is generally seen as, "bridging the physical and virtual world".


title: Mixed reality

text: Mixed reality has been used in applications across fields including design, education, entertainment, military training, healthcare, product content management, and human-in-the-loop operation of robots.


title: Mixed reality

text: Simulation-based learning includes VR and AR based training and interactive, experiential learning. There are many potential use cases for Mixed Reality in both educational settings and professional training settings. Notably in education, AR has been used to simulate historical battles, providing an unparalleled immersive experience for students and potentially enhanced learning experiences. In addition, AR has shown effectiveness in university education for health science and medical students within disciplines that benefit from 3D representations of models, such as physiology and anatomy.


title: Mixed reality

text: From television shows to game consoles, mixed reality has many applications in the field of entertainment.


title: Mixed reality

text: The 2004 British game show Bamzooki called upon child contestants to create virtual "Zooks" and watch them compete in a variety of challenges. The show used mixed reality to bring the Zooks to life. The television show ran for one season, ending in 2010.


title: Mixed reality

text: The 2003 game show FightBox also called upon contestants to create competitive characters and used mixed reality to allow them to interact. Unlike Bamzoomi's generally non-violent challenges, the goal of FightBox was for new contestants to create the strongest fighter to win the competition.


title: Mixed reality

text: In 2009, researchers presented to the International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) their social product called "BlogWall," which consisted of a projected screen on a wall. Users could post short text clips or images on the wall and play simple games such as Pong. The BlogWall also featured a poetry mode where it would rearrange the messages it received to form a poem and a polling mode where users could ask others to answer their polls.


title: Mixed reality

text: Other research has examined the potential for mixed reality to be applied to theatre, film, and theme parks.


title: Mixed reality

text: The first fully immersive mixed reality system was the Virtual Fixtures platform, which was developed in 1992 by Louis Rosenberg at the Armstrong Laboratories of the United States Air Force. It enabled human users to control robots in real-world environments that included real physical objects and 3D virtual overlays ("fixtures") that were added enhance human performance of manipulation tasks. Published studies showed that by introducing virtual objects into the real world, significant performance increases could be achieved by human operators.


title: Mixed reality

text: Combat reality can be simulated and represented using complex, layered data and visual aides, most of which are head-mounted displays (HMD), which encompass any display technology that can be worn on the user's head. Military training solutions are often built on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies, such as Improbable's synthetic environment platform, Virtual Battlespace 3 and VirTra, with the latter two platforms used by the United States Army. , VirTra is being used by both civilian and military law enforcement to train personnel in a variety of scenarios, including active shooter, domestic violence, and military traffic stops. Mixed reality technologies have been used by the United States Army Research Laboratory to study how this stress affects decision-making. With mixed reality, researchers may safely study military personnel in scenarios where soldiers would not likely survive.


title: Mixed reality

text: In 2017, the U.S. Army was developing the Synthetic Training Environment (STE), a collection of technologies for training purposes that was expected to include mixed reality. , STE was still in development without a projected completion date. Some recorded goals of STE included enhancing realism and increasing simulation training capabilities and STE availability to other systems.


title: Mixed reality

text: It was claimed that mixed-reality environments like STE could reduce training costs, such as reducing the amount of ammunition expended during training. In 2018, it was reported that STE would include representation of any part of the world's terrain for training purposes. STE would offer a variety of training opportunities for squad brigade and combat teams, including Stryker, armory, and infantry teams.


title: Mixed reality

text: A blended space is a space in which a physical environment and a virtual environment are deliberately integrated in a close knit way. The aim of blended space design is to provide people with the experience of feeling a sense of presence in the blended space, acting directly on the content of the blended space. Examples of blended spaces include augmented reality devices such as the Microsoft HoloLens and games such as "Pokémon Go" in addition to many smartphone tourism apps, smart meeting rooms and applications such as bus tracker systems.


title: Mixed reality

text: The idea of blending comes from the ideas of conceptual integration, or conceptual blending introduced by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner.


title: Mixed reality

text: Manuel Imaz and David Benyon introduced blending theory to look at concepts in software engineering and human-computer interaction.


