title: Caroline Lucas

text: After being "utterly inspired" by Jonathon Porritt's book "Seeing Green", Lucas joined the Green Party in 1986. She noticed that the Green Party office was in Clapham, where she was living at the time, so thought: "Right! I'm going there now, I'm just going to dedicate the rest of my life to this party'." Soon afterwards she became the party's National Press Officer (1987–1989) and Co-Chair (1989–1990). In a 2009 "Guardian" interview, she told Decca Aitkenhead: "when I was putting people up to go on TV programmes I'd be saying to them, 'What are you planning to wear?', and they'd be slightly offended that I'd even think of asking the question. But I do genuinely think that has changed, a lot. It's a recognition, not that there's some kind of terrible compromise about putting on a tie, but that actually you don't want people to be focusing on what you look like but on what you're saying".


title: Caroline Lucas

text: When the Green Party became three separate parties in 1990 for the constituent parts of the United Kingdom, she joined the Green Party of England and Wales. Lucas served as their General Election Speaker from 1991 (for the following year's general election) and a Regional Council Member from 1997.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas's first success in an election came when she gained the Green Party's second council seat in the UK on Oxfordshire County Council, which she held between 1993 and 1997.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England Region at the 1999 elections, the first year the election was by proportional representation. In that year the Green Party gained 7.4% of the vote (110,571 votes). In November 2001, she was convicted of a breach of the peace at the Faslane nuclear base in Scotland the previous February and fined £150 for her participation in a CND sit-down protest. Conducting her own defence at the trial, she pleaded not guilty. Lucas argued that she had a right under the Human Rights Act to peaceful protest following on from her firm anti-nuclear attitudes. Faslane is the base used for Britain's Trident nuclear programme. She was arrested for a protest at the same location in January 2007. "It still seems ironic that it is a non-violent demonstration that is judged to be a breach of the peace, rather than Britain's illegal and immoral possession of nuclear weapons", she wrote at the time.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas was re-elected in 2004, gaining 173,351 votes (8% share), and again in the 2009 election when the party's vote under the list system rose to 271,506, or 11.6%. In the European Parliament, she was a member of the Committee for Trade, Industry, Energy and Research; the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Policy; the Committee on International Trade; and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas was an early signatory of the International Simultaneous Policy (SIMPOL) which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues. Lucas became a signatory in June 2004. In addition, she is or has been Vice-President of the Animal Welfare Intergroup, a member of Intergroups on Peace Issues and Consumer Affairs, a member of the Parliament's Delegation to ACP (African Caribbean, and Pacific) countries, and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council. As part of her committee work, she was the Parliament's Rapporteur (draftsperson) on a Commission Communication on the impact of air transport on the environment, and the Vice-President of the parliament's committee of inquiry into foot-and-mouth disease.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In July 2008, Lucas joined the Green New Deal Group, an alliance of experts in finance, energy and the environment. The group put forward plans to invest in green energy, provide greater regulation of the finance sector, and strengthen ties between environmentalists, industry, agriculture, and trade unions. The proposals were put forth in response to fears over the recession, climate change, and increasing energy prices, and stressed the need for integrative policies towards tackling all three.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas was elected as the Green Party's first leader on 5 September 2008, gaining 92% of the vote (against one other candidate, Ashley Gunstock) on a turnout of 38%. Previously the party had operated under a collective leadership. The change "was about having a face the country recognises – or hopefully", she told Decca Aitkenhead in 2009, "comes to recognise. It was in recognition of the fact that people don't really relate to abstract ideas, they relate more to the people who embody them." Lucas was elected as the Green Party's first-ever MP (for Brighton Pavilion) at the general election of 2010.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In July 2010, Lucas expressed her support for seven campaigners of the Smash EDO campaign who had caused approximately £180,000 damage to an EDO MBM arms factory and were acquitted of conspiring to cause criminal damage. The jury accepted their defence of lawful excuse – action undertaken to prevent a much worse crime – because the company manufactured and sold certain components used by the Israeli military, notably in its assault on Gaza. Lucas stated that: "I am absolutely delighted the jury has recognised that the actions of the decommissioners were a legitimate response to the atrocities being committed in Gaza. I do not advocate non-violent direct action lightly ... [but] their actions were driven by the responsibility to prevent further suffering in Gaza."


title: Caroline Lucas

text: On 14 May 2012, Lucas announced she would be standing down as leader as of September 2012 "in order to broaden opportunities for the range of talent in the party and to raise the profiles of others aspiring to election". She added "I'm proud that during the four years of my term, we've moved Green politics forward to a higher level, with the party by far the most influential it has ever been".


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Brighton Pavilion had the highest vote in the 2005 general election for a Green Party candidate when Keith Taylor, a former Green Party Principal Speaker, gained 22% of the vote. In 2007, Lucas declared her intention to stand for the Green Party's nomination for the prospective parliamentary candidate in the Brighton Pavilion constituency for the next general election. In a letter to party members, she indicated that she would only stand if she won the internal party selection election by more than 10%, to avoid internal division. She described the move as "the most difficult decision of my life", due to "personal and family commitments" but also her "loyalty and commitment to Keith Taylor, who is a person and a politician for whom I have great admiration and respect". On 18 July 2007, it was announced that Lucas had been selected by the Brighton Green Party. Lucas won with 55% of the party ballot against Keith Taylor's 45%.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In May 2010, Lucas was elected as the first Green MP to Westminster with a majority of 1,252. As well as being the first Green MP, Lucas was also the first woman to be elected as an MP for Brighton. She delivered her maiden speech on 27 May 2010.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas opposed the presentation of bare-breasted models on page 3 in "The Sun" and in 2013 was reprimanded for transgressing the Westminster dress code by wearing a T-shirt with the logo "No More Page Three" to protest against the feature during a Commons debate.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: On 19 August 2013, Lucas was arrested at a non-violent protest against Cuadrilla Resources fracking operations in Sussex. She was subsequently charged with obstructing a public highway but was found not guilty on 17 April 2014 at Brighton Magistrates' Court. After the hearing, Lucas said: "This judgement is right but this is not a victory or cause for celebration. We will continue to campaign to end fracking and only celebrate when our world is on the path to a clean energy future".


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In the 2015 general election, Lucas was re-elected with a much increased majority of 7,967 and vote share. In the 2017 general election Lucas increased her majority to 14,689, elected on 52.3% of the vote. Her vote majority increased again in the 2019 election by 5% with 33,151 votes.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In accord with long-standing Green policy, Lucas voted in 2015 for holding the European Union Referendum, but campaigning to stay in the EU with major reform.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: On 31 May 2016, it was announced that Lucas would run for the position of the Leader of the Green Party in a job share arrangement with the welfare spokesman Jonathan Bartley in the forthcoming 2016 Green Party leadership election.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: On 2 September, it was announced that Lucas and Bartley had been elected with 86% of first-preference votes. Lucas said the party would strive to preserve the rights of EU nationals living in Britain, and EU rules on workers' rights and the environment, among other policies.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In May 2018, Lucas announced that at the end of her two-year term in September, she would not seek re-election as co-leader of the Green Party. In an article for "The Guardian", Lucas wrote that "it's now time for me to show the power of letting go".


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas is vice-president of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and has been on the National Council of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament since 2004. She is also Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil and Gas. A former vice-president of the Stop the War Coalition, she resigned from the post in December 2015. According to a statement from Lucas's office, her "busy parliamentary and constituency schedule means that she doesn't have time to fully engage with the role of a patron and, in light of some recent StWC positions that she didn't support, she felt standing down was the responsible thing to do".


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas is a Vice-Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Choice at the End of Life and a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Drug Policy Reform.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas has served as an advisory board member to the International Forum on Globalisation, the Centre for a Social Europe, and the Protect the Local, Globally think-tank. She has been a Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust and Patron of the Joliba Trust (Africa). She is Matron of the Women's Environmental Network. Between 1997 and 1998, she was called upon as a Policy Adviser on Trade and Investment for the UK government's Department for International Development.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas is a prolific writer of reports, articles and books on the subjects of trade justice, localisation, globalisation, animal welfare, and food, in which she is critical of free trade, a single European currency, trade-led development policies, genetically modified food, and a lack of attention to environmental and social issues. Her most substantial work is "Green Alternatives to Globalisation: A Manifesto" (co-authored with Mike Woodin), which advocates localisation of economies based on minimal trade and greater social and environmental concern, in opposition to neo-liberal, market-led forces of globalisation.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas is an advocate for reform of UK drug laws. She has called for the law to have an evidence-based approach to drugs that treats drug abuse as a health matter, rather than a criminal one.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In early 2013, Lucas co-signed a letter which was published in "The Guardian" newspaper which officially marked her support for the People's Assembly Against Austerity movement. She also gave a speech at the People's Assembly Conference, held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013. A book by Lucas on her time in parliament, "Honourable Friends: Parliament and the Fight for Change", was published in 2015.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In August 2015, Lucas endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. She wrote in "The Independent": "I've never felt so optimistic about a potential leader of the Labour Party. For the first time in my memory, the party of Keir Hardie and Clement Attlee looks likely to be led again by someone who dares to stand up for the radical changes demanded by the challenges we face."


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas is a supporter of a permanent universal basic income. In January 2016, Lucas tabled a motion in the British Parliament, calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UK's existing social security system.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: On 15 April 2018 she attended the launch event of the People's Vote, a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In August 2019 Lucas was subject to criticism for suggesting the creation of an all-female cabinet as part of a national unity government.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In February 2020 she was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, following a complaint by Michael Fabricant that she had offered a tour of the Commons in exchange for £150, as part of a fundraising drive. Lucas said she did not believe she had done anything wrong. An investigation found she had breached the House of Commons Code of Conduct in offering and giving the tour. The Standards Commissioner also found that it gave her an "unfair advantage over other election candidates". Lucas acknowledged that she had breached the rules and promised not to repeat the breach; the Green Party returned the donation to the supporter who received the tour.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In 2021, Lucas was one of three MPs who successfully took legal action against the Department of Health and Social Care over contracts awarded during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In May 2021, alongside celebrities and other public figures, Lucas was a signatory to an open letter from "Stylist" magazine which called on the government to address what it described as an "epidemic of male violence" by funding an "ongoing, high-profile, expert-informed awareness campaign on men's violence against women and girls".


