title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: On 15 December 1944, Lord Wavell, Viceroy of India, flew to Imphal and knighted General Slim and his corps commanders Stopford, Scoones, and Christison in the presence of Lord Mountbatten. Only two British Indian Army officers were chosen to be decorated at that ceremony— one was Lt. Niazi and the other was Major Sam Manekshaw of the Frontier Force Regiment.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: After the end of World War II, in 1945, from an Emergency Commissioned Officer, Niazi was granted a regular commission of the British Indian Army, and he got his service number as IC0-906 (Indian Commissioned Officer-906); he was promoted as captain and sent to attend the Command and Staff College in Quetta which he graduated with a staff course degree under then-Lt. Col. Yahya Khan.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: In 1947 the United Kingdom, through the Indian Independence Act 1947, announced their intention of partitioning British India amid the failure of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India. After the creation of Pakistan in August 1947, Major Niazi decided to opt for Pakistani citizenship and joined the newly established Pakistan Army where his S/No was redesigned as PA–477 by the Ministry of Defence of Pakistan and he joined the Punjab Regiment. He continued serving at the Command and Staff College in Quetta and briefly completed his tenure as an instructor.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: His career in the army progressed well. In the rank of Lt. Col. he served as commanding officer of two battalions in West Pakistan and one in East Pakistan. In 1961, he was promoted as Brigadier and offered discussion on infiltration tactics at the Command and Staff College. Subsequently, he published an article on infiltration and promoted talks on military-supported local rebellion against the enemy. He served as the commander of 51st Infantry Brigade in Karachi and was decorated with the "Sitara-i-Khidmat" (lit. Service Star) for his contributions and service with the army. His leadership credentials had led him to be appointed martial law administrator of both Karachi and Lahore to maintain control of law in the cities of West Pakistan during this time. Shortly after, he was appointed as the commandant of School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Brigadier Niazi went on to participate in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the second war with India. He was appointed as the commander of 14th Paratroopers Brigade under 7th Infantry Division (then commanded by Maj. Gen. Yahya Khan), which later became part of the 12th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen. Akhtar Hussain Malik; Niazi commanded the 1st Infantry Brigade in Azad Kashmir for a brief period but later was reappointed as the commander of 14th Para Brigade in Zafarwal sector, he gained public notability when he participated in the famous Battle of Chawinda tank battle against the Indian Army which halted the Indians troops rotation. His role in a tank battle led him to be decorated with the Hilal-e-Jurat by the President of Pakistan. After the war he was again took command of the School of Infantry and Tactics.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: On 18 October 1966, he was promoted as Major-General and made General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 8th Infantry Division, stationed in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. On 22 June 1969, Major-General Niazi was made GOC of 10th Infantry Division, stationed in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. On 2 April 1971, he was promoted to Lieutenant General, and his initial appointment in this rank was the commander of IV Corps, though he never took command of this corps as his appointment was immediately changed and he was to take command of the Eastern Command in East Pakistan.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Lieutenant-General Niazi volunteered for transfer to East Pakistan when Lieutenant-General Bahadur Sher Khan declined the post. There were two other generals who had also refused postings in the East. However, Niazi said "yes" without necessarily realizing the risks involved and how to counter them.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: After General Tikka Khan had initiated the Operation Searchlight military crackdown in March 1971, many officers had declined to be stationed in the East and Niazi arrived in Dhaka on 4 April 1971 to assume the Eastern Command from Tikka Khan. Furthermore, the mass killing of Bengali intellectuals in 1971 at the University of Dhaka had made the East Pakistani people hostile towards the Pakistani military, which made it hard for Niazi to overcome the situation. On 10/11 April 1971, he headed a meeting of his senior commanders to assess the situation but, according to eyewitnesses, he used abusive language aimed at the Bengali rebels. From May through August 1971, the Indian Army trained Mukti Bahini led Operation Jackpot, a series of counter guerrilla campaigns against the Eastern Command, and Niazi began taking countermeasures against the Bengali rebellion. By June 1971, he sent reports on the rebellion and noted that 30,000 insurgents were hurriedly trained by India at the India-East Pakistan border. In August 1971, Niazi formulated a plan to defend the borders from the advancing Indian Army based on a "fortress concept" which mean converting the border towns and villages into a stronghold.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: By September 1971, he was appointed the martial law administrator in order to provide his support to Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik who appointed a civilian cabinet. On the issue of the 1971 East Pakistan genocide, Niazi had reportedly told his public relations officer and press secretary, Major Siddique Salik, that "we will have to account every single rape and killing when back in (West) Pakistan. God never spares the Tyrant."


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: The Government of East Pakistan appointed Niazi as commander of the Eastern Command, and Major-General Rao Farman Ali as their military adviser for the East Pakistan Rifles and Pakistan Marines. In October 1971, he created and deployed two ad hoc divisions to strengthen the defence of the East from further infiltration.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: In November 1971, General Abdul Hamid Khan, the Chief of Staff, warned him of an imminent Indian attack on the East and advised him to redeploy the Eastern Command on a tactical and political base ground but this was not implemented due to shortage of time. In a public message, Niazi was praised by Abdul Hamid Khan saying: "The whole nation is proud of you and you have their full support".


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: No further orders or clarification was issued in regards to the orders as Niazi had been caught unawares when the Indian Army planned to launch a full assault on East Pakistan. On 3 December 1971, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) launched Operation Chengiz Khan, the pre-emptive PAF air-strikes on Indian Air Force bases that officially led to start of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the third war with India. According to Krishna Chandra Sagar, Niazi was surprisingly not aware of the attack and had no prior knowledge of the attack.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Credibility of this claim is given by Niazi's press secretary and public relations officer, then-Major Siddique Salik, who wrote in "Witness to Surrender", that Niazi's chief of staff Brigadier Baqir Siddiqi reportedly scolded him of not notifying Niazi and his staff of an aerial attack on India.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: When Indian Army soldiers crossed the borders and charged towards Dhaka, General Niazi panicked when he came to realise the real nature of the Indian strategy and became frantically nervous when the Indian Army successfully penetrated the defence of the East. Niazi's military staff further regretted not heeding the intelligence warnings issued 20 years earlier in the 1952 Cable 1971 report compiled by Major K. M. Arif, the military intelligence official on Niazi's staff.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: According to the testimonies provided by Major-General Farman Ali in the War Enquiry Commission, Niazi's morale collapsed as early as 7 December and he cried frantically over the progress report presented to Governor Abdul Motaleb. Niazi ultimately blamed Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan for the army's oppressive strategy. Major accusations were also directed toward Lieutenant-General Yakob Ali Khan, Admiral S. M. Ahsan and Major-General Ali for aggravating the crisis, but Niazi had to bear most responsibility for all that happened in the East.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: General Niazi, along with his deputy Rear-Admiral Mohammad Shariff, nervously tried reassessing the situation to halt the Indian Army's penetration by directing joint army-navy operations with no success. The Pakistani military combat units found themselves involved in a guerrilla war with the Mukti Bahini under Atul Osmani, and were unprepared and untrained for such warfare.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: On 9 December, the Indian Government accepted the sovereignty of Bangladesh and extended its diplomatic mission to the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. This eventually led Governor Abdul Motaleb to resign from his post and he took refuge with his entire cabinet at the Red Cross shelter at the Inter-Continental Dacca on 14 December.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Niazi eventually took control of the civilian government and received a telegram on 16 December 1971 from President Yahya Khan: "You have fought a heroic battle against overwhelming odds. The nation is proud of you ... You have now reached a stage where further resistance is no longer humanly possible nor will it serve any useful purpose ... You should now take all necessary measures to stop the fighting and preserve the lives of armed forces personnel, all those from West Pakistan and all loyal elements".