title: Mixed reality

text: The simplest implementation of a blended space requires two features. The first required feature is input. The input can range from tactile, to changes in the environment. The next required feature is notifications received from the digital spaces. The correspondences between the physical and digital space have to be abstracted and exploited by the design of the blended space. Seamless integration of both the spaces is rare. Blended spaces need anchoring points or technologies to link the spaces.A well designed blended space advertises and conveys the digital content in a subtle and unobtrusive way. Presence can be measured using physiological, behavioral, and subjective measures derived from the space.


title: Mixed reality

text: For presence in a blended space, there must be a physical space and a digital space. In the context of blended space, the higher the communication between the physical and digital spaces, the richer the experience. This communication happens through the medium of correspondents which relay the state and nature of objects.For the purpose of looking at blended spaces, the nature and characteristics of any space can be represented by these factors:


title: Mixed reality

text: Physical Space – Physical spaces are spaces which afford spatial interaction. This kind of spatial interaction greatly impacts the user's cognitive model. Digital Space – Digital space (also called the information space) consists of all the information content. This content can be in any form.


title: Mixed reality

text: Mixed reality allows a global workforce of remote teams to work together and tackle an organization's business challenges. No matter where they are physically located, an employee can wear a headset and noise-canceling headphones and enter a collaborative, immersive virtual environment. As these applications can accurately translate in real time, language barriers become irrelevant. This process also increases flexibility. While many employers still use inflexible models of fixed working time and location, there is evidence that employees are more productive if they have greater autonomy over where, when, and how they work. Some employees prefer loud work environments, while others need silence. Some work best in the morning; others work best at night. Employees also benefit from autonomy in how they work because of different ways of processing information. The classic model for learning styles differentiates between Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic learners.


title: Mixed reality

text: Machine maintenance can also be executed with the help of mixed reality. Larger companies with multiple manufacturing locations and a lot of machinery can use mixed reality to educate and instruct their employees. The machines need regular checkups and have to be adjusted every now and then. These adjustments are mostly done by humans, so employees need to be informed about needed adjustments. By using mixed reality, employees from multiple locations can wear headsets and receive live instructions about the changes. Instructors can operate the representation that every employee sees, and can glide through the production area, zooming in to technical details and explaining every change needed. Employees completing a five-minute training session with such a mixed-reality program have been shown to attain the same learning results as reading a 50-page training manual. An extension to this environment is the incorporation of live data from operating machinery into the virtual collaborative space and then associated with three dimensional virtual models of the equipment. This enables training and execution of maintenance, operational and safety work processes, which would otherwise be difficult in a live setting, while making use of expertise, no matter their physical location.


title: Mixed reality

text: Mixed reality can be used to build mockups that combine physical and digital elements. With the use of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), mockups can interact with the physical world to gain control of more realistic sensory experiences like object permanence, which would normally be infeasible or extremely difficult to track and analyze without the use of both digital and physical aides.


title: Mixed reality

text: Smartglasses can be incorporated into the operating room to aide in surgical procedures; possibly displaying patient data conveniently while overlaying precise visual guides for the surgeon. Mixed reality headsets like the Microsoft HoloLens have been theorized to allow for efficient sharing of information between doctors, in addition to providing a platform for enhanced training. This can, in some situations (i.e. patient infected with contagious disease), improve doctor safety and reduce PPE use. While mixed reality has lots of potential for enhancing healthcare, it does have some drawbacks too. The technology may never fully integrate into scenarios when a patient is present, as there are ethical concerns surrounding the doctor not being able to see the patient. Mixed reality is also useful for healthcare education. For example, according to a 2022 report from the World Economic Forum, 85% of first-year medical students at Case Western Reserve University reported that mixed reality for teaching anatomy was “equivalent” or “better” than the in-person class.


title: Mixed reality

text: Product content management before the advent of Mixed Reality consisted largely of brochures and little customer-product engagement outside of this 2-dimensional realm. With mixed reality technology improvements, new forms of interactive product content management has emerged.  Most notably, 3-dimensional digital renderings of normally 2-dimensional products have increased reachability and effectiveness of consumer-product interaction.