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In her time as a politician and activist, Lucas has won the 2006 Michael Kay Award "for her outstanding contribution to European animal welfare" from the RSPCA.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: Lucas has won the award for Politician of the Year in "The Observer" Newspaper Ethical Awards three times. The award is voted for by "Observer" readers, who chose her to win in 2007, 2009 and 2010. In 2008 she was listed by "The Guardian" as one of "50 people who could save the planet".


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In October 2008, Lucas was winner in the Trade category of "The Parliament" magazine MEP Awards 2008. The awards are voted for by MEPs and NGOs. In April 2010 Lucas won Best UK Politician in "The Independent" Green Awards and in November 2010 she was awarded "Newcomer of the Year" in "The Spectator" Parliamentarian of the Year awards. In July 2011 she was awarded "Best all-rounder" in the "Total Politics" End of Year MP awards and in September 2011 she was awarded "MP of the Year" in the Women in Public Life Awards 2011. Also in 2011 she was given the Political Studies Association award for "Influencing the Political Agenda" and voted "Progressive of the Year" in "Left Foot Forward's" readers' poll.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In 1991, Lucas married Richard Savage. The couple have two sons, one of whom is an academic at the University of California, Santa Barbara.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: She is a vegetarian and told ITV news Political Correspondent Paul Brand that she is “moving as fast as she can towards being vegan” in September 2019.


title: Caroline Lucas

text: In 2016 a short documentary film about Lucas, "One Green Seat", directed by Daniel Ifans and produced by We Are Tilt, was an Official Selection at the 2017 "Artemis Women In Action Film Festival" in Santa Monica, California.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: ' ( The Lady of the Camellias, sometimes called in English Camille""') is a novel by Alexandre Dumas "fils". First published in 1848 and subsequently adapted by Dumas for the stage, the play premiered at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris, France, on February 2, 1852. It was an instant success. Shortly thereafter, Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi set about putting the story to music in the 1853 opera "La traviata", with female protagonist Marguerite Gautier renamed Violetta Valéry.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: In some of the English-speaking world, "La Dame aux Camélias" became known as "Camille", and sixteen versions have been performed at Broadway theatres alone. The title character is Marguerite Gautier, who is based on Marie Duplessis, the real-life lover of the author.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: Written by Alexandre Dumas "fils" (1824–1895) when he was 23 years old, and first published in 1848, is a semi-autobiographical novel based on the author's brief love affair with a courtesan, Marie Duplessis. Set in mid-19th-century France, the novel tells the tragic love story between fictional characters Marguerite Gautier, a demimondaine or courtesan suffering from consumption, and Armand Duval, a young bourgeois. Marguerite is nicknamed "" () because she wears a red camellia when she is menstruating and unavailable for sex and a white camellia when she is available to her lovers.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: Armand falls in love with Marguerite and ultimately becomes her lover. He convinces her to leave her life as a courtesan and to live with him in the countryside. This idyllic existence is interrupted by Armand's father, who, concerned with the scandal created by the illicit relationship, and fearful that it will destroy Armand's sister's chances of marriage, convinces Marguerite to leave. Until Marguerite is on her deathbed, Armand believes that she left him for another man, known as Count de Giray. He shows up at her side as she is dying, surrounded by her friends, and pledges to love her even after her death.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: The story is narrated after Marguerite's death by two men, Armand and an unnamed frame narrator. Near the beginning of the novel, the narrator finds out that Armand has been sending camellia flowers to Marguerite's grave, to show that his love for her will never die.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: Some scholars believe that both the fictional Marguerite's illness and real life Duplessis's publicized cause of death, "consumption", was a 19th-century euphemism for syphilis, as opposed to the more common meaning of tuberculosis.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: Dumas "fils" is careful to paint a favourable portrait of Marguerite, who despite her past is rendered virtuous by her love for Armand, and the suffering of the two lovers, whose love is shattered by the need to conform to the morals of the times, is rendered touchingly. In contrast to the 's love for Manon in "Manon Lescaut" (1731), a novel by "Abbé" Prévost referenced at the beginning of "", Armand's love is for a woman who is ready to sacrifice her riches and her lifestyle for him, but who is thwarted by the arrival of Armand's father. The novel is also marked by the description of Parisian life during the 19th century and the fragile world of the courtesan.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: Dumas "fils" wrote a stage adaptation that premiered February 2, 1852, at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris. created the role of Marguerite Gautier, opposite Charles Fechter as Armand Duval. "I played the role 617 times," Doche recalled not long before her death in 1900, "and I suppose I could not have played it very badly, since Dumas "fils" wrote in his preface, 'Mme. Doche is not my interpreter, she is my collaborator'."


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: In 1853, Jean Davenport starred in the first American production of the play, a sanitized version that changed the name of the leading character to Camille—a practice adopted by most American actresses playing the role.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: The role of the tragic Marguerite Gautier became one of the most coveted among actresses and included performances by Sarah Bernhardt, Laura Keene, Eleonora Duse, Margaret Anglin, Gabrielle Réjane, Tallulah Bankhead, Lillian Gish, Dolores del Río, Eva Le Gallienne, Isabelle Adjani, Cacilda Becker, and Helena Modjeska. Bernhardt quickly became associated with the role after starring in Camellias in Paris, London, and several Broadway revivals, plus the 1911 film. Dancer/Impresario Ida Rubinstein successfully recreated Bernhardt's interpretation of the role onstage in the mid-1920s, coached by the great actress herself before she died.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: Of all Dumas "fils"'s theatrical works, "La Dame aux Camélias" is the most popular around the world. In 1878, "Scribner's Monthly" reported that "not one other play by Dumas "fils" has been received with favor out of France".


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: The success of the play inspired Giuseppe Verdi to put the story to music. His work became the opera "La traviata", set to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave. On March 6, 1853, La traviata opened in Venice, Italy at the La Fenice opera house. The female protagonist, Marguerite Gautier, is renamed Violetta Valéry, and the male protagonist, Armand Duval, is renamed Alfredo Germont.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: "La Dame aux Camélias" has been adapted for some 20 different motion pictures in numerous countries and in a wide variety of languages. The role of Marguerite Gautier has been played on screen by Sarah Bernhardt, María Félix, Clara Kimball Young, Theda Bara, Yvonne Printemps, Alla Nazimova, Greta Garbo, Micheline Presle, Francesca Bertini, Isabelle Huppert, and others.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: In addition to the "Camille" films, the story has been the adapted into numerous other screen versions:


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: Amongst many adaptations, spin-offs, and parodies, was "Camille", "a travesty on "La Dame aux Camellias" by Charles Ludlam, staged first by his own Ridiculous Theatrical Company in 1973, with Ludlam playing the lead in drag.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: In 1999 Alexia Vassiliou collaborated with composer Aristides Mytaras for the contemporary dance performance, "La Dame aux Camélias" at the Amore Theatre in Athens.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: It is also the inspiration for the 2008 musical "Marguerite", which places the story in 1944 German-occupied France.


title: La Dame aux Camélias

text: In "My Ántonia" by Willa Cather, the characters Jim Burden and Lena Lingard are much moved by a theatrical production of Camille, which they attend in book 3, chapter 3. "Love Story", published by Eric Segal in 1970, has essentially the same plot updated to contemporary New York. The conflict here centres on the relative economic classes of the central characters.


title: Vichitravirya

text: According to the Hindu epic, he is the younger son of Queen Satyavati and King Shantanu, and the de jure grandfather of the Pandavas and the Kauravas. He is also the half-brother of Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa and Bhishma.


title: Vichitravirya

text: Vichitravirya has an elder brother named Chitrāngada, whom his half-brother Bhishma placed on the throne of the kingdom of the Kurus after Shantanu's death; he is a mighty warrior, but the king of the Gandharvas defeats and kills him at the end of a long battle. Thereafter, Bhishma consecrates Vichitravirya, who is still a child, as the new king.


title: Vichitravirya

text: When he had reached manhood, Bhishma marries him to Ambika and Ambalika, the beautiful daughters of the king of Kashi. Vichitravirya loves his wives very much, and is adored by them. But after seven years, he falls ill of consumption, and could not be healed despite the efforts of his friends and physicians. Like his brother Chitrangada, he dies childless. Subsequently, through a niyoga relationship with his half-brother sage Vyasa, his wives and a maid give birth to three children, namely Dhritarashtra, Pandu, and Vidura.


title: Vichitravirya

text: Different texts share different stories surrounding the death of Vichitravirya. According to the Bhagavata Purana, he dies of a heart attack because of his attachment to his wives, Ambika and Ambalika. Vichitravirya was succedded by Pandu and later Dhritrashtra.