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: During this time, the Special Branch of the East Pakistan Police notified Niazi of the joint Indo-Bengali siege of Dhaka as the Eastern Command led by Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Aurora began encircling Dhaka. Niazi then appealed for a conditional ceasefire to Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Aurora which called for transferring power to the elected government, but without the surrender of the Eastern Command led by Niazi. This offer was rejected by Indian Army's Chief of Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw and he set a deadline for surrender, President Yahya Khan considered it as "illegitimate.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Subsequently, the Indian Army began encircling Dhaka and Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Aurora sent a message through Major-General Rafael Jacob that issued an ultimatum to surrender in a "30-minutes" time window on 16 December 1971. Niazi agreed to surrender and sent a message to Manekshaw despite many army officers declined to obey, although they were legally bound. The Indian Army commanders, Lieutenant General Sagat Singh, Lieutenant General J.S. Aurora, and Major-General Rafael Farj Jacob arrived at Dhaka via helicopter with the surrender documents.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: The surrender took place at Ramna Race Course, in Dhaka at local time 16:31 on 16 December 1971. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender and handed over his personal weapon to J. S. Aurora in the presence of Indian and Bangladesh force commanders. With Niazi, nearly 90,000 personnel of the Eastern Command surrendered to the joint Indian and Bangladesh Army.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Niazi, who was repatriated to Pakistan, was handed over to Lieutenant-General Abdul Hamid, then corps commander of the IV Corps, by Indian Army from the Wagha checkpoint in Lahore District, Punjab, in April 1975, in a symbolic gesture of the last war prisoner held by India. Upon arriving in Lahore, he immediately refrained from speaking to news media correspondents, and was immediately taken under the custody of the Pakistan Army's Military Police (MP) who shifted him via helicopter to Lahore Cantonment where he was detained despite his strong protests. He was immediately dismissed from his military commission and his war honours were withdrawn from him.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Subsequently, he was placed in solitary confinement for sometime, though he was later released. Being the last to return supported his reputation as a "soldier's general", but did not shield him from the scorn he faced in Pakistan, where he was blamed for the surrender. Bhutto discharged Niazi after stripping him of his military rank, the pension usually accorded to retired soldiers, and his military decorations. He was dismissed from the service in July 1975.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: He was also denied his military pension and medical benefits, though he lodged a strong complaint against the revoking of his pension. In the 1980s, the Ministry of Defence quietly changed the status of "dismissal" to "retirement" but did not restore his rank. The change of order allowed Niazi to seek a pension and the medical assistance benefits enjoyed by retired military personnel.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Niazi remained active in national politics in 1970s and supported the ultraconservative agenda on a conservative Pakistan National Alliance platform against the Pakistan Peoples Party. In 1977, he was again detained by the police when the Operation Fair Play military coup occurred on 5 July, overthrowing the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Martial law was enforced and Niazi sought retirement from politics.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: In 1982, Niazi was summoned and confessed to the War Enquiry Commission led by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman and the Supreme Court of Pakistan on the events involving the secession of East Pakistan in April 1975. The War Commission leveled accusations against him of several kinds of ethical misconduct during his tenure in East Pakistan. The Commission opined that Niazi supervised the betel leaf and imported "paan" using an official aircraft, from East Pakistan to Pakistan.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: The Commission indicted him for corruption and moral turpitude while noting his bullying of junior officers who opposed his orders. Niazi tried placing the blame on the Yahya administration, his military adviser Maj. Gen. Farman Ali, Admiral S.M. Ahsan, Lieutenant-General Yakob Ali, and the military establishment. The Commission partially accepted his claims by critically noting that General Niazi was a Supreme Commander of the Eastern Command, and that he was responsible for everything that happened in the East." Though he showed no regrets, Niazi refused to accept responsibility for the Breakup of East Pakistan and squarely blamed President Yahya. The Commission endorsed his claims that Yahya was to blame, but noted that Niazi was the Commander who lost the East.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: The Commission recommended a court-martial be held by the Judge Advocate General that would indict Niazi for serious breaches of military discipline and the military code. No such court-martial took place, but nonetheless, he was politically maligned and indicted with the war crimes that took place in East Pakistan. Niazi did not accept the Commission's inquiries and fact-findings, believing that the Commission had no understanding of military matters. Niazi claimed that a court-martial would have besmirched the names of those who later rose to great heights, and that he was being used as a scapegoat.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: In 1998, he authored a book, "The Betrayal of East Pakistan", which was a record of the events that led to 16 December 1971. In 2001, he appeared on "Views On News", and was interviewed by Dr. Shahid Masood at ARY News shortly before his death.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: After giving an interview to ARY News, Niazi died on 1 February 2004 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. He was buried in a Military Graveyard in Lahore.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: A journalist from the "Dawn" newspaper had observed him thus: "When I last met him on 30 September 1971, at his force headquarters in Kurmitola, he was full of beans".


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: From the mass of evidence coming before the War Enquiry Commission from witnesses, both civil and military, there is little doubt that Niazi came to acquire a bad reputation in sex matters, and this reputation has been consistent during his postings in Sialkot, Lahore and East Pakistan. The allegations regarding his indulgence in the export of Pan by using or abusing his position in the Eastern Command and as Commander of his command also "prima facie" appear to be well-founded.


title: A. A. K. Niazi

text: Niazi in his book revealed that he was very depressed at the time of surrender and that he signed the instrument of surrender with a "very heavy heart".


title: Comparison of BitTorrent clients

text: The following is a general comparison of BitTorrent clients, which are computer programs designed for peer-to-peer file sharing using the BitTorrent protocol.


title: Comparison of BitTorrent clients

text: The BitTorrent protocol coordinates segmented file transfer among peers connected in a swarm. A BitTorrent client enables a user to exchange data as a peer in one or more swarms. Because BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer communications protocol that does not need a server, the BitTorrent definition of "client" differs from the conventional meaning expressed in the client–server model.


title: Comparison of BitTorrent clients

text: Bram Cohen, author of the BitTorrent protocol, made the first BitTorrent client, which he also called BitTorrent, and published it in July 2001.


title: Comparison of BitTorrent clients

text: Many BitTorrent programs are open-source software; others are freeware, adware or shareware. Some download managers, such as FlashGet and GetRight, are BitTorrent-ready. Opera 12, a web browser, can also transfer files via BitTorrent.


title: Comparison of BitTorrent clients

text: In 2013 Thunder Networking Technologies publicly revealed that some of their employees surreptitiously distributed a Trojan horse with certain releases of Xunlei, the company's BitTorrent-ready download manager. Xunlei is included in the comparison tables.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Janet Vera Street-Porter ("née" Bull; born 27 December 1946) is an English broadcaster, journalist, writer, and media personality. She began her career as a fashion writer and columnist at the "Daily Mail" and was later appointed fashion editor of the "Evening Standard" in 1971. In 1973, she co-presented a mid-morning radio show with Paul Callan on LBC.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter began working in television at London Weekend Television in 1975, first as a presenter of a series of mainly youth-oriented programmes. She was the editor and producer of the "Network 7" series on Channel 4 in 1987 and was a BBC Television executive from 1987 until 1994. She was an editor of "The Independent on Sunday" from 1999 until 2002, but relinquished the job to become editor-at-large.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Since 2011, Street-Porter has been a regular panellist on the ITV talk show "Loose Women". Her other television appearances include "Question Time" (1988–2015), "Have I Got News for You" (1996–2022), "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!" (2004), "Deadline" (2007), "Celebrity MasterChef" (2013, 2020), and "A Taste of Britain" (2014–present).


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to journalism and broadcasting.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter was born in Brentford, Middlesex (now in the London Borough of Hounslow). She is the daughter of Stanley W. G. Bull, an electrical engineer who had served as a sergeant in the Royal Corps of Signals in World War II and Cherry Cuff Ardern (née Jones) who was Welsh and worked as a school dinner lady and in the civil service as a clerical assistant in a tax office. Her mother was still married to her first husband, George Ardern, at the time, and was not to marry Stanley until 1954, hence her name being recorded thus in the birth records. She was later to take her father's surname.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter grew up in Fulham, West London and Perivale, Greater London after the family moved there when she was 14 and the family would stay in her mother's home town of Llanfairfechan in North Wales for their holidays. She attended Peterborough Primary and Junior Schools in Fulham and Lady Margaret Grammar School for Girls (now Lady Margaret School) in Parsons Green from 1958 to 1964 where she passed 8 O-levels and 3 A-levels in English, History and Art. She also took an A-level in pure mathematics but did not pass the exam. Whilst studying A-levels, she had an illegal abortion. She then spent two years at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, where she met her first husband, photographer Tim Street-Porter.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter began her career as a fashion writer and columnist on the "Daily Mail", and was appointed as the newspaper's deputy fashion editor in 1969 by Shirley Conran. She subsequently became fashion editor of the "Evening Standard" in 1971. When the London Broadcasting Company (LBC) local radio station began to broadcast in 1973, Street-Porter co-presented a mid-morning show with Fleet Street columnist Paul Callan. The intention was sharply to contrast the urbane Callan and the urban Street-Porter. Their respective accents became known to the station's studio engineers as "cut-glass" and "cut-froat". Friction between the ill-matched pair involved constant one-upmanship.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: In early 1975, Street-Porter was launch editor of "Sell Out", an offshoot of the London listings magazine "Time Out", with its publisher and her second husband, Tony Elliott. The magazine was not a success.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter began to work in television at London Weekend Television (LWT) in 1975, first as a reporter on a series of mainly youth-oriented programmes, including "The London Weekend Show" (1975–79), then went on to present the late-night chat show "Saturday Night People" (1978–80) with Clive James and Russell Harty. She later produced "Twentieth Century Box" (1980–82), presented by Danny Baker.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter was editor of the "Network 7" series on Channel 4 from 1987. In the same year, BBC2 controller Alan Yentob appointed her to become head of youth and entertainment features, making her responsible for the twice-weekly "DEF II". She commissioned "Rapido", "Red Dwarf" and "Rough Guide". She was responsible for the cancellation of the long-running music series "The Old Grey Whistle Test". Her "Network 7" show was awarded a BAFTA for its graphics in 1988.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: In 1992, Street-Porter provided the story for "", the BBC's adaptation of Heinrich August Marschner's opera "Der Vampyr", which featured a new libretto by Charles Hart. Street-Porter's approach did not endear her to critics, who objected to her diction and questioned her suitability as an influence on Britain's youth. In her final year at the BBC, she became head of independent commissioning. She left the BBC for Mirror Group Newspapers in 1994 to become joint-managing director with Kelvin MacKenzie of the ill-fated "L!VE TV" channel. She left after four months. In 1996, Street-Porter established her own production company. Since 1996, Street-Porter has appeared several times on the BBC panel show "Have I Got News for You", most recently in May 2020. From 1998 until 2015 (except 2013), Street-Porter appeared annually on BBC's "Question Time".


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: In 2000, Street-Porter was nominated for the "Mae West Award for the Most Outspoken Woman in the Industry" at Carlton Television's Women in Film and Television Awards. In 2007, Street-Porter starred in an ITV2 reality show called "Deadline", serving as a tough-talking editor who worked with a team of celebrity "reporters" whose job it was to produce a weekly gossip magazine. The celebrities in question had to endure the Street-Porter tongue as she decided each week which of them to fire.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: In 2011, Street-Porter became a regular panellist on ITV's chat show "Loose Women". In 2013, she appeared in "Celebrity MasterChef" reaching the final three, and returned again for a Christmas special in 2020, in which she was crowned the winner. She also appeared in the television show "QI". Since 1 September 2014, Street-Porter has co-hosted BBC One cookery programme "A Taste of Britain" with chef Brian Turner and ran for 20 episodes in one series.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter has appeared on many reality TV shows, including "Call Me a Cabbie" and "So You Think You Can Teach"; the latter saw her trying to work as a primary school teacher. She conducted numerous interviews with business figures and others for Bloomberg TV.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter became editor of "The Independent on Sunday" in 1999. Despite derision from her critics, she took the paper's circulation up to 270,460, an increase of 11.6 per cent. In 2001, Street-Porter became editor-at-large, as well as writing a weekly column and regular features.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Following the death of Ian Tomlinson, Street-Porter dedicated her editor-at-large column in "The Independent on Sunday" to painting a picture of Tomlinson as a "troubled man with quite a few problems":Knowing that he was an alcoholic is critical to understanding his sense of disorientation and his attitude towards the police, which might on first viewing of the video footage, seem a bit stroppy.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: A rambler, Street-Porter was president of the Ramblers' Association for two years from 1994. She walked across Britain from Dungeness in Kent to Conwy in Wales for the television series "Coast to Coast" in 1998. Street-Porter also walked from Edinburgh to London in a straight line in 1998, for a television series and her book, "As the Crow Flies". In 1994, for the documentary series "The Longest Walk", Street-Porter visited long-distance walker Ffyona Campbell on the last section of her round-the-world walk.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: In 1966, Street-Porter appeared as an extra in the nightclub scene in "Blowup", dancing in a silver coat and striped trousers. In 2003, she wrote and presented a one-woman show at the Edinburgh Festival titled "All the Rage". She published the autobiographical "Baggage" in 2004, about her childhood in working class London. Its sequel is titled "Fallout". "Life's Too F***ing Short" is a volume which presents, as she puts it, her answer to "getting what you want out of life by the most direct route."


