title: Stabbing Westward

text: Stabbing Westward is an American industrial rock band. Christopher Hall and Walter Flakus formed the band in 1985 in Macomb, Illinois. The band released an extended play in 1992, followed by four studio albums: "Ungod" (1994), "Wither Blister Burn & Peel" (1996), "Darkest Days" (1998), and "Stabbing Westward" (2001). The band announced a dissolution on February 9, 2002. Two compilation albums were later released in 2003. Stabbing Westward reunited in 2016 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of its formation and continued to perform live shows. The band's first new album in 21 years, "Chasing Ghosts", was released in 2022.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: Christopher Hall and Walter Flakus formed the band Stabbing Westward when they were in college. They came up with the name while working at the college radio station WIUS-FM. It was allegedly from a 1950s speech regarding political fears of Communism "stabbing westward." During an interview in 1996, Hall stated, "Since we went to Western Illinois University, Stabbing Westward had a certain 'kill everybody in the school' vibe to it! The school's way out in farm country and the country is really close minded. I was walking around like Robert Smith with real big hair, big baggy black clothes, black fingernail polish and eye makeup. They just didn't get it. We hated the town."


title: Stabbing Westward

text: Moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1985, the original line-up for Stabbing Westward consisted of Hall on bass guitar and lead vocals, Flakus on keyboards, and Jim Clanin on guitar. Clanin would briefly be replaced on guitar by Andrew Hunter, and bassist Jim Sellers was added on as well. This line-up of the band recorded the 1991 extended play tape "Iwo Jesus", and featured four songs: an early version of "Violent Mood Swings" (titled "Violent Mood Swing"), "P.O.M.F." (which contains elements of the later song "The Thing I Hate"), an early version of "Shame", and "Plastic Jesus". "Violent Mood Swing" was also included on the 1992 compilation CD "The Cyberflesh Conspiracy".


title: Stabbing Westward

text: The band's official website stated that "the original EP was recorded on an 8 track tape machine synched to an Emax II Sampler and an EMU SP1200 sampling drum machine. 100 copies were originally printed and sold both at local shows and in the legendary Wax Trax Record store in Chicago."


title: Stabbing Westward

text: Hall took a brief break to tour with the band Die Warzau as that group's percussionist before continuing to work on Stabbing Westward. Hall, Flakus, and Sellers later recruited Chris Vrenna (Nine Inch Nails) on drums, as Hall had met Vrenna when playing in Die Warzau. Vrenna played drums on all of the demo recordings that ultimately landed Stabbing Westward their record deal with Columbia Records. The demo recordings included "Violent Mood Swings", "Lies", and "Nothing". They were recorded at a studio in Evanston, Illinois. At the insistence of the band's record label, Stuart Zechman was brought in on guitar, as previous guitarist Hunter was no longer in the band. After Vrenna returned to Nine Inch Nails, the band hired David Suycott, who was a high school friend of Flakus.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: With a solidified line-up including Zechman on guitar and Suycott on drums, the band in 1993 recorded at Eden Studios; London, England with producer John Fryer. This resulted in their major label (Columbia Records) debut album, "Ungod", which was released on February 15, 1994. The band landed an opening slot on the Depeche Mode Exotic Tour in summer 1994, and opened North American tour dates in fall 1994 for Killing Joke, but Stabbing Westward album sales were still sluggish.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: David Suycott abruptly dropped out of the band toward the end of the "Ungod" tour. Andy Kubiszewski was called in to replace Suycott's position for the remainder of the shows. This fast replacement required Kubiszewski to learn all of Suycott's parts while on his flight to meet with the band. Kubiszewski became a permanent fixture of Stabbing Westward.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: The "Thread Mix" of the song "Violent Mood Swings" was included in the to the 1994 film "Clerks", and briefly appeared in the movie itself for one scene. The song "Nothing" was featured in the 1995 motion picture "Bad Boys", but was not included on the film's soundtrack release. "Nothing" was later included in the credits of the movie "Johnny Mnemonic" and both it and "Lost" were featured on the movie's soundtrack. The songs "Lies", "Lost", and "Can't Happen Here" were also all featured in the first "Mortal Kombat" movie in 1995; however, these songs were not featured on the CD soundtrack.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: When Stuart Zechman departed the band after the "Ungod" tour due to personal differences, the remaining band members found themselves without one of their major songwriters. New drummer Andy Kubiszewski took over some songwriting duties afterward. Prior to playing in Stabbing Westward, Kubiszewski had not only played drums in The The, recorded one song for Nine Inch Nails, and played in Prick, but had been the singer and songwriter in the Cleveland-based Exotic Birds. Shortly after Zechman's departure, Kubiszewski played the band dozens of demos and Exotic Birds recordings. Included were "What Do I Have to Do?", "Haunting Me," "Sometimes It Hurts," "Crushing Me," "Slipping Away," "Desperate Now," and "Goodbye." These tracks would later find space on both the "Wither" and "Darkest Days" albums. When the band headed to Bearsville Studios in Woodstock, New York, without a permanent guitar player, they decided to play all the guitar parts themselves, with Sellers and Kubiszewski taking on most of the guitar duties.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: In 1996, the "Wither Blister Burn & Peel" LP became a success, landing them their first certified gold album, aided by the singles "Shame" and "What Do I Have to Do?" which granted the band heavy rotation on MTV, MuchMusic, and radio. Tour mates for this album included Sponge. "What Do I Have to Do?" was featured in 1997's "Masterminds", as well as in the episode "Tempest" of "Smallville" years later. The band later recruited Mark Eliopulos after the "Wither" recording sessions were completed to handle the live element of the main guitar parts.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: Stabbing Westward relocated to Los Angeles, California, where they began work on the 1998 album, titled "Darkest Days". "Darkest Days" was envisioned as a four-act story by the band (but never marketed as such). This is the only release featuring studio work by Mark Eliopulos. The first single "Save Yourself" had success yet the album failed to sell as well as its predecessor. Stabbing Westward continued to tour with bands like Placebo, The Cult, Monster Magnet, and Depeche Mode, while playing numerous summer festivals. Due to a broken collarbone, Kubiszewski was forced to sit out the remainder of the touring cycle. He was replaced for three dates by former drummer Chris Vrenna, then Johnny Haro for the remaining dates. Haro joined Econoline Crush after Kubiszewski's return.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: The music video for "Sometimes It Hurts" was supposed to be "Wizard of Oz"-themed, though most of the references were eventually removed.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: The song "The Thing I Hate" was featured as the opening theme song in the Sony PlayStation game "", which was released in September 1998. A remixed version of the song "Torn Apart" was featured on the "Spawn" movie soundtrack in July 1997. The song "Save Yourself" was featured in the 1998 films "Urban Legend" and "", in addition to the 2012 "True Blood" Season 5 finale. The song "Haunting Me" was featured in the opening scenes of the 1998 teen horror flick "The Faculty".


title: Stabbing Westward

text: In 2000, the day before the band was to fly to Hawaii to record the follow-up to "Darkest Days" with producer Bob Rock, the band was dropped by Columbia Records.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: After signing with Koch Records, the new manager wanted the band to create an album with a heavy pop influence. Christopher Hall, Walter Flakus, and Mark Eliopulos fought against the decision. Mark Eliopulos was fired by the manager who then brought in Derrek Hawkins as both a studio and live musician, as well as a new producer, Ed Buller.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: The demo for the self-titled album was considered too dark. Old guitar parts from the demos were muted and new pop-driven riffs were created by the new guitarist.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: The self-titled album, "Stabbing Westward", was released on May 22, 2001, and featured the hit "So Far Away". The album did well in Australia, but ultimately failed to sell worldwide. Before a fifth LP could be recorded, the band did not sign for a new record deal and formally announced that they had disbanded on February 9, 2002.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: In June 2010, a rumor was afloat that Stabbing Westward would reunite to tour and possibly work on new material; however, this proved false. In July 2012, a fan created a petition which asked frontman Christopher Hall to reconcile with his former Stabbing Westward bandmates for a reunion tour; again, the reunion never happened.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: Christopher Hall, Walter Flakus, and Johnny Haro reunited at one of The Dreaming's shows in Las Vegas on November 15, 2013. Flakus would later join The Dreaming on a permanent basis.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: Stabbing Westward reunited in 2015 after Eliopulos joined them onstage to play a set of Stabbing Westward songs when the Dreaming came through Chicago on their "Rise Again" tour on June 11, 2015. The band officially reunited for two shows, which coincided with the band's 30th anniversary. The first show took place in Chicago on September 22, 2016, as a part of the Cold Waves Festival, a charity festival benefiting suicide prevention causes. The line-up featured Christopher Hall, Walter Flakus, Mark Eliopulos, and Johnny Haro along with Carlton Bost (mainly known from The Dreaming, and also the reunited bands Orgy and Berlin). Jim Sellers did not take part in the reunion because of work commitments. The second show took place at Dracula's Ball in Philadelphia on October 31, 2016, at the Trocadero Theatre.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: In a January 2017 interview with audioBoom, Walter Flakus was asked if there would be more Stabbing Westward reunion shows in the future. His response was, "We'll see. I don't have anything planned yet, but I'm always open to opportunities. It was great to get back on stage and play those songs again." Dates for a full tour began to be announced in February 2017. The band also performed at the 2017 edition of Cold Waves Festival in Chicago, Illinois.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: The band released new material after their formation, such as a re-recorded version of the song "Plastic Jesus" (released on the "Cold Waves V" compilation on September 22, 2016) and an outtake from 2001 entitled "Home in You" (released on the "Cold Waves VI" compilation on September 28, 2017).


