title: Tim Riggins

text: At the start of season three, Tim and Lyla are already in a relationship. He is also moved from Fullback to Tailback due to Smash's graduating. Friction occurs between the couple when Tim, now a senior, begins to attract serious interest from various colleges. Lyla encourages Tim to pursue a scholarship while Tim refuses to take the recruiters seriously. Billy is concerned about Tim's future as he wants Tim to go to college and make something of himself, something that Billy himself never got to achieve, and asks Jason for help. They put together a highlight reel to send to recruiters. He also enters in a business venture flipping houses with his brother, Billy, his best friend, Jason, and Jason's friend, Herc. He later accompanies Jason to New York City where he helps him get a job as a sports agent and reunite with the mother of his child. Tim is then pursued by the fictional San Antonio State, and signs with them, becoming the first member of the Riggins family to attend college.


title: Tim Riggins

text: Upon graduation from high school, Tim attends the fictional San Antonio State University, for a short time where he plays football before dropping out, realizing that it was never part of his plans. After returning to Dillon, he finds that he can no longer stay with his older brother since Billy is focusing on building a life with his pregnant wife, Mindy, Tyra's older sister. After a one-night stand with a bartender, Cheryl (Alicia Witt), he moves into a trailer on her property where he frequently finds himself entangled with her teenager daughter, Becky.


title: Tim Riggins

text: He also finds himself volunteer coaching with Coach Taylor and the East Dillon Lions. One notable moment was when Tim and Billy were helping the Lions with a newly developed play by attending a practice in full pads. The jersey Tim was wearing suggests that he achieved All-American status during his tenure with the Dillon Panthers. Tim briefly reunites with Lyla, who has started attending college in Vanderbilt. While Tim still holds feelings for Lyla, he realizes he cannot keep her due to her own aspirations. The two part ways at a bus station.


title: Tim Riggins

text: Tim and his brother Billy operate an auto body shop, "Riggins' Rigs". Pressure mounts on Billy to provide for his pregnant wife, Mindy, and he agrees to turn his shop into a chop shop to earn more money. After Tim discovers Billy's secret operation, he supports it all the way, so he can make enough money to buy a plot of land he had set his eyes on. The police discover their scheme and arrest Tim. In the season four finale, "Thanksgiving," Tim realizes that his brother needs to stay and provide for his family and turns himself in to the sheriff's office and takes full responsibility for the chop shop, since he agreed to it all.


title: Tim Riggins

text: Tim is seen briefly in jail at the beginning of the first episode of season five, and returns in the final four episodes of the series. In the episode, "Don't Go", Tim's parole hearing takes place with Billy, Coach Taylor, and Buddy Garrity all speaking on Tim's behalf. Tim is released from prison and over the next few episodes, tries to figure out what he will do with his life. He is uncharacteristically harsh and bitter. He is angry at Billy, because he feels that Billy has not done everything that he could to get his life in order. He declares that he is going to sell his property and eventually move to Alaska to work on pipelines. Unsure of what his own future will be, he helps Becky come to terms with her life and is given a job by Buddy Garrity.


title: Tim Riggins

text: Tim's final scene in the series is that of he and Billy building Tim's home on his property. They both toast each other stating "Texas Forever," mirroring Tim and Jason Street's quote in the pilot episode.


title: Tim Riggins

text: Critical reception of the Riggins character has been varied. "Variety" magazine opined that "there may be no more compelling, tortured soul on the "FNL" roster than Riggins". Scott Tobias, on the other hand, writing for "The A.V. Club", had less enthusiasm for the character. According to Tobias, "he gives you the poses of a hunky, smoldering, haunted young man, but rarely the three-dimensional, flesh-and-bone reality of it." In June 2010, "Entertainment Weekly" ranked Tim Riggins as number 100 of their "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years."


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: Jagged Edge is an American R&B group from Atlanta, Georgia. The group, initially signed to record producer Jermaine Dupri's So So Def Recordings, is best known for their string of hit singles including "Let's Get Married" and "Where the Party At" (featuring Nelly), most of which were produced by Dupri. The group's members include identical twin lead singers Brian and Brandon Casey as well as Richard Wingo and Kyle Norman. The group's debut album, "A Jagged Era" (1997), performed poorly at the time of its release; however, their subsequent albums until 2007 all became commercial successes—debuting within the top 10 of the "Billboard" 200.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: Wingo was a late addition to the group, added after a recommendation from Kandi Burruss of Xscape. Burruss was also the one who brought the group to the attention of Dupri, who signed them to his Columbia Records distributed imprint, So So Def Recordings. The name "Jagged Edge" is derived from the song "Snakes" by rapper Ol' Dirty Bastard's debut album "", more specifically, the beginning of RZA's verse, which states, "Jagged Edge, Rockhead God, hard as Stonehenge..."


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: Jagged Edge began their mainstream recording career with the single "The Way That You Talk". They followed this in 1997 with the album, "A Jagged Era" which went gold, featuring the singles "I Gotta Be" and "The Way That You Talk". "I Gotta Be" which was written by the twins, reached number 11 on the R&B charts and number 23 on the Hot 100.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: Following up on their debut album, Jagged Edge released "J.E. Heartbreak" in 1999. The album was the group's breakthrough album with several popular singles. The album went double platinum and had the hit single "Let's Get Married" which topped the R&B charts and reached number 11 on the Hot 100. The album's second single, "He Can't Love U" (released September 28, 1999) had similar success, reaching number 3 on the R&B charts and number 15 on the Hot 100. It also featured the track "Promise", which reached number 1 on the R&B charts and number 9 on the Hot 100.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: The group's third release, "Jagged Little Thrill", was released in 2001 and went platinum. Its success was in large part, due to the up-tempo "Where the Party At" which reached number 1 on the R&B charts and number 3 on the Hot 100, the group's highest-charting single.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: Jagged Edge's fourth album, "Hard", was released in 2003 and went gold. The album's single "Walked Outta Heaven" performed well on the charts, reaching number 6 on the Hot 100 and number 2 on the R&B charts.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: Jagged Edge's fifth album, "Jagged Edge", was released on May 9, 2006, by Columbia/Sony Music Urban and it went gold. It featured the hit urban single "Good Luck Charm". Also released on November 21, 2006, was "The Hits" collection featuring Jagged Edge's biggest hits plus a few album tracks. The album shared the single "Stunnas" that's also on the "Jagged Edge" album as a bonus track.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: Jagged Edge parted ways with Columbia Records shortly after the release of their self-titled fifth album and signed back with Dupri. Dupri re-signed the group to So So Def through Island Def Jam, which handles the distribution for So So Def, and where Dupri was president of the urban division. The group was also granted their own record label called 581 Muzik Groupe which was credited on their album, "Baby Makin' Project".


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: The only single released off "Baby Makin' Project" was "Put a Little Umph in it" featuring Ashanti. It reached number 49 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart. The group recorded so much material for the project that they have saved eight of the tracks for another album, a release date for which has not been announced.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: Jagged Edge signed to Slip-N-Slide Records in May 2009. The album titled "The Remedy" was released on June 21, 2011. The project had one collaboration with Rick Ross. The first warm-up single from "The Remedy" is "Tip of My Tongue" featuring Slip 'N Slide Records' labelmate Trina and Gucci Mane. A second warm-up single, "Lay You Down", was released before the "official" single titled "Baby".


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: The group released their eighth studio album titled "J.E. Heartbreak 2" on October 27, 2014. On May 15th, released their first single titled "Hope." The song was co-written by brothers Brian and Brandon Casey.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: In November 2016, they released a new greatest hits album, featuring re-recorded versions of their biggest hit singles.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: In 2017, they recorded an episode of TV One's "Unsung" series, which premiered on July 9. They also announced the release of their ninth studio album "Layover" set for release on the same day. However, it was delayed and finally released a day later.


title: Jagged Edge (American group)

text: In 2019, the group released the single "Closest Thing to Perfect" and announced they are working on their 10th album. On June 12, the group announced on their official Instagram that their 10th studio album "A Jagged Love Story" will be releasing on July 15, 2019.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Odafin "Fin" Tutuola is a fictional character on the TV drama "", played by Ice-T. He is a sergeant with the New York Police Department's Special Victims Unit. Tutuola is the second-most prolific character in the "Law & Order" franchise, having appeared in 456 episodes of "SVU", behind only Olivia Benson.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Tutuola was raised in the Harlem area of New York City and was six years old during the 1968 riots following the Martin Luther King Jr. assassination, making his birth year 1961 or 1962. He has mentioned having a brother.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: When he was a child, Tutuola witnessed his mother's murder at the hands of a business rival of his father, a petty criminal; 30 years later, while investigating an unrelated case, he discovered that his mother's killer was himself murdered.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: According to the Season 11 episode "Disabled", Tutuola, while still in the police academy, was forced by circumstances to place his maternal grandfather, whom he credits for raising him, in a nursing home. His grandfather later died as a result of abuse from the staff. Tutuola later describes institutionalizing his grandfather as "the worst decision [he] ever made"; in his grief, rage, and guilt, he started fights with fellow officers "for the hell of it" and was almost kicked off the force until an academy instructor intervened and helped him salvage his career.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Tutuola was previously a US Army Ranger and served on two tours. His military background remains sketchy, as he rarely speaks of it or only makes vague and indirect references to it; however, in season 10, he explicitly mentions serving on Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia in order to connect with a military rape victim.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Tutuola is an avid fan of first-person shooter video games, and is a regular at an annual video game convention. He explains to his colleagues that he views these games as an escape from the grey areas he faces in his job; he finds solace in the "black and white" nature of these games, in which he gets to hunt down and defeat a clearly defined "bad guy".


