title: Leslie Knope

text: Leslie Knope was born on January 18, 1975, in Eagleton, Indiana, due to a raccoon infestation in Pawnee, and has lived in Pawnee, Indiana, since infancy. According to the show's timeline, her father died in 1985. She was inspired to pursue a life of public service by the community programs she enjoyed as a child. While attending Pawnee North High School, Leslie served as Co-Vice President of the student body and participated in several student organizations including the Model United Nations, Debate Club, Mock Trial, Young Republicans, Young Democrats, and the Young Independents, which she founded. She graduated in the top 5% of her high-school class and "summa cum laude" from Indiana University's School of Public and Environmental Affairs.


title: Leslie Knope

text: In the first three seasons, Leslie is the deputy in Pawnee's Parks and Recreation Department, a midlevel bureaucratic position; in season four, she successfully campaigns to become a member of the city council. In her role as deputy director, she serves on several committees, including the Equal Opportunity Committee, the Fun in the Sun Committee, the Clean Restroom Task Force, the Handicapped Restroom Task Force, and the Task Force to Reduce the Number of Public Restrooms. She hopes to improve her town and to advance her career (possibly aiming to become the city manager). She has also stated her ultimate goal of becoming the first female President of the United States. Knope proudly displays in her office images of Hillary Clinton, Sandra Day O'Connor, Joe Biden, Madeleine Albright, Condoleezza Rice, Dianne Feinstein, Janet Reno, Nancy Pelosi, and Larry Bird. Leslie also has a love for sweets, especially waffles (which she frequently orders in large quantities at J.J.'s Diner) and whipped cream, which she puts in coffee, on waffles, etc.


title: Leslie Knope

text: On November 10, 2016, a member of the Parks and Recreation's writing staff wrote an open letter for "Vox" from the fictional character Leslie Knope on the election results.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Leslie Knope is extremely cheerful, ambitious, hard-working and optimistic. She is firmly committed to the belief that government should provide a service for its people, and regularly goes above and beyond for the benefits of Pawnee's residents — a belief that regularly clashes with her superior Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman), a staunch libertarian who feels all government should be dissolved and privatized.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Although somewhat naive, Leslie is intelligent, well-read, and has good intentions, but is not always successful in executing her goals. She repeatedly tries to put a positive spin on failure, even to the point where she will occasionally distort the truth in her own view. For example, she does not get discouraged by angry residents who complain or yell during her public forums, but instead prefers to think of them as "people caring loudly at me". Many of her co-workers do not share her enthusiasm, but Leslie commands their respect, nonetheless. Her ambition occasionally annoys her colleagues and leads to ribbing against her, especially from her subordinate Tom Haverford (Aziz Ansari). Her favorite food is waffles from a local diner, JJ's. She has a crush on former Vice President, now President Joe Biden, and harbors an irrational hatred of public libraries, salads, and the wealthy neighboring town of Eagleton, which Leslie found out, to her sheer horror, was actually her birthplace.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Leslie views herself as a budding political star in the style of Hillary Clinton, Nancy Pelosi, and Condoleezza Rice. She has been widely lauded as a positive figure for advancing gender equality and feminism because she represents a strong woman who encourages others to empower themselves and support the women around them. Although she is shown to be running for the city council as an independent, she joins the Democratic Party at some point, as she is approached by "Janet from the DNC" about a potential gubernatorial bid in the final season.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Leslie is initially shown to harbor romantic feelings for her co-worker Mark Brendanawicz (Paul Schneider), likely stemming from a romantic liaison with him several years before. She is also desperate to impress her mother, Marlene Griggs-Knope (Pamela Reed), a well-known politician in the Pawnee government. At a public forum, she meets Ann Perkins (Rashida Jones), who informs her about a gaping hole near her house that her boyfriend, Andy Dwyer (Chris Pratt), fell into. Leslie takes on the project and quickly becomes friends with Ann. She has a difficult relationship with her mother, a tough and tactless woman who has had a long and successful career in local government and who does not think much of her daughter's professional or personal choices.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Leslie seems to move on from her romantic interest in Mark and begins dating police officer Dave Sanderson (Louis C.K.). She also begins taking charge and gains a lot of confidence. Also, more of her relationships with her coworkers are shown. Towards the end of the season, Dave, who is enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve, is called into active duty in San Diego, where he does custodial work. Dave asks Leslie to move with him to San Diego, and although she considers it, she ultimately declines because she loves her work and Pawnee too much to leave, and they part ways amicably. She then dates an old lawyer friend of Ann's named Justin (Justin Theroux). Although Justin seems to be a perfect boyfriend and has many interesting stories, Leslie soon realizes that stories are all Justin cares about. After he reunites Leslie's mother with an old flame over Leslie's constant protests, she breaks up with him, realizing that Justin cares more about the reunion story that he could potentially tell than he does about her. At the end of the season, Leslie and the rest of the department get a visit from two state auditors, Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott) and Chris Traeger (Rob Lowe), who shut down the government due to Pawnee's crippling financial problems. Leslie and Ben have an antagonistic relationship at first, but soon develop a mutual respect for each other.