title: Stabbing Westward

text: On August 17, 2018, Johnny Haro had been "let go" from the band, and will not be participating in any further band activities. In his Facebook post of that date, he stated that "The Dreaming is done." Stabbing Westward announced Bobby Amaro, from Orgy, as a replacement for Haro. The band embarked on a U.S. tour from October to December 2018 by celebrating the 20th anniversary of the release of "Darkest Days" and performing most of the album, along with other songs.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: Stabbing Westward released a remixed version of the "Iwo Jesus" EP in 2019. In June 2019, the ensemble stated via their Facebook page that they were working on a new album, with Eliopulos via his Facebook site stating that he has left the band. In early 2020, 19 years after the band's self-titled album, the first proper release of all new material was put out by the band, titled "Dead and Gone".


title: Stabbing Westward

text: In May 2020, the band announced their signing to label COP International for their forthcoming studio album "Chasing Ghosts", the band's first full studio album since 2001. The lead single was "I Am Nothing" and the album was released on March 18, 2022.


title: Stabbing Westward

text: Stabbing Westward is considered an industrial rock band. The band have also been described as industrial metal, alternative metal, alternative rock, nu metal, hard rock and industrial pop. Stabbing Westward has been compared often to Nine Inch Nails, but according to Alan Escher of AllMusic, the band "owe more to the British synth poppers Depeche Mode than anyone." Singer Christopher Hall's vocals have been compared to the vocals of Nine Inch Nails singer Trent Reznor. Stabbing Westward's debut album "Ungod" has been described by Escher as "lo-fi aggro-synth assault". Stabbing Westward moved to a very guitar-driven sound on "Wither Blister Burn & Peel". The self-titled album in 2001 shows a less heavy, and more melodic sound than previous albums. Stabbing Westward's influences include Ministry, Revolting Cocks, Nine Inch Nails, Depeche Mode, Soundgarden, The Cure, Bauhaus, The Sisters of Mercy, Joy Division, and Pearl Jam.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Ronald Myles Dworkin (; December 11, 1931 – February 14, 2013) was an American philosopher, jurist, and scholar of United States constitutional law. At the time of his death, he was Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University and Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London. Dworkin had taught previously at Yale Law School and the University of Oxford, where he was the Professor of Jurisprudence, successor to philosopher H.L.A. Hart. An influential contributor to both philosophy of law and political philosophy, Dworkin received the 2007 Holberg International Memorial Prize in the Humanities for "his pioneering scholarly work" of "worldwide impact." According to a survey in "The Journal of Legal Studies", Dworkin was the second most-cited American legal scholar of the twentieth century. After his death, the Harvard legal scholar Cass Sunstein said Dworkin was "one of the most important legal philosophers of the last 100 years. He may well head the list."


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: His theory of law as integrity as presented in his book titled "Law's Empire", in which judges interpret the law in terms of consistent moral principles, especially justice and fairness, is among the most influential contemporary theories about the nature of law. Dworkin advocated a "moral reading" of the United States Constitution, and an interpretivist approach to law and morality. He was a frequent commentator on contemporary political and legal issues, particularly those concerning the Supreme Court of the United States, often in the pages of "The New York Review of Books".


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Ronald Dworkin was born in 1931 in Providence, Rhode Island, United States, the son of Madeline (Talamo) and David Dworkin. His family was Jewish. He graduated from Harvard University in 1953 with an A.B. "summa cum laude", where he majored in philosophy and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year. He then attended Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar and a student of Sir Rupert Cross and J.H.C. Morris. Upon completion of his final exams at Oxford, the examiners were so impressed with his script that the Professor of Jurisprudence (then H.L.A. Hart) was summoned to read it. He was awarded a B.A. with a Congratulatory first. Dworkin then attended Harvard Law School, graduating in 1957 with a Juris Doctor, "magna cum laude". He then clerked for Judge Learned Hand of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Judge Hand would later call Dworkin "the law clerk to beat all law clerks"—and Dworkin would recall Judge Hand as an enormously influential mentor.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: After clerking for Judge Learned Hand, Dworkin was offered the opportunity to clerk for Justice Felix Frankfurter. He turned down the offer and joined Sullivan & Cromwell, a New York City law firm. After working at the firm, Dworkin became a Professor of Law at Yale Law School, becoming the holder of the Wesley N. Hohfeld Chair of Jurisprudence.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: In 1969, Dworkin was appointed to the Chair of Jurisprudence at Oxford, a position in which he succeeded H.L.A. Hart (who remembered Dworkin's Oxford examination and promoted his candidacy) and was elected Fellow of University College, Oxford. After retiring from Oxford, Dworkin became the Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London, where he later became the Bentham Professor of Jurisprudence. He was Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law at New York University School of Law and professor of philosophy at New York University (NYU), where he taught from the late 1970s. He co-taught a colloquium in legal, political, and social philosophy with Thomas Nagel. Dworkin had regularly contributed, for several decades, to "The New York Review of Books". He delivered the Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture at Harvard, the Storrs Lectures at Yale, the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Stanford, and the Scribner Lectures at Princeton. In June 2011, he joined the professoriate of New College of the Humanities, a private college in London.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin's criticism of H.L.A. Hart's legal positivism has been summarized by the "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy":


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin, as positivism's most significant critic, rejects the positivist theory on every conceivable level. Dworkin denies that there can be any general theory of the existence and content of law; he denies that local theories of particular legal systems can identify law without recourse to its moral merits, and he rejects the whole institutional focus of positivism. A theory of law is for Dworkin a theory of how cases ought to be decided and it begins, not with an account of the political organization of a legal system, but with an abstract ideal regulating the conditions under which governments may use coercive force over their subjects.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin's opinion of Hart's legal positivism was expressed in its fullest form in the book "Law's Empire". Dworkin's theory is "interpretive": the law is whatever follows from a constructive interpretation of the institutional history of the legal system.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin argues that moral principles that people hold dear are often wrong, even to the extent that certain crimes are acceptable if one's principles are skewed enough. To discover and apply these principles, courts interpret the legal data (legislation, cases, etc.) with a view to articulating an interpretation that best explains and justifies past legal practice. All interpretation must follow, Dworkin argues, from the notion of "law as integrity" to make sense.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Out of the idea that law is "interpretive" in this way, Dworkin argues that in every situation where people's legal rights are controversial, the best interpretation involves the right answer thesis, the thesis that there exists a right answer as a matter of law that the judge must discover. Dworkin opposes the notion that judges have a discretion in such difficult cases.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin's model of legal principles is also connected with Hart's notion of the Rule of Recognition. Dworkin rejects Hart's conception of a master rule in every legal system that identifies valid laws, on the basis that this would entail that the process of identifying law must be uncontroversial, whereas (Dworkin argues) people have legal rights even in cases where the correct legal outcome is open to reasonable dispute.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin moves away from positivism's separation of law and morality, since constructive interpretation implicates moral judgments in every decision about what the law is.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: In Dworkin's own words, his "right answer thesis" may be interpreted through the following hypothetical:


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Suppose the legislature has passed a statute stipulating that "sacrilegious contracts shall henceforth be invalid." The community is divided as to whether a contract signed on Sunday is, for that reason alone, sacrilegious. It is known that very few of the legislators had that question in mind when they voted, and that they are now equally divided on the question of whether it should be so interpreted. Tom and Tim have signed a contract on Sunday, and Tom now sues Tim to enforce the terms of the contract, whose validity Tim contests. Shall we say that the judge must look for the right answer to the question of whether Tom's contract is valid, even though the community is deeply divided about what the right answer is? Or is it more realistic to say that there simply is no right answer to the question?


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: One of Dworkin's most interesting and controversial theses states that the law as properly interpreted will give an answer. This is not to say that everyone will have the same answer (a consensus of what is "right"), or if it did, the answer would not be justified exactly in the same way for every person; rather it means that there will be a necessary answer for each individual if he applies himself correctly to the legal question. For the correct method is that encapsulated by the metaphor of Judge Hercules, an ideal judge, immensely wise and with full knowledge of legal sources. Hercules (the name comes from a classical mythological hero) would also have plenty of time to decide. Acting on the premise that the law is a seamless web, Hercules is required to construct the theory that best fits and justifies the law as a whole (law as integrity) in order to decide any particular case. Hercules is the perfect judge, but that doesn't mean he always reaches the right answer.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin does not deny that competent lawyers often disagree on what is the solution to a given case. On the contrary, he claims that they are disagreeing about "the" right answer to the case, the answer Hercules would give.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin's critics argue not only that "law proper" (that is, the legal sources in a positivist sense) is full of gaps and inconsistencies, but also that other legal standards (including principles) may be insufficient to solve a hard case. Some of them are incommensurable. In any of these situations, even Hercules would be in a dilemma and none of the possible answers would be the "right" one.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin's metaphor of judge Hercules bears some resemblance to Rawls' veil of ignorance and Habermas' ideal speech situation, in that they all suggest idealized methods of arriving at somehow valid normative propositions. The key difference with respect to the former is that Rawls' veil of ignorance translates almost seamlessly from the purely ideal to the practical. In relation to politics in a democratic society, for example, it is a way of saying that those in power should treat the political opposition consistently with how they would like to be treated when in opposition, because their present position offers no guarantee as to what their position will be in the political landscape of the future (i.e. they will inevitably form the opposition at some point). Dworkin's Judge Hercules, on the other hand, is a purely idealized construct, that is, "if" such a figure existed, he would arrive at a right answer in every moral dilemma. For a critique along these lines see Lorenzo Zucca's "Constitutional Dilemmas".