title: Fin Tutuola

text: A former narcotics detective, Tutuola joins the SVU squad in the season 2 premiere "", as a replacement for Monique Jeffries (Michelle Hurd). He is then paired with Det. John Munch (Richard Belzer).


title: Fin Tutuola

text: While in the Narcotics Division, Tutuola worked undercover regularly. He would often spend weeks or even months at a time in various alternate identities. He left Narcotics and transferred to SVU when his partner took a bullet that was meant for him.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Tutuola initially has a rocky relationship with his colleagues in SVU, especially with Munch and Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay). Unlike them, he views justice in a "black and white" manner and believes that all criminals should be punished, regardless of the circumstances under which they commit the crime. He also tries to separate his private and professional life as much as possible and keeps a tight rein on his emotions, refusing to talk about his problems or to admit that the grisly nature of his work often affects him. For example, it takes him nearly a year before he opens up to Munch about his former partner getting shot.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: During an investigation of prisoner sexual abuse, both Tutuola and Benson go undercover to Sealview Correctional Facility, and he saves her from being raped by a guard.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: In the Season 9 finale "Cold", Detective Elliot Stabler (Christopher Meloni) suspects that Tutuola tipped off his temporary partner Chester Lake (Adam Beach), who is suspected of murder, before he and Benson could take Lake into custody. Stabler checks Tutuola's phone records, infuriating him. Near the end of the episode, Stabler apologizes for not trusting him, but Tutuola dismisses his apology, telling him, "You'll still be the same rat-bastard tomorrow." Afterwards, he requests a transfer from the squad. However, three months later, Tutuola's transfer request had become bogged down in red tape, keeping him with SVU. As Captain Donald Cragen (Dann Florek) explains it, the person in charge of transfer paperwork was previously a colleague of Tutuola's in the narcotics unit who holds a grudge because his ex-wife started calling Tutuola after their divorce. Hearing this, Tutuola resigns himself to the likelihood that his transfer will not be effected anytime soon. No further mention of Tutuola's transfer request is made after this point.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Tutuola and Stabler mend their relationship somewhat, however. While they are never friendly, they do respect each other, and sympathize with each other over the dual burdens they both face from being police officers and fathers. When pedophile Jake Berlin (Tom Noonan) posts a picture of Stabler's daughter on his website, Stabler beats him up, but Tutuola covers for him and praises him for showing restraint; he says that, had Berlin posted pictures of his child, he would have killed him. Years later, when Stabler, who quit SVU in 2011, returns to New York after spending 10 years in Italy, Tutuola is the first person he calls.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: After Munch retires from SVU, Tutuola is partnered with Detective Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish), who had transferred to Manhattan SVU from a precinct in her native Atlanta, Georgia. They have a good working relationship, but it is tested when Rollins' gambling addiction begins to interfere with her work. When Rollins loses thousands of dollars at an underground casino, Tutuola gives her some money and tells her to get help, and he is the first to defend her when she becomes a suspect in a corruption case involving the casino. When he learns that she had been cooperating in a sting operation, he is hurt that she didn't tell him, and loses some respect for her. They repair their relationship, however, after she reveals that she had been raped years earlier in Atlanta by her then-superior officer, Deputy Chief Charles Patton (Harry Hamlin), who has a long history of sexually abusing the female detectives in his squad. Along with Benson and ADA Rafael Barba (Raúl Esparza), Tutuola helps her bring Patton to justice for raping his latest victim, Detective Reese Taymor (Dreama Walker).


title: Fin Tutuola

text: In "Making A Rapist", DNA evidence exonerates Sean Roberts (Henry Thomas), a man Tutuola had arrested for rape in 2000. When the evidence of the rape and murder of the victim's daughter points to Roberts, Barba accuses Tutuola of framing Roberts as revenge for tarnishing his arrest record. Roberts is later convicted after he confesses in court.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: In the season 19 premiere "Gone Fishin'", Tutuola recruits some men from Cuba to kidnap fugitive serial rapist Byron Marks (Will Chase) and bring him to New York. Marks' attorney and Cuba's U.N. permanent mission representative accuse Tutuola of kidnapping Marks and violating extradition laws. When Benson demands an explanation, Tutuola says that he had encountered Marks by chance while vacationing in Cuba, a lie Benson chooses to accept. At the end of the episode, Marks is found guilty of rape and goes to prison.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: In a deleted scene from "Net Worth", it is revealed that Tutuola passed his sergeant's exam and became an NYPD Sergeant alongside Benson, who is now a Captain. In "Real Fake News", he and Benson discuss him passing the exam, but he says he is waiting to be appointed. In "Mama", he receives his sergeant's orders to go to the 21st precinct, but manages to get transferred back to SVU.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: In "Sightless in a Savage Land", Tutuola becomes engaged to Sergeant Phoebe Baker (Jennifer Esposito), his former partner from Narcotics. In "Wolves in Sheep's Clothing", however, they call off the wedding after deciding at the last minute that they like their relationship the way it is.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Over the 20 seasons the character has been featured on the show, Tutuola has come to respect and trust his SVU colleagues, even though they often disagree over the best way to solve cases. An example is his partnership with Munch, that over 13 years grew from icy dislike to mutual respect and good-natured banter, often about politics, as Munch is politically liberal and Tutuola is a Republican. After Munch is shot in the buttocks by a suspect during a trial, Tutuola surprises him in the hospital with his favorite fig milkshake. He and Benson are also close friends, and she relies on him as her "second-in-command" when she is promoted to Sergeant, Lieutenant, and, ultimately, Captain.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Tutuola is shot and gravely wounded while attempting to stop a holdup at a bodega; after being released from the hospital, he spends little time recovering, instead throwing himself back into work finding a kidnapping victim and busting a methamphetamine lab. This episode introduces Tutuola's son Kwasi "Ken" Randall (Ernest Waddell), a computer science student at Hudson University, from whom he is estranged; Tutuola was always working when Ken was a child, and by his own admission chose work over his family.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: While attempting to solve the murders of AIDS victims, Tutuola seeks assistance from Ken, who helps the SVU squad locate a hacker who fraudulently obtained a list of AIDS patients. In the course of the investigation, Tutuola learns that Ken himself is gay, which makes Tutuola uncomfortable. Their relationship is tested again in the episode "Venom", when uniform cops find Ken digging up a city street and arrest him. Ken contacts Benson instead of his father and tells her he is digging up the street to look for the bodies of a dead woman and her baby. The investigation, which first focused on Ken, takes a new turn when DNA evidence shows that Ken's cousin Darius Parker (Chris "Ludacris" Bridges) is not only the murderer but also Ken's older half-brother, who had been abandoned by his mother — Tutuola's ex-wife Teresa Randall (LisaGay Hamilton). The episode ends with Darius threatening to expose the entire family's secrets in court. Darius goes on trial for the murders and, true to his word, exposes the family's dirty laundry to the public. Teresa at first refuses to testify, forcing the judge to remand her into custody for contempt of court, but she eventually reveals that Darius is the product of an incestuous rape. Darius is acquitted of all charges, but both Tutuola and Ken disown him.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Over the years, Tutuola's relationship with Ken has improved, with Tutuola calling him "the bravest man I know". When Ken's fiancé Alejandro (Miguel Govea) is assaulted in a hate crime, Tutuola takes charge of the investigation, and persuades Alejandro's homophobic father to accept Ken into his family.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: In "Intersecting Lives", Tutuola learns that he is due to be a grandfather, as Ken and Alejandro are expecting a baby via surrogate. In the episode "Send in the Clowns," Ken and Alejandro bring their infant son Jaden to the squadroom for a birthday party.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: The character's name is inspired by the Yoruba author Amos Tutuola. Information about Amos Tutuola, recounted in the introduction of "The Palm Wine Drinkard", states that his grandfather was an Odofin, the spiritual leader of a clan, and Tutuola was the given name of the author's father; Odofin literally means "the establisher of laws" or "lawmaker" in the Yoruba language of southwestern Nigeria. Tutuola means "the gentle one".


title: Fin Tutuola

text: When Ice-T asked "Law & Order" series producer Dick Wolf how the part was supposed to be performed, Wolf told him to simply do what Ice-T would do if he were a cop.


title: Fin Tutuola

text: Tutuola appears on one episode of "Law & Order", three episodes of "Chicago P.D.", one episode of "", and cameos (not crossovers) in two episodes of "30 Rock".