title: Vichitravirya

text: A historical Kuru King named Dhritarashtra, son of Vichitravirya, is mentioned in the Kathaka Samhita of the Yajurveda ( 1200–900 BCE) as a descendant of the Rigvedic-era King Sudas of the Bharatas.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Michele Marie MacNeill, "née" Somers, (January 15, 1957 – April 11, 2007) was an American homemaker and model. Michele was married for nearly 30 years to the physician Martin MacNeill and was the mother of eight children. She died in Pleasant Grove, Utah, on April 11, 2007, while at home recovering from cosmetic surgery performed eight days earlier. At her husband's request, the operating surgeon prescribed four medicines for her recovery; two of the drugs, Diazepam and Oxycodone, would not normally be prescribed to his patients.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Michele had been concerned during her recovery that Martin was having an affair and that she had been given medication by him inappropriately. Her daughter Alexis, a medical student at that time, then took responsibility for giving Michele her medicine. Michele recovered sufficiently for Alexis to return to school but Michele died the following day. Initially, police and autopsy reports concluded that Michele died of cardiovascular disease, but after being pressed to review the toxicology report, the state's chief medical examiner found that the combination of medicines in her body could have contributed to cardiac death.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: During the trial, which began on October 17, 2013, Chief Prosecutor Chad Grunander stated, "It was an almost perfect murder, [MacNeill] pumped her full of drugs that he knew would be difficult to detect once she was dead." Martin MacNeill was convicted of Michele's murder and obstruction of justice in a widely publicized case involving marital infidelity, sexual abuse, and outward religious devotion.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Michele Marie Somers was born in 1957, the daughter of Milton and Helen Somers. Michele grew up in Concord, California, where she played violin, acted, and was a cheerleader and homecoming queen. She was a straight-A student, and an active member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Michele was an exchange student in Switzerland, a model, and Miss Concord in 1976.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Michele met Martin MacNeill (born February 1, 1956) at an activity for LDS young adults. Martin had joined the military in 1973 at the age of 17. He was placed on disability leave for mental health reasons in 1975, and received veterans' benefits for years. Michele eloped with Martin, and the couple was married on February 21, 1978. Four months after the marriage, Martin served a six-month jail sentence for forgery, theft, and fraud.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: In 2007, the MacNeill family lived in a gated community in Pleasant Grove, Utah, and were active in their LDS congregation. Michele was the mother of eight children: Rachel, Vanessa, Alexis, Damian, Giselle, Elle, Sabrina, and Ada—the latter four of whom were supposedly adopted from Ukraine. However, although Ada MacNeill was adopted by Michele and Martin, Ada is actually the daughter of Vanessa MacNeill, and Michele and Martin's biological granddaughter.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Martin MacNeill was the medical director of Utah State Development Center in American Fork, Utah. Martin had served as an LDS bishop (lay leader of a congregation). He was formerly a physician practicing in Pleasant Grove, had served in the military, and had received a law degree, though he did not practice law. Investigators later determined that Martin had falsified university transcripts to enter the California medical school where he earned his degree in osteopathic medicine, and also falsified his later application to law school.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: He was reputedly dissatisfied with his marriage, made statements about wanting a divorce, and had extramarital affairs—including a relationship with Gypsy Willis—before and after the death of his wife. Martin and Michele had been married for 29 years, 2 months, and 10 days at the time of her death.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: On January 16, 2010, MacNeill's 24-year-old son, Damian Alexander MacNeill, committed suicide. He was a law student at New York Law School at the time. Prior to Damian's death, the Utah County Attorney's Office sent a letter to New York Law School stating that "investigators in the Utah County Attorney's Office deemed him [Damian] to be a very dangerous individual who possessed homicidal impulses and discussed the 'joys of killing,'" and that "Damian was present in Pleasant Grove on the date of his mother's death."


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: heard Martin threaten to commit suicide many times. In 1994, Martin was accused of having sexual relations with a patient at the BYU Health Center and threatened suicide. According to police reports, Martin MacNeill threatened to kill himself and Michele with a butcher knife in August 2000, after Michele caught him looking at pornography. In 2005, Martin threatened to commit suicide once more when Michele caught him looking at pornography again. In February 2007, Michele confronted Martin repeatedly about her suspicions that he was having an affair. Martin had at least two affairs in the 2005–2007 time frame: one with Anna Osborne Walthall, and another with Gypsy Willis.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: In March 2007, Martin MacNeill presented the idea to Michele of having cosmetic surgery. Michele was reluctant to have the surgery performed in the short term, preferring to postpone the operation for health reasons. She wanted to ensure that her high blood pressure was well under control, and preferred to lose some weight before the surgery. Martin pressed for the surgery, and Michele reportedly agreed to the facelift because she thought it would help her marriage. At Michele's last consultation before surgery, Martin, who was a physician at the time, reportedly gave the plastic surgeon a list of drugs he wanted prescribed to Michele. The surgeon prescribed Lortab, Ambien, Valium, Percocet (Oxycodone), Phenergan, and Keflex. Dr. Scott Thompson, who performed the surgery, admitted that he did not normally prescribe Diazepam (or Valium) and Oxycodone for his patients. The medication was stronger than what the surgeon would normally prescribe.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: The surgery was conducted on April 3, 2007. Michele spent the night in the hospital, and was released on April 4. The following morning, Michele was found to be "unresponsive" by her oldest daughter, Alexis, who was on break from medical school. Her father, Martin, told her that he "probably over-medicated" his wife. Although Michele survived, Alexis then took care of dispensing medicine to her mother during the rest of her stay at her parents' home. According to Alexis, Michele was fearful of Martin's efforts to give her medicine she did not need. On April 6, 2007, Michele told Alexis that “if anything happens to me, make sure it was not your dad.”


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: During the trial, prosecutors contended that MacNeill killed his wife so he could be with his mistress, Gypsy Willis ( Gypsy Jyll Willis, aka Jillian Giselle MacNeill). MacNeill hired Willis as a nanny for his youngest children two weeks after murdering Michele and they were both convicted of identity theft, using the identity of MacNeill's adopted daughter for Willis's benefit. The daughter had been sent back to Ukraine.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: During the weeks leading up to the murder, MacNeill gave the impression that he had contracted a medical condition that required him to walk with a cane. His medical records showed that he had been in good health. Martin MacNeill also "had been collecting veteran benefits for decades, saying in an application he had bipolar or anti-social disorders".


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Alexis returned to medical school on April 10, 2007, believing that her mother's recovery was well under way. The following day, April 11, 2007, Michele MacNeill and Alexis talked at 8:44 a.m. MST and Michele said that she was doing well. At 9:10 a.m., Martin called Alexis asking her to call her mother, saying he was concerned that she wasn't doing well and wasn't getting out of bed.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Michele died at the age of 50 in the bathtub of her home in Pleasant Grove. Although Martin said that he was at work in the morning, he was not seen in public until 11:00 a.m, when he arrived at a local Safety Fair. After picking up his youngest daughter Ada from school at about 11:35 a.m., they arrived back at the home between 11:35 and 11:46 a.m., and Ada found her mother unresponsive, head down in the master bathroom bathtub. Martin ordered his son, Damian MacNeill, or Damian's girlfriend, to get rid of all of Michele's medication, ostensibly to keep the plastic surgery a private matter.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Michele was declared dead later that day. An autopsy was performed, and her cause of death was determined to be cardiovascular disease. Police and autopsy reports concluded that Michele's death was accidental and of natural causes.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: The children of Michele and Martin MacNeill questioned their mother's cause of death, and pressed for a review of the toxicology report. In addition, in September 2007, Linda Cluff, Michele's sister, wrote a letter to the then governor of Utah, Jon Huntsman, and the Utah County Attorney's Office asking them to investigate Michele's death. Dr. Todd Grey, the State of Utah's chief medical examiner, performed the review, and found that none of the medicines found in her body were at toxic levels, but that the combination of Promethazine (Phenergan), Zolpidem (Ambien), Diazepam (Valium) and Oxycodone (Percocet) "could have led to sedation and heart arrhythmia, resulting in cardiac death". Because of Grey's report, her manner of death was changed on October 6, 2010, to "undetermined" and the cause to "combined effects of heart disease and drug toxicity". It was noted that Michele would not have been able to administer the medication to herself.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: Michele's memorial service was held on April 14, 2007, at the church located adjacent to the Mt. Timpanogos Temple. Martin spoke at the service and rather than focus on Michele he talked about how life had been unfair to him.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: In 2009, Martin was sentenced to four years in prison for federal identity theft charges. He had used the identifying information from his adopted daughter Giselle to obtain false legal documents for his girlfriend Gypsy Willis in Giselle's name. His stated motive was tax evasion, as Willis owed substantial sums to the Internal Revenue Service and Martin wished to avoid any possible liability for these debts. He was released from prison on the identity theft charges in July 2012, whereupon Utah county officials announced that Martin was a suspect in the murder of his wife.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: In 2011, Willis was sentenced to three years' probation for her part in the identity theft scheme, with credit for 180 days in jail awaiting trial.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: On August 24, 2012, the Utah County Attorney's Office charged Martin with murdering Michele. Martin's trial began on October 17, 2013. Martin MacNeill pleaded not guilty, claiming his wife died due to accidental death. Medical examiners did not rule that her death was the result of murder, but prosecutors convinced the jury that Martin MacNeill was responsible for killing his wife by drowning and prescription drugs. The arrest warrant stated that earlier in his life, MacNeill had attempted to murder his mother and had killed his brother, Rufus Roy MacNeill, who had been found dead in a bathtub. MacNeill had not been tried for his brother's death.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: After the prosecution filed a motion to ban camera coverage of the trial, the Utah 4th District Court, upholding a state rule which went into effect on April 1, ruled that the trial could be broadcast and live-streamed—the first in Utah history. Coverage would exclude video of testimony by federal inmates who feared retaliation.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: The 22-day trial was litigated by Chief Prosecutor Chad Grunander, and Martin MacNeill's defense team included Randall Spencer and Susanne Gustin. In his closing statement to the jury, Grunander stated, "It was an almost perfect murder, [MacNeill] pumped her full of drugs that he knew would be difficult to detect once she was dead." During the trial, a previous mistress of Martin MacNeill testified that MacNeill had stated that there was a way to kill a person that would appear to be a natural heart attack. Fellow inmates claimed that MacNeill had claimed he killed his wife, but it could not be proven.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: The defense claimed that Michele MacNeill had overdosed on her prescribed medication and fallen into the bathtub and drowned. The jury deliberated for 11 hours and on November 9, 2013, found MacNeill guilty of the first degree murder of his wife, Michele, on April 11, 2007. He was also convicted by the Provo, Utah, jury of obstruction of justice for hindering the investigation of his wife's murder by attempting to make Michele's death appear accidental. The murder conviction carries a term of fifteen years to life, with an additional one to 15 years for obstruction.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: On December 6, 2013, it was reported that he had attempted suicide while in jail. In addition to the murder trial, Martin was found guilty of forcible sexual abuse of his daughter, Alexis Somers, and was sentenced for one to 15 years for that crime.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: On September 19, 2014, MacNeill was sentenced to a minimum of 15 years up to life in prison for his first-degree murder conviction plus another term of one to 15 years for his conviction on obstruction of justice charges. Since Fourth District Judge Derek Pullan made the murder and obstruction sentences consecutive to the sexual abuse sentence, MacNeill would not have been eligible for parole for at least 17 years (about September 19, 2031).