title: Mixed reality

text: Recent advances in mixed-reality technologies have renewed interest in alternative modes of communication for human-robot interaction. Human operators wearing mixed reality glasses such as HoloLens can interact with (control and monitor) e.g. robots and lifting machines on site in a digital factory setup. This use case typically requires real-time data communication between a mixed reality interface with the machine / process / system, which could be enabled by incorporating digital twin technology.


title: Mixed reality

text: Mixed reality allows sellers to show the customers how a certain commodity will suit their demands. A seller may demonstrate how a certain product will fit into the homes of the buyer. The buyer with the assistance of the VR can virtually pick the item, spin around and place to their desired points. This improves the buyer’s confidence of making a purchase and reduces the number of returns.


title: Mixed reality

text: While Mixed Reality refers to the intertwining of the virtual world and the physical world at a high level, there are a variety of digital mediums used to accomplish a mixed reality environment. They may range from handheld devices to entire rooms, each having practical uses in different disciplines.


title: Mixed reality

text: The Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) is an environment, typically a small room located in a larger outer room, in which a user is surrounded by projected displays around them, above them, and below them. 3D glasses and surround sound complement the projections to provide the user with a sense of perspective that aims to simulate the physical world. Since being developed, CAVE systems have been adopted by engineers developing and testing prototype products. They allow product designers to test their prototypes before expending resources to produce a physical prototype, while also opening doors for "hands-on" testing on non-tangible objects such as microscopic environments or entire factory floors. After developing the CAVE, the same researchers eventually released the CAVE2, which builds off of the original CAVE's shortcomings. The original projections were substituted  for 37 megapixel 3D LCD panels, network cables integrate the CAVE2 with the internet, and a more precise camera system allows the environment to shift as the user moves throughout it.


title: Mixed reality

text: Head-up display (HUD) is a display that projects imagery directly in front of a viewer without heavily obfuscating their environment. A standard HUD is composed of three elements: a projector, which is responsible for overlaying the graphics of the HUD, the combiner, which is the surface the graphics are projected onto, and the computer, which integrates the two other components and computes any real-time calculations or adjustments. Prototype HUDs were first used in military applications to aid fighter pilots in combat, but eventually evolved to aid in all aspects of flight - not just combat. HUDs were then standardized across commercial aviation as well, eventually creeping into the automotive industry. One of the first applications of HUD in automotive transport came with Pioneer's Heads-up system, which replaces the driver-side sun visor with a display that projects navigation instructions onto the road in front of the driver. Major manufacturers such as General Motors, Toyota, Audi, and BMW have since included some form of head-up display in certain models.


title: Mixed reality

text: A head-mounted display (HMD), worn over the entire head or worn in front of the eyes, is a device that uses one or two optics to project an image directly in front of the user's eyes. Its applications range across medicine, entertainment, aviation, and engineering, providing a layer of visual immersion that traditional displays cannot achieve. Head-mounted displays are most popular with consumers in the entertainment market, with major tech companies developing HMDs to complement their existing products. However, these head-mounted displays are virtual reality displays and do not integrate the physical world. Popular augmented reality HMDs, however, are more favorable in enterprise environments. Microsoft's HoloLens is an augmented reality HMD that has applications in medicine, giving doctors more profound real-time insight, as well as engineering, overlaying important information on top of the physical world. Another notable augmented reality HMD has been developed by Magic Leap, a startup developing a similar product with applications in both the private sector and the consumer market.


title: Mixed reality

text: Mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets, have continued to increase in computing power and portability. Many modern mobile devices come equipped with toolkits for developing augmented reality applications. These applications allow developers to overlay computer graphics over videos of the physical world. The first augmented reality mobile game with widespread success was Pokémon GO, which released in 2016 and accumulated 800 million downloads. While entertainment applications utilizing AR have proven successful, productivity and utility apps have also begun integrating AR features. Google has released updates to their Google Maps application that includes AR navigation directions overlaid onto the streets in front of the user, as well as expanding their translate app to overlay translated text onto physical writing in over 20 foreign languages. Mobile devices are unique display technologies due to the fact that they are commonly equipped at all times.