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: While studying architecture, she married fellow student and photographer Tim Street-Porter. They were together until 1975 when she went on to marry "Time Out" editor Tony Elliot. Her third marriage was to film director Frank Cvitanovich, who was 19 years her senior, before her final brief wedding in her fifties to the 27-year-old David Sorkin. Before marrying Sorkin, she lived with DEF II presenter Normski for four years.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: She is now in a relationship with restaurateur Peter Spanton. She has no children. She currently lives in Haddiscoe in Norfolk, Kent and London. She previously had a home in Nidderdale, North Yorkshire. An active member of the Nidderdale community, she contributed her time and energy to a number of local causes. She was the president of the Burley Bridge Association, leading a campaign for a crossing over the River Wharfe linking North and West Yorkshire.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Street-Porter regularly appeared as a guest on "This Morning" to review the political decisions taken by the government alongside Matthew Wright, via video call from her home in Kent.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter was diagnosed with skin cancer in January 2020. On 23 June 2020, she announced her news on "Loose Women" from home via video call because of COVID-19 restrictions.


title: Janet Street-Porter

text: Street-Porter was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to journalism and broadcasting.


Baldi's Basics in Education and Learning (also known as Baldi's Basics and Baldi's Basics Classic) is a 2018 horror video game created by American indie developer Micah McGonigal, known by the pseudonym Mystman12. The game satirizes educational games of the 1990s through poor graphics and similar themes (such as "Sonic's Schoolhouse", "I.M. Meen" and "3D Dinosaur Adventure"), and later deconstructed its elements into a metafictional horror genre in recent updates, such in conclusion of a package version "Baldi's Basics Classic Remastered".


title: Baldi's Basics in Education and Learning

text: "Baldi's Basics" was first released in beta on March 31, 2018 via Itch.io for Microsoft Windows and macOS. A full release of the game, including additional content and a story mode, titled Baldi's Basics Plus, was published in early access on June 12, 2020, with development ongoing.


text: A friend of the protagonist forgets seven notebooks at the local schoolhouse but can't get them himself because he'd be late for "eating practice", so he asks the protagonist to fetch them. Once the player arrives, Baldi, one of the teachers, quizzes the player with simple math problems every time they find a notebook (three per book), offering a chance of getting "something special" if they answer all of them correctly. Once the questions are all answered correctly, Baldi offers the protagonist a quarter, granting them access to use a vending machine that distributes boosters when they first get passed yellow swinging doors. Baldi is also very easy to anger and, after presenting the player with impossible math problems, will start to chase them when they inevitably fail to answer them correctly. The protagonist is forced to continue to search for all the other notebooks while also avoiding other students and various obstacles.


text: If the player chooses to answer every question wrong in seven notebooks, they will experience an ending which includes an enlarged and rotated version of Baldi and another hidden character, Null, asking the player to destroy the game, before the game closes itself.


text: In the Game, The player must locate all seven notebooks without being caught by their teacher, Baldi. Other students and faculty attempt to hinder the player by forcing them to participate in various activities. Each notebook contains three simple arithmetic problems, but the third question is unsolvable in the second notebook onwards. As the player continues to fail the impossible questions, Baldi moves faster and becomes harder to avoid.


text: Once the player collects all of the notebooks, Baldi will seem to congratulate them before shouting at the player to "get out while you still can" (BBC)/telling the player to "find an exit before he catches you" (BBCR) There are three trick exits and only one that will let the player escape, and the player has to trigger all three before they can use the real exit.


text: The player can collect different items from around the schoolhouse, such as a candy bar that keeps their stamina from dropping for a short period of time, a soda that can be used to blast characters away, a pair of scissors that can temporarily disable some of the obstacles and a teleporter that will place them in a random position in the school among others.


text: The game was initially made as an entry in the annual Meta-Game Jam on Itch.io, where it received 2nd place. In an interview with "Game Developer", the game's developer cited the 1996 game "Sonic’s Schoolhouse" as his main inspiration. The game was originally going to be made for the 3DS using SmileBasic.


text: The developer launched a Kickstarter campaign for the game, where he announced that an early access prototype for the full game, titled "Baldi's Basics Plus", would be released on June 12, 2020. The Kickstarter raised a total of $61,375. Development has been ongoing ever since, with additional content such as new characters, new items, minigames, challenge modes, 'field trips' and a new layout for the schoolhouse, incorporating multiple levels and procedural generation, similar to a first-person roguelike and dungeon crawler hybrid game.


text: On Oct 21, 2022, a remaster and compilation of three games on PC platforms titled "Baldi's Basics Classic Remastered" was released, which includes the original game, "Baldi's Basics Birthday Bash", and a demo version of "Baldi's Basics Plus," with additional features such as fun settings and more alternate endings.


text: Despite its poor graphics, it became highly popular for its humor, difficulty and surreal gameplay. Popular YouTubers such as DanTDM, Markiplier, Jacksepticeye, PewDiePie, 8-BitRyan,The Frustrated Gamer and Kindly Keyin made videos on the game, helping to boost its popularity.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: Elizabeth Margaret McClarnon (born 10 April 1981) is an English pop singer, songwriter, dancer, television presenter and actress. She is the longest serving member of the girl group Atomic Kitten, with whom she has scored three number-one singles and also two number-one albums. In 2006, she went solo and the group reformed in 2012 as part of "The Big Reunion". McClarnon co-wrote several Atomic Kitten songs, including the UK top 10 hits "See Ya", "I Want Your Love" and "Someone Like Me".


title: Liz McClarnon

text: Outside of her music career, McClarnon was the winner of UK cookery show "Celebrity MasterChef" in 2008.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: In 1997, while McClarnon was still in secondary school, her music teacher arranged for her to take part in an audition with OMD frontman Andy McCluskey, who was aiming to create a new girl group. The group became Atomic Kitten, made up of McClarnon, Kerry Katona and Natasha Hamilton, and they released their first record in 1999. Katona left the group in 2001 and was replaced by Jenny Frost.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: Atomic Kitten have had three UK number one singles, "Whole Again", "Eternal Flame", and "The Tide Is High (Get the Feeling)". They also had two UK number one albums, "Right Now", and "Feels So Good", both being certified double-platinum in the UK for sales of over 600,000 copies each. The total worldwide sales are estimated at 6.2 million singles and 4 million albums. Liz is the only member of the group to write any material.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: On 4 March 2012, it was confirmed that the original line-up of Atomic Kitten – McClarnon, Hamilton and Katona – would reform for "The Big Reunion", along with five other pop groups of their time – 911, Honeyz, B*Witched, Five and Liberty X.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: Following Atomic Kitten, McClarnon was signed to All Around the World Records. She released her first solo single, a cover of Barbra Streisand's 1980 hit "Woman in Love", on 13 February 2006. The track was produced by Graham Stack along with Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees, who also originally co-wrote the song


title: Liz McClarnon

text: A video was released to promote the song featuring McClarnon in a Manhattan apartment, but it was actually filmed in McClarnon's home town of Liverpool. It was decided to release the single as a double A-side with a cover of Jackie Wilson's "I Get the Sweetest Feeling". The single peaked at number 5 in the UK Singles Chart and, after more than six months on release, it peaked at number 16 in the Spanish charts on 22 October 2006. Also, prior to her solo release, McClarnon appeared in the video for "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" with the FHM Hot 100, which charted at number 10 in the UK.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: Since her first release, McClarnon has gone on to release one more single called "Don't It Make You Happy". The song was recorded in her bid to be selected for the UK's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 and McClarnon performed the track on the BBC's pre-Eurovision TV show "Making Your Mind Up" on 17 March 2007. However, she was unsuccessful and the single failed to chart. The competition was won by pop band Scooch.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: McClarnon also recorded a single entitled "Lately", with friend Jaime Jay for the Global One Music Project. The same song has been recorded by different artists all around the world in different languages, and, in addition to English, McClarnon also recorded French and Spanish versions. The single was due to be released 18 May 2009, and although McClarnon and Jay promoted the single on a number of radio and TV shows, the release was postponed. Indefinitely.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: Since then, McClarnon has continued recording her debut album. She parted ways with her old management company in April 2008, and is now managed by her ex-marketing manager, Scott Richardson at Belta CM.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: On 27 December 2006 McClarnon appeared in the ITV documentary "The Girl With the Golden Hair", together with Richard O’Brien ("The Rocky Horror Show"). The documentary tells the story of the creation of the mini-rock opera of the same name, performed by the band ABBA during their 1977 European and Australian tour. McClarnon performs the three published numbers from that show; "Thank You for the Music", "I Wonder (Departure)" and "I’m a Marionette".


title: Liz McClarnon

text: On 3 August 2009, McClarnon signed to 3 Beat Records, a subsidiary of All Around the World (through Universal Music). Her first single on the new label, "Not in Love", was due to be released in November 2009, and is a track she has written herself, influenced by Kylie Minogue's electro and club tunes. McClarnon performed the track at the Midlands Festival in 2009.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: Her debut TV show, "Hotter Than My Daughter", aired at the beginning of February 2010 for six weeks, on BBC Three.