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Aniconism in Islam is the avoidance of images (aniconism) of sentient beings in some forms of Islamic art. Islamic aniconism stems in part from the prohibition of idolatry and in part from the belief that the creation of living forms is God's prerogative.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: The Quran does not explicitly prohibit visual representation of any living being. The corpus of "hadith" (sayings attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad) contains more explicit prohibitions of images of living beings, challenging painters to "breathe life" into their images and threatening them with punishment on the Day of Judgment. Muslims have interpreted these prohibitions in different ways in different times and places. Religious Islamic art has been typically characterized by the absence of figures and extensive use of calligraphic, geometric and abstract floral patterns.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: However, representations of Muhammad (in some cases, with his face concealed) and other religious figures are found in some manuscripts from lands to the east of Anatolia, such as Persia and India. These pictures were meant to illustrate the story and not to infringe on the Islamic prohibition of idolatry, but many Muslims regard such images as forbidden. In secular art of the Muslim world, representations of human and animal forms historically flourished in nearly all Islamic cultures, although, partly because of opposing religious sentiments, figures in paintings were often stylized, giving rise to a variety of decorative figural designs. There were episodes of iconoclastic destruction of figurative art, such as the temporary decree by the Umayyad caliph Yazid II in 721 CE ordering the destruction of all representational images in his realm. A number of historians have seen an Islamic influence on the Byzantine iconoclastic movement of the 8th century, though others regard this is as a legend that arose in later times in the Byzantine empire.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: The Quran, the Islamic holy book, does not explicitly prohibit the depiction of human figures; it merely condemns idolatry. Interdictions of figurative representation are present in the hadith, among a dozen of the "hadith" recorded during the latter part of the period when they were being written down. Because these hadith are tied to particular events in the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, they need to be interpreted in order to be applied in any general manner.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Sunni exegetes of "tafsir", from the 9th century onward, increasingly saw in them categorical prohibitions against producing and using any representation of living beings. There are variations between religious "madhhab" (schools) and marked differences between different branches of Islam. Aniconism is common among fundamentalist Sunni sects such as Salafis and Wahhabis (which are also often iconoclastic), and less prevalent among liberal movements within Islam. Shia and mystical orders also have less stringent views on aniconism. On the individual level, whether or not specific Muslims believe in aniconism may depend on how much credence is given to hadith, and how liberal or strict they are in personal practice.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Aniconism in Islam not only deals with the material image, but touches upon mental representations as well. It is a problematic issue, discussed by early theologians, as to how to describe God, Muhammad and other prophets, and, indeed, if it is permissible at all to do so. God is usually represented by immaterial attributes, such as "holy" or "merciful", commonly known from His "Ninety-nine beautiful names". Muhammad's physical appearance, however, is amply described, particularly in the traditions on his life and deeds recorded in the biographies known as "Sirah Rasul Allah". Of no less interest is the validity of sightings of holy personages made during dreams.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: The absence of icons in Islam has not merely a negative but a positive role. By excluding all anthropomorphic images, at least within the religious realm, Islamic art aids man to be entirely himself. Instead of projecting his soul outside himself, he can remain in his ontological centre where he is both the viceregent ("khalîfa") and slave ("'abd") of God. Islamic art as a whole aims at creating an ambience which helps man to realize his primordial dignity; it therefore avoids everything that could be an 'idol', even in a relative and provisional manner. Nothing must stand between man and the invisible presence of God. Thus Islamic art creates a void; it eliminates in fact all the turmoil and passionate suggestions of the world, and in their stead creates an order that expresses equilibrium, serenity and peace.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: In practice, the core of normative religion in Islam is consistently aniconic. Spaces such as the mosque and objects like the Quran are devoid of figurative images. Other spheres of religion, for example mysticism, popular piety, or private devotion exhibit significant variability in this regard. Aniconism in secular contexts is even more variable and there are many examples of figural representation in secular art throughout history. Generally speaking, aniconism in Islamic societies is restricted in modern times to specific religious contexts. In the past, it was enforced only in some times and places.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: The representation of living beings in Islamic art is not just a modern phenomenon and examples are found from the earliest periods of Islamic history. Frescos and reliefs of humans and animals adorned palaces of the Umayyad era, as on the famous Mshatta Facade now in Berlin. The ‘Abbasid Palaces at Samarra also contained figurative imagery. Ceramics, metalware, and objects in ivory, rock crystal, and other media also bore figural imagery in the medieval era. Figurative miniatures in books occur later in most Islamic countries but somewhat less in Arabic-speaking areas. The human figure is central to the Persian miniature and other traditions such as the Ottoman miniature and Mughal painting. The Persian miniature tradition began when Persian courts were dominated by Sunnis, but continued after the Shia Safavid dynasty took power. The Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp I of Persia began his reign as a keen patron and amateur artist himself, but turned against painting and other forbidden activities after a religious midlife crisis.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: The avoidance of idolatry is the main concern of the restrictions on images, and as a result, the traditional form for the religious cult image, the free-standing sculpture, is extremely rare, though examples of freestanding human sculpture do occur in Umayyad Syria and in Seljuk Iran. The Pisa Griffin, of a mythical beast and designed to spout water for a fountain, is the largest example, at three feet tall in bronze, and probably only survives because it was taken as booty by the city of Pisa in the Middle Ages. Like the famous lions supporting a fountain in the Alhambra, it probably came from Al-Andalus. The griffin and lions cannot easily be regarded as potential idols, given their submissive position (and the lack of religions worshipping lions or griffins), and the same is true of small decorative figures in relief on objects in metalwork, or figures painted on Islamic pottery, both of which are relatively common. In particular hunting scenes of humans and animals were popular, and presumably regarded as clearly having no religious function. The figures in miniatures were, until the late 16th century, always numerous in each image, small (typically only an inch or two high), and showing the central figures at roughly the same size as the attendants and servants who are usually also shown, thus deflecting potential accusations of idolatry. The books illustrated were most often the classics of Persian poetry and historical chronicles.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: The hadith show some concessions for context, as with the dolls, and condemn most strongly the makers rather than the owners of images. A long tradition of prefaces to muraqqas sought to justify the creation of images without getting involved in discussions of the specific texts, using arguments such as comparing God to an artist.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Miniature painting was mostly patronized by the court circle and is a private form of art; the owner chooses whom to show a book or "muraqqa" (album). But wall-paintings with large figures were found in early Islam, and in Safavid and later Persia, especially from the 17th century, but were always rare in the Arabic-speaking world. Such paintings are also mainly found in private palaces; examples in public buildings are rare though not unknown, in Iran there are even some in mosques.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Eschewing figural representation, ornamentation in Islamic sacred architecture relies chiefly on arabesque and geometrical patterns.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Early examples of non-figural representation in Islamic sacred architecture are found in the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus and the Dome of the Rock. The murals of the Dome of the Rock use crowns and jewels to symbolize earthly rulership and "otherworldly" plants as an invocation of the Quranic description of heaven. Similarly, the murals in the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, which depict an idyllic cityscape are also meant to be an evocation of paradise without figural representation.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: The issue of aniconism has posed problems in the modern world, especially as technologies like television developed in the 20th century. For many years, Wahhabi clerics opposed the establishment of a television service in Saudi Arabia, as they believed it immoral to produce images of humans. The introduction of television in 1965 offended some Saudis, and one of King Faisal's nephews, Prince Khalid ibn Musa'id ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, was killed in a police shootout in August 1965 after he led an assault on one of the new television stations.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Depending on which segment of Islamic societies are referred to, the application of aniconism is characterized by noteworthy differences. Factors are the epoch considered, the country, the religious orientation, the political intent, the popular beliefs, the private benefit or the dichotomy between reality and discourse.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Today, the concept of an aniconic Islam coexists with a daily life for Muslims awash with images. TV stations and newspapers (which do present still and moving representations of living beings) have an exceptional impact on public opinion, sometimes, as in the case of Al Jazeera, with a global reach, beyond the Arabic speaking and Muslim audience. Portraits of secular and religious leaders are omnipresent on banknotes and coins, in streets and offices (e.g. presidents like Nasser and Mubarak, Arafat, al-Assad or Hezbollah's Nasrallah and Ayatollah Khomeini). Anthropomorphic statues in public places are to be found in most Muslim countries (Saddam Hussein's are infamous), as well as art schools training sculptors and painters. In the Egyptian countryside, it is fashionable to celebrate and advertise the returning of pilgrims from Mecca on the walls of their houses.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: The Taliban movement in Afghanistan banned photography and destroyed non-Muslim artifacts, especially carvings and statues such as the Buddhas of Bamiyan, generally tolerated by other Muslims, on the grounds that the artifacts are idolatrous or "shirk". However, sometimes those who profess aniconism will practice figurative representation (cf. portraits of Talibans from the Kandahar photographic studios during their imposed ban on photography).


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: For Shia communities, portraits of the major figures of Shiite history are important elements of religious devotion. In Iran, portraits of Muhammad and of Ali, printed on pieces of cloth or woven into carpets, are called "temsal" ("likenesses") and can be bought around shrines and in the streets, to be hung in homes or carried with oneself. In Pakistan, India and Bangladesh portraits of Ali can be found on notoriously ornate trucks, buses and rickshaws. Contrary to the Sunni tradition, a photographic picture of the deceased can be placed on the Shiite tombs. A curiosity in Iran is an Orientalist photography supposed to represent Muhammad as a young boy. The Grand Ayatollah Sistani of Najaf in Iraq has given a "fatwā" declaring the depiction of Muhammad, the prophets and other holy characters, permissible if it is made with the utmost respect.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Medieval Muslim artists found various ways to represent especially sensitive figures such as Muhammad. He is sometimes shown with a fiery halo hiding his face, head, or whole body, and from about 1500 is often shown with a veiled face. Members of his immediate family and other prophets may be treated in the same way. At the material level, prophets in manuscripts can have their face covered by a veil or all humans have a stroke drawn over their neck, symbolizing the severing of the soul, and clarifying the fact that it is not something alive and imbued with a soul that is depicted: a purposeful flaw to make what is depicted impossible to live in reality (as merely impossible in reality is still often frowned upon or banned, such as representations of comic book characters or unicorns, although exceptions do exist). Few portraits were attempted, and the ability to create recognizable portraits was rare in Islamic art until the Mughal tradition began in the late 15th century, although in both Mughal India and Ottoman Turkey portraits of the ruler then became very popular in court circles.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Islamic calligraphy has also displayed figurative themes. Examples of this are anthropomorphic and zoomorphic calligrams. Islamic calligraphy forms evolved, especially in the Ottoman period, to fulfill a function similar to figurative art. When on paper, Islamic calligraphy is often seen with elaborate frames of Ottoman illumination. Examples of Islamic calligraphy using this technique include the name of Muhammad, the Hilya (a tablet that embodies the description of Muhammad’s physical appearance), multiple names of God in Islam, and the tughra (a calligraphic version of the name of an Ottoman sultan).