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin's right answer thesis turns on the success of his attack on the skeptical argument that right answers in legal-moral dilemmas cannot be determined. Dworkin's anti-skeptical argument is essentially that the properties of the skeptic's claim are analogous to those of substantive moral claims, that is, in asserting that the truth or falsity of "legal-moral" dilemmas cannot be determined, the skeptic makes not a metaphysical claim about the way things are, but a "moral" claim to the effect that it is, in the face of epistemic uncertainty, unjust to determine legal-moral issues to the detriment of any given individual.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: In her book on Hans Kelsen, Sandrine Baume identified Ronald Dworkin as a leading defender of the "compatibility of judicial review with the very principles of democracy." Baume identified John Hart Ely alongside Dworkin as the foremost defenders of this principle in recent years, while the opposition to this principle of "compatibility" was identified as Bruce Ackerman and Jeremy Waldron. Dworkin has been a long-time advocate of the principle of the moral reading of the Constitution whose lines of support he sees as strongly associated with enhanced versions of judicial review in the federal government.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin has also made important contributions to what is sometimes called the "equality of what" debate. In a pair of articles and his book "Sovereign Virtue", he advocates a theory he calls 'equality of resources'. This theory combines two key ideas. Broadly speaking, the first is that human beings are responsible for the life choices they make. The second is that natural endowments of intelligence and talent are morally arbitrary and ought not to affect the distribution of resources in society. Like the rest of Dworkin's work, his theory of equality is underpinned by the core principle that every person is entitled to equal concern and respect in the design of the structure of society. Dworkin's theory of equality is said to be one variety of so-called luck egalitarianism, but he rejects this statement ("Philosophy and Public Affairs", v. 31: 2).


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: In the essay "Do Values Conflict? A Hedgehog's Approach" ("Arizona Law Review", v. 43: 2), Dworkin contends that the values of liberty and equality do not necessarily conflict. He criticizes Isaiah Berlin's conception of liberty as "flat" and proposes a new, "dynamic" conception of liberty, suggesting that one cannot say that one's liberty is infringed when one is prevented from committing murder. Thus, liberty cannot be said to have been infringed when no wrong has been done. Put in this way, liberty is only liberty to do whatever we wish so long as we do not infringe upon the rights of others.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: While working for Judge Learned Hand, Dworkin met his future wife, Betsy Ross, with whom he would have twins Anthony and Jennifer. Betsy was the daughter of a successful New York businessman. They were married from 1958 until Betsy died of cancer in 2000. Dworkin later married Irene Brendel, the former wife of pianist Alfred Brendel.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin died of leukemia in London on February 14, 2013, at the age of 81, survived by his second wife, two children, and two grandchildren.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: In September 2007, Dworkin was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize. The award citation of the Holberg Prize Academic Committee recognized that Dworkin has "elaborated a liberal egalitarian theory" and stressed Dworkin's effort to develop "an original and highly influential legal theory grounding law in morality, characterized by a unique ability to tie together abstract philosophical ideas and arguments with concrete everyday concerns in law, morals, and politics".


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: In 2006, the Legal Research Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico honored Dworkin with the International Prize of legal Research "Dr. Héctor Fix-Zamudio".


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: In June 2000, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Pennsylvania. In June 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of law by Harvard University. In August 2011, the University of Buenos Aires awarded Dworkin an honorary doctorate. The resolution noted that he "has tirelessly defended the rule of law, democracy and human rights." These were among a number of honorary doctorates conferred upon him.


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: On November 14, 2012, Dworkin received the Balzan Prize for Jurisprudence in Quirinale Palace, Rome, from the President of the Italian Republic. The Balzan Prize was awarded "for his fundamental contributions to Jurisprudence, characterized by outstanding originality and clarity of thought in a continuing and fruitful interaction with ethical and political theories and with legal practices".


title: Ronald Dworkin

text: Dworkin was elected a fellow of the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Chantal Jennifer Kreviazuk (; born May 18, 1974) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, composer, and pianist. Born in Winnipeg, she played music from a young age before signing with Columbia Records in the 1990s. Her debut studio album, "Under These Rocks and Stones", was first released in Canada in 1996 and saw commercial success before being issued in the United States the following year to critical praise.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk released two more studio albums with the Columbia label, "Colour Moving and Still" (1999) and "What If It All Means Something" (2002), both of which brought moderate commercial success worldwide. She signed with Sony BMG for her fourth album, "Ghost Stories" (2006), which reached number two on the Canadian Albums Chart.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Since 2003, Kreviazuk has co-written and composed numerous songs for other artists as well as film soundtracks, and has appeared in several Canadian independent and short films. Her fifth album, "Plain Jane", was released by Canadian independent label MapleMusic Recordings in 2009. Her most recent albums, "Hard Sail" and "Get To You", were released by Warner Music Canada in 2016 and 2020, respectively. She also released a Christmas album in 2019, called "Christmas Is A Way Of Life, My Dear".


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: From the beginning of her career to 2016, Kreviazuk was the 51st best-selling Canadian artist in Canada.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk is a three-time Juno Award winner and she has collaborated with several other musicians, including Drake, Pitbull, Christina Aguilera, Carrie Underwood, Kendrick Lamar and Pink.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk's debut album, "Under These Rocks and Stones", was first issued in Canada in August 1996 before being released in the US June 1997 to critical praise. The album sold over 150,000 copies in Canada according to SoundScan, fueled mostly by the singles "Surrounded" and "God Made Me". Three videos from the album received modest play on the video channel MuchMusic and radio ("God Made Me", "Believer" and "Wayne"), but it was a fourth, "Surrounded", that became her first major Canadian airplay hit in 1997. That year, Kreviazuk received her first Juno Award nomination as Best New Artist. She also took part in the 1998 Lilith Fair music festival; "Surrounded" was included in the live compilation album from that year.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: In 1999, Kreviazuk released her second album. Titled "Colour Moving and Still", it featured tracks written with her new husband, Raine Maida, lead singer of Our Lady Peace. The lead single from the album "Before You" became a huge radio hit in Canada and she performed the single on the 2000 Juno Awards, where she won two awards for "Best Adult/Pop Album" and "Best Female Artist". Kreviazuk released two more videos from the album, "Dear Life" and "Far Away", as well as an additional radio release, "Souls", which was also remixed and was released as a promo vinyl for the M1 & Steve Fernandez Remix.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Her third album, "What If It All Means Something", was released in 2002. This album also featured multiple collaborations with Maida. The first single, "In This Life", was a hit in Canada. Kreviazuk performed the song live on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno".


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk began writing and recording her fourth album in her home studio in August, 2005, with Maida producing. The first single off the album, "All I Can Do", was made available on her official website and MySpace page prior to the release of the album. On July 24 the album premiered on the Canadian music channel Much More Music along with a behind the scenes special. The album, "Ghost Stories", was released August 29, 2006.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: She is featured on a song called "Over My Dead Body" by fellow Canadian recording artist Drake from his 2011 album "Take Care".


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: She featured on rapper Jay Rock's track "Pay for It", which she performed alongside Jay Rock and Kendrick Lamar on "Saturday Night Live" on November 15, 2014.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: In November 2014, Kreviazuk released a new single called "I Will Be", speaking to her desire to want to help those who feel alone and isolated. She sang the song live on December 12 on the Toronto radio station 104.5 CHUM FM.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk's work has appeared on many soundtracks for films and television shows. In 1998, Kreviazuk scored her only international hit to date with a cover of "Leaving on a Jet Plane", a song written by John Denver and popularized by Peter, Paul and Mary. The song appeared on the soundtrack to the blockbuster film "Armageddon" and was that album's follow-up single to Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". The soundtrack album also featured a remix of Our Lady Peace's single "Starseed".


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: The song Leaving on a Jet Plane was also on a trailer for The Terminal, and on TV spots for The Prince and Me and De-Lovely.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: In 1999, Kreviazuk recorded a cover of the Randy Newman ballad "Feels Like Home" for the "Dawson's Creek" soundtrack, as well as "How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days". She also performed a cover version of The Beatles' "In My Life" as the theme song for the NBC television drama series "Providence".


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: In 2002, Kreviazuk recorded "Another Small Adventure" which was played in "Stuart Little 2" and was also on the soundtrack.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: "In this Life" was featured in the film "Saved!" and also in a trailer for the film "The Door in the Floor" starring Jeff Bridges, as well as in an episode of the. CW Television Network's "Smallville". In May 2003 was the soundtrack of the "Episode 20" from "Everwood" in WB. Kreviazuk's "Time" was played in the credits of the movie "Uptown Girls", and featured in an episode of the MTV reality show, "", the pilot episode of the ABC romantic comedy/drama "Men in Trees", the CBS drama "Joan of Arcadia", and the ABC family movie "Lucky 7". Her song "This Year" was featured on the "Serendipity" soundtrack. In 2005, two new songs written and performed by Kreviazuk were also featured on the soundtrack of the movie "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants". In 2006, "It's All About a Kiss" played during the film "Just My Luck". The song "Weight of the World" is also featured during the credits of the 2003 film "How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days" and in the us television series "Wildfire".


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Since 2003, Kreviazuk has co-written many songs for other artists, often collaborating with her husband Raine Maida. In 2003, Kreviazuk and Maida collaborated on a number of tracks with Avril Lavigne for Lavigne's second album "Under My Skin". Kreviazuk and Maida also contributed songs to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 album "Breakaway", The Veronicas' "The Secret Life of the Veronicas", Marion Raven's 2005 and 2007 albums "Here I Am" and "Set Me Free", Cheyenne Kimball's debut "Hanging On" in 2006, and the song "Permanent" from David Cook's self-titled album. She also helped write a song called "Gardenia" which appears on Mandy Moore's 2007 album "Wild Hope". In 2011, she appeared on the rapper Drake's album "Take Care"; she wrote part of the song "Over My Dead Body" and sang the chorus. In 2012 Chantal wrote the Pitbull ft. Christina Aguilera single "Feel This Moment" with The Messengers. She also wrote Josh Groban's single "Brave" with Groban and Thomas "Tawgs" Salter. In 2014 she wrote the song "You Don't Care About Me" with Shakira, released on her self-titled album. She also worked with Jennifer Lopez on her album "A.K.A." and the song "Emotions". Kreviazuk was also one of the writers of "If I'm Dancing" on the Britney Spears album "Glory".