title: Leslie Knope

text: In this season, Leslie works on the Harvest Festival in hopes of bringing money to Pawnee. She and Ben are no longer at odds and develop a friendly working relationship, complicated by romantic feelings. However, their budding relationship is threatened by Chris' inter-office dating rules, and they attempt to keep their romance under wraps, despite telling Ann, Ron, Leslie's mother, and a maintenance worker at the memorial service for Lil' Sebastian, Pawnee's beloved, recently deceased "mini-horse". In the season finale, Leslie is approached by a group of people who look for talent in government with the potential for political careers. They tell Leslie that they believe she has the potential to become a member of the city council or even the mayor.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Leslie comes to realize that while she is running for the city council, her relationship with Ben cannot continue, and they reluctantly break up. Leslie then announces her city council candidacy. Leslie writes a book called "Pawnee: The Greatest Town in America". She also finds out that she was actually born in Eagleton because, according to her mother, "the Pawnee hospital had been overrun by raccoons." Leslie and Ben struggle with being broken up; Leslie wants to remain friends with Ben, but he tells her it's just too hard for him. Leslie finally decides she wants to be with Ben, no matter the consequences, and they get back together. Ben resigns from his position in order to save Leslie from getting fired. Her campaign managers inform her that they can no longer run her campaign because her approval ratings are dismally low after the news of her relationship with Ben was revealed. The rest of the Parks employees (and Ann), on a mission to return the love Leslie has shown them over the years, tell Leslie that they will run her campaign for her, allowing her to continue going after her dream. After several tumultuous months, it is announced that Bobby Newport (Paul Rudd), son of Sweetums founder Nick Newport (Christopher Murray), has won by 21 votes. Ben later approaches officials and notifies them that it is the law that they re-count since it was so close. Ann then reveals to Leslie that she in fact beat Bobby by 21 votes.