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: MacNeill, 60, committed suicide in prison on April 9, 2017, two-and-a-half years into his sentence. He was found lifeless on an outside yard near the prison's greenhouse. According to the report from the Unified Police Department, MacNeill used a hose and a natural gas line that was providing fuel for a heater for the greenhouse to kill himself.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: The television talk show series "Dr. Phil" episode "The Doctor, His Wife, His Mistress, the Murder" (season 12, episode 51; air date: November 19, 2013, lay summary) interviewed Gypsy Willis, the mistress of the former doctor convicted for his wife's murder. Willis discusses the affair, the crime along with her own 2009 conviction of fraud.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: The South Korean variety program "Crime Scene" adapted aspects of the Michele MacNeill case for an episode in 2014.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: The crime documentary series "Corrupt Crimes" released the episode of the MacNeill murder, subtitled "Corrupt Crimes: The Makeover Murder" (season 2, episode 48; air date: June 30, 2017). The episode details the former beauty queen's death and the years of her sister and daughter's persistence to re-examine her death. Their commitment finally leads officials to request her cause of death to be The toxicology report reveals lethal levels of painkillers at the time of death, leading to Martin MacNeill's arrest, conviction and sentencing for the murder of his wife of 30 years.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: "Dateline NBC" aired an episode entitled "Secrets in Pleasant Grove" on July 27, 2018. It was episode 60 of season 26.


title: Murder of Michele MacNeill

text: "The Good Father" aired on Lifetime in October 2, dramatizing the case as "based on true story". Charisma Carpenter starred as Michele Macneill.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: In-Q-Tel (IQT), formerly Peleus and In-Q-It, is an American not-for-profit venture capital firm based in Arlington, Virginia. It invests in high-tech companies to keep the Central Intelligence Agency, and other intelligence agencies, equipped with the latest in information technology in support of United States intelligence capability. The name "In-Q-Tel" is an intentional reference to Q, the fictional inventor who supplies technology to James Bond.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: In-Q-Tel has stated that the average dollar invested by In-Q-Tel in 2016 attracts fifteen dollars from other investors.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: Originally named Peleus and known as In-Q-It, In-Q-Tel was founded by Norm Augustine, a former CEO of Lockheed Martin, and by Gilman Louie, who was In-Q-Tel's first CEO. In-Q-Tel's mission is to identify and invest in companies developing cutting-edge technologies that serve United States national security interests. According to the Washington post, In-Q-Tel started as the idea of then CIA director George Tenet. Congress approved funding for In-Q-Tel, which was increased in later years. Origins of the corporation can also be traced to Ruth A. David, who headed the Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology in the 1990s and promoted the importance of rapidly advancing information technology for the CIA. In-Q-Tel now engages with entrepreneurs, growth companies, researchers, and venture capitalists to deliver technologies that provide superior capabilities for the CIA, DIA, NGA, and the wider intelligence community. In-Q-Tel concentrates on three broad commercial technology areas: software, infrastructure and materials sciences.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: We [the CIA] decided to use our limited dollars to leverage technology developed elsewhere. In 1999 we chartered ... In-Q-Tel. ... While we pay the bills, In-Q-Tel is independent of CIA. CIA identifies pressing problems, and In-Q-Tel provides the technology to address them. The In-Q-Tel alliance has put the Agency back at the leading edge of technology ... This ... collaboration ... enabled CIA to take advantage of the technology that Las Vegas uses to identify corrupt card players and apply it to link analysis for terrorists [cf. the parallel data-mining effort by the SOCOM-DIA operation Able Danger], and to adapt the technology that online booksellers use and convert it to scour millions of pages of documents looking for unexpected results.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: In-Q-Tel sold 5,636 shares of Google, worth over $2.2 million, on November 15, 2005. The shares were a result of Google's acquisition of Keyhole, Inc, the CIA-funded satellite mapping software now known as Google Earth.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: In August 2006, In-Q-Tel had reviewed more than 5,800 business plans and invested approximately $150 million in more than 90 companies. In 2016, it was funded with at least $120 million per year primarily from the CIA, as well as the NSA, FBI, and US Defense Department.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: As of 2016, In-Q-Tel listed 325 investments, but more than 100 were kept secret, according to the Washington Post. The absence of disclosure can be due to national-security concerns or simply because a startup company doesn’t want its financial ties to intelligence publicized.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: In-Q-Tel is a Virginia-registered corporation, legally independent of the CIA or any other government agency. The corporation is bound by its Charter agreement and annual contract with the CIA, which set out the relationship between the two organizations. In-Q-Tel's mission to support the Intelligence Community's technical needs is promoted by the In-Q-Tel Interface Center (QIC), an office within the CIA that facilitates communication and relationships between In-Q-Tel and government intelligence organizations. While In-Q-Tel is a nonprofit corporation, it differs from IARPA and other models in that its employees and trustees can profit from its investment. A Wall Street Journal investigation found that in 2016, nearly half of In-Q-Tel's trustees had a financial connection with a company the corporation had funded.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: In-Q-Tel's current president and CEO is Christopher A. R. Darby. The chairman of the board is Michael M. Crow.


title: In-Q-Tel

text: In-Q-Tel functions partially in public; however, what products it has and how they are used is strictly secret. According to "The Washington Post", "virtually any U.S. entrepreneur, inventor or research scientist working on ways to analyze data has probably received a phone call from In-Q-Tel or at least been Googled by its staff of technology-watchers."


title: In-Q-Tel

text: Numerous noteworthy business and intelligence community professionals have been involved with In-Q-Tel at various times, including the following:


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Anthony Tyrone "Tony" Evans (born September 10, 1949) is an American Christian pastor, speaker, author, and widely syndicated radio and television broadcaster in the United States. Evans serves as senior pastor to the over-9,500-member Oak Cliff Bible Fellowship in Dallas, Texas.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: In 1973, at the age of 24, Tony Evans was contacted by a radio show producer from Houston (KHCB). This man had contacted Dallas Theological Seminary, where Tony was a junior in the Th.M. program, asking for great preaching content to put on his program for free. One of Tony’s professors recommended him. Thus began the public broadcasting of Dr. Tony Evans. Recorded in a tiny studio on the seminary campus, Tony spent the next few years faithfully preaching into a microphone for a crowd unseen in Houston.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Nearly a decade later, The Urban Alternative was formed in 1981 when requests for Dr. Evans’ sermons came in so frequently from his Houston and Dallas radio broadcasts that Mrs. Lois Evans, co-founder of the ministry, began fulfilling orders. Mrs. Evans used her business skills to organize, develop and expand the outreach and growth of the ministry.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: In 1986, Tony was invited to preach at the National Religious Broadcasters annual conference. This drew enormous attention and encouragement to expand the ministry even further.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Not too long after that appearance at NRB, radio stations began to air Dr. Evans’ program. Under the leadership of Dr. Lois Evans, Senior Vice-President of TUA, the radio ministry grew nationally and internationally. The reach of Tony’s preaching now spans the world, with his broadcasts airing on over 1,400 radio outlets and in over 130 countries, reaching millions each week.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Evans earned a BA at Carver College in 1972, a Th.M. in 1976, and a Th.D. at Dallas Theological Seminary in 1982.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Evans founded the Oak Cliff Bible Fellowship in Dallas, Texas, in 1976 with 10 members meeting at his home. He also founded The Urban Alternative, a national organization that seeks to restore hope and transform lives through the proclamation and the application of the Word of God. The Urban Alternative radio broadcast, "The Alternative with Dr. Tony Evans", can be heard over 1,400 outlets daily throughout the U.S. and in over 130 countries worldwide.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Evans has served as chaplain for the NFL's Dallas Cowboys and is a former NBA chaplain with the Dallas Mavericks.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: He taught evangelism, homiletics, and black church studies at Dallas Theological Seminary, and serves on its Board of Incorporate Members.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Evans was named one of the 12 Most Effective Preachers in the English-Speaking World by Baylor University.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: In 2017, Evans launched the Tony Evans Training Center, an online learning platform providing seminary-style courses to equip Christian leaders who cannot attend a seminary.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Evans holds the honor of writing and publishing the first full-Bible commentary and study Bible by an African American. He is also the author of over 100 books, including "Oneness Embraced", "The Kingdom Agenda", "Kingdom Man", "The Tony Evans Study Bible", and "The Tony Evans Bible Commentary".


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Evans was married to his late wife Lois Irene Evans. Their marriage produced four children: Chrystal, Priscilla, Anthony Jr., and Jonathan. They also have 13 grandchildren and four great-grandchildren.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: His oldest child, Chrystal Hurst, is a worship leader, Christian speaker, and writer. She co-authored the book "Kingdom Woman" with her father. She has also written books titled "She's Still There" and "Show Up For Your Life".