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: In 2001, Kreviazuk made her big-screen debut as a main character in David Weaver's indie film "Century Hotel" (co-starring alongside Sandrine Holt and Mia Kirshner). She also co-wrote the movie's theme song, "Can't Make it Good", with Maida. In 2007, Kreviazuk starred in "Pretty Broken", a short film about a woman dealing with mental illness. Kreviazuk also co-produced the movie.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk has contributed vocals to various releases by other artists. She sang background vocals on a Nightmare of You song called "I Want to Be Buried in Your Backyard", which was released on their 2005 self-titled debut album. She has also contributed to Maida's solo EP, "Love Hope Hero". Kreviazuk also provided additional vocals on a Men, Women & Children song titled "Monkey Monkee Men", from their 2006 self-titled debut album. She performed vocals for Chris Botti on the song "The Look of Love". Kreviazuk also appears on Canadian singer-songwriter Ryan MacGrath's 2010 record, "Cooper Hatch Paris". She performed a duet with the artist entitled "Bird & Cage".


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk also has a MySpace page, where she posts about her daily life, her thoughts on world politics, as well as updating fans with the latest on how writing/recording for her album is going.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: On March 27, 2010, Kreviazuk headlined a concert held at Yonge-Dundas Square in Toronto to celebrate WWF's Earth Hour. In 2010, she contributed the song "Na Miso" to the Enough Project and Downtown Records' Raise Hope for Congo compilation with Bibiana Mpoyo. Proceeds from the compilation fund efforts to make the protection and empowerment of Congo's women a priority, as well as inspire individuals around the world to raise their voice for peace in Congo.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: On March 29, 2014, Kreviazuk and her husband Raine Maida received the Alan Waters Humanitarian Award at the Juno Gala Dinner & Awards during the 2014 Juno Awards in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Allan Waters Humanitarian Award recognizes outstanding Canadian artists whose contributions have positively enhanced the social fabric of Canada.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: In December 2014, Kreviazuk was appointed a member of the Order of Canada along with her husband Raine Maida by Governor General David Johnston for their charitable and humanitarian work.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and attended Balmoral Hall School for Girls. She has two brothers, Michael and Trevor


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: and is also the second cousin of curler and 2013 Scotties Tournament of Hearts champion Alison Kreviazuk.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: In 1994, Kreviazuk received multiple jaw and leg fractures in a serious motorcycle accident in Italy and spent several months recuperating.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk met Raine Maida, the lead singer of Our Lady Peace, at a Pearl Jam concert in Toronto in 1996. They married in December 1999, and have three sons, born January 2004, June 2005, and June 2008. In honour of their tenth wedding anniversary, Kreviazuk and Maida renewed their wedding vows in Costa Rica in November 2009. The family lives in Toronto and also has a home in the USA.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk and Maida appeared in the 2019 documentary film "I'm Going to Break Your Heart", which detailed both their collaboration on the album "Moon vs. Sun", their first album recorded jointly as a duo, and the conflicts and tensions that had arisen in their marriage after 19 years.


title: Chantal Kreviazuk

text: Kreviazuk is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism. She has been intimately involved with War Child and other charities since 2003.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: Kickboxer: Vengeance is a 2016 American martial arts film directed by John Stockwell, and starring Dave Bautista, Alain Moussi, Gina Carano, Georges St-Pierre, and Jean-Claude Van Damme. It is the sixth film in the "Kickboxer" franchise and also serves as a reboot. The film has a similar premise as the first film in the franchise. The film was released in select theaters and on VOD by RLJ Entertainment on September 2, 2016.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: Kurt Sloane goes to Thailand and heads to the martial arts compound of Tong Po. He is met with resistance by doorman Kavi. When Kurt pays Kavi to let him in, Kavi starts a fight with Kurt. However, Kurt is able to get the upper hand on Kavi and defeats him. Another compound fighter, Storm, struts his stuff and is able to beat Kurt. Kurt and Kavi are doing laundry when Kavi attempts to steal Kurt's wallet. Kurt, noticing what Kavi was up to, tells him to return the wallet but lets him keep the money. That night, Crawford introduces Tong Po to the compound and Tong Po shows his strength by using simple knees and elbows to break a stone statue. After a few battles between compound fighters, Tong returns inside to meet with his escorts. Later that night, Kurt wakes up and finds Tong Po. Discovering Kurt has pointed a gun to him, Tong Po tells Kurt that his brother was brave and a warrior where Kurt is a coward. Tong Po knocks Kurt out and Crawford informs Kurt that because of what he had attempted, the police have been called in to arrest him.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: Flashbacks reveal that Eric Sloane has won the World Karate Championship. At a celebratory event at the Sloan Gym, fight promoter Marcia arrives and invites Eric to go to Thailand to fight in an underground match. Eric thinks that they can make more money and get their name known, while Kurt is extremely skeptical and attempts to talk Eric out of going. Eric, determined, has made up his mind and tells Kurt he is leaving. A while later, Kurt receives an envelope with Eric's championship medal and a ticket to Bangkok. Kurt has learned that the night he is there, Eric is scheduled to fight Tong Po. Meanwhile, Liu, a local Thai police officer, has been planning to stop the underground fights much to the chagrin of her superior, Wattona, who is on Marcia's payroll. When Kurt arrives to Thailand, he sees Eric being brutalized by Tong Po. Tong Po puts Eric in a headlock and breaks his neck, killing him. Liu and some officers show up, forcing everyone to disperse except for Kurt, who is with his brother. At the coroners, Kurt confronts Marcia, blaming her for what had happened to Eric. Marcia tells him that it was Eric'c choice. As Kurt lashes out at Marcia, he is stopped by police, who then escort him first to meet Master Durand, Eric's Muay Thai trainer, who gives him Eric's money from the fight and then to the airport. Kurt is warned to leave Thailand and never come back. However, he ends up staying.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: Returning to the present, the police take Kurt but they are stopped by Liu, who offers to take Kurt herself. However, suspecting Liu may have other plans, Wattona sends some thugs to deal with Liu and Kurt. As they are stopped on the street, Kurt and Liu are confronted by the thugs but Kurt is able to fend off the thugs with his martial arts skills. Liu takes Kurt to Master Durand and tells him to stay there until he is well enough to return to America. However, Kurt attempts to convince Durand to train him to face Tong Po. Durand, feeling he has already failed Eric, declines Kurt's offer. However, after a confrontation in the rain, Durand sees determination in Kurt and decides to train him. As Kurt begins his training, he and Liu slowly begin to start a romance. As Kurt feels ready, Durand gives him a test to a local bar where Joseph King sets up some small fights against his top fighter for money. When Durand has Kurt fight King's fighter, Kurt is decimated to the point where Durand must step in and stop the fighter before bringing Kurt back. Kavi shows up as a spy for Tong Po, but when Durand defeats Kavi, he makes Kavi a deal that will prevent him from having Tong Po get angry. Kavi has now joined Durand and helps Kurt train as well. When Kurt finally finds himself ready, he shows up at Tong Po's compound and has a rematch with Storm, which he now wins but then is faced with another fighter. Using his newfound skills, Kurt challenges Tong Po to a fight, to which he accepts. Liu has learned through surveillance that Kurt has challenged Tong Po.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: The next day, Liu has Kurt and Durand arrested for safekeeping with Liu having full intention on protecting Kurt from Tong Po. Knowing that night would be the fight between Kurt and Tong Po, Durand and Kurt are able to escape. Liu also informs Wattona that she is having him investigated for corruption with the country's authorities. That night, Kurt and Tong have their long-awaited match. The first round has Tong Po getting most of the upper hand, but Kurt proves to be a worthy fighter, impressing the crowd. The second round includes broken glass on the hands, but once again Tong Po proves to be too powerful. Liu shows up to arrest Marcia, who vows she will be out the next morning. Liu arrives at the fight, but does not stop the fight this time.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: The final round has Tong Po and Kurt fight with double swords to the death. Kurt is able to knock one of Tong Po's swords out of his hands and throw one of his swords, slashing Tong Po in the face and the sword impales on the wall. Kurt still gets knocked down, but finally has the determination to take on Tong Po. Kurt is able to now get the upper hand, especially when he has countered Tong Po's headlock, the same move that killed Eric. Kurt uses an array of Muay Thai and even adds a bit of grappling to stop Tong Po. However, when it looks like Kurt has won, Tong Po pushes Kurt to the impaled sword and the two lock up with Kurt finally using his strength to impale Tong Po on the exposed blade of the sword, killing him when he tells Tong Po, "This is for Eric".


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: The next day, Kurt and Liu leave on a boat with Kavi and another female with Durand offering his goodbye in comic fashion.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: Kings Road Entertainment announced in 2012 that they planned a 3-D remake of the film. Legal battles within the company, however, resulted in this version, along with several other planned remakes from the company, not being made.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: Radar Pictures began developing a reboot of the film in 2013 with Jim McGrath and Dimitri Logothetis writing; Logothetis is also produced along with Ted Field and Nick Celozzi, Mike Weber and Peter Meyer executive producing and Stephen Fung attached to direct with the film start filming in early 2014. On May 12, 2014, Deadline announced that The Exchange boarded sales on Radar with Brian O’Shea, Jeff Bowler and Nat McCormick executive producing the film and announced stunt man Alain Moussi will star in his first lead role with co-starring roles by Georges St-Pierre, Dave Bautista, Scott Adkins, and Tony Jaa. J. J. Perry will be the action director and Larnell Stovall will be the fight choreographer. In November 2014, it was announced that Jaa and director Fung had left the project. John Stockwell stepped in as the film's director. In December 2014, actors T. J. Storm, Matthew Ziff and original film star Jean-Claude Van Damme were cast in the film. On December 4, Sara Malakul Lane joined the film to play the love interest of the lead character. On December 6, 2014, Darren Shahlavi was cast as Eric Sloan, a role was originally meant for Adkins. On December 8, Gina Carano joined the film's cast to play a fight promoter.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: Dave Bautista and Alain Moussi shot their final fight scene during the New Orleans shoot, due to Bautista having to leave early to shoot his scenes as Mr. Hinx in the James Bond film "Spectre".