title: Leslie Knope

text: At the beginning of the season, she and Ben get engaged and move into a house together. She and Ben get married in the middle of the season, months earlier than the couple had originally planned. They initially arrange to marry at a black-tie event they planned and executed to raise money for the future park at Pawnee Commons. However, Leslie's City Council nemesis Jeremy Jamm (Jon Glaser) disrupts the ceremony by setting off stink bombs and booing Leslie, leading to Ron punching him in the face and getting them both arrested. However, the Parks and Recreation Department plans a secret wedding that same night in the office area, and Ron walks Leslie down the aisle. During her first year as a city councilor, she passes a city-wide soda tax, merges the animal control and parks department, and secures the money for the Pawnee Commons. At the end of the season, the Sweetums Corporation, a major manufacturer of sugary snacks and Pawnee's biggest employer, begins a campaign to recall her.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Leslie is a key member in the absorption of Eagleton into Pawnee because of a debt problem in Eagleton. After staging a filibuster which wins the citizens of former Eagleton voting rights, Leslie is recalled and replaced with her Eagletonian counterpart, Ingrid de Forest (Kristen Bell). Leslie gets the lot and parks for the Pawnee Commons after a heated debate between her and Jamm, in return for five worthless IOU's from Chris (who was soon leaving his post as City Manager). She dedicates the unofficial groundbreaking of Pawnee Commons to Ann before she and Chris leave for Michigan in "Ann and Chris". In "Flu Season 2", Leslie discovers that she is pregnant. In "One in 8,000", after a visit to a doctor, Ben and Leslie find out that they are going to have triplets. Soon after, Leslie is offered a position in the National Park Service, in Chicago. After stalling on her decision for most of the season, Leslie is eventually convinced by Ben to accept the job, but then after finding out that the Parks Department had her declared as one of the new founders of the new town of Pawnee, she convinces her new boss to relocate their office from Chicago to the Third Floor of Pawnee City Hall. Three years from the end of season six, Leslie and Ben have three children, and Leslie is the head of the Midwest Parks Service on the bustling third floor of Pawnee City Hall.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Leslie is head of the Midwest branch of the National Park Service, working to build a National Park in Pawnee. Ron is her main opponent in this effort, as he wants to build a new Gryzzl campus. As the season progresses, however, Ron and Leslie eventually reconcile, and she successfully secures the National Park for Pawnee. Soon afterward, she and Ben decide to move to Washington with Andy and his wife April Ludgate (Aubrey Plaza) after Leslie is offered a promotion to work at the U.S. Department of the Interior and Ben decides to run for Congress. In flash-forwards, it is shown that by the year 2025, Leslie will run a successful campaign for Governor of State of Indiana, and will serve two terms in that office. It is implied that either she or Ben has been elected President of the United States by 2048 when they are both flanked by the U.S. Secret Service at the funeral of Pawnee Mayor (and Leslie's former Parks employee) Garry Gergich (Jim O'Heir). In the present, the gang gets together for a picture, as they are unsure when the next time they see each other will be. Ben asks Leslie if she's ready, to which she responds, "Yes. I'm ready."


title: Leslie Knope

text: The concept for "Parks and Recreation" did not start to form until series creators Greg Daniels and Michael Schur learned Poehler would be available to play the lead character. Once that casting was determined, the general concept for both the series and the Leslie Knope character was established. After the first season, changes were made to Leslie's character to make her appear more intelligent. Schur said this was in response to critical feedback that Leslie came across as "ditzy" during the show's first run of episodes, which Schur said was never their intention. Schur said that the show considered a backstory element for Leslie where she had been elected mayor while a teenager; this story was later used for the Ben Wyatt character.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Amy Poehler said by the third season, after the Parks Department has been shut down for three months due to a budget crisis, Leslie has started to face reality more clearly and realize the department is a low priority.


title: Leslie Knope

text: She was listed in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters. In 2015, Entertainment Weekly named Knope as one of the 25 Best TV Characters of the Past 25 Years.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Poehler has garnered six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, three Golden Globe Award nominations and three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series for her role. In 2014, while hosting the ceremony, Poehler won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for her portrayal of Leslie Knope.


title: Leslie Knope

text: Despite mixed reviews of the first season, one fairly consistent source of praise went to Amy Poehler for her performance as Leslie Knope. Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" writes that "Poehler's show unfortunately isn't worthy of her". Daniel Carlson of "The Hollywood Reporter" also had praise for Poehler claiming that she "has the comic intelligence to carry a series like this one" and delivers a performance that is "awkward but not alienating" and "eager without being repelling". However, several commentators said the naive and well-meaning Leslie Knope character too closely resembled "The Office" protagonist Michael Scott (Steve Carell), a well-intentioned but dimwitted manager of a paper company sales office.


title: Leslie Knope

text: James Poniewozik of "Time" magazine praised the development of the characters. He thought that the show "really has a handle now" on the main character Leslie Knope, and does an "excellent job of finding things for its supporting characters to do". He also opined that the series is "living up to its potential now". Commentators said the supporting cast was now working with better material and that Amy Poehler's character had improved and become less over-the-top and more human than in the first season.


title: Leslie Knope

text: By season three, "Paste" magazine writer Garrett Martin called Leslie "one of the most relatable and admirable women on television".


title: Sunrise in Heaven

text: Sunrise in Heaven is a 2019 American romance film directed by Waymon Boone and written by Dan Benamor. The film stars Caylee Cowan, Corbin Bernsen, Dee Wallace, Travis Burns, Erin Bethea, and Jenn Gotzon Chandler. It is based on the book, "His Sunrise My Sunset", a 2016 romance novel by American author Jan Hurst. Hurst was inspired to write the faith-based book after the car crash that killed her husband, Steve.