title: Liz McClarnon

text: In late 2010 and early 2011, she played Beth in "Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds".


title: Liz McClarnon

text: Following this, from 8 July to 17 September 2011, McClarnon was cast as Paulette in the first UK tour of "Legally Blonde The Musical". She starred in the "Cinderella" pantomime in the Liverpool Empire in 2012, playing the lead role.


title: Lene Lovich

text: Lene Lovich (; born Lili-Marlene Premilovich; March 30, 1949) is an English-American singer, songwriter and musician. She first gained attention in 1979 with the release of her hit single "Lucky Number", which peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart and made her a leading figure of the new wave music scene.


title: Lene Lovich

text: Born in Detroit, Michigan, Lovich moved to England at the age of 13, where she met guitarist and songwriter Les Chappell, who later became her long-time music collaborator and life partner. She developed an interest in art and theater, enrolling at the Central School of Art and Design where she took saxophone lessons. In 1975, she joined the band the Diversions and shortly afterwards wrote the lyrics to Cerrone's single "Supernature". After the band broke up, Lovich started looking for another band to join and contacted the radio presenter Charlie Gillett, who got her to record a demo of Tommy James and the Shondells' song "I Think We're Alone Now" and played it to Dave Robinson of Stiff Records, who decided to sign Lovich. The song was released as a single and appeared on her debut studio album "Stateless" (1978), which produced the single "Lucky Number".


title: Lene Lovich

text: She released two more albums, "Flex" (1979) and "No Man's Land" (1982), on Stiff Records. In 1989, she independently released the album "March", before her 15-year hiatus. She focused more on her family but came back in 2005 with the release of her album "Shadows and Dust".


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 2013, she established her own publishing label, Flex Music, and released a re-mastered version of all her previous albums in a limited edition box set.


title: Lene Lovich

text: Lovich was born Lili-Marlene Premilovich in Detroit, Michigan, to an English mother and American father of Serbian descent. After her father had health problems, her mother took the 13-year-old Lovich and her three siblings to live in Hull, East Yorkshire, England. She met guitarist/songwriter Les Chappell when they were teenagers, and he became her longtime collaborator and life partner. In the autumn of 1968, they went to London to attend art school. It was there that Lovich first tied her hair into the plaits that later became a visual trademark, though at first she braided her hair to keep it out of the clay when studying sculpture.


title: Lene Lovich

text: Over the following decade, Lovich attended several art schools, busked around the London Underground and appeared in cabaret clubs as an "Oriental" dancer. She also travelled to Spain, where she visited Salvador Dalí at his home. She played acoustic rock music around London, sang in the mass choir of a show called "Quintessence" at the Royal Albert Hall, played a soldier in Arthur Brown's show, worked as a go-go dancer with the Radio One Roadshow, toured Italy with a West Indian soul band and played saxophone for Bob Flag's Balloon and Banana Band and for an all-girl cabaret trio called the Sensations. She recorded screams for horror films, wrote lyrics for French disco star Cerrone (including the sci-fi dance smash "Supernature", later recorded by Lovich) and worked with various fringe theatre groups. She was also one of thousands of audience members invited to sing along at the 1972 Lanchester Arts Festival at the Locarno Ballroom in Coventry when Chuck Berry recorded "My Ding-a-Ling" for Chess Records.


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 1975, Lovich joined the Diversions, a funk group that released three singles and an album on Polydor Records without success.


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 1976, Lovich released a 7" three-track "maxi-single" in the UK under her own name, aimed at the Christmas market: "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus/The Christmas Song (Merry Christmas To You)/Happy Christmas" (Polydor 2058 812). In 1977, Lovich, along with recording engineer Alain Wisniak, provided lyrics for "Supernature" a song featuring music composed by French percussionist and disco music performer Cerrone. The song, with its surreal lyrics describing a world in which nature has risen to fight against desecration and destruction by humanity, is indicative of Lovich's interest in animal rights issues. In 1978, disc jockey and author Charlie Gillett presented her recording of "I Think We're Alone Now", a cover version of a song originally performed by Tommy James and the Shondells, to Stiff Records boss Dave Robinson. Robinson immediately proposed to release it as a single on Stiff, for which Lovich and Chappell had to write and record a B-side at short notice. They came up with "Lucky Number", which was then released as an A-side and became a Top 3 hit in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Lene Lovich

text: Invited by Robinson to participate in the forthcoming "Be Stiff Route 78 Tour" in 1978, Lovich quickly recorded her first album for Stiff, "Stateless", which contained "Lucky Number" and another Top 20 hit, "Say When". Lovich's musical style combined her own quirky inventions with contemporary punk rock and new wave styles. She then recorded the albums "Flex" and "No-Man's-Land" for Stiff over the next few years, as well as an EP titled "New Toy", the title cut penned by touring band member Thomas Dolby. She also recorded vocals for "Picnic Boy" by the Residents.


title: Lene Lovich

text: Lovich co-wrote with Chappell and Chris Judge Smith and performed "Mata Hari", a play/musical at the Lyric Hammersmith, London in October and November of 1982. During this time she was having disputes with Stiff. The success of the show and pressure from Epic, her U.S. label, persuaded Stiff to release and promote "No Man's Land".


title: Lene Lovich

text: Following her departure from Stiff, Lovich released "Don't Kill the Animals," a single with Nina Hagen, with whom she had appeared in "Cha Cha", a film that starred Herman Brood; together, the three created the film's soundtrack.


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 1989, after an absence of several years to raise a family, Lovich recorded the album "March" on Pathfinder Records. It was only moderately successful and was not released until nearly a year after the album's single "Wonderland" had been issued and had become an American dance hit. She also toured the U.S. three times immediately before, during and shortly after the release of "March", giving American fans their only glimpse of her for many years to come. All three tours culminated with benefit concerts for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Her tours supporting "March" were done with a band that featured the electronic duo Tanz Waffen as well as Les Chappell.


title: Lene Lovich

text: Lovich contributed to the opera "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1991) by Peter Hammill and Judge Smith, singing the part of Madeline Usher.


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 2005, Lovich appeared on Hawkwind's "Take Me to Your Leader" CD and appeared occasionally on stage with them. Lovich's first album since "March", entitled "Shadows and Dust", received a limited release on the Stereo Society label on September 13, 2005. She played for the first time in many years with a full band at the Drop Dead Festival in 2006.


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 2006, Lovich made a guest appearance with the Dresden Dolls at The Roundhouse that is featured as an extra on the band's DVD "Live at the Roundhouse".


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 2007, MVD Visual released the DVD "Lene Lovich: Live from New York", featuring a 1981 performance at Studio 54. In late 2007, Lovich and Chappell produced a new recording of their hit "Lucky Number", which was performed by rock group Eastroad and was used by BBC Television for its coverage of the 2008 World Snooker Championship.


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 2011, Lovich sang the part of Eurydice in the song story "Orfeas" by Judge Smith. In 2013, she sang on the albums "Zoot Suit" by Judge Smith and "Gridlock" by Mr. Averell.


title: Lene Lovich

text: In 2012, Lovich began performing with a new band comprising Subterraneans frontman Jude Rawlins on guitar, bassist Lydia Fischer, keyboard player Kirsten Morrison and Morgan King on drums. The Lene Lovich Band made its live debut at London's 12 Bar Club on October 29, 2012. In 2013, the band undertook its first high-profile tour, concluding with shows in London and Berlin, and was the fifth act to be announced for Rebellion Festival 2013. Valkyrie replaced Fischer on bass in 2014 as the band undertook its first major European tour. The band performed at Rebellion again in 2017, co-headlining with the Primitives before undertaking Lovich's largest tour in 27 years, opening for the Psychedelic Furs.


title: Lene Lovich

text: In September 2013, Lovich and Rawlins started record label Flex Music, giving Lovich control of her back catalogue for the first time. Flex Music was launched with a limited-edition handmade CD box set entitled "Others: Volume 1", which contained Lovich's first three albums and a bonus CD of rarities. In 2015, Flex reissued Lovich's 1982 album "No Man's Land" in digital format.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: Connor Iggulden (; born ) is a British author who writes historical fiction, most notably the "Emperor" series and "Conqueror" series. He also co-authored "The Dangerous Book for Boys" along with his brother Hal Iggulden. In 2007, Iggulden became the first person to top the UK fiction and non-fiction charts at the same time.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: Born in 1971 to an English father (who was an RAF pilot during the Second World War, ) and Irish mother (whose grandfather was a seanchaí). He went to Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Primary in Ruislip, Middlesex, then attended St Martins School in Northwood, before moving on to Merchant Taylors' School. He then went to St Dominic's Sixth Form College, before he studied English at the University of London, and went on to teach the subject for seven years, becoming head of the English department at Haydon School, where one of his students was Fearne Cotton. He eventually left teaching to write his first novel, "The Gates of Rome". He is married to Ella, who is from the Amalfi Coast in Southern Italy and whose family are renowned craft pasta and ravioli specialist producers in the region. They have four children and live in Hertfordshire, England, near Chorleywood Golf Club.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: In August 2014, Iggulden was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: Iggulden's debut book was "The Gates of Rome", the first in a currently five-part series entitled "Emperor". The series is based around the life of Julius Caesar, from childhood ("The Gates of Rome") to his eventual betrayal and death ("The Gods of War"). The film option has been sold to Spitfire Productions (an Intermedia company).