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: His daughter Priscilla Shirer is a New York Times Best-Selling Author, Christian speaker, and founder of Going Beyond Ministries.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: His son Anthony Jr. is a contemporary-Christian musical artist. He has collaborated with Grammy Award-winning singer Kirk Franklin and was a contestant on season two of The Voice.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Evans' son Jonathan was a professional football player in the National Football League. He played fullback for the Buffalo Bills, the Washington Redskins, and the Dallas Cowboys. Jonathan is the current chaplain of the Dallas Cowboys.


title: Tony Evans (pastor)

text: Evans is a registered Republican in Texas. In 2012 he publicly criticized President Barack Obama for his support of same-sex marriage.


title: Roundhay Garden Scene

text: Roundhay Garden Scene is a short silent motion picture filmed by French inventor Louis Le Prince at Oakwood Grange in Roundhay, Leeds, in the north of England on 14 October 1888. It is believed to be the oldest surviving film. The camera used was patented in the United Kingdom on 16 November 1888.


title: Roundhay Garden Scene

text: According to Le Prince's son, Adolphe, "Roundhay Garden Scene" was made at Oakwood Grange, the home of Joseph and Sarah Whitley, in Roundhay, Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, Northern England, on 14 October 1888. The footage features Adolphe, his mother-in-law Sarah Whitley (née Robinson, 1816–1888), his father-in-law Joseph Whitley (1817–1891) and Annie Hartley in the garden of Oakwood Grange, leisurely walking around the garden of the premises. Sarah is seen walkingor dancingbackward as she turns around, and Joseph's coattails are seen flying as he also is turning. Joseph and Sarah Whitley were the parents of Le Prince's wife, Elizabeth. Annie Hartley is believed to be a friend of Le Prince and his wife. Sarah Whitley died ten days after the scene was filmed.


title: Roundhay Garden Scene

text: Oakwood Grange was demolished in 1972 and was replaced with modern housing; the only remains of it are the garden walls at the end of Oakwood Grange Lane. The adjacent stately home, Oakwood Hall, still remains as a nursing home.


title: Roundhay Garden Scene

text: "Roundhay Garden Scene" was recorded on Eastman Kodak paper base photographic film using Le Prince's single-lens camera. In the 1930s, the National Science Museum (NSM) in London produced a photographic glass plate copy of 20 surviving frames from the original negative, before it was lost. The copied frames were later printed on 35 mm film. Adolphe stated that the "Roundhay Garden" sequence was shot at 12 frames per second (fps) and a second film, "Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge", at 20 fps; however, this is not borne out by analysis of the film, which suggests a frame rate of 7 fps for both, which was the speed of reproduction used in the 2015 documentary film about Le Prince, "The First Film".


title: Stark Industries

text: Stark Industries, later also known as Stark International, Stark Innovations, Stark Enterprises and Stark Resilient, is a fictional company appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The company is depicted as being owned and run by businessman and namesake Tony Stark, who is also known as Iron Man. It first appeared in "Tales of Suspense" No. 40 (April 1963) and was founded by Tony's father, Howard Stark. According to Forbes 25's "Largest Fictional Companies" it had an estimated sales of $20.3 billion, ranking it at number 16.


title: Stark Industries

text: In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Stark Industries has a logo modeled after the defense contractor Lockheed Martin and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange as SIA. During the press conference scene, Stark is seen entering a building that resembles the entrance to Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works facility. An airplane extremely similar to the Lockheed YF-22 stood as a statue in front of the Stark Industries facility, exactly like the prototypes on display at Skunk Works facility in Palmdale, California.


title: Stark Industries

text: Stark Industries was founded by Isaac Stark, Sr. in the 19th century and later taken over by Howard Stark and then by his son Tony, after his death. Over the years, through bankruptcy, Tony's "death", Tony's return and hostile takeovers, the company has gone through many name changes including Stark International (later Stane International), Stark Enterprises, Stark/Fujikawa and Stark Solutions.


title: Stark Industries

text: Stark Industries is primarily a defense company that develops and manufactures advanced weapons and military technologies. The company manufactures the armor worn by Iron Man and War Machine. It builds the helicarriers used by S.H.I.E.L.D, and it produces the Quinjets used by the Avengers


title: Stark Industries

text: Originally Stark Industries, the name was changed when the company ceased manufacturing munitions, with Tony handing over the CEO position to Pepper Potts. Eventually, the company was taken over by Obadiah Stane after a hostile takeover and he renamed it Stane International.


title: Stark Industries

text: After driving Tony Stark back to alcoholism, Obadiah Stane wrested control of Stark International from James Rhodes after a hostile takeover and renamed the company after himself. Stane renewed the munitions manufacturing. However, after Stane was killed, the company was run by a mysterious cartel which was eventually bought out and reabsorbed by Stark Enterprises.


title: Stark Industries

text: After regaining his personal fortune following Obadiah Stane's death, Tony established a new company, Stark Enterprises, in Los Angeles.


title: Stark Industries

text: Created by a merger of Stark Enterprises and Fujikawa Industries following apparent death of Iron Man/Anthony Stark.


title: Stark Industries

text: The fifth company run/owned by Tony Stark and was founded after his return from another dimension. It was shut down by Tony after he was defamed by Tiberius Stone who was subliminally influencing him.


title: Stark Industries

text: The sixth company owned/run by/founded by Tony Stark and was set up after the closure of Stark Solutions. After the events of "The Five Nightmares" and "World Most Wanted" story arcs, Stark Industries went bankrupt and eventually closed down. It was also known as Stark International, both names formerly used in previous incarnations of the company. Its logo being the same as the S.I. Logo in the "Iron Man" film series.


title: Stark Industries

text: In "Marvel 2099" (an alternate future reality set in the year 2099), Stark Fujikawa is a major corporate power, alongside Roxxon. The only known staff members are Hikaru-Sama and Shudo


title: Stark Industries

text: Stark Industries also appears in the Ultimate universe, as it keeps mostly the same origin as spawned outta Howard Stark's defense company. As well as Stark International in the Ultimate Comics as a competitor to Mandarin International.


title: Stark Industries

text: Stark Global Solutions Headquarters also appears as a separate company operated in Singapore owned by Tony Stark's older brother Dr. .


title: Stark Industries

text: In the alternate future reality of "MC2", the company is known as Stark Global Industries and is owned and run by Tony Stark.


title: Stark Industries

text: In a What If story, the company is known as "Stark Interplanetary" and was the creators of the Irondroids


title: Stark Industries

text: In the world of Amalgam Comics, the company is known as Stark Aircraft (itself a merger between Stark Industries and Ferris Aircraft). The only known employees are Janice Doremus, Pepper Ferris, Happy Kalmaku, Stewart Rhodes, Hal Stark.


title: Stark Industries

text: In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Stark Industries is headed by Tony Stark and has a significant influence in both the films and television series.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: Roy Anthony Hargrove (October 16, 1969 – November 2, 2018) was an American jazz musician and composer whose principal instruments were the trumpet and flugelhorn. He achieved worldwide acclaim after winning two Grammy Awards for differing styles of jazz in 1998 and 2002. Hargrove primarily played in the hard bop style for the majority of his albums, but also had a penchant for genre-crossing exploration and collaboration with a variety of hip hop, soul, R&B and alternative rock artists. As Hargrove told one reporter, "I've been around all kinds of musicians, and if a cat can play, a cat can play. If it's gospel, funk, R&B, jazz or hip-hop, if it's something that gets in your ear and it's good, that’s what matters."


title: Roy Hargrove

text: Hargrove was born in Waco, Texas, to Roy Allan Hargrove and Jacklyn Hargrove. When he was 9, his family moved to Dallas, Texas. He took lessons at school initially on cornet before turning to trumpet. He was discovered by Wynton Marsalis when Marsalis visited the Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Dallas. One of his most profound early influences was a visit to his junior high school by saxophonist David "Fathead" Newman, who performed as a sideman in Ray Charles's Band. Hargrove’s junior high music teacher, Dean Hill, whom Hargrove called his “musical father,” taught him to improvise and solo. Hargrove credited trumpeter Freddie Hubbard as having the greatest influence on his sound.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: Hargrove spent a year (1988–1989) studying at Boston's Berklee College of Music but could more often be found playing in New York City jam sessions. He transferred to the New School in New York. His first studio recording there was with saxophonist Bobby Watson for Watson's album "No Question About It". Shortly thereafter, Hargrove recorded with the band Superblue featuring Watson, Mulgrew Miller, Frank Lacy, Don Sickler and Kenny Washington.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: In 1990, Hargrove released his debut solo album, "Diamond in the Rough", on the Novus/RCA label. This album, and the three succeeding recordings Hargrove made for Novus with his quintet, were among the most commercially successful jazz recordings of the early 1990s and made him one of jazz's in-demand players.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: As a side project to his solo and quintet recordings, Hargrove also was the leader of The Jazz Networks, an ensemble of American and Japanese musicians which released 5 albums between 1992 and 1996 and featured other notable jazz artists, including Antonio Hart, Rodney Whitaker and Joshua Redman.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: Hargrove topped the category "Rising Star–Trumpet" in the "DownBeat" Critics Poll in 1991, 1992 and 1993. During this time in his early career, Hargrove was known as one of the “Young Lions,” a group of rising jazz musicians — including, among others, Marcus Roberts, Mark Whitfield and Christian McBride — who, embracing the foundations of jazz, played principally bebop, hard bop and the Great American Songbook standards. Hargrove, along with other of the "Young Lions," formed an all-star band in 1991 called The Jazz Futures, which released one critically-acclaimed album "Live in Concert" before going their separate ways.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: In 1993, the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra commissioned Hargrove to compose an original jazz suite, and he premiered "The Love Suite: In Mahogany" at Lincoln Center with his sextet that year.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: In 1994, Hargrove moved to Verve and recorded "With the Tenors of Our Time", with Joe Henderson, Stanley Turrentine, Johnny Griffin, Joshua Redman, and Branford Marsalis. He followed with "Family" in 1995, and then experimented with a trio format that same year on the album "Parker's Mood," with bassist Christian McBride and pianist Stephen Scott. The Penguin Jazz Guide identifies Parker’s Mood as one of the “1001 Best Albums” in the history of the genre.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: In 1995, Hargrove first assembled the Roy Hargrove Big Band to perform at the Panasonic Jazz Festival in New York. The band would go on to perform worldwide and feature big band arrangements of Hargrove's own compositions as well as his favorite songs by respected contemporaries.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: Hargrove won the Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album in 1998 for "Habana" with Crisol, an Afro-Cuban band that he founded. He won his second Grammy for Best Jazz Instrumental Album in 2002 for "" with co-leaders Herbie Hancock and Michael Brecker. Hargrove was nominated for four other Grammy Awards during his career.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hargrove was also a member of the Soulquarians, a collective of experimental jazz, hip hop and soul artists that included Questlove, D’Angelo, Common and others.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: In 2000, Hargrove added jazz and funk-influenced horns in support of D'Angelo on his Grammy-winning album "Voodoo". Hargrove also performed the music of Louis Armstrong in Roz Nixon's musical production "Dedicated To Louis Armstrong" as part of the Verizon Jazz Festival. In 2002, he collaborated with D'Angelo and Macy Gray, the Soultronics, and Nile Rodgers, on two tracks for "Red Hot & Riot", a compilation album in tribute to the music of afrobeat pioneer Fela Kuti. He acted as sideman for jazz pianist Shirley Horn and spoken-word artist Common on the album "Like Water for Chocolate" and in 2002 with singer Erykah Badu on "Worldwide Underground".