title: Ibibo

text: Ibibo Group is an online Indian travel organisation founded in January 2007 by Ashish Kashyap. The company is a subsidiary of MakeMyTrip (MMT) Limited, which owns a 100% stake in Ibibo Group.


title: Ibibo

text: On 31 January 2017, MakeMyTrip (MMT) made a strategic combination with the ibibo Group by way of an acquisition of 100% equity interest in the ibibo Group from MIH Internet, an indirect subsidiary of Naspers, pursuant to a Transaction Agreement dated 18 October 2016.


title: Ibibo

text: Ibibo started as a social networking service in 2007, and later changed to become an e-commerce and travel organisation. In 2009 Goibibo.com was launched.


title: Ibibo

text: Bixee is a former job search engine for India, and an example of both vertical search and metasearch (not to be confused with Bixby, Samsung's voice assistant). It was launched in late 2005. The company also launched Pixrat, which is a social photo bookmarking service. Bixee was acquired by ibibo, the Indian arm of the South African media giant Naspers, in December 2006.


title: Ibibo

text: Goibibo was launched in 2009 and is part of ibibo Group. It was co-founded by Sanjay Bhasin and Vikalp Sahni. Goibibo is India's largest hotels aggregation and also one of the leading air aggregator.


title: Ibibo

text: In 2011, Ibibo rolled out its payment gateway innovation called PayU in the Indian market, to permit websites to integrate e-commerce transactions through online payments.


title: Ibibo

text: With PayU, a business can process payment by using credit cards and debit cards (for more than 50 banks), and online banking for banks including ICICI, HDFC, SBI, and Axis Bank. PayU provides an API for integration and transaction analytics to improve the speed and security of payment processing. PayU India launched of a first-of-its kind premium deferral payment facility for consumers 'LazyPay' aimed at those who transact digitally for any amount between ₹500 and ₹2,500 and is an option to pay later.


title: Ibibo

text: Redbus.in became a part of ibibo group via a 100% acquisition in June 2013. redBus is India's most popular online bus ticketing platform, both on mobile and on desktop. The business also owns BOGDS, a cloud computing service for bus operators, and SeatSeller, a GDS for bus inventory distribution.


title: Ibibo

text: In March 2014 ibibo Group acquired Bangalore-based bus tracking startup YourBus. YourBus, founded by BITS-Pilani graduates Rajesh Mallipeddi and Satya Padmanabham in 2011, is a GPS-based bus tracking and analytics platform. The YourBus application on a smartphone shows users the location of a bus in real time on a map. It also tells the users about the arrival time at their pick-up point along with SMS updates.


title: Ibibo

text: In August 2015 ibibo Group bought a minority stake in cloud-based hotel services startup Djubo for an undisclosed amount. Djubo, founded in February 2015 by Tarun Gulati and Sankalp Goel, manages hotel bookings for over 100 hotels through a single interface.


title: Ibibo

text: In July 2016 Redbus acquired Peru-based bus tracking startup Busportal. In 2017 they founded a chapter of Redbus in Colombia.


title: Ibibo

text: The company received ₹10.7 Crores infusion of funding from its Singapore-based parent company Ibibo Group Holdings. Prior to this, in November 2019, It had also received ₹71.73 Crores.


title: Ibibo

text: In October 2016, India based online travel company MakeMyTrip, a Nasdaq listed firm and ibibo Group, India's largest travel group agreed to merge in a stock transaction, to form the country's biggest online travel company Both these online platforms have Artificial Intelligence AI-powered chatbots named Myra and Gia respectively.