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: After completing the filming in New Orleans, Radar Pictures left without fully paying the crew and vendors. On February 10, 2015, producer Logothetis told "Variety" that all 180 crew members had been paid in early February, and he also revealed that there would a two-weeks shooting taken place in Thailand later that month.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: After the New Orleans shoot, actor Darren Shahlavi, who played Eric Sloane, died at the age of 42 on January 14, 2015. Dimitri Logothesis said that the film will be dedicated to Darren's memory.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: Production re-emerged in June 2015, with Alain Moussi going to Bangkok to film his scenes with Jean-Claude Van Damme. Dimitri Logothetis took over directing the shoot in Thailand.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: On March 15, 2016, RLJ Entertainment acquired the United States right to the film, with the intention of a limited theatrical release and a Video on Demand release.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival on July 14, 2016. The film was released in select theaters and Video on Demand platforms by RLJ Entertainment on September 2, 2016.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 41% based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 4.69/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on eight critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Similar reviews can also be found on IMDb, with a score of 4,9 out of 10.


title: Kickboxer: Vengeance

text: In November 2015, Headmon and Acme Rocket Fuel announced the sequel titled "", which was shot from June to August 2016. Rob Hickman would produce the film through Headmon along with Logothetis and Field through Radar Pictures. On August 31, 2016, producer Rob Hickman announced the name of the third and final installment of the trilogy as "Kickboxer: Syndicate". The title was later changed to "Kickboxer: Armageddon". Filming was expected to begin sometime in 2018; however, as of 2022, the film has not come to fruition.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: "Whip It" is a song by American rock band Devo from their third studio album "Freedom of Choice" (1980). It is a new wave and synth-pop song that features a synthesizer, electric guitar, bass guitar, and drums in its instrumentation. The apparently nonsensical lyrics have a common theme revolving around the ability to deal with one's problems by "whipping it". Co-written by bassist Gerald Casale and lead vocalist Mark Mothersbaugh, Devo recorded "Whip It" with producer Robert Margouleff at the Record Plant in Los Angeles.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: Although "Whip It" was released as the second single from "Freedom of Choice", Warner Bros. Records did not expect it to be a hit, due to its nonstandard tempo and strange lyrics. The disc jockey (DJ ) Kal Rudman took an interest in the song and it was soon being played on several radio stations in the Southeastern United States. Peaking at number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, "Whip It" became a hit single and found chart success in several countries. Mothersbaugh believes the song sold well because some people assumed the lyrics are about masturbation or sadomasochism.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: An accompanying music video depicts these sexual themes; it features Mothersbaugh whipping clothing from a woman on a dude ranch. Despite some claims of misogynistic undertones, the video became popular on the fledgling television channel MTV.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: Devo's previous studio album "Duty Now for the Future" (1979) was considered a disappointment by critics and band members; critics regarded it as a formulaic repeat of the band's 1978 debut "" and the band members primarily blamed the formulaic sound on the album's producer Ken Scott. Warner Bros. Records was also unhappy with "Duty Now for the Future" and issued an ultimatum to Devo that they needed to produce a successful follow-up album, or they would be dropped from the label. The band members believed a hit single would bolster the next album's popularity and finally give them radio exposure. In late 1979, audio engineer Robert Margouleff was brought on to produce "Whip It", along with its parent album "Freedom of Choice".


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: "Whip It" was written between August and October 1979 by bassist Jerry Casale and lead vocalist and keyboardist Mark Mothersbaugh. Howard Siegal engineered the song while Margouleff served as the producer. It was recorded at the Record Plant in Los Angeles and mastered by Ken Perry at Capitol Studios. The song was recorded using API mixing consoles, 3M tape machines, and Minimoog and Prophet-5 synthesizers. Throughout the song, there are whipcracking noises that were recorded using an Electrocomp 500 synthesizer and Neumann KM 84 and U 87 microphones.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: The music for "Whip It" was crafted by taking elements from four different demo tapes that Casale had collected. Mothersbaugh composed what became the song's break in his bedroom; the break was originally much slower and had a classical sound. On another tape, Mothersbaugh played what became the main riff with a drum machine. One of Captain Beefheart's drummers created a beat that Mothersbaugh recorded; the last demo was a live recording between Casale and Mothersbaugh. Casale took the four demos and layered them to create a smooth, consistent time signature. Mothersbaugh created the main riff in "Whip It" by taking the riff used in Roy Orbison's song "Oh, Pretty Woman" and changing the ending slightly.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: "Whip It" is a new wave and synth-pop song, that is built around a consistent 4/4 beat known as a motorik beat. It is constructed in verse–chorus form. With a chord progression of D-A-E7sus4 in the verses and C-G-D in the choruses, the song is written in the key of E major. "Whip It" main riff alternates between a five-note ascension and a three-note descension, and is played with a synthesizer, electric guitar, and bass guitar. The chorus features two synthesizer notes that are a half step apart, which creates what AllMusic's Steve Huey describes as "a disorienting aural effect".


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: As the song progresses, a guitar lick in the main riff becomes more prominent. During the instrumental break, the riff temporarily reconfigures to a nonstandard 6/4 beat before returning to the original 4/4 beat. Casale and Mothersbaugh sing the vocals of "Whip It" with a vocal range of A4-F#5. The singers take alternate turns on vocals; Mothersbaugh uses a nasal drawl while Casale sings in a more powerful "cartoonish" voice. The use of two vocalists is a call and response that Casale said is "kind of like white boys rapping".


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: The lyrics of "Whip It" are disjointed and nonsensical. For example, its central theme revolves around the ability to solve one's problems by "whipping it"; other lines include motivational statements like "go forward, move ahead" and "it's not too late". Casale wrote the lyrics, which were intended to satirize American optimism. He took inspiration from communist propaganda posters and "Gravity's Rainbow" by Thomas Pynchon, a 1973 novel that contains satirical limericks about capitalist can-do clichés. Casale incorporated lyrics that would sound like motivational clichés if taken out of context. "Ultimate Classic Rock" critic Dave Swanson interpreted the lyrics as being "an observation...on the struggles of the common man, woman and mutant."


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: Mothersbaugh offered a different interpretation of the lyrics, saying they were written in the form of a subtle pep talk for United States President Jimmy Carter during the 1980 presidential election. The members of Devo supported Carter and feared the Republican candidate Ronald Reagan would win the election. Mothersbaugh jokingly once said in an interview: "Come on Jimmy, get your shit together". Huey notes that despite the song's novelty, there are violent undertones in the lyrics. He describes the process of whipping it to solve one's problems as "a sardonic portrait of a general, problematic aspect of the American psyche: the predilection for using force and violence to solve problems, vent frustration, and prove oneself to others".


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: "Whip It" is one of four songs from "Freedom of Choice" to be released as a single. Warner Bros. heavily favored the commercial viability of the first single "Girl U Want" because its music and lyrics were more radio-friendly and akin to "My Sharona" by the Knack. "Girl U Want" did not chart and was considered a failure. Despite this disappointment, Devo decided to tour in support of the album without a hit single. Shortly into the tour, disc jockey (DJ) Kal Rudman programmed "Whip It" to be played on several radio stations in the Southeastern U.S., which led urban music programmer Frankie Crocker to push the song at powerhouse WBLS in New York City. Within a week, "Whip It" had become so popular that Devo was forced to temporarily stop its tour to book larger venues because the concerts were selling out too quickly. When Devo returned home, they played a series of large concerts at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in late August 1980, attended by Hollywood celebrities and other L.A. musicians. Casale later said that the rising popularity of "Whip It" helped to fill such large venues, along with the continued "big booster" promotion of Devo by KROQ radio in Southern California. KROQ's listeners chose "Whip It" as their number 1 favorite song in the year-end list KROQ Top 106.7 of 1980.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: "Whip It" debuted at number eighty-five on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 on August 30, 1980. It spent twenty-five weeks on the chart, peaked at number fourteen on November 15, 1980, and finished the year at number ninety-four on the "Billboard" Year-End singles chart for 1981. In the U.S., the song also reached number thirteen on the "Cash Box" Top 100, number eight on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, and number seventeen on the "Record World" Singles chart. "Whip It" found international success, peaking at number seventy-seven on the Australian Kent Music Report, number eleven on the Canadian "RPM" Top Singles chart, number eleven on the Official New Zealand Music Chart, and number fifty-one on the UK Singles Chart. The song was certified Gold in the U.S. and Canada, denoting shipments of 500,000 and 75,000 copies respectively.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: In a retrospective review, Huey said the song has "an irresistibly odd novelty appeal" and that it was "one of the best arguments that punk ideology didn't necessarily lose its bite when placed in the more pop-oriented musical context of new wave". "PopMatters" Chris Gerard noted the song's originality and described it as "a bold and provocative recording that still sounds fantastic blasted out of a good set of speakers". The website subsequently ranked "Whip It" as the fifty-first best alternative song of the 1980s.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: When "Whip It" was released, some listeners assumed the lyrics were double entendres for masturbation or sadomasochism. Devo's previous material often included sexual innuendos or blatant references to sex in the lyrics, which made "Whip It" appear consistent with this style of songwriting. Mothersbaugh said many disc jockeys would make masturbation jokes to him before interviews. At first, the band members attempted to dissuade them of this assumption but they eventually gave in and helped reinforce these misinterpretations. Mothersbaugh believed a song about taboo subjects would receive more radio airplay and sell more copies.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: Although "Whip It" was not about masturbation or sadomasochism as some listeners believed, Devo used these sexual themes for an accompanying music video. The video is set on a dude ranch where cowboys and cowgirls are watching Mothersbaugh whip the clothing from a cigarette-smoking woman. A cross-eyed woman and a middle-aged woman making whipped cream watch from a ranch house while the other members of Devo perform the song in a cattle pen. The band members are wearing sleeveless black turtlenecks and red flowerpot-shaped hats called energy domes.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: Devo was heavily committed to adding film aspects to its act; the band asked Warner Bros. to provide non-recoupable promotional money to make videos for "Girl U Want" and "Freedom of Choice". This was before the making of music videos had become standard industry practice, which confused label executives. When "Whip It" started to receive radio airplay, the record company embraced the concept and asked the band to produce a video for "Whip It" with a $15,000 budget. The idea for the video came from an article in a 1962 issue of "The Dude" magazine, which revolved around a former stuntman who marries a stripper and moves to a dude ranch in Arizona. For entertainment, the man would use a whip to remove the clothes from his wife, who would remain unhurt. Mothersbaugh stated; "That's the kind of stuff that fed us creatively. It was just so stupid and so low, and yet so great."