title: Sunrise in Heaven

text: The film is based on the life of Jan Hurst. Jan is the daughter of an overly protective militant father, but that doesn't stop her from falling in love with Steve, a young G.I. in the Air Force. The couple must find a way to win over her father so they may be married. In the future, a devastating car crash leaves her (now) husband on life support; she must keep faith in God as she faces the prospect of his passing. Recalling their courtship through flashbacks, she relives out the early days of their relationship.


title: Sunrise in Heaven

text: Written by Dan Benamor, "Sunrise in Heaven" was produced by Dureyshevar, Nat Mundel, Jack Nasser, Jacob Nasser and Joseph Nasser, and line produced by Bochen Zhang. A trailer for the film was released on February 6, 2019. It was released on April 9.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Screen burn-in, image burn-in, or ghost image, is a permanent discoloration of areas on an electronic display such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) in an old computer monitor or television set. It is caused by cumulative non-uniform use of the screen.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Newer liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) may suffer from a phenomenon called image persistence instead, which is not permanent.


title: Screen burn-in

text: One way to combat screen burn-in was the use of screensavers, which would move an image around to ensure that no one area of the screen remained illuminated for too long.


title: Screen burn-in

text: With phosphor-based electronic displays (for example CRT-type computer monitors, oscilloscope screens or plasma displays), non-uniform use of specific areas, such as prolonged display of non-moving images (text or graphics), repetitive contents in gaming graphics, or certain broadcasts with tickers and flags, can create a permanent ghost-like image of these objects or otherwise degrade image quality. This is because the phosphor compounds which emit light to produce images lose their luminance with use. This wear results in uneven light output over time, and in severe cases can create a ghost image of previous content. Even if ghost images are not recognizable, the effects of screen burn are an immediate and continual degradation of image quality.


title: Screen burn-in

text: The length of time required for noticeable screen burn to develop varies due to many factors, ranging from the quality of the phosphors employed, to the degree of non-uniformity of sub-pixel use. It can take as little as a few weeks for noticeable ghosting to set in, especially if the screen displays a certain image (example: a menu bar at the top or bottom of the screen) constantly and displays it continually over time. In the rare case when horizontal or vertical deflection circuits fail, all output energy is concentrated to a vertical or horizontal line on the display which causes almost instant screen burn.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Phosphor burn-in is particularly prevalent with monochromatic CRT screens, such as the amber or green monochrome monitors common on older computer systems and dumb terminal stations. This is partly because those screens displayed mostly non-moving images, and at one intensity: fully on. Yellow screens are more susceptible than either green or white screens because the yellow phosphor is less efficient and thus requires a higher beam current. Color screens, by contrast, use three separate phosphors (red, green, and blue), mixed in varying intensities to achieve specific colors, and in typical usage patterns such as "traditional" TV viewing (non-gaming, non-converged TV usage, non-Internet browsing, broadcasts without tickers or flags, no prolonged or permanent letterboxing) are used for operations where colors and on-screen object placement approach uniformity.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Modern CRT displays are less susceptible than older CRTs prior to the 1960s because they have a layer of aluminum behind the phosphor which offers some protection. The aluminum layer was provided to reflect more light from the phosphor towards the viewer. As a bonus, the aluminum layer also prevented ion burn of the phosphor and the ion trap, common to older monochrome televisions, was no longer required.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Plasma displays produced until around 2007 were highly susceptible to burn-in, while LCD-type displays are rarely affected. The wide variation in luminance degradation with RGB-based OLED will cause noticeable color drift over time (where one of the red-green-blue colors becomes more prominent). OLEDs do not need a backlight to light up; each pixel is a self-illuminating LED. The pixels on OLEDs inevitably lose their brightness over time. The longer an OLED pixel is used (illuminated), the dimmer it will appear next to a lesser used pixel.