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: During its early days, aniconism in Islam was intended as a measure against idolatry, particularly against the statues worshipped by pagans. All hadith presented in this section are Sunni, not Shia.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: To show the superiority of the monotheist faith, Muhammad smashed the idols at the Kaaba. He also removed paintings that were blasphemous to Islam, while protecting others (the images of Mary and Jesus) inside the building. The hadith below emphasizes that aniconism depends not only on "what", but also on "how" things are depicted.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Although pagans in Muhammad's times also worshiped trees and stones, Muhammad opposed only images of animated beings — humans and animals —, as reported by the hadith. Subsequently, geometrical ornamentation became a sophisticated art form in Islam.


title: Aniconism in Islam

text: Muhammad also warned his followers of dying amongst people that built places of worship at graves and placed pictures in it (i.e. Christians).


title: Lisa Monaco

text: Lisa Oudens Monaco (born February 25, 1968) is an American attorney, former federal prosecutor and national security official who has served as the 39th deputy attorney general of the United States since April 2021.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: Monaco previously served as Homeland Security Advisor under President Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017. In this role, she served as the chief counterterrorism advisor to the president and was a statutory member of the United States Homeland Security Council. Prior to this, Monaco served as the Assistant Attorney General for National Security Division from 2011 to 2013, and as the principal deputy assistant Attorney General in the Justice Department.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: Monaco was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to parents Anthony and Mary Lou Monaco and was raised in Newton, Massachusetts. She comes from an Italian-American family. Monaco graduated from the Winsor School in Boston in 1986. Monaco attended Harvard University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts "cum laude in field" in American history and literature in 1990.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: After earning her bachelor's degree, she worked as a research associate for "The Wilson Quarterly" at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars from 1990 to 1991, and as a senior associate for the Health Care Advisory Board, a healthcare advisory group, from 1991 to 1992. She worked as a research coordinator for the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary from 1992 to 1994 under then chairman Joe Biden, where she worked on the Violence Against Women Act.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: Monaco enrolled at the University of Chicago Law School, working as an intern in the White House Counsel's Office in 1996 before earning her Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1997. Monaco was also a summer associate for the law firm Hogan and Hartson, LLP. During her time at the University of Chicago, she spent summers working in Washington, D.C. as an intern on the D.C. Superior Court and as an intern for the United States Department of Justice in 1995. Additionally, Monaco served as the editor-in-chief of the "University of Chicago Law School Roundtable", a legal journal.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: Following graduation from law school, she joined the New York State Bar Association in 1998. From 1997 to 1998, Monaco worked as a law clerk for the Honorable Jane Richards Roth on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and as the counsel to then Attorney General Janet Reno from 1998 to 2001.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: From 2001 to 2007, she was an Assistant U.S. Attorney in the United States Attorney's office for the District of Columbia, and was appointed as a member of the Justice Department's Enron Task Force, co-leading the trial team in the prosecution of five former Enron executives from 2004 to 2006. Monaco received Department of Justice Awards for Special Achievement in 2002, 2003 and 2005.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: She received the Attorney General's Award for Exceptional service for her work on the Enron Task Force, the department's highest award. After the end of the Enron trial and the Justice Department's disbandment of the special task force, Monaco worked as a special counselor to FBI Director Robert Mueller. She was later chosen by Mueller to be his Deputy Chief of Staff, and then his chief of staff, a position she held until January 2009.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: In 2009, Monaco was appointed by United States Deputy Attorney General David W. Ogden to serve as associate deputy attorney general focusing on national security issues. She later served as the principal associate deputy attorney general, the top aide to the deputy attorney general. In 2011, Monaco was appointed by President Barack Obama to be the assistant attorney general for national security; leading the Justice Department division which oversees major counterterrorism and espionage cases, and authorizes the use of FISA warrants. In that role, she oversaw the investigation of Mansour Arbabsiar for a plot directed by the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps to kill the Saudi Ambassador to the U.S. She also made combatting cyber threats a top priority during her tenure, creating the first ever network of national security cyber specialist prosecutors from across the country. Monaco has been involved in meetings and attempts to close down the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: On January 25, 2013, President Barack Obama announced he would name Monaco to be his assistant to the president for homeland security and counterterrorism, the chief counterterrorism advisor to the President. Monaco succeeded John Brennan, who was nominated by Obama to become the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Monaco took office on March 8, 2013, and became a statutory member of the United States Homeland Security Council.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: In this role, Monaco led U.S. policy to disrupt terrorist threats against the United States, including degrading Al-Qaeda and affiliates from Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula to Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, putting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on a lasting path to defeat, and building partner capacity to prevent and disrupt terrorist threats. She also led initiatives to expand collaboration with the private sector to counter ISIL's messaging and abuse of online platforms while lifting up alternative narratives. Separately, she led a comprehensive hostage policy reform effort from 2014 to 2015 to better align and coordinate U.S. Government efforts and better serve affected families.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: On May 23, 2013, Daniel Klaidman, writing for the "Daily Beast" reported a White House official confirmed Monaco would handle "day-to-day responsibilities" for Guantanamo. In late July 2014, Monaco answered a question as to whether the mandate to keep Guantanamo open would end when U.S. troops had effectively retired from Guantanamo. Scholars at "Lawfare" interpreted Monaco's comment as a sign that the Obama Presidency would ask the United States Congress to pass legislation enabling Guantanamo to remain open after U.S. involvement in the Afghan war ended. In February 2016, the White House and Department of Defense presented a comprehensive plan to Congress to close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: In the Homeland Security Advisor role, Monaco was also President Obama's chief cybersecurity advisor. She drove the policy decision to create the Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence in 2015, to provide integrated all-source analysis of intelligence on foreign cyber threats and incidents affecting U.S. national interests similar to the National Counterterrorism Center on terrorist threats. She also helped develop the Cybersecurity National Action Plan, which was released in February 2016, to guide the actions the U.S. Government took over the remaining duration of the Obama Administration and to put in place a long-term cybersecurity strategy, both within the federal government and across the country. In July 2016, Monaco gave remarks at the International Conference on Cyber Security, outlining the Obama Administration's cyber policy and announcing its new directive laying out how the federal government responds to significant cyber incidents.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: Finally, over her tenure as President Obama's chief homeland security advisor, Monaco managed the United States response to Ebola and coordinated whole-of-government preparedness efforts to prevent its spread in the United States. In January 2017, Monaco led the Principal-Level Exercise, convening outgoing and incoming Principals across the U.S. Government to share lessons learned during prior crises and discuss best practices in preparing for future crises.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: In 2017, Monaco joined CNN as a national security analyst. In 2019, Monaco joined international law firm O'Melveny & Myers as a partner, where she co-chaired the firm's Data Security and Privacy group. During her time at O'Melveny & Myers, Monaco advised high-profile clients including ExxonMobil, Apple Inc., and her alma mater, Harvard University. She also taught at NYU Law School and was a Fellow at the Reiss Center on Law and Security as well as the Belfer Center at Harvard's Kennedy School.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: Monaco co-authored a piece in 2018 with public health expert Vin Gupta in "Foreign Policy" titled "The Next Pandemic Will Be Arriving Shortly", where she urged the U.S. government to prepare for the possibility of a future pandemic.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: In April 2020, it was announced that Monaco would assist with vetting efforts for the selection of Joe Biden's running mate in the 2020 presidential election. Following Biden's election, Monaco was considered for several positions in the upcoming administration, including Attorney General.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: On January 6, 2021, Monaco was nominated to serve as Deputy Attorney General, the second most powerful position in the Department of Justice (DOJ). Her nomination was endorsed by Senator Dick Durbin, who described her as "arguably the most qualified individual ever nominated to this position".


title: Lisa Monaco

text: A hearing on her nomination before the Senate Judiciary Committee was held on March 9, 2021, and she was confirmed by the Senate on April 20, 2021. She was sworn in the next day. A coalition of progressive groups wrote in opposition to her nomination, arguing that Monaco's professional ties with Apple, currently under investigation by the DOJ, constituted a conflict of interest.


title: Lisa Monaco

text: As Deputy Attorney General, Monaco referred an investigation into the Trump Administration's subpoena of Apple to the Office of the Inspector General. According to "The Washington Post", Attorney General Merrick Garland has "tasked his deputy attorney general, Lisa Monaco, with “surfacing potentially problematic matters deserving high level review" since she took office. In an October 2021 op-ed for CNBC, Monaco encouraged Congress to pass cybersecurity legislation that would standardize the reporting of breaches.


title: John Mayer discography

text: The discography of American singer-songwriter and guitarist John Mayer consists of eight studio albums, seven live albums, three compilation albums, two video albums, four extended plays, twenty-five singles and seventeen music videos. Born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, Mayer moved to Atlanta, Georgia and began playing in local clubs in 1998. He released the extended play "Inside Wants Out" in September of the following year. "Inside Wants Out", as well as continued performances, brought Mayer to the attention of independent record label Aware Records. Aware later signed Mayer and released his full-length debut studio album, "Room for Squares", in June 2001. When Columbia Records acquired Aware, the album was re-released in September and promoted as a major label release. Following its re-release, "Room for Squares" peaked at number eight on the United States "Billboard" 200. The album has since sold over five million copies in the United States, and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Three singles were released from "Room for Squares", two of which became top 40 hits on the US "Billboard" Hot 100: "No Such Thing" and "Your Body Is a Wonderland". "Heavier Things", Mayer's second studio album, was released in September 2003. It topped the "Billboard" 200 and attained a double platinum certification from the RIAA. "Heavier Things" produced three singles: "Bigger Than My Body", "Clarity" and "Daughters". "Daughters" later won the award for Song of the Year at the 47th Grammy Awards.