Visa requirements for Portuguese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Portugal.


title: Visa requirements for Portuguese citizens

text: As of 19 July 2022, Portuguese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 187 countries and territories, ranking the Portuguese passport 6th in terms of travel freedom (tied with the passports of United Kingdom, France and Ireland) according to the Henley Passport Index.


text: Visa requirements for Portuguese citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:


text: Citizen Card or Passport is valid for 90 days of visit in (Albania), (Andorra), (Bosnia and Herzegovina), (Kosovo), (Monaco), (Moldova), (North Macedonia), (Northern Cyprus), (Serbia), (San Marino), (Turkey) and (Vatican City).


text: 2 – (Tunisia) Citizen Card is valid on an Organized Tours visit only, or with Passport – {Visa not Required} is valid for 90 days of visit.


text: (Jordan) Citizen Card is valid on an Organized Tours visit or with Passport – {visa on arrival} is valid for 30 days of visit.


text: Portuguese citizens can apply for a resident permit on the basis of a remote worker from the following countries:


text: Portuguese citizens aged 18–30 (or 18–35 in some cases) can apply for a resident permit on the basis of a working holiday from the following countries:


text: Holders of various categories of official Portuguese passports have additional visa-free access to the following countries – Algeria , Angola , Azerbaijan , China , Republic of the Congo , Indonesia , Kazakhstan , Kuwait , Mozambique , Qatar , Russia and São Tomé and Príncipe , Turkey . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa-free access to Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe.


text: Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, Colombia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and the United States demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival.


text: When in a non-EU country where there is no Portuguese embassy, Portuguese citizens as EU citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country.


text: Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival and one or two blank pages. Countries requiring passports to be validity at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Cambodia, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra – 3 months and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah – on arrival), Israel, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, countries requiring passport validity of at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia, Zambia, countries requiring passport validity of at least 3 months on arrival include Georgia, Honduras, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Moldova, Nauru, Panama, United Arab Emirates and countries requiring passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Macao, New Zealand, South Africa. Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or passport valid throughout the period of intended stay.


title: Post-classical history

text: In world history, post-classical history refers to the period from about 500 AD to 1500, roughly corresponding to the European Middle Ages. The period is characterized by the expansion of civilizations geographically and development of trade networks between civilizations. This period is also called the medieval era, post-antiquity era, post-ancient era, pre-modernity era or pre-modern era.


title: Post-classical history

text: In Asia, the spread of Islam created a series of caliphates and inaugurated the Islamic Golden Age, leading to advances in science in the medieval Islamic world and trade among the Asian, African and European continents. East Asia experienced the full establishment of power of Imperial China, which established several prosperous dynasties influencing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. Religions such as Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism spread in the region. Gunpowder was developed in China during the post-classical era. The Mongol Empire connected Europe and Asia, creating safe trade and stability between the two regions. In total the population of the world doubled in the time period from approximately 210 million in 500 AD to 461 million in 1500 AD. Population generally grew steadily throughout the period but endured some incidental declines in events including the Plague of Justinian, the Mongol invasions, and the Black Death.


title: Post-classical history

text: Post-classical history is a periodization used by historians employing a world history approach to history, specifically the school developed during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Outside of world history, the term is also sometimes used to avoid erroneous pre-conceptions around the terms "Middle Ages", "Medieval" and the "Dark Ages" (see Medievalism), though the application of the term "post-classical" on a global scale is also problematic, and may likewise be Eurocentric. Academic publications sometimes use the terms post-classical and late antiquity synomously to describe the history of Western Eurasia between 250 and 800


title: Post-classical history

text: The post-classical period corresponds roughly to the period from 500 AD to 1450 AD. Beginning and ending dates might vary depending on the region, with the period beginning at the end of the previous classical period: Han China (ending in 220 AD), the Western Roman Empire (in 476 AD), the Gupta Empire (in 543 AD), and the Sasanian Empire (in 651 AD).


title: Post-classical history

text: Although "post-classical" is synonymous with the Middle Ages of Western Europe, the term "post-classical" is not necessarily a member of the traditional tripartite periodisation of Western European history into "classical", "middle" and "modern".


title: Post-classical history

text: The historical field of world history, which looks at common themes occurring across multiple cultures and regions, has enjoyed extensive development since the 1980s. However, World History research has tended to focus on early modern globalization (beginning around 1500) and subsequent developments, and views post-classical history as mainly pertaining to Afro-Eurasia. Historians recognize the difficulties of creating a periodization and identifying common themes that include not only this region but also, for example, the Americas, since they had little contact with Afro-Eurasia before the Columbian Exchange. Thus recent research has emphasised that "a global history of the period between 500 and 1500 is still wanting" and that "historians have only just begun to embark on a global history of the Middle Ages".