title: Screen burn-in

text: In the case of LCDs, the physics of burn-in are different than plasma and OLED, which develop burn-in from luminance degradation of the light-emitting pixels. For LCDs, burn-in develops in some cases because pixels permanently lose their ability to return to their relaxed state after a continued static use profile. In most typical usage profiles, this image persistence in LCD is only transient.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Both plasma-type and LCD-type displays exhibit a similar phenomenon called transient image persistence, which is similar to screen burn but is not permanent. In the case of plasma-type displays, transient image persistence is caused by charge build-up in the pixel cells (not cumulative luminance degradation as with burn-in), which can be seen sometimes when a bright image that was set against a dark background is replaced by a dark background only; this image retention is usually released once a typical-brightness image is displayed and does not inhibit the display's typical viewing image quality.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Screensavers derive their name from their original purpose, which was an active method of attempting to stave off screen burn. By ensuring that no pixel or group of pixels was left displaying a static image for extended periods of time, phosphor luminosity was preserved. Modern screensavers can turn off the screen when not in use.


title: Screen burn-in

text: In many cases, the use of a screensaver is impractical. Most plasma-type display manufacturers include methods for reducing the rate of burn-in by moving the image slightly, which does not eliminate screen burn but can soften the edges of any ghost image that does develop. Similar techniques exist for modern OLED displays. For example, manufacturers of Android Wear watches with OLED displays can request that Android Wear enable "burn protection techniques" that periodically shift the contents of the screen by a few pixels.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Other examples: Apple's iPhone X and Samsung's Galaxy series both mitigate or delay the onset of burn-in by shifting the pixels every minute or so for the battery, Wi-Fi, location, and service bars. Also, parallax scrolling may be enabled for the home screen to give icons a 3D-like effect, a setting Apple refers to as "perspective zoom". AG Neovo patented Anti-burn-in technology is also using pixel shifting to activate the pixels to move by the designed time interval to prevent burn in effect on LCD monitors.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Google requests that when these techniques are enabled, watch face developers do not use large blocks of pixels so that different pixels are burned in with each shift, reducing the overall wear of the pixels.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Some screensavers move around, such as those on DVD players or those on some television sets that move around paused video after a long period of inactivity.


title: Screen burn-in

text: Depending on the type of screen, it is sometimes possible to remedy screen burn-in through the use of remedial software and remedial devices. In the case of OLED screens on Android phones, burn-in reduction apps can display an inverted image of the navigation and status bars (which are constantly displayed and therefore the most likely elements to be burned in) to burn in opposite pattern, resulting in a screen whose sub-pixels have more even luminosity and therefore less visible burn-in artifacts.


title: Screen burn-in

text: The most prevalent burn-in image on early televisions was said to be that of the RCA Indian-head test pattern, which would often follow the formal television station sign-off. This was due to the viewer leaving the television set on at the end of the day, which was not recommended by the television manufacturers.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: The poem "In Memoriam A.H.H." (1850) by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, is a requiem for the poet's Cambridge friend Arthur Henry Hallam, who died of cerebral haemorrhage at the age of twenty-two years, in Vienna in 1833. As a sustained exercise in lyrical verse, the length and breadth of thematic focus of In Memoriam explores the random cruelty of Nature from the perspective of materialist science and christian faith, the poem thus can function as an elegy and as a dirge.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: The poem was written by Tennyson over a period of 17 years (1833-1850). It was first published anonymously and was titled "'IN MEMORIAM A. H. H. OBIIT MDCCCXXXIII"', where A. H. H. is an abbreviation for Tennyson's late friend Arthur Henry Hallam and Roman numerals MDCCCXXXIII refer to 1833, the year of Hallam's death.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: The poem consists of 2,916 lines. The poem begins with a prologue followed by 131 sections with Roman numerals as heading. The poem ends with an epilogue. Thus, total sections is 133 (01 + 131 + 01 = 133).