title: Conn Iggulden

text: The author has written a fifth book in the series, "Emperor: The Blood of Gods", which deals with the rise of Augustus and events after the end of "The Gods of War". This book was published on 26 September 2013.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: After completing the fourth book in the "Emperor" series, Iggulden began research for his next series of books, the "Conqueror" series, based on the life of Mongol warlords Genghis, Ogedai and Kublai Khan. His first book, "Wolves of the Plains," was available from 2 January 2007. Then followed his second book, "Lord of the Bows", on 2 January 2008. "Bones of the Hills", the third book in the series, was released on 1 September 2008. In September 2010 "Empire of Silver" was released, which revolves around the life of Genghis Khan's son, Ogedai. Whilst Iggulden had initially confirmed on his official website that he would be writing two more books after "Empire of Silver" on Kublai Khan, the author's note at the end of "Conqueror" states that it would be the last in the series. Iggulden explains his desire to leave the character when he still had much left to accomplish, rather than tracing him through to his eventual downfall, as he did with Julius Caesar and Genghis Khan.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: Iggulden released a four-book series, the "Wars of the Roses" series, starting with "Stormbird" in 2013, "Margaret of Anjou" (called "Trinity" in the United Kingdom) in 2014, "Bloodline" in 2015, and "Ravenspur" in 2016.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: In 2017, Iggulden published a historical fiction novel called "Dunstan", chronicling the life of the 10th century monk and political adviser to the Saxon Kings of England, St. Dunstan.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: In 2018, Penguin Books released a historical novel called "The Falcon of Sparta", about the effort of Prince Cyrus to become King of Persia and the stranded 10,000 Greek mercenaries who walked out of Persia while pursued by the King's armies following the Battle of Cunaxa.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: Iggulden co-wrote a book with his brother Hal, "The Dangerous Book for Boys". It covers around eighty topics, from building a soapbox racer and tying knots, to learning about famous battles and how to make potassium aluminium sulphate crystals. It was released in the UK in June 2006, reprinted a month later and was voted British Book of the Year at the Galaxy British Book Awards.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: In September 2009 he wrote a children's book "Tollins: Explosive Tales for Children" through HarperCollins. Iggulden has since written three stories to accompany the story of the Tollins.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: In March 2006, Iggulden released a novelette entitled "Blackwater", part of the "Quick Reads" initiative of World Book Day 2006. Being a thriller, "Blackwater" was a change in genre for Iggulden who had mainly written historical fiction.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: In 2012 Iggulden added a further quickreads book to the list "Quantum of Tweed – The Man with a Nissan Micra" – a comedy about an unwitting hitman.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: In 2017, Conn Iggulden released the first book in his first fiction fantasy series, "Darien: Empire of Salt". This series is being published under the pen name C.F. Iggulden to avoid confusion with Iggulden's historical fiction novels. The second book in the series, Shiang, was released on 2018 followed by The Sword Saint in 2019.


title: Conn Iggulden

text: In 2010, there was media coverage toward a proposed epic film "Emperor: Young Caesar" to be about the early life of Julius Caesar covering the years from 92 BC to 71 BC and based on the first two novels of Iggulden's Emperor series, "The Gates of Rome" and "The Death of Kings". Exclusive Media Group hired Burr Steers to direct after they had an adaptation penned by William Broyles and Stephen Harrigan.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav () is a 2001 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar who co-wrote the film with Trivikram Srinivas. It is produced by Sravanthi Ravi Kishore under the Sri Sravanthi Movies studio. The film stars Venkatesh and Aarthi Agarwal which also marks the latter's debut. The music was composed by Koti.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: Released on 6 September 2001, the film was a critical and commercial success, It won five Nandi Awards, including Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film. It was remade in Tamil as "Vaseegara" (2003), in Kannada as "Gowramma" (2005), and in Bengali as "Majnu" (2013).


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: Venky is an unemployed graduate from Anakapalli. He moves to Hyderabad to find a job at his father Sekharam's insistence. He arrives at his father's childhood friend, Srinivasa Moorthy's house to stay there.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: Meanwhile, Moorthy's daughter Nandu is engaged to Prasad, a software professional from the USA. Venky helps the family in making arrangements and soon bonds with everyone. He also has petty fights with Nandu who start their relationship with hatred that later turns into a friendship. At the request of Sekharam, Murthy helps Venky in securing a job. Moorthy's sister Sujatha also arrives at their house. She shares a special bond with her niece Nandu and talks about the importance of marriage and finding a loving partner.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: Soon, Nandu develops feelings for Venky and confesses her love to him. Venky, who does not want to spoil the relationship between their parents, leaves the house. However, Murthy goes to the railway station and talks to Venky. As Venky returns, Nandu stops talking to him. Later, Venky accompanies Nandu and Pinky (Nandu's cousin) to Nandu's friend Asha's wedding. After the wedding, they go to an amusement park where they meet a photographer (Bramhanandam). Following their trip, Venky also realizes his love for Nandu but does not express it, pretending not to have any feelings for her.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: As Nandu's wedding approaches, Venky takes the onus of making arrangements for it. The demure Nandu is shattered and tells Sujatha about her love. Sujatha talks to Venky, asking him not to let Nandu suffer by rejecting her. Sekharam overhears the conversation that leaves him speechless. On the other hand, Prasad's family gets hold of a photo in which Venky and Nandu intimately hold their hands. They demand an additional dowry of from Moorthy for the marriage, alleging that his daughter has an affair with Venky. Furious Moorthy admonishes Nandu but Sujatha backs her by telling him that falling in love is not a woman's fault.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: Venky goes to Prasad's family and begs them not to call off the wedding. He vouches that Nandu is not at fault but Prasad's family couldn't care less. Moorthy arrives and asks them to leave. Moorthy tells Venky that he shouldn't have kept his love hidden. Venky, however, is ready to sacrifice his love so that Moorthy and Sekharam's friendship is not spoiled. Moorthy is moved and lets Venky marry his daughter.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: On their wedding day, the photographer confesses that he handed over their photo to the house servant Banthi to deliver to the bridegroom, believing that Nandu and Venky were getting married. Banthi, however, gave the photo to Prasad. The photographer is shocked to learn that the previous wedding was called off due to his photo and a new wedding is taking place.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: Music is composed by Koti and released by Aditya Music Company. The song "Okkasari Cheppaleva" is based on the Robert Miles song "Fable".


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: "Idlebrain.com" rated the film 4/5, and was in praise of the performances of the lead cast and the screenplay. "The strength of the film is Venky, Aarti, the comedy dialogues and sensible direction," the reviewer added. "Sify" which rated 3 stars out of 5, criticised the film for "lack of freshness", and "weak screenplay," and opined that the film resembles a "wedding album."


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: The film has undergone theatrical business of 7.24 crore and collected a distributors' share of 18 crore in its complete theatrical run and emerged as super hit. and 2.63 crore in its opening week. It was the third highest grossing Telugu film of all time, at its release.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: The film had a 50-day run in 93 centres and a 100-day run in 57 centres. It had a 175-day run in three centres.


title: Nuvvu Naaku Nachav

text: It was remade in Kannada as "Gowramma" (2005), in Tamil as "Vaseegara" (2003) and in Bengali as "Majnu" (2013).


title: Al-Tabari

text: His most influential and best known works are his Quranic commentary, known in Arabic as , and his historical chronicle called "History of the Prophets and Kings" (), often referred to as ("al-Tabari's History").


title: Al-Tabari

text: Al-Tabari followed the Shafi'i madhhab for nearly a decade before he developed his own interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence. His understanding of was both sophisticated and remarkably fluid and, as such, he continued to develop his ideas and thoughts on juristic matters right to the end of his life.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Al-Tabari's school ("madhhab") of legal thought flourished among Sunni ulama for two centuries after his death, before it eventually became extinct. It was usually designated by the name Jariri jurisprudence.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Tabari was born in Amol, Tabaristan (some 20 km south of the Caspian Sea) in the winter of 838–39. He has been described as either of Persian or Arab origin. He memorized the Qur'an at seven, was a qualified prayer leader at eight, and began to study the prophetic traditions at nine. He left home to study in 236 AH (850/1 AD), when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his hometown. He returned at least twice, the second time in 290 AH (903 AD), when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.


title: Al-Tabari

text: He first went to Ray (Rhages), where he remained for some five years. A major teacher in Rayy was Abu Abdillah Muhammad ibn Humayd al-Razi, who had earlier taught in Baghdad, but was now in his seventies While in Ray, he also studied Muslim jurisprudence according to the Hanafi school. Among other material, ibn Humayd taught Jarir Tabari the historical works of ibn Ishaq, especially "al-Sirah", his life of Muhammad. Tabari was thus introduced in youth to pre-Islamic and early Islamic history. Tabari quotes ibn Humayd frequently, but little is known about Tabari's other teachers in Rayy.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Tabari then travelled to study in Baghdad under Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who, however, had recently died (in late 855 or early 856). Tabari possibly made a pilgrimage prior to his first arrival in Baghdad. He left Baghdad probably in 242 AH (856/7 AD) to travel through the southern cities of Basra, Kufah and Wasit. There, he met a number of eminent and venerable scholars. In addition to his previous study of Hanafi law, Tabari also studied the Shafi'i, Maliki and Zahiri rites. Tabari's study of the latter school was with the founder, Dawud al-Zahiri, and Tabari hand-copied and transmitted many of his teacher's works. Tabari was then well-versed in four of the five remaining Sunni legal schools, before founding his own independent, yet eventually extinct, school. His debates with his former teachers and classmates were known, and served as a demonstration of said independence. Notably missing from this list is the Hanbali school, the fourth largest legal school within Sunni Islam in the present era. Tabari's view of Ibn Hanbal, the school's founder, became decidedly negative later in life. Tabari did not give Ibn Hanbal's dissenting opinion any weight at all when considering the various views of jurists, stating that Ibn Hanbal had not even been a jurist at all but merely a recorder of Hadith.


title: Al-Tabari

text: On his return to Baghdad, he took a tutoring position from the vizier, Ubaydallah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan. This would have been before A.H. 244 (858), since the vizier was out of office and in exile from 244 to 248 (858–9 to 862).There is an anecdote telling that Tabari had agreed to tutor for ten dinars a month, but his teaching was so effective and the boy's writing so impressive that the teacher was offered a tray of dinars and dirhams. The ever-ethical Tabari declined the offer, saying he had undertaken to do his work at the specified amount, and could not honorably take more. That is one of a number of narratives about him declining gifts or giving gifts of equal or greater amount in return.