title: Post-classical history

text: For many regions of the world, there are well established histories. Although Medieval Studies in Europe tended in the nineteenth century to focus on creating histories for individual nation-states, much twentieth-century research focused, successfully, on creating an integrated history of medieval Europe. The Islamic World likewise has a rich regional historiography, ranging from the fourteenth-century Ibn Khaldun to the twentieth-century Marshall Hodgson and beyond. Correspondingly, research into the network of commercial hubs which enabled goods and ideas to move between China in the East and the Atlantic islands in the West—which can be called the early history of globalization—is fairly advanced; one key historian in this field is Janet Abu-Lughod. Understanding of communication within Sub-Saharan Africa or the Americas is, by contrast, far more limited.


title: Post-classical history

text: Recent history-writing, therefore, has begun to explore the possibilities of writing history covering the Old World, where Human activities were fairly interconnected, and establish its relationship with other cultural spheres, such as the Americas and Oceania. In the assessment of James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham,


title: Post-classical history

text: Global history may be boundless, but global historians are not. Global history cannot usefully mean the history of everything, everywhere, all the time. [...] Three approaches [...] seem to us to have real promise. One is global history as the pursuit of significant historical problems across time, space, and specialism. This can sometimes be characterized as ‘comparative’ history. [...] Another is connectedness, including transnational relationships. [...] The third approach is the study of globalization [...]. Globalization is a term that needs to be rescued from the present, and salvaged for the past. To define it as always encompassing the whole planet is to mistake the current outcome for a very ancient process.


title: Post-classical history

text: A number of commentators have pointed to the history of the earth's climate as a useful approach to World History in the Middle Ages, noting that certain climate events had effects on all human populations.


title: Post-classical history

text: The Post-classical era saw several common developments or themes. There was the expansion and growth of civilization into new geographic areas; the rise and/or spread of the three major world, or missionary, religions; and a period of rapidly expanding trade and trade networks. While scholastic emphasis has remained on Eurasia there is a growing effort to examine the effects of these global trends on other places. In describing geographic zones historians have identified three large self contained world regions, Afro-Eurasia, the Americas and Oceania.


title: Post-classical history

text: First was the expansion and growth of civilization into new geographic areas across Asia, Africa, Europe, Mesoamerica, and western South America. However, as noted by world historian Peter N. Stearns, there were no common global political trends during the post-classical period, rather it was a period of loosely organized states and other developments, but no common political patterns emerged. In Asia, China continued its historic dynastic cycle and became more complex, improving its bureaucracy. The creation of the Islamic Empires established a new power in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. Africa created the Songhai and Mali kingdoms in the West. The fall of Roman civilization not only left a power vacuum for the Mediterranean and Europe, but forced certain areas to build what some historians might call new civilizations entirely. An entirely different political system was applied in Western Europe (i.e. feudalism), as well as a different society (i.e. manorialism). But the once East Roman Empire, Byzantium, retained many features of old Rome, as well as Greek and Persian similarities. Kiev Rus' and subsequently Russia began development in Eastern Europe as well. In the isolated Americas, Mesoamerica saw the building of the Aztec Empire, while the Andean region of South America saw the establishment of the Wari Empire first and the Inca Empire later. In Oceania ancestors of modern Polyonesians were established in vllage communities by the 6th century, a gradual intensification of complexity took place. In the 13th century complex states were established, most notably the Tuʻi Tonga Empire which collected tribute from many island chains in the greater region.


title: Post-classical history

text: Religion that envisaged the possibility that all humans could be included in a universal order had emerged already in the first millennium BC, particularly with Buddhism. In the following millennium, Buddhism was joined by two other major, universalising, missionary religions, both developing from Judaism: Christianity and Islam. By the end of the period, these three religions were between them widespread, and often politically dominant, across the Old World.


title: Post-classical history

text: Outside of Eurasia, religion or otherwise a veneration of the supernatural was also used to reinforce power structures, articulate world views and create foundatonal myths for society. Measoamerican cosmological narratives being an example.