title: John Mayer discography

text: After a brief recording hiatus, during which he ventured to form the blues group John Mayer Trio, Mayer resumed his solo career and released his third studio album "Continuum" in September 2006. "Continuum" reached a peak of number two on the "Billboard" 200. "Waiting on the World to Change", the album's first single, peaked at number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and garnered commercial success in countries such as Australia and Canada. "Battle Studies" followed in November 2009, topping the "Billboard" 200 and being certified platinum by the RIAA. The album featured the singles "Who Says", "Heartbreak Warfare" and "Half of My Heart", all of which reached the top 40 in the United States. Mayer released his fifth studio album "Born and Raised" in May 2012; it became his third number-one album on the "Billboard" 200. His sixth studio album "Paradise Valley" was released on August 20, 2013, bringing forth 3 singles: "Paper Doll", "Wildfire" and "Who You Love" featuring Katy Perry. Mayer's seventh studio album, "The Search for Everything", was released in April 2017.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Abner Doubleday (June 26, 1819 – January 26, 1893) was a career United States Army officer and Union major general in the American Civil War. He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter, the opening battle of the war, and had a pivotal role in the early fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg. Gettysburg was his finest hour, but his relief by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade caused lasting enmity between the two men. In San Francisco, after the war, he obtained a patent on the cable car railway that still runs there. In his final years in New Jersey, he was a prominent member and later president of the Theosophical Society.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: In 1908, 15 years after his death, Doubleday was declared by the Mills Commission to have invented the game of baseball (a claim never made by Doubleday during his lifetime). This claim has been thoroughly debunked by baseball historians.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday, the son of Ulysses F. Doubleday and Hester Donnelly, was born in Ballston Spa, New York, in a small house on the corner of Washington and Fenwick streets. As a child, Abner was very short. The family all slept in the attic loft of the one-room house. His paternal grandfather, also named Abner, had fought in the American Revolutionary War. His maternal grandfather Thomas Donnelly had joined the army at 14 and was a mounted messenger for George Washington. His great grandfather Peter Donnelly was a Minuteman. His father, Ulysses F., fought in the War of 1812, published newspapers and books, and represented Auburn, New York, for four years in the United States Congress. Abner spent his childhood in Auburn and later was sent to Cooperstown to live with his uncle and attend a private preparatory high school. He practiced as a surveyor and civil engineer for two years before entering the United States Military Academy in 1838. He graduated in 1842, 24th in a class of 56 cadets, and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery. In 1852, he married Mary Hewitt of Baltimore, the daughter of a local lawyer.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday initially served in coastal garrisons and then in the Mexican–American War from 1846 to 1848 and the Seminole Wars from 1856 to 1858. In 1858, he was transferred to Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor serving under Colonel John L. Gardner. By the start of the Civil War, he was a captain and second in command in the garrison at Fort Sumter, under Major Robert Anderson. He aimed the cannon that fired the first return shot in answer to the Confederate bombardment on April 12, 1861. He subsequently referred to himself as the "hero of Sumter" for this role.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday was promoted to major on May 14, 1861, and commanded the Artillery Department in the Shenandoah Valley from June to August, and then the artillery for Major General Nathaniel Banks's division of the Army of the Potomac. He was appointed brigadier general of volunteers on February 3, 1862, and was assigned to duty in northern Virginia while the Army of the Potomac conducted the Peninsula Campaign. His first combat assignment was to lead the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps of the Army of Virginia during the Northern Virginia Campaign. In the actions at Brawner's farm, just before the Second Battle of Bull Run, he took the initiative to send two of his regiments to reinforce Brigadier General John Gibbon's brigade against a larger Confederate force, fighting it to a standstill. (Personal initiative was required since his division commander, Brig. Gen. Rufus King, was incapacitated by an epileptic seizure at the time. He was replaced by Brigadier General John P. Hatch.) His men were routed when they encountered Major General James Longstreet's corps, but by the following day, August 30, he took command of the division when Hatch was wounded, and he led his men to cover the retreat of the Union Army.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday again led the division, now assigned to the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac, after South Mountain, where Hatch was wounded again. At Antietam, he led his men into the deadly fighting in the Cornfield and the West Woods, and one colonel described him as a "gallant officer ... remarkably cool and at the very front of battle." He was wounded when an artillery shell exploded near his horse, throwing him to the ground in a violent fall. He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his actions at Antietam and was promoted in March 1863 to major general of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862. At Fredericksburg in December 1862, his division mostly sat idle. During the winter, the I Corps was reorganized and Doubleday assumed command of the 3rd Division. At Chancellorsville in May 1863, the division was kept in reserve.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: At the start of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, Doubleday's division was the second infantry division on the field to reinforce the cavalry division of Brigadier General John Buford. When his corps commander, Major General John F. Reynolds, was killed very early in the fighting, Doubleday found himself in command of the corps at 10:50 am. His men fought well in the morning, putting up a stout resistance, but as overwhelming Confederate forces massed against them, their line eventually broke and they retreated back through the town of Gettysburg to the relative safety of Cemetery Hill south of town. It was Doubleday's finest performance during the war, five hours leading 9,500 men against ten Confederate brigades that numbered more than 16,000. Seven of those brigades sustained casualties that ranged from 35 to 50 percent, indicating the ferocity of the Union defense. On Cemetery Hill, however, the I Corps could muster only a third of its men as effective for duty, and the corps was essentially destroyed as a combat force for the rest of the battle; it would be decommissioned in March 1864, its surviving units consolidated into other corps.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: On July 2, 1863, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade replaced Doubleday with Major General John Newton, a more junior officer from another corps. The ostensible reason was a false report by XI Corps commander Major General Oliver O. Howard that Doubleday's corps broke first, causing the entire Union line to collapse, but Meade also had a long history of disdain for Doubleday's combat effectiveness, dating back to South Mountain. Doubleday was humiliated by this snub and held a lasting grudge against Meade, but he returned to division command and fought well for the remainder of the battle. He was wounded in the neck on the second day of Gettysburg and received a brevet promotion to colonel in the regular army for his service. He formally requested reinstatement as I Corps commander, but Meade refused, and Doubleday left Gettysburg on July 7 for Washington.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday's staff nicknamed him "Forty-Eight Hours" as a compliment to recognize his tendency to avoid reckless or impulsive actions and his thoughtfulness and deliberateness in considering circumstances and possible responses. In recent years, biographers have turned the nickname into an insult, incorrectly claiming "Forty-Eight Hours" was coined to highlight Doubleday's supposed incompetence and slowness to act.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday assumed administrative duties in the defenses of Washington, D.C., where he was in charge of courts martial, which gave him legal experience that he used after the war. His only return to combat was directing a portion of the defenses against the attack by Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Also while in Washington, Doubleday testified against George Meade at the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, criticizing him harshly over his conduct of the Battle of Gettysburg. While in Washington, Doubleday remained a loyal Republican and staunch supporter of President Abraham Lincoln. Doubleday rode with Lincoln on the train to Gettysburg for the Gettysburg Address and Col. and Mrs. Doubleday attended events with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln in Washington.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: After the Civil War, Doubleday mustered out of the volunteer service on August 24, 1865, reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and became the colonel of the 35th U.S. Infantry in September 1867. He was stationed in San Francisco from 1869 through 1871 and he took out a patent for the cable car railway that still runs there, receiving a charter for its operation, but signing away his rights when he was reassigned. In 1871, he commanded the 24th U.S. Infantry, an all African-American regiment with headquarters at Fort McKavett, Texas. He retired in 1873.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday spent much of his time writing. He published two important works on the Civil War: "Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie" (1876), and "Chancellorsville and Gettysburg" (1882), the latter being a volume of the series "Campaigns of the Civil War".


title: Abner Doubleday

text: In the summer of 1878, Doubleday lived in Mendham Township, New Jersey, and became a prominent member of the Theosophical Society. When two of the founders of that society, Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, moved to India at the end of that year, he was constituted as the president of the American body.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday died of heart disease in Mendham Township on January 26, 1893. Doubleday's body was laid in state in New York's City Hall and then was taken to Washington by train from Mendham, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia. He was survived by his wife.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Although Doubleday achieved minor fame as a competent combat general with experience in many important Civil War battles, he is more widely known as the supposed inventor of the game of baseball, in Elihu Phinney's cow pasture in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: The Mills Commission, chaired by Abraham G. Mills, the fourth president of the National League, was appointed in 1905 to determine the origin of baseball. The committee's final report, on December 30, 1907, stated, in part, that "the first scheme for playing baseball, according to the best evidence obtainable to date, was devised by Abner Doubleday at Cooperstown, New York, in 1839." It concluded by saying, "in the years to come, in the view of the hundreds of thousands of people who are devoted to baseball, and the millions who will be, Abner Doubleday's fame will rest evenly, if not quite as much, upon the fact that he was its inventor ... as upon his brilliant and distinguished career as an officer in the Federal Army."