title: Roy Hargrove

text: From 2003 to 2006, Hargrove released three albums as the leader of The RH Factor, a group that blended jazz, soul, hip hop and funk idioms. The band's second album, "Strength," was nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best Contemporary Jazz Album."


title: Roy Hargrove

text: After signing with Universal/EmArcy in 2008, Hargrove released a quintet album, "Earfood," which Jazziz selected as one of the 5 “essential albums” of that year. He then followed in 2009 with "Emergence," recorded with the Roy Hargrove Big Band; he received a Grammy nomination for "Best Improvised Jazz Solo" for his performance on the track "Ms. Garvey, Ms. Garvey" on that album. From 2009 until his death in 2018, Hargrove appeared as a sideman on recordings by Jimmy Cobb, Roy Haynes, Cyrille Aimée, The 1975, D’Angelo and others.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: In addition to the accolades he garnered on trumpet, music critics also praised Hargrove’s tone on flugelhorn and gifted ways with a ballad. As the Chicago Tribune observed in 2010, "it's Hargrove's ballad playing that tends to win hearts, which is what happened every time he picked up his flugelhorn. We've been hearing Hargrove spin silk on this instrument for a couple of decades now, yet one still marvels at the poetry of his tone, the incredible slowness of his vibrato and the arching lyricism of his phrases."


title: Roy Hargrove

text: Over his 30-year career, Hargrove composed and recorded several original compositions, one of which, "Strasbourg-St. Denis", has been characterized as reaching the status of a jazz standard.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: In July 2021, nearly three years after his death, Hargrove’s estate released via Resonance Records the double-album "In Harmony", a live duet recording made in 2006 and 2007 with pianist Mulgrew Miller. Slate selected "In Harmony" as one of the best jazz albums of 2021. The Académie du Jazz awarded "In Harmony" its prize for "Best Reissue or Best Unpublished" album of 2021.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: In June 2022, the documentary "Hargrove", filmed during the final year of his life, debuted at the Tribeca Film Festival. Hargrove's estate issued a statement objecting to the film as not what he had envisioned when agreeing to participate.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: A quiet and retiring person in life, Hargrove struggled with kidney failure. He died at the age of 49 of cardiac arrest brought on by kidney disease on November 2, 2018, while hospitalized in New Jersey. According to his long-time manager, Larry Clothier, Hargrove had been on dialysis for the last 14 years of his life. He is survived by his wife, Aida Brandes-Hargrove, and daughter, Kamala Hargrove, who in 2020 launched the company Roy Hargrove Legacy LLC to preserve and extend his legacy.


title: Roy Hargrove

text: With Antonio Hart, Benny Green, Carl Allen, Christian McBride, Mark Whitfield, Marlon Jordan, Tim Warfield


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Sen Yung, later known professionally as Victor Sen Young (born Sen Yew Cheung; October 18, 1914 – c. November 9, 1980); one source lists his given name as Victor Cheung Young with the birth year 1915)) was an American character actor, best known for playing Jimmy Chan in the Charlie Chan films and Hop Sing in the western series "Bonanza". He was born in San Francisco, California to Gum Yung Sen and his first wife, both immigrants from China.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: When his mother died during the flu epidemic of 1919, his father placed Victor and his younger sister, Rosemary, in a children's shelter, and returned to his homeland to seek another wife. He returned in 1922 with his new wife, Lovi Shee, once again forming a household with his two children.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Sen Yung made his first significant acting debut in the 1938 film "Charlie Chan in Honolulu", as the Chinese detective's "number two son", Jimmy Chan. In this movie, Sidney Toler replaced the recently deceased Warner Oland as Charlie Chan and Sen Yung replaced Oland's "number one son" Lee, who had been played by Keye Luke. Luke left the series in 1938, leading to the need for a "number two son". Sen Yung played Jimmy Chan in 11 Charlie Chan films between 1938 and 1942. Sen Yung played the character of Jimmy Chan very much as Luke played Lee Chan, namely as the bumbling, Americanized son who constantly hinders his father's work. The cultural clash between Chan "père", a Chinese immigrant whose values were fundamentally those of China as expressed in his amusing pseudo-Confucian aphorisms vs. his well meaning, but inept Americanized sons gave the series much of its appeal, together with the fact that for all of Charlie Chan's putdowns of his sons there was a genuine paternal love and warmth being expressed.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Moonlighting from the popular Chan series, Sen Yung won critical acclaim playing the nuanced role of Ong Chi Seng, a young attorney assisting Howard Joyce (played by James Stephenson), defending Leslie Crosbie (played by Bette Davis), accused of murder in the classic Warner Bros. film noir melodrama, "The Letter" (1940), directed by William Wyler. In common with other Chinese-American actors, Sen Yung was cast in Japanese parts during World War II, such as his role as the treacherous Japanese-American Joe Totsuiko in the 1942 Humphrey Bogart film "Across the Pacific".


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: During World War II he joined the U.S. Army Air Forces just as his erstwhile co-star Sidney Toler was set to revive the dormant Charlie Chan series at Monogram Pictures. According to author James L. Neibaur, Sen Yung's military obligations forced him to decline rejoining the series immediately, but Monogram gave him a standing invitation to work there when his tour of duty was up. He was temporarily replaced in the Charlie Chan series by Benson Fong, who played "number three son" Tommy Chan (and once by Keye Luke's real-life brother, Edwin Luke, as "number four son" Eddie Chan). Sen Yung's military service included work in training films at the First Motion Picture Unit and a role in the Army Air Forces' play and film "Winged Victory".


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: In 1946 Sen Yung resumed his Hollywood career at Monogram, now billed as Victor Sen Young and reunited with Sidney Toler. Toler's health was failing; Monogram was conserving Toler's waning energy, limiting his scenes and giving him long rest periods during filming. To relieve the burden on Toler, Monogram entrusted much of the action to Victor Sen Young; he and either Mantan Moreland or Willie Best shared much of the footage in Toler's final three films, "Dangerous Money", "Shadows Over Chinatown", and "The Trap". The addition of Moreland as Chan's black chauffeur, Birmingham Brown, reflected the fact that by this time the Chan pictures had a significant following among black Americans, who liked a film series that for once did not feature a white hero. Moreland's popularity in the Chan pictures was so great that he was booked for a nationwide vaudeville tour, forcing him to be replaced in "Dangerous Money" by Willie Best.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Following Toler's death in 1947, Victor Sen Young appeared in five of the remaining six Charlie Chan features. His character "Jimmy" was renamed "Tommy" (author Scott MacGillivray contends that "Jimmy" was so closely associated with Sidney Toler that audiences would miss seeing Toler opposite him, resulting in Monogram making the change).


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Victor Sen Young continued to work in motion pictures and television, in roles ranging from featured players (affable or earnest Asian characters) to bit roles (clerks, houseboys, waiters, etc.). He was cast as the compassionate Chinese restaurant owner "Quong Kee" in Tombstone, Arizona, in the 1957 episode, "Quong Kee", of the syndicated television anthology series "Death Valley Days", hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story, an aging Quong Kee recalls how in 1881 he brought together the Bostonians Art Gresham (Walter Kelley) and his mother (played by Mary Newton) with the saloon musician Ann Bailey (Eugenia Paul), who after a topsy-turvy romance became Mrs. Art Gresham.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Arguably even more than for his work in the Charlie Chan films, Victor Sen Yung is well remembered as "Hop Sing," the irascible cook and general factotum on the iconic television series "Bonanza", appearing in 109 episodes between 1959 and 1973.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: "Bonanza" series creator David Dortort told the Archive of American Television that the "Hop Sing" character generated massive fandom - "Victor was just absolutely delightful. He loved the part; he loved doing it. In fact, he began to develop fans, to the extent that I wrote him in as the featured part in a number of shows.”


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: In "Bachelor Father" (1957-62), Victor Sen Yung had a recurring role as the scheming "Uncle Charlie", a character that Asian rights activist Guy Aoki commends as "a slick, Americanized character. I thought it was great that way back in the ’50s, audiences saw a Chinese American who acted just like anyone else."