title: Post-classical history

text: Finally, communication and trade across Afro-Eurasia increased rapidly. The Silk Road continued to spread cultures and ideas through trade. Communication spread throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Trade networks were established between western Europe, Byzantium, early Russia, the Islamic Empires, and the Far Eastern civilizations. In Africa the earlier introduction of the camel allowed for a new and eventually large trans-Saharan trade, which connected Sub-Saharan West Africa to Eurasia. The Islamic Empires adopted many Greek, Roman, and Indian advances and spread them through the Islamic sphere of influence, allowing these developments to reach Europe, North and West Africa, and Central Asia. Islamic sea trade helped connect these areas, including those in the Indian Ocean and in the Mediterranean, replacing Byzantium in the latter region. The Christian Crusades into the Middle East (as well as Muslim Spain and Sicily) brought Islamic science, technology, and goods to Western Europe. Western trade into East Asia was pioneered by Marco Polo. Importantly, China began to influence regions like Japan, Korea and Vietnam through trade and conquest. Finally, the growth of the Mongol Empire in Central Asia established safe trade which allowed goods, cultures, ideas, and disease to spread between Asia, Europe, and Africa.


title: Post-classical history

text: The Americas had their own trade network, but here trade was restricted by range and scope. The Mayan network spread across Mesoamerica but lacked direct connections to the complex societies of South and North America, and these zones remained separate from one another.


title: Post-classical history

text: In Oceania some of the island chains of Polynesia engaged in trade with one another. For instance, with outrigger canoes long-distance communication of over 2,300 miles between Hawaii and Tahiti was maintained for centuries before its disruption and separation. Meanwhile, in Melanesia there is evidence of exchanges between mainland Papua New Guinea and the Trobriand Islands off its coast, most likely for obsidian. Populations moved westward until 1200, after which the network dissolved into much smaller economies.


title: Post-classical history

text: During Post-classical times, there is evidence that many regions of the world were affected similarly by global climate conditions; however, direct effects in temperature and precipitation varied by region. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, changes did not all occur at once. Generally however, studies found that temperatures were relatively warmer in the 11th century, but colder by the early 17th century. The degree of climate change which occurred in all regions across the world is uncertain, as is whether such changes were all part of a global trend. Climate trends seemed to be more recognizable in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere.


title: Post-classical history

text: There are shorter climate periods that could be said roughly to account for large scale climate trends in the Post-classical Period. These include the Late Antique Little Ice Age, the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. The extreme weather events of 536–537 were likely initiated by the eruption of the Lake llopango caldera in El Salvador. Sulfate emitted into the air initiated global cooling, migrations and crop failures worldwide, possibly intensifying an already cooler time period. Records show that the world's average temperature remained colder for at least a century afterwards.


title: Post-classical history

text: The Medieval Warm Period from 950 to 1250 occurred mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, causing warmer summers in many areas; the high temperatures would only be surpassed by the global warming of the 20th/21st centuries. It has been hypothesized that the warmer temperatures allowed the Norse to colonize Greenland, due to ice-free waters. Outside of Europe there is evidence of warming conditions, including higher temperatures in China and major North American droughts which adversely affected numerous cultures.


title: Post-classical history

text: After 1250, glaciers began to expand in Greenland, affecting its thermohaline circulation, and cooling the entire North Atlantic. In the 14th century, the growing season in Europe became unreliable; meanwhile in China the cultivation of oranges was driven southward by colder temperatures. Especially in Europe, the Little Ice Age had great cultural ramifications. It persisted until the Industrial Revolution, long after the Post-classical Period. Its causes are unclear: possible explanations include sunspots, orbital cycles of the Earth, volcanic activity, ocean circulation, and man-made population decline.


title: Post-classical history

text: This timetable gives a basic overview of states, cultures and events which transpired roughly between the years 200 and 1500. Sections are broken by political and geographic location.


title: Post-classical history

text: This section explains events and trends which affected the geographic area of Eurasia. The civilizations within this area were distinct from one another but still endured shared experiences and some development patterns.