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: Section LIX (59) "'O Sorrow, wilt thou live with me"' was added in the fourth edition published in 1851. Section XXXIX (39) "'Old warder of these buried bones"' was added in 1871. The epilogue is a marriage song on the wedding of Tennyson's sister Cecilia and Edmund Law Lushington.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: The poem is not arranged exactly in the order in which it was written. The prologue, for example, is thought to have been one of the last things written. The earliest material is thought to be that which begins "Fair ship, that from the Italian shore / Saileth the placid ocean-plains" and imagines the return of Hallam's body from Italy. Critics believe, however, that the poem as a whole is meant to be chronological in terms of the progression of Tennyson's grief. The passage of time is marked by the three descriptions of Christmas at different points in the poem, and the poem ends with a description of the marriage of Tennyson's sister.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: "In Memoriam" is written in four-line ABBA stanzas of iambic tetrameter, and such stanzas are now called In Memoriam Stanzas. Though not metrically unusual, given the length of the work, the metre creates a tonal effect that often divides readerswhile some consider it to be the natural sound of mourning and grief, others consider it monotonous. The poem is divided into 133 cantos (including the prologue and epilogue), and in contrast to its constant and regulated metrical form, encompasses many different subjects: profound spiritual experiences, nostalgic reminiscence, philosophical speculation, Romantic fantasizing and even occasional verse. The death of Hallam, and Tennyson's attempts to cope with this, remain the strand that ties all these together.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: This stanza is in Canto 27. The last two lines are interpreted as an offering, as a meditation on the dissolution of a romantic relationship, however, the lines originally referred to the death of a beloved friend of the poet, reminiscent of the line of dramatic dialogue: "tis better to be left than never to have been loved", from the play "The Way of the World" (1700) by William Congreve.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: This references the recent discovery by geologists of Earth's great age and mutability, a scientific wonder that underlay emerging ideas of nature and evolution.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: Although the phrase "tooth and claw" is commonly ascribed to Tennyson, it was already in use. For example, from "The Hagerstown Mail" in March 1837: "Hereupon, the beasts, enraged at the humbug, fell upon him tooth and claw."


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: In writing the poem, Tennyson was influenced by the evolutionary idea of the transmutation of species, presented by Robert Chambers in "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation", which had been published anonymously in 1844, and had caused a storm of controversy about the theological implications of impersonal nature functioning without direct divine intervention. An Evangelical focus on unquestioning belief in revealed truth, taken from a literal interpretation of the Bible, was already coming into conflict with emerging findings of science. Tennyson alluded to the difficulties evolutionary ideas raised for faith in "the truths that never can be proved", while still believing the older idea that reason would eventually harmonise science and religion, because there could be no real contradiction.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: However, at the end of the poem, Tennyson emerges with his Christian faith reaffirmed, progressing from doubt and despair to faith and hope, also a dominant theme in his poem "Ulysses".


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: This poem was published a decade before Charles Darwin made his theory public. However, the phrase "Nature, red in tooth and claw" in canto 56 was adopted quickly by others as a phrase that evokes the process of natural selection. It was and is used both by those opposed to and in favour of the theory of evolution.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: The poem was a great favourite of Queen Victoria, who after the death of Prince Albert wrote that she was "soothed & pleased" by it. In 1862 Victoria requested a meeting with Tennyson because she was so impressed by the poem, and when she met him again in 1883 she told him what a comfort it had been.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: The British literary scholar Christopher Ricks relates the following lines to Tennyson's childhood home at Somersby Rectory in Somersby, Lincolnshire, particularly the poet's departure after the death of his father.


title: In Memoriam A.H.H.

text: Arthur Conan Doyle quotes the lines "Oh yet we trust that somehow good/ will be the final goal of ill" and the two stanzas beginning "I falter where I firmly trod" in his novella "The Tragedy of the Korosko" (1898), where the poem is called "the grandest and the deepest and the most inspired in our language".


title: Jana Novotná

text: Jana Novotná (; 2 October 1968 – 19 November 2017) was a Czech professional tennis player. She played a serve and volley game, an increasingly rare style of play among women during her career. Novotná won the women's singles title at Wimbledon in 1998, and was runner-up in three other majors. Novotná also won 12 major women's doubles titles (completing a double career Grand Slam), four major mixed doubles titles, and three Olympic medals. She reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 2 in 1997, and held the No. 1 ranking in doubles for 67 weeks.


title: Jana Novotná

text: Jana Novotná turned professional in February 1987. In the early years of her career, she was known primarily for her success as a doubles player. In the early 1990s, Novotná began to have success in singles once four-time Grand Slam singles champion Hana Mandlíková became her coach. Mandlíková would coach her for nine years. Previously she had been coached by Mike Estep.