title: Al-Tabari

text: In his late twenties, he travelled to Syria, Palestine, India and Egypt. In Beirut, he made the highly significant connection of al-Abbas ibn al-Walid ibn Mazyad al-'Udhri al-Bayruti (c. 169–270/785–86 to 883–84). Al-Abbas instructed Tabari in the Syrian school's variant readings of the Qur'an and transmitted through his father al-Walid the legal views of al-Awza'i, Beirut's prominent jurist from a century earlier.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Tabari arrived in Egypt in 253 AH (867 AD), and some time after 256/870, he returned to Baghdad, possibly making a pilgrimage on the way. If so, he did not stay long in the Hijaz. Tabari had a private income from his father while he was still living, and then the inheritance. He took money for teaching. Among Tabari's students was Ibn al-Mughallis, who was also a student of Tabari's own teacher Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri; Ibn al-Mughallis lavished Tabari with almost excessive praise. He never took a government or a judicial position.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Tabari was some fifty years old when al-Mu'tadid became caliph. He was well past seventy in the year his "History" was published. During the intervening years, he was famous, if somewhat controversial, personality. Among the figures of his age, he had access to sources of information equal to anyone, except, perhaps, those who were directly connected with decision making within the government. Most, if not all, the materials for the histories of al-Mu'tadid, al-Muktafi, and the early years of al-Muqtadir, were collected by him about the time the reported events took place. His accounts are as authentic as one can expect from that period. Tabari final years were marked by conflict with the Hanbalite followers of Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari, a student of the students of Ibn Hanbal. Tabari was known for his view that Hanbalism was not a legitimate school of thought, as Ibn Hanbal was a compiler of traditions and not a proper jurist. The Hanbalites of Baghdad would often stone Tabari's house, escalating the persecution to the point where Abbasid authorities had to subdue them by force. The Baghdad chief of police tried to organize a debate between Tabari and the Hanbalites to settle their differences. While Tabari accepted, the Hanbalites did not show up, but instead came later to pelt his house with stones again. The constant threat of violence from the Hanbalites hung over Tabari's head for the rest of his life.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Tabari died on 17 February 923. Some sources suggest that Abbasid authorities buried Tabari at night in secret as they feared mob violence by the Hanbalites, but these reports are uncertain, and other sources agree that he was buried in the morning after his death. Regardless, Tabari was remembered positively by contemporaries such as Ibn Duraid, and the Hanbalites were condemned by Abbasid authorities in their entirety for persecuting opponents, roughly a decade later. They even prevented people from meeting with him, and Ibn Jarir remained trapped in his home until he died. The period in which Tabari lived was full of religious differences and political unrest, which was characterized by the stigmatization and accusation of individuals.


title: Al-Tabari

text: He is described as having a dark complexion, large eyes and a long beard. He was tall and slender and his hair and beard remained black until he was very old. He was attentive to his health, avoiding red meat, fats, and other foods he deemed unhealthy. He was seldom sick before his last decade, when he suffered from bouts of pleurisy. When he was ill, he treated himself (to the approval of physicians). He had a sense of humor, though serious subjects he treated seriously. He had studied poetry when young and enjoyed writing, reciting and participating in poetic exchanges. It is said that he was asked in Egypt about al-Tirimmah, and was able to recite this 7th century poet's work for Egyptians who had merely heard al-Tirimmah's name.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Ali ibn al-Athir, in his memoirs, he confirmed these features. He was witty and urbane, clean, and well mannered. He avoided coarse speech, instead displaying refined eloquence. He had a good grounding in grammar, lexicography, and philology. Such were considered essential for Qur'anic commentary. He knew Persian and was acquainted with the origins of various foreign loan words in Arabic from a number of other languages.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Al-Tabari was very humble to his companions, visitors and students, without being proud of his position, condescending with his knowledge, or being domineering towards others. He did not bear hatred against anyone, and he had a satisfied soul, excusing those who had wronged him, and forgiving those who offended him.


title: Al-Tabari

text: His ijtihad (independent judgement) led to criticism from the Zahiris and some fanatic Hanbali followers. Though his conflict with the leaders of the Zāhiriyya was resolved, the Hanbalites literally besieged him in his own home. Apparently, al-Tabari did not think much of Ibn Hanbal as a jurist (faqih), but mainly saw him as a traditionist (muhaddith), and this was enough to incite the Hanbalites against him. Al-Tabari was suddenly accused of being a Jahmite heretic, while his respect for 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth rightly guided caliph, exposed him to accusations of Shi'ite sympathies. At the same time, he incurred the wrath of the Shi'ites by defending the previous three caliphs.


title: Al-Tabari

text: In Baghdad, three Hanbalites, who do not seem further identifiable, asked al-Tabari about his views on a tradition attributed to Mujahid, concerning the explanation of the verse 79 from Surat al-Isra' in the Qur'an about the Praiseworthy Station of the Prophet Muhammad, known as "al-Maqam al-Mahmud".


title: Al-Tabari

text: In the books of Tafsir (interpretation of the Qur'an), authors indicated that the Praiseworthy Station (al-Maqam al-Mahmud) mentioned in the above verse is the most highest place in Paradise, which will be granted to the Prophet Muhammad and none else, and the position of intercession (Shafa'a) will be giving to him by permission of Allah/God on behalf of the believers on the Day of Judgment. The Prophet Muhammad will intercede on their behalf, so that Allah/God will relieve them of the suffering of such a situation.


title: Al-Tabari

text: However, the Hanbalites interpreted the Praiseworthy Station as the seating of the Prophet Muhammad by Allah/God on the Throne, despite the overall weakness of the narrations supporting it.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Upon hearing this, the fanatic Hanbali followers attacked him fiercely, and stoned his residence and caused a serious disturbance which had to be subdued by force. Trouble with the Hanbalites that took a similar form was also reported at the time of al-Tabari's death. In connection with it, Nazuk is mentioned as chief of police. He was appointed to this position only in 310/922, the year al-Tabari died, but he appears to have held high positions in the police before, and may already have been in charge of al-Tabari's protection against potential Hanbalite violence.


title: Al-Tabari

text: In 309/921, the wazir 'Ali b. 'Isa had offered al-Tabari the opportunity to debate the matter with the Hanbalites in his residence. Al-Tabari agreed, but the Hanbalites did not show up. However, shortly before his death, Hanbalite rioters supposedly pelted his house with stones so numerous that they formed a large wall in front of it.


title: Al-Tabari

text: According to Franz Rosenthal, "The role of Hanbalite hostility, though real, seems to have been exaggerated in connection with his death as it was in his life." He further adds that "Those who knew Tabari best always played down the inconveniences he suffered from the Hanbalites."


title: Al-Tabari

text: Al-Tabari wrote history, theology and Qur'anic commentary. His principal and most influential works were:


title: Al-Tabari

text: His legal texts, commentaries and Qur'anic exegesis, and history, produced respectively, were published throughout his lifetime. Biographers stress his reverence for scholarship, objectivity, and independent judgement ("ijtihad"). He rates the credibility of his sources from a theological rather than an historical standpoint, yet he opposed religious innovation. In one anecdote, Abu Kamil suggested him when he was near death, to forgive his enemies, which he agreed to, apart from one who called him an innovator. Tabari was generally conciliatory, moderate, and affable.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Initially, Tabari belonged to the Shafi'ite madhhab (school) of fiqh (Islamic law), and was welcomed by them. He established his own madhhab, usually designated the Jariri madhhab after his patronymic. His school failed to endure in the competitive atmosphere of the times. As a youth in Baghdad, he had applied to the Hanbalite's but received a hostile rejection.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Al-Tabari's jurisprudence belongs to a type which Christopher Melchert has called "Rationalism", largely associated with the Shafi'i madhhab. It was characterized by strong scripturalist tendencies. He appears, like Dawud al-Zahiri, to restrict consensus historically, defining it as the transmission by many authorities of reports on which the Sahaba agreed unanimously. Like Dawud al-Zahiri, he also held that consensus must be tied to a text and cannot be based on legal analogy.


title: Al-Tabari

text: While we still lack a satisfactory scholarly biography of this remarkable scholar, interested readers now have access to a meticulous and well-annotated translation of the sections from al-Tabari's chronicle, which constitute the most important primary source for the


title: Al-Tabari

text: history of his reign. Anyone familiar with al-Tabari's chronicle knows what a formidable challenge it poses for a translator, especially for one attempting to make it accessible to an audience that includes non-specialists. There is first of all the obstacle of al-Tabari's Arabic prose, which varies greatly in style and complexity, according to the source he is using (and apparently quoting verbatim). The sections in the McAuliffe translation, drawn mostly from al-Mada'ini and 'Umar ibn Shabba, do not represent the most obscure passages to be found in al-Tabari, but they are nonetheless full of linguistic ambiguities and difficulties for the translator.


title: Al-Tabari

text: The first of the two large works, generally known as the "Annals" (Arabic "Tarikh al-Tabari"). This is a universal history from the time of Qur'anic Creation to 915, and is renowned for its detail and accuracy concerning Muslim and Middle Eastern history. Tabari's work is one of the major primary sources for historians. The History commenced with the Creation, followed by accounts regarding the patriarchs, prophets, and rulers of antiquity. The history of the Sasanian Empire came next. For the period of the Prophet's life, al-Ṭabarī drew upon the extensive researches of 8th-century Medinan scholars. Although pre-Islamic influences are evident in their works, the Medinan perspective of Muslim history evolved as a theocentric (god-centred) universal history of prophecy, culminating in the career of Muhammad and not as a continuum of tribal wars and values. The sources for al-Ṭabarī's History covering the years from the Prophet’s death to the fall of the Umayyad dynasty (661–750 CE) were short monographs, each treating a major event or the circumstances attending the death of an important person. Al-Ṭabarī supplemented this material with historical reports embodied in works on genealogy, poetry, and tribal affairs. Further, details of the early ʿAbbāsid period were available to him in a few histories of the caliphs that unfortunately have come down only in the fragments preserved by al-Ṭabarī. Almost all of these accounts reflected an Iraqi perspective of the community; coupled with this is al-Ṭabarī’s scant attention to affairs in Egypt, North Africa, and Muslim Spain, so that his History does not have the secular “universal” outlook sometimes attributed to it. From the beginning of the Muslim era (dated from 622, the date of the hijrah—the Prophet Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina), the History is arranged as a set of annals according to the years after the hijrah. It terminates in the year 915.