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: The video was partially a reaction to President Ronald Reagan's previous career as a Hollywood actor; Devo wanted to make a video that satirized both the cowboy mythos and "right-wing racist values". In the video, the whip does not strike the woman's clothes; they were tied to a fishing line and pulled away after each whip crack. The whip did, however, strike the cigarette holder to knock it out of her mouth. For the first few months after its release, the video was seen by a limited audience, primarily on late-night talk shows. The American television channel MTV, which was launched in 1981, gave the video so much exposure that it temporarily revived the song's popularity, shortly before the release of Devo's next studio album "New Traditionalists" (1981).


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: The video attracted some controversy, particularly for its perceived misogynistic undertones. Casale said the band members intended the video to appear tasteless and demeaning but also funny. The claims of misogyny increased when Devo was cut from a live performance on an episode of "The Midnight Special" hosted by Lily Tomlin. After watching the video, Tomlin refused to host the show unless Devo was cut. There were also claims that MTV banned the video but these claims were ultimately proven false.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: Several journalists view "Whip It" as a cornerstone of the development of new wave music in the early 1980s. In his book "Pop Goes the Decade: The Eighties", Thomas Harrison wrote that the song introduced heavily synthesized music to a mainstream audience while music critic Evie Nagy called it a "defining anthem of new wave's rise". The majority of new wave music in the early 1980s was produced by British bands. Following the success of "Whip It", Devo joined the B-52's as the face of the emergent American new wave music movement.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: The song's popularity can be largely attributed to its distinct originality. Gerard Casale noted, "there's been nothing quite like 'Whip It' in the top 40, before or since". Nagy said the song's drum beat, guitar chords, and keyboard lines are distinct and easily recognizable, even when isolated from the song. In his book "99 Red Balloons: And 100 All-time One-hit Wonders", Brent Mann wrote; "It's hard to find anyone between the ages of 30 and 50 who does not have a vivid recollection of 'Whip It'... the kind of unusual track that made listeners want to bop their heads and break into a herky-jerky dance."


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: The accompanying music video is also remembered for its bizarre and controversial content. According to Huey, "the song has remained in the public consciousness thanks in part to MTV's extensive airplay for the video". With the popularity of the video, MTV began pursuing Devo and promised them a new platform to showcase their visual works. Devo, however, eventually developed a troubled relationship with the channel. Most of the band's subsequent videos were censored for controversial content or were rejected because the song was not a hit single. According to Casale; "As soon as MTV went national, they came up with this new Taliban set of rules... we were stunned and felt jilted."


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: In the band's forty-year history, "Whip It" remains their only song to chart within the top forty on the "Billboard" Hot 100. As a result, some journalists have labeled Devo as a one-hit wonder. Mann noted that the band's strange philosophy on devolution offset its accessibility, and wrote; "Devo's songs were, quite simply, too far out and counter-culture for mainstream radio". Devo's members have never tried to distance themselves from "Whip It" and still play it live. Casale said; "I'm glad it was 'Whip It', because it was certainly twisted and original... it came from a pure, creative, open collaboration, and that's to me when all the best stuff comes."


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: Since 1980, "Whip It" has been covered by several bands, including Pearl Jam, Love and Death, and Does It Offend You, Yeah?. One of the most unusual covers was recorded by the American teen pop band Devo 2.0 and featured on its album "DEV2.0" (2006). Devo 2.0, which was created by Walt Disney Records in an attempt to emulate the popularity of the Swedish pop group the A-Teens, covered Devo songs for a teenage audience. Label executives asked Casale to serve as the band's manager; he agreed, reasoning that Devo 2.0 furthered Devo's belief that everything humanity creates— including Devo's own songs—will devolve Casale had to rewrite several lyrics to remove sexual innuendos and references to drugs and suicide, although "Whip It" was not subject to revisions.


title: Whip It (Devo song)

text: According to David Chiu of "PopMatters", "Whip It" had transcended popular culture because it has been featured in several television episodes of "The Simpsons", "Family Guy", and "Stranger Things". It has also been featured in television advertisements for brands including Bonds, Gateway, and Swiffer. In the Swiffer commercial, a middle-aged woman performs robotic dance moves while cleaning her house. The commercial uses a slightly altered version of the song, replacing the lyrics "whip it good" with "swiffer's good". Devo agreed to perform the song for the commercial because they found it to be absurd. Mothersbaugh stated that performing in the commercial "is coming full circle, to be commenting on a conspicuous, consumptive culture... and to be fed into the hopper and spit back out the other side". Several other companies have altered the phrase "whip it" for their commercials to lyrics such as "flip it", "chip it", and "dip it".


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: In geomorphology, drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as part of drainage basins (and sub-basins). This is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, throughflow, and its saturated equivalent, groundwater flow. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins varies and the larger and more detailed the topographic map, the more information is available.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: Per the lie of channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories, known as drainage patterns. These depend on the topography and geology of the land.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: A drainage system is described as accordant if its pattern correlates to the structure and relief of the landscape over which it flows.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: A discordant system or pattern does not correlate to the topography and geology of the area. Discordant drainage patterns are classified into two main types: "antecedent" and "superimposed", while "ante position" drainage patterns combine the two. In "antecedent" drainage, a river's vertical incision ability matches that of land uplift due to tectonic forces. "Superimposed" drainage develops differently: initially, a drainage system develops on a surface composed of 'younger' rocks, but due to denudation activities this surface of younger rocks is removed and the river continues to flow over a seemingly new surface, but one in fact made up of rocks of old geological formation.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: Dendritic drainage systems (from Greek , "dendrites", "of or like a tree") are not straight and are the most common form of the drainage system. In this, there are many sub-tributaries (analogous to the twigs of a tree), which merge into tributaries of the main river (the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively). They are seen to feed a river channel that matches and is strongly accordant to the overriding gradient of the land. Truly dendritic systems form in V-shaped valleys; as a result, the rock types must be impervious and non-porous.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: A parallel drainage system occurs on a common slope down linear ranges (or of rivers between linear series of escarpments, parallel, elongate landforms like outcropping resistant rock bands), typically following natural faults or erosion (such as prevailing wind scars). The watercourses run swift and straight, with very few tributaries, and all flow in the same direction. This system forms on very long, uniform slopes, for instance, high rivers flowing southeast from the Aberdare Mountains in Kenya and many rivers of Myanmar.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: The geometry of a trellis drainage system is similar to that of a common garden trellis. Along a strike valley, smaller tributaries feed into the steep slopes of mountainsides. These tributaries enter the main river about perpendicular, causing a trellis-like appearance of the system. They form where hard and soft formations exist on both banks of the main river, and are reflective of height, accentuated by erosion. Trellis drainage is characteristic of folded mountains, such as the Appalachian Mountains in North America and in the north part of Trinidad.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: Rectangular drainage develops on rocks that are of approximately uniform resistance to erosion, but which have two directions of jointing at approximately right angles or 90 degrees. The joints are usually less resistant to erosion than the bulk rock so erosion tends to preferentially open the joints and streams eventually develop along the joints. The result is a stream system in which streams consist mainly of straight line segments with right-angle bends and tributaries join larger streams at right angles. This pattern can be found with the Arun River in Nepal.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: In a radial drainage system, the streams radiate outwards from a central high point. Volcanos usually have archetypal features on which this commonly develops are modest or hard domes pattern develops when streams flow in many general directions (meaning quite long-term)


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: In India, the Amarkantak range and Ramgarh crater are most archetypal; and Dogu'a Tembien in Ethiopia.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: When the streams converge at a point, which is generally a depression or a basin they form centripetal or inland drainage pattern.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: A deranged drainage system is a drainage system in drainage basins where there is no coherent pattern to the rivers and lakes. These can form in areas with extensive limestone deposits, where surface streams can disappear into the groundwater via caves and subterranean drainage routes. They can also form in areas where there has been much geological disruption.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: A classic example is the Canadian Shield. During the last ice age, the topsoil was scraped off, leaving mostly bare rock. The melting of the glaciers left land with many irregularities of elevation and a great deal of water to collect in the low points, explaining the large number of lakes which are found in Canada. The drainage basins are young and are still sorting themselves out. Eventually the system will stabilize.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: In an annular drainage pattern, streams trace a tangential or greater concentric path along a belt of weak rock so, with others, a roughly traced out ring can be seen. It is best displayed by streams draining a maturely dissected structural dome or basin where erosion has exposed rimming sedimentary strata of greatly varying degrees of hardness, as in the Red Valley, which nearly encircles the domal structure of the Black Hills of South Dakota.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: Angular drainage patterns form where bedrock joints and faults intersect at angles other than rectangular drainage patterns. Angles can be more or less than 90 degrees.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: An integrated drainage is a mature drainage system characteristic of arid climates. It is formed by coalescing of individual basins formerly separated by high ground, such as mountains or ridges. Headward erosion from a lower basin may breach the barrier, as may spilling over from a higher basin due to aggradation (accumulation of sediments in the basin). The effect of integration of a drainage system is to replace local higher base levels with a single lower base level.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: An example of an integrated drainage is the area drained by the Rio Grande River. The sedimentary basins forming the modern Rio Grande Valley were not integrated into a single river system draining into the Gulf of Mexico until relatively recent geologic time. Instead, the basins formed by the opening of the Rio Grande rift were initially bolsons, with no external drainage and a central playa. An axial river existed in the Espanola Basin as early as 13 million years ago, reaching the Santo Domingo Basin by 6.9 million years ago. However, at this time, the river drained into a playa in the southern Albuquerque Basin where it deposited the Popotosa Formation. The upper reach of this river corresponded to the modern Rio Chama, but by 5 million years ago, an ancestral Rio Grande draining the eastern San Juan Mountains had joined the ancestral Rio Chama.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: The ancestral Rio Grande progressively integrated basins to the south, reaching the Palomas basin by 4.5 million years ago, the Mesilla basin by 3.1 million years, to Texas by 2.06 million years, and finally joining the Pecos River at 800,000 years to drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Volcanism in the Taos Plateau reduced drainage from the San Luis basin until a spillover event 440,000 years ago that drained Lake Alamosa and fully reintegrated the San Luis basin into the Rio Grande basin.