title: Jana Novotná

text: At the 1990 French Open, Novotná, seeded 11th, achieved her best results in Grand Slam singles play up until that point. Having reached the round of 16, she faced Argentinian Gabriela Sabatini (seeded fourth). In their four previous meetings Sabatini got the best of her three times, including two straight-set wins. This time proved to be different, as Novotná turned the tables on her. Although Novotná had disposed of Sabatini, she would have to face yet another difficult opponent in the quarterfinals, Katerina Maleeva (seeded eighth) from Bulgaria. In their two previous meetings Novotná had lost both times, and after Maleeva won the opening set, it appeared Novotná was about to lose to her for a third consecutive time; however, she recovered and eventually won. Despite her success, Novotná's toughest test would be against top-seeded Steffi Graf of Germany in the semifinals. When Novotná had faced her three years earlier at the 1987 French Open, Graf won in straight sets. Now, Graf again defeated her without dropping a set. She qualified for the first time for the season-ending Virginia Slims Championships in which she was beaten in the first round by Sabatini. She finished the year ranked No. 13.


title: Jana Novotná

text: Novotná enjoyed an excellent start to the 1991 season at the Australian Open, where she was seeded tenth and beat Zina Garrison-Jackson 7–6, 6–4 in the round of 16 to advance to the quarterfinal. The path to the final became considerably more difficult, as Novotná had to contend with top-seeded Steffi Graf in the quarterfinal encounter. In their ten previous meetings, Novotná had lost each time against Graf.


title: Jana Novotná

text: However, this time Novotná achieved the upset of her life by defeating Graf, the reigning champion of the last three years, 5–7, 6–4, 8–6. Now just one win away from her first-ever Grand Slam final, Novotná had to stop Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the semifinals to get there; this she did, setting up a showdown against Monica Seles in the final. Seles eventually won in three sets. At the end of the year Novotná was ranked No. 7.


title: Jana Novotná

text: Two years later, at Wimbledon, Novotná's game hit full stride, as she played some of her finest tennis ever. But for Novotná (seeded eighth) to capture the title, her path would have to go through Sabatini (seeded fourth), Martina Navratilova (seeded second) and top-seeded Steffi Graf. Going into her quarterfinal against Sabatini, Novotná had lost six consecutive matches against the Argentine. This time, she took Sabatini apart in straight sets, prevailing 6–4, 6–3. Novotná then set her sights on a semifinal clash against Martina Navratilova, who had won each of their previous five matches. However, Novotná defeated Navratilova, setting up the Championship match against Graf. After losing a tight first set, Novotná took the second set and then had a game point serving at 4–1 in the third set. With victory seemingly within her grasp, she lost her nerve, double-faulted, and allowed Graf to recover. Graf took the next five games and the title. During the prize presentation ceremony, a distraught Novotná burst into tears and cried on the Duchess of Kent's shoulder. The Duchess comforted her. Novotná achieved a year-end ranking of No. 6.


title: Jana Novotná

text: She began the 1994 season by reaching the quarterfinals of the Australian Open. In her quarterfinal match, she played Gabriela Sabatini, in what turned out to be their last head-to-head encounter. In their previous meeting, on the grasscourts at the 1993 Wimbledon Championships, Novotná beat Sabatini in a straight-set quarterfinal victory. This time, on the Australian hardcourts, Sabatini defeated Novotná in straight sets. At the French Open, Novotná was beaten in the first round by Anna Smashnova in straight sets. At Wimbledon, Novotná reached the quarterfinals where she again faced Martina Navratilova in a rematch from the previous year. Novotná lost in three sets. At the season's final Grand Slam, the US Open, the seventh seeded Novotná worked her way to the semifinals where she played top-seeded Steffi Graf. Dating back to the 1992 French Open, Novotná had lost nine consecutive matches against Graf. This trend would continue as Graf defeated Novotná in straight sets.


title: Jana Novotná

text: It took four years for Novotná to reach another Wimbledon final. In 1997, she faced top-seeded Martina Hingis, and lost in three sets. But to get back to the final, Novotná had to get past Mary Joe Fernandez in the round of 16. She outlasted Fernandez then defeated Yayuk Basuki of Indonesia in the quarterfinals in straight sets. Now back in the semifinals of Wimbledon, her next opponent would be Arantxa Sánchez Vicario. She had prevailed against Novotná in seven of their nine previous contests, but the majority of those matches were played on clay and hard-courts, at which Sánchez Vicario excelled.