title: Al-Tabari

text: His second great work was the commentary on the Qur'an, (Arabic "Tafsir al-Tabari"), which was marked by the same fullness of detail as the "Annals". Abul-Qaasim Ibn 'Aqil Al-Warraq says: " Imām Ibn Jarir once said to his students: “Are you all ready to write down my lesson on the commentary of the entire Holy Quran?" They enquired as to how lengthy it would be. "30 000 pages"! he replied. They said: "This would take a long time and cannot be completed in one lifetime. He therefore made it concise and kept it to 3000 pages (note, this was in reference to the old days when they used ink and hard-paper which was a bit long format today). It took him seven years to finish it from the year 283 until 290.


title: Al-Tabari

text: It is said that it is the most voluminous Athari Tafsir (i.e., based on hadith not intellect) existent today, and so well received by the Ummah that it survived to this day intact, due to its popularity and widely printed copies available worldwide. Scholars such as Baghawi and Suyuti used it largely. It was used in compiling the Tafsir ibn Kathir, which is often referred to as Mukhtasar Tafsir at-Tabari.


title: Al-Tabari

text: A perusal of Tabari shows that he in fact relied on a variety of historians and other authors, such as Abu Mihnaf, Sayf b. 'Umar, Ibn al-Kalbi, 'Awana ibn al-Hakam, Nasr b. Muzahim, al-Mada'ini, 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr, al-Zuhri, Ibn Ishaq, Waqidi, Wahb b. Munabbih, Ka'b al-Ahbar, Ibn al-Matni, al Haggag b. al-Minhal, Hisham b. 'Urwa, al-Zubayr b. Bakkar and so forth, in addition to oral accounts that were circulating at the time. In recounting his history, Tabari used numerous channels to give accounts. These are both channels that are given by the same author in a work, such as for example three different accounts that start with the isnad al-Harita.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Although no subject in history, recitation of the Quran and its interpretation, poetry, grammar and vocabulary, ethics, mathematics, and theology remained untouched by Tabari, he is primarily known as the author and author of history.


title: Al-Tabari

text: This book has been translated a lot so far. Less than fifty years after the author's death, the history of the Prophet and the Kings has been translated into Persian by Muhammad Bal'ami, the minister of science of Nuh II, in 352 AH.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Theodor Nöldeke, the German orientalist in 1879 has also translated the Sassanid section of Tabari's history into German, and has since been reprinted several times.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Dutch orientalist Michael Jan de Goeje, in several volumes, translated Tabari's history book into Dutch, The book was later translated into English and republished in 1998 by State University of New York Press and Paris Diderot University. Hermann Zotenberg published the history of Tabari in French Language in four volumes in Paris. His book on the nativities and history was translated into Latin by Giovanni da Siviglia and published in Venice in 1503. Franz Rosenthal translated in 1989 Tabari history book of three volumes, with title "History of the Middle East".


title: Al-Tabari

text: Clifford Edmund Bosworth, published the book History of Tabari in three volumes with an introduction by Ehsan Yarshater in 1999 in the United States, Albania and France. Planning for the translation of this great chronicle book into English in forty volumes began in 1971, led by Ehsan Yarshater as General Editor and assisted by an Editorial Board Ihsan Abbas, American University of Beirut, Clifford Edmund Bosworth University of Manchester, Jacob Lassner Wayne State University, as Supervising Editor, and Franz Rosenthal in Yale University. Estelle Whelan at the Columbia Center for Iranian Studies served as Editorial Coordinator.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Ignác Goldziher Hungarian scholar, wrote in 1920 a book focusing on Tabari, titled in German as "Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslegung", and it was published by Brill Publishers. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary also published the complete History of the Prophets and Kings in 17 volumes in his center. W. Montgomery Watt researched the history of Tabari, and from 1987 to 1999 published the book History of Tabari entitled "Muhammad at Mecca". Also Manuscripts Tabari history, Tabari interpretation and translation of Tabari history stored in Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Moshe Pearlman, Ismail Poonawala, Fred Donner, Hugh N. Kennedy, Khalid Yahya Blankinship, R. Stephen Humphreys, Michael G. Morony, G. R. Hawting, Martin Hinds, Carole Hillenbrand, George Saliba, and Yohanan Friedmann authors and researchers were prominent, they published a collection of books on the history of Tabari with different titles.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Al-Azdi was an extremely early witness to the reception of al-Tabari's text - indeed, much earlier than the sources that are customarily used to improve our understanding of the "Tarikh al-rusul wa-l-muluk", e.g., Miskawayh, Ibn Asakir, Ibn al-Athir, and Ibn Khallikan. Second, since al-Azdi was writing in the decades following al-Tabari, his "Tarikh" can say something about the reception of al-Tabari "Tarikh" among those who immediately followed the great master. That al-Tabari's history was immensely significant we can all agree; but as to precisely how he became so significant there is no clear consensus. Returning to Forand's insight, al-Azdi frequently drew on the same authorities tapped by al-Tabari, but whose works are for the most part now lost, such as Abu Ma'shar (170/786), Abu Mikhnaf (157/774), al-Haytham ibn 'Adi (207/822), al-Madaini (around 228/843), and 'Umar ibn Shabba (262/878).


title: Al-Tabari

text: Realistic depictions alternate with formalized and archetypal narrative. Tabari is careful to give his reports of these conquests a religious frame (expressions such as "Nu'aym wrote to 'Umar about the victory that God had given him" [pp. 25–26] abound), though it is worth noting that Tabari describes the initiation of the campaign in pragmatic rather than ideological terms. He states that 'Umar's decision to invade came as a result of his realization Yazdegerd was making war on him every year, and when it was suggested to him that he would continue to do this until he was driven out of his kingdom" (p. 2). The religious frame in Tabari's account is therefore not inflexible or exclusive.


title: Al-Tabari

text: In 2015, a statue of Jarir Tabari, along with another Iranian scientist, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, was erected in the courtyard of the National Library of Tajikistan.


title: Al-Tabari

text: There are streets and schools named after him in Riyadh, Doha, Amol, Qazvin, Khobar, Aqaba, Madaba, Beirut, Dhahran, Heliopolis, Kuwait, Homs, Hama and Baghdad.


title: Al-Tabari

text: Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob and Lefebvre Lucidio in a speech at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, founded the Tabari History Research Structure Institute. The Jarir Tabari first international commemoration in 1989, With a suggestion Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi was held by Kayhan magazine at Mazandaran University.