title: Post-classical history

text: In the context of global history, the label of feudalism has been used to describe any agricultural society where central authority broke down to be replaced by a warrior aristocracy. Feudal societies are characterized by reliance on personal relationships with military elites, rather than a bureaucracy with a state-supported professional standing army. The label of feudalism has thus been used to describe many areas of Eurasia including Medieval Europe, the Islamic iqta' system, Indian feudalism, and Heian Japan. Some world historians generalize that societies can be called feudal if authority was fragmented, with a set of obligations between vassal and lord. After the 8th century, feudalism became more common across Europe. Even Byzantium, which had inherited the government of the Roman Empire, chose to devolve its military obligations into themes to increase the number of soldiers and ships available for military service during times of crisis. There were similarities between European feudalism and the Islamic iqta', as both featured landed classes of mounted warriors whose titles were granted by a monarch or sultan. Because of these similarities, it was common for societal structures to be preserved in the face of religious upheaval; for instance, after the Islamic Delhi Sultanate conquered large portions of India, it imposed higher taxes but otherwise left local feudal structures in place.


title: Post-classical history

text: Though most of Eurasia adopted feudalism and similar systems during this era, China employed a centralized bureaucracy throughout much of the post classical period, particularly after 1000. A major factor that distinguished China from other regions was that local leaders were reluctant to self-identify by their current location; instead, they typically displayed an ambition to unite the country in times of disunity.


title: Post-classical history

text: Beyond a broad generalization, the usefulness of the term 'feudalism' is debated by contemporary historians, as the daily functions of feudalism sometimes differed greatly between world regions. Comparisons between feudal Europe and post-classical Japan have been particularly controversial. Throughout the 20th century, historians often compared medieval Europe to post-classical Japan. More recently, it has been argued that, until roughly 1400, Japan balanced its decentralized military power with more centralized forms of imperial (governmental) and monastic (religious) authority. Only in the Sengoku period did there come to be fully decentralized power dominated by private military leaders. Still other historians reject the term feudalism outright, challenging its ability to usefully describe societies either within or outside of medieval Europe.


title: Post-classical history

text: The Mongol Empire which existed during the 13th and 14th centuries, was the largest continuous land empire in history. Originating in the steppes of Central Asia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and the Iranian plateau, and westwards as far as the Levant and Arabia.


title: Post-classical history

text: The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of nomadic tribes in the Mongolia homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan, who was proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and then under his descendants, who sent invasions in every direction.


title: Post-classical history

text: The vast transcontinental empire connected the east with the west with an enforced "Pax Mongolica" allowing trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies to be disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia.


title: Post-classical history

text: The empire began to split due to wars over succession, as the grandchildren of Genghis Khan disputed whether the royal line should follow from his son and initial heir Ögedei, or one of his other sons such as Tolui, Chagatai, or Jochi. After Möngke Khan died, rival "kurultai" councils simultaneously elected different successors, the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan, who then not only fought each other in the Toluid Civil War, but also dealt with challenges from descendants of other sons of Genghis. Kublai successfully took power, but civil war ensued as Kublai sought unsuccessfully to regain control of the Chagatayid and Ögedeid families.


title: Post-classical history

text: The Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 marked the high-water point of the Mongol conquests and was the first time a Mongol advance had ever been beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield. Though the Mongols launched many more invasions into the Levant, briefly occupying it and raiding as far as Gaza after a decisive victory at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, they withdrew due to various geopolitical factors.


title: Post-classical history

text: By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest; the Chagatai Khanate in the west; the Ilkhanate in the southwest; and the Yuan dynasty based in modern-day Beijing. In 1304, the three western khanates briefly accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty, but it was later overthrown by the Han Chinese Ming dynasty in 1368. The Genghisid rulers returned to Mongolia homeland and continued rule in the Northern Yuan dynasty. All of the original Mongol Khanates collapsed by 1500, but smaller successor states remained independent until the 1700s. Descendants of Chagatai Khan created the Mughal Empire that ruled much of India in early modern times.


title: Post-classical history

text: The conquests and the interactions the Mongol Empire had with western Eurasia are one of the more comprehensively researched areas for historians looking to define a globalized Middle Ages.