title: Abner Doubleday

text: However, there is considerable evidence to dispute this claim. Baseball historian George B. Kirsch has described the results of the Mills Commission as a "myth". He wrote, "Robert Henderson, Harold Seymour, and other scholars have since debunked the Doubleday-Cooperstown myth, which nonetheless remains powerful in the American imagination because of the efforts of Major League Baseball and the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown." At his death, Doubleday left many letters and papers, none of which describe baseball or give any suggestion that he considered himself a prominent person in the evolution of the game, and his "New York Times" obituary did not mention the game at all. Chairman Mills himself, who had been a Civil War colleague of Doubleday and a member of the honor guard for Doubleday's body as it lay in state in New York City, never recalled hearing Doubleday describe his role as the inventor. Doubleday was a cadet at West Point in the year of the alleged invention and his family had moved away from Cooperstown the prior year. Furthermore, the primary testimony to the commission that connected baseball to Doubleday was that of Abner Graves, whose credibility is questionable; a few years later, he shot his wife to death and was committed to an institution for the criminally insane for the rest of his life. Part of the confusion could stem from there being another man by the same name in Cooperstown in 1839.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Despite the lack of solid evidence linking Doubleday to the origins of baseball, Cooperstown, New York, became the new home of what is today the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1937.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: There may have been some relationship to baseball as a national sport and Abner Doubleday. While the modern rules of baseball were formulated in New York during the 1840s, it was the scattering of New Yorkers exposed to these rules throughout the country, that spread not only baseball, but also the "New York Rules", thereby harmonizing the rules, and being a catalyst for its growth. Doubleday was a high-ranking officer, whose duties included seeing to provisions for the US Army fighting throughout the south and border states. For the morale of the men, he is said to have provisioned balls and bats for the men.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: There is a monument to Doubleday at Gettysburg erected by his men, admirers, and the state of New York. There is a obelisk monument at Arlington National Cemetery where he is buried.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday Field is a 9,791-seat baseball stadium named for Abner Doubleday, located in Cooperstown, New York, near the Baseball Hall of Fame. It hosted the annual Hall of Fame Game, an exhibition game between two major league teams that was played from 1940 until 2008. It has hosted the Hall of Fame Classic since 2009.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: The Auburn Doubledays are a collegiate summer baseball team based in Doubleday's hometown of Auburn, New York.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Doubleday Field at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, where the Army Black Knights play at Johnson Stadium, is named in Doubleday's honor.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: The Abner Doubleday Little League and Babe Ruth Fields in Ballston Spa, New York, the town of his birth. The house of his birth still stands in the middle of town and there is a monument to him on Front Street.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: A sign at the Doubleday Hill Monument, erected in Williamsport, Maryland, to commemorate Doubleday's occupation of a hill there during the Civil War, claims he invented the game in 1835.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: Mendham Borough and Mendham Township, New Jersey has held a municipal holiday known as "Abner Doubleday Day" for numerous years in the General's honor and commissioned a plaque near the site of his home in the borough in 1998, even though the borough was known as Mendham Township back then.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: In 2004, the Abner Doubleday Society erected a monument to Doubleday in Iron Spring Park, Ballston Spa, near his birthplace.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: In the movie "The Ridiculous 6", Doubleday is portrayed by John Turturro. The character organizes the first game of baseball between the six main characters and a group of Chinese immigrants, creating the rules as he goes, primarily to allow him to win.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: In the 23rd episode of the anime "Samurai Champloo", titled "Baseball Blues", Doubleday and Alexander Cartwright are featured as American naval officers who engage the main characters and local Japanese people into a baseball game, which the Americans lose.


title: Abner Doubleday

text: In the mini-series "North and South", George Hazzard is seen watching a primitive form of baseball with a wounded Orry Main, while referring to the game being invented by Doubleday, a fellow West Point cadet.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: Douglas DeMuro (born May 22, 1988) is an American YouTuber, author, columnist, writer, and businessman who currently lives in San Diego, California. DeMuro's focus is on the automotive industry; his car review-focused YouTube channel has over four million subscribers as of 2022.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: In addition to his YouTube endeavors, DeMuro also runs the automobile selling website Cars & Bids, which allows individuals to purchase and sell vehicles in online auctions. He launched the business in 2020 after leaving his previous position as a writer and editor of Autotrader.com car blog "Oversteer".


title: Doug DeMuro

text: DeMuro was born and raised in Denver, Colorado, where he attended George Washington High School. He then went on to study at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, obtaining a bachelor's degree in economics, and met his wife while he was working as a resident advisor there.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: DeMuro's first job was at Porsche's North American headquarters in Atlanta as a "vehicle allocation manager". In addition to this, he wrote articles on Autotrader.com. In 2013, after one year at Porsche, DeMuro quit his job in order to focus on automotive writing. He wrote articles for three different car blogs: "The Truth About Cars" between January and September, his own blog called "PlaysWithCars" throughout 2013, and "Jalopnik" starting in April. Furthermore, he wrote two books that were published in July 2013, namely "Plays With Cars" containing personal car stories and the e-book "From My Perspective" about DeMuro's perspective on things unrelated to cars.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: While working for "Jalopnik", DeMuro wrote columns, answered letters from readers, shot videos for his YouTube channel, and occasionally reviewed cars. Furthermore, he bought interesting second-hand cars recommended by readers, which he then reviewed and wrote columns about. Among those cars was a 2004 Ferrari 360 Modena DeMuro purchased in January 2014 with a loan. He kept the car for one year.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: In the summer of 2014, DeMuro moved from Atlanta to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. DeMuro started writing again for "The Truth About Cars" the next year, while still working for "Jalopnik". At the recommendation of readers, DeMuro bought a 2007 Aston Martin V8 Vantage in January 2016 with a "bumper-to-bumper" warranty, of which he documented his ownership. Later that year, DeMuro's new book "Bumper to Bumper" was released. Some of his columns and reviews were published by the Philadelphia Media Network in 2014 and by "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" in 2015.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: In December 2012, while working for Porsche, DeMuro bought a 2006 Range Rover from a CarMax dealership in Marietta, Georgia. At the time of the purchase, the Range Rover had approximately 59,000 miles on it. Also, at the time, CarMax was offering a full bumper-to-bumper warranty for an additional $3,899; this warranty covered the Range Rover for six years or 66,000 miles and DeMuro, who had initially only intended to use the vehicle as his daily driver to get to and from work, decided to document his trials and tribulations with the Range Rover for Jalopnik, which he began writing for full-time shortly after purchasing the car.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: Over the course of owning the Range Rover under warranty, DeMuro ended up having over $16,000 in repairs done under warranty. He documented these with a series of videos on his YouTube channel, going over every warranty payment as they arose. The Range Rover moved with DeMuro from Atlanta to Philadelphia and San Diego, eventually “retiring” to Nantucket Island in Massachusetts just before the warranty expired; one final repair was done under the warranty in November 2018, which brought the final warranty payout to over $21,000.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: In the summer of 2016, DeMuro moved to the newly created Autotrader.com car blog "Oversteer", of which he became the editor. He kept writing articles and columns, but started focusing more on filming and writing car reviews on YouTube. DeMuro has reviewed a wide array of cars on his channel, mainly from the 1970s to the present. Those cars include supercars like the Ford GT, the Bugatti Chiron, and the Ferrari F40; but also new, innovative, and quirky cars including the Tesla Model 3, the Maserati Ghibli, and the BMW Isetta.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: In a typical review, DeMuro first addresses exterior and interior "quirks and features", then drives the car, and concludes with giving the car a score between 10 and 100. That score, which he calls a "DougScore", is based on the scores in ten separate categories related to usability and fun. Most of the cars DeMuro reviews are not press cars, but are owned by dealerships and individuals. The first car to receive the DougScore was the CarMax Range Rover.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: His YouTube channel has amassed just over four million subscribers, as of April 2021. DeMuro also started a second channel called "More Doug DeMuro" in August 2018, which has nearly 750,000 subscribers as of March 2021. It features more opinion-based and vlog-style content, as well as question and answer videos.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: DeMuro appeared in the "Jay Leno's Garage" season three episode "Larger Than Life", in which he tried to recognize cars while being blindfolded, in June 2017. He worked with Leno again in March 2019, when he reviewed his McLaren F1.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: DeMuro left Autotrader.com to focus on a new venture which eventually grew into the car auction website Cars & Bids, which he had first conceived in 2019. The website, a competitor of "Bring a Trailer", is aimed at cars for enthusiasts and only accepts cars built in 1981 or later. The first car listed on the site was DeMuro's own 2012 Mercedes-Benz E 63 AMG Wagon. DeMuro went on to sell his 2018 Kia Stinger GT2 AWD on the site for $1,200 more than he bought it in 2020 after owning it for only a year. He has reviewed several cars listed at the website. The company reported 4,000 listed cars and US $75 million spent by purchasers during 2021.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: DeMuro also keeps a secondary YouTube channel called More Doug DeMuro, where he features more varied content. While the channel does feature car reviews, which are done in a more condensed format as opposed to his main channel videos, DeMuro also features more commentary pieces on his secondary channel as well as some non-car related content.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: Shortly after starting his auto auction site, DeMuro started a third YouTube channel specifically for updates on Cars & Bids related news.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: DeMuro lives in San Diego, California, with his wife, Joanna, a bearded Collie named Noodle, who has made several appearances in his videos since DeMuro adopted him, and one child, a baby boy born on September 2, 2021.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: DeMuro's favorite vacation spot is Nantucket Island in Massachusetts, where he visits approximately four times per year.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: DeMuro has owned over 34 cars, many of which have appeared on his channel. He got his first car at the age of 16, a 1996 Volvo 850 sedan that his parents bought for him in September 2004.


title: Doug DeMuro

text: As of January 2022, DeMuro owns a 2005 Ford GT that he purchased from Karl Brauer, one of his bosses at Autotrader.com; a 1999 Mercedes-Benz G 500 Cabriolet, which he has described as the "world's most expensive Barbie Jeep"; a 1997 Land Rover Defender; a 2020 Land Rover Defender 110, which was the first car DeMuro bought new and currently uses as his primary vehicle, a 1994 Audi RS2 Avant, and a 2013 Toyota Land Cruiser. As of May 2022, DeMuro keeps his 1997 Defender and Land Cruiser on Nantucket Island; in the case of the latter vehicle, DeMuro purchased it in order to finally retire the CarMax Range Rover, which he said had become too costly to maintain in the years since the warranty expired.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils are an American rock band formed in 1972 in Springfield, Missouri. They are most widely known for their singles "If You Wanna Get to Heaven" in 1974 and "Jackie Blue" in 1975.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: According to the book "It Shined" by Michael Granda, the band name was derived from "Cosmic Corn Cob & His Amazing Ozark Mountain Daredevils", a name that John Dillon came up with at a Kansas City "naming party" after the band was told that the name they had previously been using, "Family Tree", was already taken. The band shortened the name because none of the band members at the time wanted to be called "Cosmic Corn Cob", and they did not want the name to sound similar to the Amazing Rhythm Aces.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In 1971 Randle Chowning formed a band which included himself, Steve Cash, John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson, Larry Lee, Rick Campanelli, Bill Jones and Michael Granda.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The band recorded a demo at Springfield's Top Talent Studios (soon to be renamed as American Artists) and that demo, containing such early songs as "Rhythm of Joy", found its way to New York music executive John Hammond via the hands of band friend Steve Canaday, co–owner of the New Bijou Theater. In July 1972 Hammond sent a producer, Michael Sunday, to the band's Ruedi-Valley Ranch in Aldrich, Missouri, the house rented from Randle Chowning's Southwest Missouri State University teacher Mrs. Ruedi, where the band rehearsed and where Chowning and his brother Rusty lived. Sunday offered the group $500 to make another demo tape at American Artists but ultimately decided to pass on offering them a contract. Many of the songs on this demo appeared thirteen years later as the record "The Lost Cabin Sessions".