title: Al-Tabari

text: In 1987, The ERTU (Egyptian Radio and Television Union) produced the first TV series that presented the life of Jarir Tabari under the name “Imam al-Tabari”, it was directed by Magdy Abou Emira starring Ezzat El Alaili. In addition to Egypt, the biographical series was shown on Arabic channels in other countries.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Relations between Vietnam and China (, pinyin: "Zhōng-Yuè Guān Xì"; ) have been back and forth for thousands of years. Despite their Sinospheric and socialist background, centuries of conquest by modern China's imperial predecessor have made Vietnam wary of the Chinese government. Although China assisted North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, relations between the two nations soured following Fall of Saigon in 1975 and Vietnamese reunification in 1976. The root cause was the Vietnamese ouster of the Khmer Rouge, which had become genocidal, from power in Cambodia, a party that China had propped up. China invaded Vietnam in 1979, beginning the Sino-Vietnamese War. Cross-border raids and skirmishes ensued, in which China and Vietnam fought a prolonged border war from 1979 to 1990. Both sides have since worked to improve their diplomatic and economic ties, although the two countries remain in dispute over political and territorial issues in the South China Sea (or East Sea). China and Vietnam share a border as well. In 2014, a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 84% of Vietnamese were concerned that disputes relating to the South China Sea could lead to military conflict. However, the two countries have been striving for restraint as well as present and future stability. The two countries' political parties, although having faced a number of concerns, have since maintained socialist ties.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: China and Vietnam had contact since the Chinese Warring States period and the Vietnamese Thục dynasty in the 3rd century BC, as noted in the 15th-century Vietnamese historical record "Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư". Between the 1st century BC and the 15th century AD, Vietnam was subject to four separate periods of imperial Chinese domination although it successfully asserted a degree of independence after the Battle of Bạch Đằng in 938 AD.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: According to the old Vietnamese historical records Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and Khâm Định Việt Sử Thông Giám Cương Mục, An Dương Vương (Thục Phán) was a prince of the Chinese state of Shu (蜀, which shares the same Chinese character as his surname Thục), sent by his father first to explore what are now the southern Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan and then to move their people to what is now northern Vietnam during the invasion of the Qin dynasty.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Some modern Vietnamese scholars believe that Thục Phán came upon Âu Việt, which is now northernmost Vietnam, western Guangdong, and southern Guangxi Province, with its capital in what is today Cao Bằng Province). After assembling an army, he defeated Hùng Vương XVIII, the last ruler of the Hồng Bàng dynasty, in 258 BC. He proclaimed himself An Dương Vương ("King An Dương"), renamed his newly acquired state from Văn Lang to Âu Lạc and established the new capital at Phong Khê (now Phú Thọ, a town in northern Vietnam), where he tried to build Cổ Loa Citadel, the spiral fortress approximately ten miles north of his new capital.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Han Chinese migration into Vietnam has been dated back to the era of the 2nd century BC, when Qin Shi Huang first placed northern Vietnam under Chinese rule, Chinese soldiers and fugitives from Central China have migrated en masse into northern Vietnam since then and introduced Chinese influences into Vietnamese culture. The Chinese military leader Zhao Tuo founded the Triệu dynasty, which ruled Nanyue in southern China and northern Vietnam. The Qin governor of Canton advised Zhao to found his own independent kingdom since the area was remote, and there were many Chinese settlers in the area. The Chinese prefect of Jiaozhi, Shi Xie, ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese emperors. Shi Xie was the leader of the elite ruling class of Han Chinese families that immigrated to Vietnam and played a major role in developing Vietnam's culture.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: After Vietnam regained its independence, a series of wars between China and Vietnam occurred in which Vietnam, at its peak, invaded China once, during the Lý–Song War, which the Lý dynasty raided into China and even occupied several counties in what is now Guangxi and Guangdong, in China. That would be the major factor for the later conflict between China and Vietnam. The Ming dynasty invaded Vietnam and occupied it in what would be the Fourth Era of Northern Domination, only to be defeated 20 years later by the army of rebel leader Lê Lợi, who later founded the Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam. The Qing dynasty had also attempted to reinstall the last Lê emperor on the throne as a puppet but was defeated by Emperor Quang Trung at 1789.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: In 1884, during Vietnam's Nguyễn dynasty, the Qing dynasty and France fought the Sino-French War, which ended in a Chinese defeat. The Treaty of Tientsin recognized French dominance in Vietnam and Indochina, spelling the end of formal Chinese influence on Vietnam and the beginning of Vietnam's French colonial period.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Both China and Vietnam faced invasion and occupation by Imperial Japan during World War II, and Vietnam languished under the rule of Vichy France. In the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Guangdong, Vietnamese revolutionaries, led by Phan Bội Châu, had arranged alliances with the Chinese Nationalists, the Kuomintang, before the war by marrying Vietnamese women to Chinese National Revolutionary Army officers. Their children were at an advantage since they could speak both languages and so they worked as agents for the revolutionaries, spreading their ideologies across borders. The intermarriage between Chinese and Vietnamese was viewed with alarm by the French. Chinese merchants also married Vietnamese women and provided funds and help for revolutionary agents.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Late in the war, with Japan and Nazi Germany nearing defeat, US President Franklin Roosevelt privately decided that the French should not return in Indochina after the war was over. Roosevelt offered the Kuomintang leader, Chiang Kai-shek, all of Indochina to be under Chinese rule, but Chiang Kai-shek reportedly replied, "Under no circumstances!" In August 1943, China broke diplomatic relations with Vichy France, with the "Central Daily News" announcing that diplomatic relations were to be solely between the Chinese and the Vietnamese, with no French intermediary. China had planned to spread massive propaganda on the Atlantic Charter and Roosevelt's statement on Vietnamese self-determination to undermine the French authority in Indochina.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: After the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, his successor, Harry S. Truman, switched his position on Vietnamese independence to gain the support of Free French Forces in Europe.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: According to a 2018 study in the "Journal of Conflict Resolution" on Vietnam-China relations from 1365 to 1841, they could be characterized as a "hierarchic tributary system" from 1365 to 1841. The study found that "the Vietnamese court explicitly recognized its unequal status in its relations with China through a number of institutions and norms. Vietnamese rulers also displayed very little military attention to their relations with China. Rather, Vietnamese leaders were clearly more concerned with quelling chronic domestic instability and managing relations with kingdoms to their south and west." However, decades of conflicts between China and Vietnam during the era, with Vietnamese attacks on China's allies, would challenge that claim.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: After the Second World War ended, a United Nations mandate, had 200,000 Chinese troops, led by General Lu Han, sent by Chiang Kai-shek to Indochina north of the 16th parallel with the aim of accepting the surrender of the Japanese occupying forces. The troops remained in Indochina until 1946. The Chinese used the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng, the Vietnamese version of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their influence in Indochina and to put pressure on their opponents. Nevertheless, the Chinese occupation forces allowed Ho Chi Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam more influence than the British Army occupation authorities in the south. Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war to force them to negotiate with Ho Chi Minh. In February 1946, Chiang forced the French colonists to surrender all of their concessions in China and to renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and for allowing French troops to reoccupy the region.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Along with the Soviet Union, Communist China was an important strategic ally of North Vietnam during the Indochina Wars. The Chinese Communist Party provided arms, military training and essential supplies to help the communist North defeat the imperialist French colonial empire, capitalist South Vietnam, and their ally the United States, between 1949 and 1975. During 1964 to 1969, Communist China reportedly sent over 300,000 troops, mostly in anti-aircraft divisions to combat in Vietnam. However, the Vietnamese communists remained suspicious of China's perceived attempts to increase its influence over Vietnam. During the 1954 Geneva Conference ending the First Indochina War, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai urged the Viet Minh delegation to accept partition at the 17th parallel, which was regarded as a betrayal.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Vietnam was an ideological battleground during the 1960s Sino-Soviet split. After the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, Chinese Premier Deng Xiaoping secretly promised the North Vietnamese 1 billion yuan in military and economic aid if they refused all Soviet aid.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: During the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese and the Chinese had agreed to defer tackling their territorial issues until South Vietnam was defeated. Those issues included the lack of delineation of Vietnam's territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin and the question of sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. During the 1950s, half of the Paracels were controlled by China and the rest by South Vietnam. In 1958, North Vietnam accepted China's claim to the Paracels and relinquished its own claim; one year earlier, China had ceded White Dragon Tail Island to North Vietnam. The potential of offshore oil deposits in the Gulf of Tonkin heightened tensions between China and South Vietnam. In 1960, China became the first country to recognize the Viet Cong in Vietnam. In 1973, with the Vietnam War drawing to a close, North Vietnam announced its intention to allow foreign companies to explore oil deposits in disputed waters. In January 1974, a clash between Chinese and South Vietnamese forces resulted in China taking complete control of the Paracels. After its absorption of South Vietnam in 1975, North Vietnam took over the South Vietnamese-controlled portions of the Spratly Islands. The unified Vietnam then canceled its earlier renunciation of its claim to the Paracels, and both China and Vietnam claim control over all the Spratlys and actually control some of the islands.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: In the wake of the Vietnam War, the Cambodian–Vietnamese War caused tensions with China, which had allied itself with Democratic Kampuchea. That and Vietnam's close ties to the Soviet Union made China consider Vietnam to be a threat to its regional sphere of influence. Tensions were heightened in the 1970s by the Vietnamese government's oppression of the Hoa minority (Vietnamese of Chinese ethnicity) and the invasion of Khmer Rouge-held Cambodia. At the same time, Vietnam expressed its disapproval with China strengthening ties with the United States since the Nixon-Mao Summit of 1972. By 1978, China ended its aid to Vietnam, which had signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union and established extensive commercial and military ties.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: On February 17, 1979, the Chinese People's Liberation Army crossed the Vietnamese border but withdrew on March 5, after a two-week campaign had devastated northern Vietnam and briefly threatened the Vietnamese capital, Hanoi. Both sides suffered relatively heavy losses, with thousands of casualties. Subsequent peace talks broke down in December 1979, and China and Vietnam began a major buildup of forces along the border. Vietnam fortified its border towns and districts and stationed as many as 600,000 troops. China stationed 400,000 troops on its side of the border. Sporadic fighting on the border occurred throughout the 1980s, and China threatened to launch another attack to force Vietnam's exit from Cambodia.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: With the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union and Vietnam's 1990 exit from Cambodia, China-Vietnamese ties began to improve. Both nations planned the normalization of their relations in a secret summit in Chengdu in September 1990, and officially normalized ties in November 1991. Since 1991, the leaders and high-ranking officials of both nations have exchanged visits. China and Vietnam both recognized and supported the post-1991 government of Cambodia, and supported each other's bid to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). In 1999, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Le Kha Phieu, visited Beijing, where he met General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin and announced a joint 16 Word Guideline for improved bilateral relations; a Joint Statement for Comprehensive Cooperation was issued in 2000. In 2000, Vietnam and China successfully resolved longstanding disputes over their land border and maritime rights in the Gulf of Tonkin, including the cession of land surrounding the Friendship Pass to China. A joint agreement between China and ASEAN in 2002 marked out a process of peaceful resolution and guarantees against armed conflict. In 2002, Jiang Zemin made an official visit to Vietnam in which numerous agreements were signed to expand trade and co-operation and to resolve outstanding disputes. In 2020, for the celebration of Vietnam's 75th National Day, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping and his Vietnamese equal Nguyễn Phú Trọng reaffirmed their bilateral ties while looking back saying: "In the past 70 years, although there have been some ups and downs in bilateral relations, friendship and cooperation had always been the main flow."


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: China is Vietnam's top trading partner, taking into account about 22.6% of the total exports values of Vietnam and 30% of imports of Vietnam.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: After both sides resumed trade links in 1991, growth in annual bilateral trade increased from only US$32 million in 1991 to almost US$7.2 billion in 2004. By 2011, the trade volume had reached US$25 billion. In 2019, the total value of trade between the two countries amounted to US$517 billion. China's transformation into a major economic power in the 21st century has led to an increase of foreign investments in the bamboo network, a network of Overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Vietnam's exports to China include crude oil, coal, coffee, and food, and China exports pharmaceuticals, machinery, petroleum, fertilizers, and automobile parts to Vietnam. Both nations are working to establish an "economic corridor" from China's Yunnan Province to Vietnam's northern provinces and cities and similar economic zones linking China's Guangxi Province with Vietnam's Lạng Sơn and Quang Ninh Provinces, and the cities of Hanoi and Haiphong. Air and sea links and a railway line have been opened between the countries, along with national-level seaports in the frontier provinces and regions of the two countries. Joint ventures have furthermore been launched, such as the Thai Nguyen Steel Complex, but the deal eventually fell through, resulting in the bankruptcy of state-owned Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel VSC and the withdrawal of the China Metallurgical Group Corporation from the project.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: Chinese investments in Vietnam have been rising since 2015, reaching US$2.17 billion in 2017. With the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership, Vietnam was anticipated to offer more access to regional markets for Chinese affiliated firms.


title: China–Vietnam relations

text: In 2018, protesters went on the streets in Vietnam against government plans to open new special economic zones, including one in Quang Ninh, near the Chinese border, which would allow 99-year land leases, citing concerns about Chinese dominance.