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: In the early 1970s, Sen Yung had a recurring role in seven episodes of the tv series "Kung Fu", which starred David Carradine as a Shaolin monk, also in the Old West.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Sen Yung was also an accomplished and talented chef. He frequently appeared on cooking programs, and authored "The Great Wok Cookbook" in 1974.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: In 1972, Sen Young was on Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 710, which was hijacked. The FBI stormed the plane, and in the ensuing gunfire Sen Young was shot in the lower back. He and another wounded passenger survived, but a third passenger and the two hijackers were killed.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: In 1975, he appeared on Garry Moore's "To Tell The Truth" and related the events of the hijacking. With Sen Young dressed in a sportcoat and flanked by two dissimilar imposters, none of the four panelists chose him as the character actor.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Victor Sen Young died in his North Hollywood home in 1980. The actor, who ran a small mail-order Chinese pottery business, was creating clayware and curing the items with an oven, and died of natural gas poisoning from a gas leak. His body was found November 9, but he had reportedly been dead at least ten days, from possibly around October 31.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: Some reports suggested that he was murdered, but police ultimately ruled the death accidental. The eulogy at his funeral was given by fellow "Bonanza" actor Pernell Roberts, who also paid the funeral expenses.


title: Victor Sen Yung

text: The Victor Sen Young memorial scholarship is awarded each year by the Chinese Alumni Association of the University of California, Berkeley, where Sen Young majored in animal husbandry.


title: 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

text: The Tybee Island mid-air collision was an incident on February 5, 1958, in which the United States Air Force lost a Mark 15 nuclear bomb in the waters off Tybee Island near Savannah, Georgia, United States. During a practice exercise, an F-86 fighter plane collided with the B-47 bomber carrying the bomb. To protect the aircrew from a possible detonation in the event of a crash, the bomb was jettisoned. Following several unsuccessful searches, the bomb was presumed lost somewhere in Wassaw Sound off the shores of Tybee Island.


title: 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

text: The B-47 bomber was on a simulated combat mission from Homestead Air Force Base in Florida. It was carrying a single bomb. At about 2:00 a.m., an F-86 fighter collided with the B-47. The F-86 crashed after the pilot ejected from the plane. The damaged B-47 remained airborne, plummeting from when the pilot, Colonel Howard Richardson, regained flight control.


title: 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

text: The crew requested permission to jettison the bomb, in order to reduce weight and prevent the bomb from exploding during an emergency landing. Permission was granted, and the bomb was jettisoned at while the bomber was traveling at about . The crew did not see an explosion when the bomb struck the sea. They managed to land the B-47 safely at the nearest base, Hunter Air Force Base. Colonel Richardson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross after this incident.


title: 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

text: Some sources describe the bomb as a functional nuclear weapon, but others describe it as disabled. If it had a plutonium nuclear core installed, it was a fully functional weapon. If it had a dummy core installed, it was incapable of producing a nuclear explosion but could still produce a conventional explosion. The 12-foot (4 m) long Mark 15 bomb weighs and bears the serial number 47782. It contains of conventional high explosives and highly enriched uranium. The Air Force maintains that its "nuclear capsule" (physics package), used to initiate the nuclear reaction, was removed before its flight aboard the B-47. As noted in the Atomic Energy Commission "Form AL-569 Temporary Custodian Receipt (for maneuvers)", signed by the aircraft commander, the bomb contained a simulated cap made of lead. However, according to 1966 Congressional testimony by Assistant Secretary of Defense W.J. Howard, the Tybee Island bomb was a "complete weapon, a bomb with a nuclear capsule" and one of two weapons lost that contained a plutonium trigger. Nevertheless, a study of the Strategic Air Command documents indicates that Alert Force test flights in February 1958 with the older Mark 15 payloads were not authorized to fly with nuclear capsules on board. Such approval was pending deployment of safer "sealed-pit nuclear capsule" weapons, which did not begin deployment until June 1958.


title: 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

text: Starting on February 6, 1958, the Air Force 2700th Explosive Ordnance Disposal Squadron and 100 Navy personnel equipped with hand-held sonar and galvanic drag and cable sweeps mounted a search. On April 16, the military announced the search had been unsuccessful. Based on a hydrologic survey in 2001, the bomb was thought by the Department of Energy to lie buried under of silt at the bottom of Wassaw Sound.


title: 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

text: In 2004, retired Air Force Lt. Colonel Derek Duke claimed to have narrowed the possible resting spot of the bomb down to a small area approximately the size of a football field. He and his partner located the area by trawling in their boat with a Geiger counter in tow. Secondary radioactive particles four times naturally occurring levels were detected and mapped, and the site of radiation origination triangulated. An Air Force nuclear weapons adviser speculated that the source of the radiation was natural, originating from monazite deposits.


title: 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

text: As of 2007, no undue levels of unnatural radioactive contamination have been detected in the regional Upper Floridan aquifer by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (over and above the already high levels thought to be due to monazite, a locally occurring mineral that is naturally radioactive).


title: 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision

text: In February 2015, a fake news web site ran an article stating that the bomb was found by vacationing Canadian divers and that the bomb had since been removed from the bay. The fake story spread widely via social media.


title: Bosman ruling

text: Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman (1995) C-415/93 (known as the Bosman ruling) is a 1995 European Court of Justice decision concerning freedom of movement for workers, freedom of association, and direct effect of article 39 (now article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) of the TEC. The case was an important decision on the free movement of labour and had a profound effect on the transfers of footballers—and by extension players of other professional sports—within the European Union (EU).


title: Bosman ruling

text: The decision banned restrictions on foreign EU players within national leagues and allowed players in the EU to move to another club at the end of a contract without a transfer fee being paid.


title: Bosman ruling

text: The ruling was made in a consolidation of three separate legal cases, all involving Belgian player Jean-Marc Bosman:


title: Bosman ruling

text: Jean-Marc Bosman was a player for RFC Liège in the Belgian First Division whose contract had expired in 1990. He wanted to change teams and move to Dunkerque, a French club. However, Dunkerque refused to meet his Belgian club's transfer fee demand, so Liège refused to release Bosman.


title: Bosman ruling

text: In the meantime, Bosman's wages were reduced by 70% as he was no longer a first-team player. He took his case to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg and sued for restraint of trade, citing FIFA's rules regarding football, specifically Article 17.


title: Bosman ruling

text: On 15 December 1995, the court ruled the system, as it was constituted, placed a restriction on the free movement of workers and was prohibited by Article 39(1) of the EC Treaty (now Article 45 (1) of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union). Bosman and all other EU footballers were given the right to a free transfer at the expiration of their contracts, provided that they transfer from a club within one EU association to a club within another EU association.


title: Bosman ruling

text: Prior to the Bosman ruling, professional clubs in some parts of Europe (but not, for example, in Spain and France) were able to prevent players from joining a club in another country even if their contracts had expired. In the United Kingdom, Transfer Tribunals had been in place since 1981 to resolve disputes over fees between clubs when transferring players at the end of their contracts. The Bosman ruling meant that players could move to a new club at the end of their contract without their old club receiving a fee. Players can now agree a pre-contract with another club for a free transfer if the players' contract with their existing club has six months or less remaining.


title: Bosman ruling

text: The Bosman ruling also prohibited domestic football leagues in EU member states, and also UEFA, from imposing quotas on foreign players to the extent that they discriminated against nationals of EU states. At that time, many leagues placed quotas restricting the number of non-nationals allowed on member teams. Also, UEFA had a rule that prohibited teams in its competitions, namely the Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup, from naming more than three "foreign" players in their squads for any game. After the ruling, quotas could still be imposed, but only used to restrict the number of non-EU players on each team.


title: Bosman ruling

text: According to a 2021 study, the Bosman ruling increased the competitiveness of national team football because it encouraged greater talent development. However, it reduced competition in the Champions League, as non-established teams tended to sell their best players rather than compete against the best teams.


title: Bosman ruling

text: Since the ruling came into effect throughout the EU in 1995, several notable players in European football have benefited from the ruling. In 1996, Edgar Davids became Europe's first high-profile player to benefit from the ruling when he moved from Ajax to Milan. Ex-Hibernian FC player, Paul Kane became the first UK Bosman transfer, moving from Aberdeen FC to Norwegian side Viking Stavanger in 1996. In 1999, Steve McManaman became the most lucrative transfer at the time in British football, as "Britain's first high-profile Bosman departure", when he moved from Liverpool to Real Madrid and the deal resulted in McManaman becoming the highest paid British player in history, from 1999 to 2001. Since Davids and McManaman, scores of other notable players became able to negotiate deals according to their market value when their contracts expired, a trend that continued into the 2000s and beyond.


title: Bosman ruling

text: The ruling meant that clubs could no longer block a move or demand a fee, from the player or from the destination club, if the player left at the end of their contracts.


title: Bosman ruling

text: The Bosman ruling coincided directly with a new era of financial gains in football. In 2005, UEFA declared it was seeking to repair aspects of the ruling because it was believed to be the cause of the increasing rich-poor gap between elite and smaller clubs.


title: Bosman ruling

text: Bosman confirmed the "rule of reason" approach of the courts used in the important Cassis de Dijon case as not only suitable for issues relating to movement of goods within the EU, but also for cases concerning the free movement of workers.


title: Bosman ruling

text: If free movement is indistinctly applied (i.e. not just against foreign nationals) it could be justified if...


title: Bosman ruling

text: The case also alludes to the fact that "Alpine Investments v Minister van Financiën" provides a similar test for services, and "Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano" for establishment.