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The band later sent a tape to the team who managed fellow Missourians Brewer & Shipley, Kansas City's Paul Peterson and Stan Plesser (who also owned the Vanguard, a popular coffee house, and ran their own Good Karma Productions). The pair gave the band a chance and became their managers as well in October 1972. The band then changed their name to the Ozark Mountain Daredevils (see "Name") and saw the departure of Campanelli and Jones along with the addition of Buddy Brayfield, a friend of Granda's, as the piano player. Anderson, though still romantically involved with Dillon, retired from the stage. Campanelli left on his own to pursue a master's degree in music; Jones rejoined the Daredevils briefly later and would continue to appear as a guest player on some of their shows and recording sessions.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The band began playing out in 1972 and 1973. On February 8, 1973, they played at Cowtown Ballroom in Kansas City, Missouri. Later that month, on February 21, they played a concert at Shawnee Mission Northwest High School in Shawnee, Kansas. Two weeks after that, on March 9 and 10, they played at Kiel Opera House in St. Louis and Cowtown Ballroom again, this time with Brewer & Shipley accompanied by Loudon Wainwright III. Performances from both those March shows later turned up on a CD called "Archive Alive" in 1997.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The group's demo tape eventually caught the attention of A&M Records staff producer David Anderle, who was looking for an Eagles country rock type of band to place on the label. Anderle and the Eagles' first producer, Glyn Johns, flew to Missouri to catch the band's aforementioned performance at Cowtown Ballroom on March 10, 1973. But the band, nervous about Johns and Anderle being in the audience, did not play their best. Later on, Paul Peterson invited the two men back to his place to hear the band give an unplugged performance by candlelight. This time Anderle and Johns were blown away and they were signed to A&M on May 1, 1973, and sent to England to record their first record at Olympic Studios in London with Johns at the helm during that June and July.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The first record, "The Ozark Mountain Daredevils" (also referred to as "The Quilt Album"), was released in December 1973 and spawned the Top 30 hit "If You Wanna Get to Heaven" in the summer of 1974. The album introduced the band's unique mixture of rock, country, bluegrass and pop to the world and is still the favorite of many of the group's fans.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: For the second album, "It'll Shine When It Shines" (October 1974), Johns and Anderle came to Missouri to record, utilizing a mobile recording truck set up outside of the band's rehearsal home. During the sessions, Johns overheard Larry Lee sitting at a piano playing and singing a song about a mysterious friend of his who sometimes dealt drugs on the side. Johns loved the melody and thought it could be a smash hit if the lyrics were altered to be about a girl and the drug references downplayed. Lee and Cash did as Johns asked and the song, "Jackie Blue", became the Daredevils' signature song and a huge hit (No. 3) in the spring of 1975.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The Ozark's third release, "The Car Over the Lake Album" (September 1975), recorded in Nashville, Tennessee and produced by Anderle alone, featured their old compatriot, Bill Jones, joining them to play and arrange their songs. He also toured with them in 1975–1976. The album sold fairly well but produced no hits.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: One reason why the band's fortunes began to falter might have been their reluctance to relocate to Southern California after being asked to do so by A&M co-head Jerry Moss. Another reason was their reluctance to do the constant touring that many of their contemporaries were doing at the time. A further sticking point was the band's unwillingness to try and duplicate their biggest hit, "Jackie Blue", or copy what other groups were doing. As a result, A&M began to lose a bit of their enthusiasm for the act.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Personnel shifts within the group also began to change the chemistry. In the spring of 1976, the band embarked on a tour of Europe. But by the time the exhausted troupe hit Copenhagen, Denmark, for the tour's final stop at Daddy's Dance Hall in early May, they were confounded by a horrible sound mix for their show. An angry Randle Chowning responded by turning up his amplifier all the way which upset the other band members and resulted in a huge shouting match at the end of the night. Upon their return home, Chowning refused to speak to the others or take their calls. Norwegian musician Rune Walle, whom the band had met while on tour in Europe with his band the Flying Norwegians, was then contacted in June to replace him. Walle's first show with the group was at Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City on July 23, 1976, on a bill that also included the Beach Boys, the Doobie Brothers, Jeff Beck and Firefall. Chowning went on to form his own Randle Chowning Band


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: That same year, the Daredevils headed west to the Rockies, to Caribou Ranch near Nederland, Colorado, to record their fourth album, which they had originally titled "Nuclear Fishing" but then changed to "Men From Earth" after A&M objected. The "Nuclear Fishing" title was later used up in Canada for a greatest hits album release. Anderle was once again in the producer's chair and Evergreen, Colorado resident Jerry Mills joined the band on mandolin and also served as the group's advance publicist. Another face from the past, Steve Canaday, also came back into the group's life in 1975 as road manager and opening act before joining the band during the making of "Men From Earth".


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In the fall of 1976, Buddy Brayfield departed to study medicine and Ruell Chappell (vocals, keyboards), from the popular Springfield group Spillwater Junction, came in. But the band's next several releases – "Men From Earth" (September 1976), "Don't Look Down" (October 1977, produced by David Kershenbaum, once again at Caribou Ranch) and "It's Alive" (September 1978) – sold in smaller quantities than their previous records had. Jerry Mills and his mandolin were dropped from the group after "It's Alive" since the band was performing fewer acoustic numbers in their show by this time.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: During the summer of 1978, the Daredevils went out for a short run of shows where they opened for Fleetwood Mac. Granda was not available since he was at home helping his wife with the birth of their second child, so Springfield bassist Larry Van Fleet (from the Randle Chowning Band) sat in for these dates.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: On August 26, 1978, the Ozarks appeared at Canada Jam on a large bill that also included Kansas, Atlanta Rhythm Section, the Doobie Brothers, the Commodores and others.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Also in 1978, John Dillon and Steve Cash contributed to an album, "White Mansions", which documented life in the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Waylon Jennings, Eric Clapton, Jessi Colter, Bernie Leadon and several other musicians appeared on this record as well.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In September 1978, the group flew to Hollywood to appear on "The Midnight Special". But when A&M's Jerry Moss witnessed the inebriated band members race through their set on the show, he decided not to pick up the option on their record deal and the Ozarks found themselves without a home in 1979.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: By 1979 the group had moved over to Columbia Records and put out the self-titled "Ozark Mountain Daredevils" in April 1980. This album, recorded in Los Angeles, was produced by famed country rock pioneer producer John Boylan and did not feature Chappell or Canaday, and Walle only contributed slide guitar to a few songs, since Boylan insisted on bringing in session players for a more typical "California country rock laid back sound", which was popular at the time. But country rock's popularity seemed to be on the wane at the dawn of the 1980s as groups such as the Ozarks, Poco and Firefall saw their sales begin to slip away. The album saw the band moving away from country towards a harder rock sound. But it failed to find many takers at the record stores and Columbia dropped the group after only one record.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In 1980 Walle left the Daredevils to be replaced by Springfield guitarist Terry Wilson (who had been playing with Granda in a side project created for fun called the Dog People). Chappell also split in 1980.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In December 1980 Brayfield, Chowning, Jones, Chappell and Walle reunited with the band for two shows, one in Springfield and one in Kansas City. The first was at Hammons Student Center on December 6 and the second, on December 31, occurred at the Uptown Theater in Kansas City. The latter show was later put out on CD (in August 2006) and DVD (in June 2007) as "1980 Reunion Concert: Rhythm And Joy".