title: Drainage system (geomorphology)

text: Integrated drainages were widespread in western North America in the Paleocene and Eocene, and there is evidence of integrated drainages on the surface of Mars.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Richard Lane (April 16, 1928 – January 29, 2002), commonly known as Dick "Night Train" Lane, was an American professional football player who was a cornerback for 14 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Los Angeles Rams (1952–1953), Chicago Cardinals (1954–1959), and Detroit Lions (1960–1965).


title: Night Train Lane

text: As a rookie in 1952, Lane had 14 interceptions, a mark that remains an NFL record 70 years later. He played in the Pro Bowl seven times and was selected as a first-team All-Pro player seven times between 1956 and 1963. His 68 career interceptions ranked second in NFL history at the time of his retirement and still ranks fourth in NFL history. He was also known as one of the most ferocious tacklers in NFL history and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. He was named to the National Football League 50th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1969, named to the 75th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1994 and unanimously named to the National Football League 100th Anniversary All-Time Team in 2019. In 1999, he was ranked number 20 on "The Sporting News"' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.


title: Night Train Lane

text: After retiring from professional football, Lane worked for the Detroit Lions in various administrative positions from 1966 to 1972 and then held assistant coaching positions at Southern University (1972) and Central State University (1973). For 17 years, from 1975 to 1992, he was in charge of Detroit's Police Athletic League.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane was born in Austin, Texas, in April 1928. When he was three months old, he was abandoned by his birth parents, a prostitute and pimp. He was found, covered in newspapers, in a dumpster. Lane later recalled, "My father was called Texas Slim. I never saw him - I don't know if he's the one that told my mother to throw me away. A pimp told my mother I had to go. They put me in a trash can and took off. Some people heard me crying. They thought it was a cat."


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane was adopted and raised by Ella Lane, who also had four other children. As a youth in Austin, Lane grew up poor, busing tables at local hotels and shining shoes on Congress Avenue. He also helped his mother with a laundry business she ran out of the home. Lane became known as "Cue Ball" and later recalled how he acquired the nickname: "I was in a pool hall in 12th street. We were playing for money, maybe a dime. As soon as I made the eight ball, the other guy took off running. He didn't want to pay. I grabbed that cue ball and just as he made the corner I threw it and hit him upside the head. The guy didn't know what had hit him."


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane attended L.C. Anderson High School, Austin's segregated high school for African Americans. He played basketball and football and was a member of the school's 1945 and 1946 football teams. The 1945 team was runnerup in the Prairie View Interscholastic League, an association of black schools in Texas.


title: Night Train Lane

text: After graduating from high school, Lane lived for a time in Council Bluffs, Iowa, with his birth mother, Etta Mae King. She had visited during Lane's youth, and the two reconciled. His mother and a man had opened a tavern in Council Bluffs. While in Council Bluffs, a baseball scout signed Lane, and he played for a time with the Negro league Omaha Rockets, a farm team for the Kansas City Monarchs.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In the fall of 1947, Lane enrolled at Scottsbluff Junior College in Scottsbluff, Nebraska. He played one season of college football at Scottsbluff. He was the only African American player on the team, and a clipping from the college newspaper noted, "He is outstanding for his vicious tackles, hard running and pass snatching." The Scottsbluff football team compiled a 5–3–1 record with Lane in the lineup in 1947 and finished in third place in the Nebraska Junior College Conference.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In 1948, Lane enlisted in the United States Army and served for four years. He served at Fort Ord on Monterey Bay in California and played on a Fort Ord football team. In 1951, he caught 18 touchdown passes for Fort Ord. He received second-team All-Army honors in 1949 and first-team honors in 1951. After his discharge from the Army, Lane worked in an aircraft plant in Los Angeles, lifting heavy sheets of metal out of a bin and placing them into a press.


title: Night Train Lane

text: While working at the aircraft plant in Los Angeles, Lane passed the Los Angeles Rams offices on his bus ride to work. He walked into the office with a scrapbook of clippings in 1952 and asked for a tryout. He was recommended to the Rams by Gabby Sims and signed as a free agent. Lane initially tried out as a receiver, the position he had played at Fort Ord, but was switched to a defensive back by the Rams. In the Rams' first scrimmage on August 3, 1952, Lane drew praise as "the outstanding player in the scrimmage by a country mile" due to his "ferocious" approach to the game and his speed in chasing down Elroy Hirsch. After the scrimmage, Rams head coach Joe Stydahar said, "Lane came out here to make the ball club. Well, last night he got himself a job."


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane acquired the nickname "Night Train" during his first training camp with the Rams. Teammate Tom Fears had a record player in his room and frequently played the record, "Night Train", by Jimmy Forrest. The record was released in March 1952 and was the #1 R&B hit for seven weeks. According to an account published by the "Los Angeles Times" in August 1952, "Whenever Fears plays it Lane can be found in the hall outside Tom's room dancing to the music." Lane was initially uncomfortable with the racial implication of the nickname, which had been bestowed on him by his white teammates, but he embraced it after a newspaper reported on his performance against Washington Redskins star Choo Choo Justice with the headline, "Night Train Derails Choo Choo".


title: Night Train Lane

text: As a rookie in 1952, Lane appeared in all 12 regular season games and broke the NFL single-season record with 14 interceptions. He also led the league with 298 interception return yards and two interceptions returned for touchdowns. In his first NFL game, a 37–7 loss to the Cleveland Browns, Lane was credited by the "Los Angeles Times" with playing "a positively sensational game at defensive halfback (he made about 50% of the tackles)." On December 7, 1952, he intercepted three passes in a 45–27 victory over the Green Bay Packers, including an 80-yard return of a pass from Tobin Rote. The following week, he intercepted three more passes in a 28–14 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers, including one that he returned 42 yards for a touchdown. However, he sprained an ankle after making his third interception against the Steelers and was lost to the Rams for their playoff game against the Detroit Lions. The NFL later prepared a list of the greatest single-season performances of all time and ranked Lane's 1952 season fourth on that list.


title: Night Train Lane

text: After Lane blocked two field-goal attempts during a July 1953 scrimmage, Rams coach Hamp Pool said, "Night Train has the reflexes of a cat. It just doesn't seem possible that a man can come in from so far out and get in front of the ball in a matter of a couple of seconds." During the 1953 season, Lane appeared in 11 games for the Rams, but he intercepted only three passes. The highlight of his 1953 season was a blocked field goal against the Green Bay Packers; Lane blocked the kick at the Rams' 25-yards line, caught it on the bounce 45 yards downfield, and returned it for a touchdown.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In January 1954, the Rams traded Lane to the Chicago Cardinals in a three-team deal that also involved Don Doll. During the 1954 season, Lane appeared in all 12 regular season games for the Cardinals and again led the NFL in both interceptions (10) and interception return yards (181). Lane was occasionally used as a receiver by the Cardinals, and on November 13, 1955, he caught a pass from Ogden Compton, a play that covered 98 yards, the second longest pass in NFL history up to that time.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane remained with the Cardinals for six seasons from 1954 through 1959, appearing in 68 games and intercepting 30 passes. During his years with the Cardinals, Lane received All-NFL honors in 1954 (AP and UPI second team), 1955 (UPI second team), 1956 (AP and UPI first team), 1957 ("Sporting News" first team), 1958 (AP second team), 1959 (NEA first team). He was also invited to play in the Pro Bowl in 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1958.


title: Night Train Lane

text: On August 22, 1960, the Cardinals traded Lane to the Detroit Lions in exchange for lineman Gerry Perry. Lions great Joe Schmidt later called it "one of the greatest trades that will ever be made in any sport." At the time of the trade, Lions head coach George Wilson noted: "He has a reputation as a gambler. We are aware of that but he still has speed and experience."


title: Night Train Lane

text: In the Lions' first win of the 1960 season, a 30–17 victory over the Baltimore Colts, Lane intercepted a Johnny Unitas pass and returned it 80 yards for a touchdown, quickly becoming a fan favorite in Detroit. In his first two seasons with the Lions, Lane intercepted 11 passes for 175 return yards. In all, Lane played six seasons with the Lions from 1960 to 1965, appearing in 66 games with 21 interceptions for 272 yards. During his time with the Lions, Lane received All-NFL honors in 1960 (UPI, NEA, and "Sporting News" first team), 1961 (AP, NEA, and "Sporting News" first team), 1962 (AP, UPI, "Sporting News", and NEA first team), 1963 (UPI and "Sporting News" first team). He was also invited to play in the Pro Bowl in 1960, 1961, and 1962.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane appeared in the 1962 Pro Bowl despite suffering from appendicitis. Weakened and in pain, he blocked an extra point kick and intercepted a Y. A. Tittle pass and returned it 42 yards for the West All-Stars. He checked into a Los Angeles hospital the next day and had his appendix removed.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In early July 1963, Lane married jazz singer Dinah Washington and began serving as her business manager, leading to reports that he may not continue his football career. However, he signed a contract with the Lions in late July. Lane intercepted five passes and recovered two fumbles in 14 games for the 1963 Lions.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane was hampered by injuries after the 1963 season. In August 1964, he was injured in a pre-season game, had surgery on his knee, and was out of action for the first part of the 1964 season. Lane ultimately appeared in seven games for the 1964 Lions, managing only one interception, the lowest total of his career up to that point.