title: Bosman ruling

text: The Bosman ruling was considered and distinguished in "Lehtonen" (2000), a similar case which involved a deadline imposed by FIBA after which basketball teams could not include players who had played for another team in the same season, where it was found that such a restriction was lawful.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Charles Jourdain (born November 27, 1995) is a Canadian mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter who is currently competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championship's (UFC) Featherweight division. He was previously a TKO Major League MMA Double Champion, winning the TKO Featherweight Championship and the TKO Interim Lightweight Championship.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain was born and raised in Beloeil Quebec, Canada. He has two older brothers and a younger brother Louis Jourdain, who has been quite involved in his mixed martial arts career and pursues a career of his own.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain began competing in mixed martial arts in 2013. He earned an amateur record of 8–2, fighting 8 times in 2013 winning 7 of those bouts. He also competed in FightQuest Amateur Combat in 2014 were he won the vacant FightQuest Featherweight Championship and earned a "Performance of the Night" bonus. After going professional in 2015 he competed exclusively in Canadian MMA promotions. Jourdain made his MMA debut against Thomas Sumantri on May 21, 2016 at LAMMQ - Quebec Mixed Martial Arts League 5. He won the fight via knockout with a flying knee in the first round, earning a Knockout of the Night bonus. He was the TKO Featherweight and Interim Lightweight champion, and amassed a record 9–1 prior to signing with Ultimate Fighting Championship in 2019.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Making his promotional debut on short notice, Jourdain faced Des Green on May 18, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 152. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain would next face Doo Ho Choi at on December 21, 2019. Choi would drop Jourdain early with the rest of the round consisting of exchanges that would lead to Choi breaking his left arm on a spinning backfist attempt, Jourdain would later drop Choi with 0:21 seconds left in round 1. Round 2 would see more exchanges between the two fighters With 30 seconds left in the round, Jourdain dropped Choi with a left cross and then a right hook. He won the fight via TKO at 4:32 seconds of round 2. Earning him his first win in the promotion and a "Fight of the Night "bonus.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Returning to action amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, Jourdain faced Andre Fili at on June 13, 2020. The first round saw the two exchanging on the feet with Jourdain knocking Fili down with a overhand left. Fili secured a take down near the end of the round two. Jourdain lost the fight via split decision.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain next faced Joshua Culibao on October 4, 2020 at . The bout would see both fighters push the pace and employ their game plans. The fight would go the distance ending with a split draw result.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain was scheduled to face Steve Garcia on March 13, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 187. On February 24, Garcia pulled out of the fight due to injury and was replaced by UFC newcomer Marcelo Rojo. He won the fight by technical knockout in the third round.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain was scheduled to face Lerone Murphy on September 4, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 191. However, Murphy was pulled from the event due to visa issues, and he was replaced by Julian Erosa. Jourdain lost the fight via a submission in round three.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: As the last bout of his prevailing contract, Jourdain faced Andre Ewell on December 18, 2021 at . He won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: As the first bout of his new four-fight contract, Jourdain is scheduled to face Ilia Topuria, replacing Movsar Evloev, on January 22, 2022 at UFC 270.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain was scheduled to face Ilia Topuria, replacing Movsar Evloev, on January 22, 2022, at UFC 270. However, Topuria was pulled from the card due to a medical issue related to cutting weight and the bout was cancelled.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain faced Lando Vannata on April 23, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 205. He won the fight via a guillotine choke in round one.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain faced Shane Burgos on July 16, 2022, at UFC on ABC 3. He lost the back-and-forth fight via majority decision.


title: Charles Jourdain

text: Jourdain faced Nathaniel Wood on September 3, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 209. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) (; ) is the governing body of football in Portugal. The federation was formed in 1914 as Portuguese Football Union (UPF) by the three existing regional associations of Lisbon, Portalegre and Porto, before adopting its current name in 1926, and is based in the city of Oeiras. The (FPF) joined FIFA in 1923 and is also a founding member of UEFA.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The Portuguese Federation oversees all aspects of the game of football in Portugal, both professional, amateur and administers the competition committee (including the handling of the trophy) of the Campeonato de Portugal, the Taça de Portugal and the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. It is also responsible for appointing the management of the Portugal national football team (men's), women's, and youth national football teams. The men and women's Portugal national futsal team and Portugal national beach soccer team are also organized by the federation.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: Founded on 31 March 1914 by the three then existing regional associations - Lisbon, Portalegre and Porto - the Portuguese Football Union was the predecessor of the Portuguese Football Federation, which won its name at the Extraordinary Congress of 28 May 1926. The first statues had been previously published on 12 January 1914, after a public notice that had been published to inform the formation of the new body.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: In the early years of its existence, the UPF merely organized a number of meetings between the Lisbon and Porto teams, as well as presenting Portugal's bid for FIFA, which was accepted at the XII FIFA Congress, organized in Geneva, in May 1923, in which Portugal became a full member. Until that date, the UPF had been governed by the 1914 statutes, drafted by the first leaders of the new body, including Luís Nunes, who had had a leading role in the creation of the Lisbon Football Association in 1910. These statutes were the main lines of Portuguese football until 1938.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: Portugal's first championship the Campeonato de Portugal (a knock-out tournament, precursor of the Taça de Portugal) was only realized in 1921, after several postponements due to the First World War, which delayed the start of several competitions, in the process limited the matches between Lisbon and Porto teams and regional championships in those cities.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: This denomination was assumed by deliberation at the Congress of 28 May 1926, but for the amendment to be legal it was necessary to reform the statutes, which would only come into effect from 3 December 1938 and in the process the federation was renamed to Portuguese Football Federation, with João Luís de Moura being elected the first president of the federation. In 1954, Portugal became one of the founding member of UEFA in Basel, Switzerland. On 9 April 1956, the federation received the Commander of the Order of Goodwill. During this time, the FPF changed their headquarters seven times, and in 1968 the federation finally settled their headquarters at Praça da Alegria, nº 25.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: In 1986, Silva Resende was elected president of the federation. During his term in June 1986, the FPF was involved is a series of controversies surrounding the Portugal national football team during its participation in the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. The team had not competed in a final phase of the World Cup since the 1966 FIFA World Cup twenty years before, where it had achieved an unprecedented 3rd place. Following a rough qualification, the 1986 campaign did not start well with the suspicion of doping falling on one of the players who had been selected for the tournament. Although that test was later proven wrong, that was the first of many controversies to affect the team in the following weeks, that included threats of strikes from the players, the announcement of a series of demands to the Portuguese Federation and reports of inappropriate behavior at the team's headquarters. The international press tagged the incident as "ridiculous", but still took sides with the players due to the situations described by the players, which included being forced to advertise certain products (Adidas and a local brand of beer) without being paid. Despite the incident during the World Cup, Resende retained is position until 1989, when João Rodrigues was elected the new president.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: In 1996, Gilberto Madaíl was elected as the 30th president of the Portuguese federation, notwithstanding the voices that demanded the imperative need for a reformulation of the federation, which included in its leaders various personalities who had held the office since the time of the Saltillo Affair. On 12 October 1999, in Aachen, Germany, Portugal was announced as hosts for UEFA Euro 2004, beating Spain and the joint bid of Austria and Hungary. On 5 July 2004, the FPF was made an Honorary Member of the Order of Infante D. Henrique. In 12 October 2004, FPF changed their headquarters for the eight time to a building in Alexandre Herculano avenue, which currently resides today.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: In 2010, after Portugal was eliminated in the 2010 FIFA World Cup and Carlos Queiroz was sacked by the Portuguese Football Federation on 9 September, Madaíl decided to hold elections for the FPF, in which Fernando Gomes was elected as the new and 31st president of the federation on 10 December 2011. On 13 December 2018, FPF appealed to proceed with the integration of the Primeira Liga as soon as possible. On 3 December 2018 in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, Portugal was announced the host country of the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals by the UEFA Executive Committee. On 8 October 2020, Fernando Gomes and his Spanish counterpart Luis Rubiales confirmed that the two countries would be putting forward a joint bid to host the 2030 FIFA World Cup.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: It is up to the Governing Bodies to pursue the object of the FPF, within the scope of their competences, as well as to promote sports ethics, particularly in the fields of combating violence, doping and corruption associated with the sports phenomenon.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The General Assembly of the Portuguese Football Federation deliberates on all matters submitted for its consideration that are not the exclusive competence of other FPF Governing Bodies.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The Federative General Assembly is composed of the Ordinary Members of the body that oversees the National Football, and may still participate in it, but without the right to vote, the holders of FPF Corporate Bodies and the Honorary and Merit Members.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The Board of the Portuguese Football Federation consists of the president of the FPF, three vice-presidents - for the administrative, financial and sports areas, as well as another designated by the Portuguese Professional Football League - and five Directors.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The Justice Council of the Portuguese Football Federation is made up of a president, a vice-president and five members, all law graduates. It shall meet whenever convened by its president and its decisions are based on fact and law.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The Disciplinary Board of the Portuguese Football Federation is made up of a president, a vice-president and five members, all law graduates. The Disciplinary Board is governed by the statutory rules of operation of the Justice Council, with the necessary adaptations.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: It is for the Disciplinary Board to assess and punish, in accordance with applicable regulations, all offenses imputed to persons subject to the disciplinary power of the FPF, without prejudice to the specific competence of the League. This body may order additional evidence to be taken.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The Arbitration Council of the Portuguese Football Federation is endowed with technical autonomy and consists of a president, a vice-president and five members. The council is made up of people with specific qualifications in the arbitration sector - it manages arbitration in the context of competitions organized by the FPF.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The Supervisory Board of the Portuguese Football Federation is made up of a president, a Vice-president and three members, and their holders must have appropriate academic or professional qualifications. This body meets quarterly and, whenever necessary, convened by the Chairman.


title: Portuguese Football Federation

text: The FPF is made up of 22 territorial federations, which govern football in the respective districts of Portugal. Although the three districts of the Azores and Madeira (Funchal) were abolished in 1976, the respective federations still exist.