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Larry Lee left the band and relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his own career in 1982, after releasing a solo album, "Marooned", that had been recorded in Los Angeles for Columbia and released in March of the same year. He also worked as a songwriter and country producer (for Alabama, Juice Newton and others) and would still play drums on occasion with other acts. In the mid-'80s, he even did a stint with Jimmy Buffett's Coral Reefer Band. After Lee's 1982 departure the group was left a quintet, with Dillon, Cash, Granda, Canaday and Wilson.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Later the same year, there was another major upheaval as Dillon and Cash decided that they'd had enough as well. After some consideration, it was decided that the group would continue with Granda and the returning Randle Chowning leading a new lineup that included Bobby "Lloyd" Hicks (vocals, drums, percussion, ex-Steve Forbert), Joe Terry (vocals, keyboards, from the St. Louis group the Couch Dancers) and Tulsa guitarist Gary Smith. Canaday stayed on and once again became the band's road manager.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: This new grouping only lasted about a year and a half before Chowning left again, Hicks took a job with Kerry Cole & the Lefty Brothers and Joe Terry joined a new band, the Morells. At this point, Dillon and Cash agreed to rejoin and Gary Smith stayed around a few months more before relocating to Branson, Missouri, so the mid-1984 Ozarks lineup was: John Dillon, Steve Cash, "Supe" Granda, Steve Canaday and Gary Smith, the latter soon succeeded by Jason LeMasters (guitar), before LeMasters departed to work for Kris Kristofferson and was replaced by Chowning, back for his third stint with the Daredevils.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In 1984 the group's managers, Stan Plesser and Paul Peterson, closed their Good Karma Productions company as the band began to manage and book themselves from this point on.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In 1985 the band followed singer/drummer Larry Lee to Nashville to record a new album produced by Wendy Waldman that, like their 1980 Columbia release, utilized session players. Lee briefly rejoined for this album but there was no interest at all from any of the labels in Nashville in the project. A small French company, Dixiefrog Records, eventually picked up the record and it was released in France as "Heart of the Country" in 1987. Many of the same songs were released in England in 1989 as "Modern History" on the Conifer label.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In the meantime, the Daredevils continued on with Morells guitarist Don Clinton Thompson in 1985 after Chowning left yet again during the recording of the aforementioned Nashville album in 1985.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Also released in 1985 were a group of mostly unreleased tracks (the aforementioned demos that they had recorded for Michael Sunday and John Hammond back on July 6 & 7, 1972) that appeared on Varèse Sarabande Records as "The Lost Cabin Sessions". An expanded version of this release, with additional songs, was later released on CD.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: During the spring of 1988, the people at Dixiefrog Records in France brought the Daredevils over to play there and other European dates in support of "Heart of the Country" that had recently been released there.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: There were more personnel changes as Canaday, who had been managing the group as well as playing drums, ran afoul of some marriage difficulties and some rough waters with the group's business affairs and decided to leave to move to Nashville in 1988 to work as tour manager for Lee Roy Parnell, Tammy Wynette and Marshall Chapman; he was briefly succeeded on drums by the band's sound man, Rick "Lumpy" Davidson, who previously had sometimes joined the group onstage playing washboard.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: At the end of 1989, Thompson quit to reform his old band, the Skeletons, and Davidson moved to Branson to take a job as sound mixer at Ray Stevens' theater. In 1990 guitarist Bill Brown (from Supe's side band Supe & the Sandwiches) and Morells drummer Ron "Rongo" Gremp came aboard. The band continued their now-limited touring.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In 1991 Granda, like Lee and Canaday before him, decided to uproot himself and settle in Nashville where he peddled his songs, searched for a deal for his side band, Supe & the Sandwiches, and became involved in other projects, including a stint as bass player in Michael Clarke's Byrds. In the summer of 1992, the Daredevils resumed their ever-dwindling schedule of gigs.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Kelly O'Shea from the Titanic Blues Band sometimes filled in for Brown on lead guitar from 1992 to 1994.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In 1996 the Ozarks were approached by their former manager, Stan Plesser, to re-record some of their best-known songs for a company called Eclipse Records. This was recorded in Nashville with producer Bob Wright with only Dillon, Cash and Granda (Larry Lee and Steve Canaday guested on backup vocals) playing on this project accompanied by session players. The CD was titled "Jackie Blue" and appeared in March 1997 as a budget product sold mostly at truck stops. This CD has been re-released many times since then under different titles, including "Our Most Dangerous Stunts" in June 2006.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: New Era Productions, a company formed by an old Springfield buddy of the group's, Benny Smith, agreed to fund another album of brand new material in 1996, "13". This was recorded in their hometown of Springfield and mixed mostly in Nashville by Larry Lee, who played and sang on it as well. Chowning also contributed to the album, but after the band was unable to secure a major label release, he had himself removed from it. "13" was released in June 1997. Also that year came "Archive Alive", a CD containing performances from their March 1973 shows at Cowtown Ballroom in Kansas City and Kiel Opera House in St Louis.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: On September 25, 1999, Steve Canaday was killed, aged 55, when the small plane he was traveling in crashed in Nashville, Tennessee while he was working as an aerial photographer.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: On July 23, 2004, guitarist Bill Brown died of smoke inhalation in a house fire in Springfield that also took the life of another popular Springfield guitarist, Don Shipps (from Supe's side band, Supe & the Sandwiches, the Titanic Blues Band and earlier Granny's Bathwater). On October 16 of this same year, the group and several other Springfield bands appeared at the Abou Ben Adhem Shrine Mosque in a memorial show for Brown and benefit for his family.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Since that time the band has gone into semi-retirement but usually emerges each year to play shows. The 2004 lineup contained Dillon, Cash, "Supe", Ron Gremp and Dave Painter (who joined for the 2004 Shrine Mosque show). Beginning with a series of shows in May 2007 at Gillioz Theater in Springfield, Kelly Brown joined as the group's new keyboardist. These shows were recorded for a 2008 DVD release called "Revival (Live at the Gillioz) ".


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Starting in 2005, Lee and Chowning re-teamed in a new group, Beyond Reach, that formed in Nashville but has since moved its base back to the two men's hometown of Springfield, Missouri. In 2006 and 2007 Lee and Chowning began appearing as special guests at some of the Daredevils shows but haven't done so in recent years due to personal differences. It appears that they're no longer interested in playing with the Daredevils, nor are the Daredevils interested in having them.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Concurrently, also in 2005 Steve Cash wrote a science fiction trilogy titled "The Meq" published by Del Rey Books.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: A brand new live album by the Daredevils, a two-disc set featuring 21 tracks, including old favorites, rare songs and a couple of new ones, titled "Alive & Wild", was made available in October 2011. This was taken from shows performed at Wildwood Springs Lodge in Steelville, Missouri in November 2010. The band line up for these shows included: John Dillon, Steve Cash, Michael "Supe" Granda, Ron Gremp, Dave Painter, Kelly Brown, Bill Jones, Ruell Chappell (who'd returned in 2008, now on percussion and vocals) and Nick Sibley (guitar, mandolin, harmonica, backing vocals), a former bandmate of Chappell's. From 2010 to 2019, the band continued to make concert appearances with this nine piece lineup, occasionally joined (from 2012 on) on stage by violinist/cellist/guitarist/singer-songwriter Molly Healey, who became a permanent member in 2014.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Former early band member Buddy Brayfield, now Dr. Sam Brayfield, is a family practice, hospice and palliative care physician in Osage Beach, Missouri and plays with a local band Buddy and the Notes. For the first time since 1980, Brayfield rejoined the group for a reunion concert at Gillioz Theater in September 2010 that included four of the original six members. Brayfield indicated that he decided to play in the Missouri concert since his children had never seen him play with the group.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Bobby "Lloyd" Hicks, the group's 1982 drummer, died on February 19, 2017, after suffering extensive lung damage stemming from double pneumonia, just three weeks shy of his 70th birthday.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: In early 2018, the band announced on their Facebook page the release of a new album, "Off The Beaten Path", as a self release.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: On May 17, 2019, the band self released "Heaven 20/20", a 7 track EP featuring five new songs, one live song and a re-recording of "If You Want To Get To Heaven." It would be the last album to feature co-founder Steve Cash before his death later that year.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils and Major Brands, the largest Missouri based distributor of premium alcohol and non-alcohol beverages announced production of Ozark Dry Gin that will exclusively be sold to retailers and restaurateurs in Missouri.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: The band has been very active on their Facebook account posting stories, pictures, news, and videos. One post from December 2021 announced a project celebrating the bands 50th anniversary in 2022, the publication of "The Ozark Mountain Daredevils on Record: A Narrative Discography".


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: Band bassist Michael "Supe" Granda won $9,500 on the December 24, 2021, episode of "Wheel of Fortune" but did not win his game on that episode.


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: To further mark their 50th anniversary, the band announced a return to their hometown to perform three gigs at The Landers Theatre (on March 17–19, 2022), where they'd played their first gig in 1972 still under the name "Family Tree".


title: The Ozark Mountain Daredevils

text: On May 17, 2022, the group went to Nashville to make their Grand Ole Opry debut as part of their Time Warp Tour, celebrating their Fiftieth Year Anniversary. And on June 30 their documentary, "Ozark Mountain Daredevils Backstage", debuted on PBS Television.


title: Guy Gibson

text: Wing Commander Guy Penrose Gibson, (12 August 1918 – 19 September 1944) was a distinguished bomber pilot in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. He was the first Commanding Officer of No. 617 Squadron, which he led in the "Dam Busters" raid in 1943, resulting in the breaching of two large dams in the Ruhr area of Germany. He was awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, in the aftermath of the raid in May 1943 and became the most highly decorated British serviceman at that time. He completed over 170 war operations before dying in action at the age of 26.


title: Guy Gibson

text: Gibson was born in Simla, British India, on 12 August 1918, the son of Alexander James Gibson and his wife Leonora ("Nora") Mary Gibson. At the time of Gibson's birth, his father was an officer in the Imperial Indian Forestry Service, becoming the Chief Conservator of Forests for the Simla Hill States in 1922. In 1924, when he was six, his parents separated. His mother was granted custody of Gibson, his elder brother Alexander ("Alick") and sister Joan, and decided to return to England.


title: Guy Gibson

text: As her family came from Porthleven, Cornwall, Nora Gibson settled first in Penzance. Gibson started school in England at the same school as his sister, West Cornwall College. His mother then moved to London and he was sent as a boarder to Earl's Avenue School, a preparatory school, later known as St George's, in Folkestone, Kent.


title: Guy Gibson

text: In 1932 Gibson started at St Edward's School, Oxford, the same school as Douglas Bader where he was also placed in the same house, Cowell's. Gibson's housemaster was A. F. "Freddie" Yorke who became Gibson's guardian.