title: Night Train Lane

text: On September 7, 1965, after undergoing off-season knee surgery, Lane, at age 37, was released by the Lions. When no other team claimed him, Lane returned to the Lions as a taxi squad player. He was returned to the active lineup on October 20, 1965, appearing in seven games with no interceptions for the first time in his career.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane was known as a ferocious tackler, and his style of play led to changes in the rules of the game. In 1961, he tackled Jon Arnett by the face mask as he ran at full speed down the field. Arnett lay motionless on the field after the tackle, and the play left a lasting impression. The following year, the NFL adopted a rule prohibiting the grasping of an opponent's face mask.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane's practice of tackling opponents about the head and neck, which was then a legal technique, was sometimes called a "Night Train Necktie". It later became known as a clothesline tackle and prohibited. He later explained the rationale for his practice of necktie tackling:My object is to stop the guy before he gains another inch. ... [I]f I hit them in the legs they may fall forward for a first down. ... I grab them around the neck so I can go back to the bench and sit down.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In 2009, a film produced by the NFL ranked Lane No. 2 on its list (behind Dick Butkus) of the most feared tacklers in league history. The film also credited Lane's practices with the prohibition of clothesline tackles.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In the book "Paper Lion" by George Plimpton, former Detroit Lions assistant coach Aldo Forte recalled a hit that Lane placed on then New York Giants quarterback Y. A. Tittle in 1962 that literally "knocked the plays out of his head", rendering the quarterback unable to remember any of the Giants' plays until after halftime.


title: Night Train Lane

text: During his 14 years in the NFL, Lane recorded 68 interceptions, 1,207 interception return yards, and five touchdowns on interception. He also recovered 11 fumbles, returning them for 57 yards and one touchdown. From 1954 to 1963, he was selected as a first-team All-NFL player seven times and played in seven Pro Bowls. His single-season record of 14 interceptions still stands despite the lengthening of the NFL season from 12 to 16 and eventually 17 games. Lane's 68 career interceptions ranked second in NFL history at the time of his retirement and still ranks fourth in NFL history as of the end of the 2018 NFL season. His 1,207 interception return yards also ranked second in NFL history when he retired and still ranks sixth in NFL history. His 298 interception return yards in 1952 was three yards short of the NFL record at the time and remains the seventh best single-season total in NFL history.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane has received numerous honors for his contributions to the sport. His honors include the following:


title: Night Train Lane

text: After retiring from professional football, Lane worked for the Detroit Lions in various administrative positions. He was the first African American to work in the Lions' front office. In February 1972, Lane quit his job with the Lions to become an assistant football coach at Southern University, a historically black university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He left Southern University in June 1973 to become an admissions counselor and assistant football coach at Central State University, a historically black university in Wilberforce, Ohio. In January 1974, he resigned his position at Central State to accept a job in Los Angeles as a bodyguard and personal assistant for television star, Redd Foxx.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In October 1975, Lane was hired to manage Detroit's Police Athletic League. He remained in charge of the program for 17 years and oversaw its expansion to 16 centers with 20,000 participants. He retired from the post at the end of 1992.


title: Night Train Lane

text: Lane was married three times. He married his first wife, Geraldine Dandridge, in April 1951. The couple separated in August 1962 and was divorced in January 1963.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In July 1963, Lane married jazz singer Dinah Washington at a ceremony in Las Vegas. It was the sixth marriage for Washington and the second for Lane. On December 14, 1963, Lane discovered Washington dead at their home at 4002 Buena Vista Street in Detroit with a bottle of prescription pills on the night stand beside her.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In 1964, Lane married school teacher Mary Cowser, who in 1955 became the first African American woman to appear in Coca-Cola advertisements. They had a son, Richard Ladimir Lane, who was born in 1965. The marriage ended in divorce after ten years.


title: Night Train Lane

text: In 1994, Lane moved from Detroit back to his hometown of Austin, Texas. Due to reduced mobility from diabetes and knee injuries, he spent the last two years of his life at the Five Star Assisted Living facility in North Austin. He died there from a heart attack in January 2002 at age 73, after playing dominoes and while listening to jazz in his room. His family believed that he also suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) brought on by football-related Injuries.


title: Digitigrade

text: In terrestrial vertebrates, digitigrade () locomotion is walking or running on the toes (from the Latin "digitus", 'finger', and "gradior", 'walk'). A digitigrade animal is one that stands or walks with its toes (metatarsals) touching the ground, and the rest of its foot lifted. Digitigrades include walking birds (what many assume to be bird knees are actually ankles), cats, dogs, and many other mammals, but not plantigrades or unguligrades. Digitigrades generally move more quickly and quietly than other animals.


title: Digitigrade

text: There are anatomical differences between the limbs of plantigrades, like humans, and both unguligrade and digitigrade limbs. Digitigrade and unguligrade animals have relatively long carpals and tarsals, and the bones which would correspond to the human ankle are thus set much higher in the limb than in a human. In a digitigrade animal, this effectively lengthens the foot, so much so that what are often thought of as a digitigrade animal's "hands" and "feet" correspond only to what would be the bones of the human finger or toe.


title: Digitigrade

text: Humans usually walk with the soles of their feet on the ground, in plantigrade locomotion. In contrast, digitigrade animals walk on their distal and intermediate phalanges. Digitigrade locomotion is responsible for the distinctive hooked shape of dog legs.


title: Digitigrade

text: Unguligrade animals, such as horses and cattle, walk only on the distal-most tips of their digits, while in digitigrade animals, more than one segment of the digit makes contact with the ground, either directly (as in birds) or via paw-pads (as in dogs).


title: Mark Volman

text: Mark Randall Volman (born April 19, 1947) is an American vocalist, guitarist, and songwriter, best known as a founding member of the 1960s rock band The Turtles, and, along with his bandmate and friend Howard Kaylan, a member of the 1970s rock duo Flo & Eddie, where he used the pseudonym Flo (abbreviation from Phlorescent Leech). Volman also became a stand-out figure upon joining Frank Zappa's band, The Mothers of Invention.


title: Mark Volman

text: Volman was born in Los Angeles, California, on April 19, 1947. He grew up in Westchester, a suburb of Los Angeles, where he performed in the proto-Turtles band the Crossfires and graduated from Westchester High School in 1965.


title: Mark Volman

text: Volman and Howard Kaylan were founding members of the Turtles, a popular band of the late 1960s. In December 1968, "NME" magazine reported that Volman had insured his distinctive frizzy hair for US$100,000 against fire, theft or loss due to illness. As their band folded, Volman and Kaylan discovered that the terms of their contract forbade them to use not only the name 'The Turtles', but also their own names. Kaylan and Volman were recruited by Frank Zappa, joining the Mothers of Invention, and they also worked together as Flo & Eddie in music, in film (they provided music and voices for animated films like "Down and Dirty Duck"), and in radio broadcasting. In 1971 Volman appeared on the soundtrack to Zappa's humorous pseudo-documentary film, "200 Motels".


title: Mark Volman

text: In 2015, Kaylan and Volman celebrated their 50th year, touring and performing more than 60 concerts a year, billed as "The Turtles ... Featuring Flo & Eddie" with their Happy Together Tour, a classic revue-format show featuring some popular bands of the mid-to-late 1960s musical era. During this tour in 2015, Volman was diagnosed with throat cancer, but was declared cancer-free in 2016. According to "The Hollywood Reporter", Volman and Kaylan have been "leading the charge against the uncompensated use of their music — and using state-based misappropriation, conversation and unfair competition claims because sound recordings only began falling under federal copyright protection in 1972."


title: Mark Volman

text: In 1992, at age 45, Volman started his bachelor's degree at Loyola Marymount University. He was an active undergraduate member of the choir and a Founding Father of the California Chi chapter of Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. Volman graduated with a B.A. degree in 1997 magna cum laude and was the class valedictorian speaker. During the speech he led the graduates in a chorus of "Happy Together". "CBS Evening News" covered Volman's graduation and interviewed his parents, who were perplexed at their son's academic accomplishments.


title: Mark Volman

text: Volman earned a Master's degree in Fine Arts with an emphasis in screenwriting in 1999, also from Loyola. Since that time, he has taught Music Business & Industry courses in the Communications and Fine Arts department at Loyola. He has also taught courses in the Commercial Music Program at Los Angeles Valley College. He is currently an Associate Professor and Coordinator of the Entertainment Industry Studies Program at Belmont University, in the Mike Curb College of Entertainment and Music Business and conducts seminars about the music industry for various academic institutions from junior high school to university level. In addition, he offers consulting on music business and entertainment through the website Ask Professor Flo.


title: Mark Volman

text: Volman married high school sweetheart Patricia Lee Hickey in January 1967 and they were married for 25 years. The couple had two daughters, Sarina Marie and Hallie Rae Volman. Volman married his second wife Emily in 2000.


title: Our Times

text: Our Times (, literally "The Time of My Maiden Years") is a 2015 Taiwanese teen romantic comedy-drama film directed by Frankie Chen. It is the directorial debut of Chen, who previously directed television dramas. The film stars Vivian Sung as Lin Cheng-hsin, an ordinary school-girl, Darren Wang as Hsu Tai-yu, the school's notorious gang leader, and Dino Lee as Ouyang Fei-Fan, the school's most popular male student.