title: Jana Novotná

text: On grass, Novotná had a decided advantage, as she defeated Sánchez Vicario in straight sets. In the final against Hingis, she started out fast, taking the opening set 6–2. But Hingis found her stroke and won the second set 6–3 to even the match at one set apiece. The final set proved to be a mirror image of the second set, as Hingis prevailed 6–3, handing Novotná her second loss in a Wimbledon Championship match.


title: Jana Novotná

text: However, Novotná won the Tour Championships after a victory in the final over Mary Pierce and finished the year ranked a career-high world No. 2 in singles. In addition to winning the Tour Championships, Novotná captured three more WTA singles titles for the year.


title: Jana Novotná

text: Her moment of Wimbledon success finally arrived in 1998. After defeating Venus Williams in a close quarterfinal, Novotná avenged the previous year's loss by ousting Martina Hingis in the semifinal in straight sets. She won the singles title by defeating veteran Nathalie Tauziat in the final in two sets. She became the oldest first-time Grand Slam singles winner in the Open Era at age 29 years and nine months. This record would be eclipsed by Francesca Schiavone in 2010 when she won the French Open at 29 years and eleven months and again by Flavia Pennetta when she won the US Open in 2015 at 33 years and six months.


title: Jana Novotná

text: Novotná won 12 Grand Slam women's doubles titles (four at Wimbledon, three at the French Open, three at the US Open, and two at the Australian Open) and four mixed-doubles titles (two at the Australian Open, one at Wimbledon, and one at the US Open).


title: Jana Novotná

text: Novotná was a member of the Czechoslovakian team that won the Fed Cup in 1988. At the Olympic Games she was a women's doubles silver medalist in 1988 and 1996, and a singles bronze medalist in 1996.


title: Jana Novotná

text: She won titles on all four surfaces and crossed the $10 million mark in career prize money in 1998, the fifth player to reach the milestone. She won more than 500 career singles matches, the 15th woman in the Open Era to accomplish the feat.


title: Jana Novotná

text: Novotná was named the 1998 WTA Tour Doubles Team of the Year with Martina Hingis, the 1997 International Tennis Federation Doubles Team of the Year with Lindsay Davenport, the 1996 WTA Tour Doubles Team of the Year with Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, with Gigi Fernández in 1991 and in 1989 and 1990 with Helena Suková.


title: Jana Novotná

text: Novotná retired from the professional tour in 1999. During her 14-year career, she won 104 titles (24 in singles, 76 in women's doubles and 4 in mixed doubles). She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2005.


title: Jana Novotná

text: From 2000 to 2002, Novotná was a commentator for Wimbledon for the BBC. From 2006 onward, Novotná played the Ladies' Invitation Doubles tournament at Wimbledon; winning it in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2014. In 2010, her partner was Martina Navratilova. Also in 2010, she helped Navratilova through her treatment for breast cancer. She played invitational doubles in the other Grand Slams as well and also did charity events and exhibitions. She continued to coach players, including Grand Slam champion Barbora Krejčíková.


title: Jana Novotná

text: Novotná lived in Florida until 2010, when she returned to her native Czech Republic. She bought a large house and property in the village of Omice, near her hometown of Brno, where she lived with her partner, former Polish tennis player Iwona Kuczyńska. She died of cancer at the age of 49 surrounded by family and friends on 19 November 2017. She chose to keep her diagnosis of cancer private, only telling her closest friends and relatives.


title: Sources of law

text: Sources of law are the origins of laws, the binding rules that enable any state to govern its territory.


title: Sources of law

text: The term "source of law" may sometimes refer to the sovereign or to the seat of power from which the law derives its validity.


title: Sources of law

text: The perceived authenticity of a source of law may rely on a choice of jurisprudence analysis. Tyrants such as Kim Jong-un may wield "De facto" power, but critics would say he does not exercise power from a "de jure" (or legitimate) source. After WWII it was not a valid defence at Nuremberg to say "I was only obeying orders", and the victors hanged Nazis for breaching "universal and eternal standards of right and wrong".


title: Sources of law

text: Over decades and centuries, principles of law have been derived from customs. The divine right of kings, natural and legal rights, human rights, civil rights, and common law are early unwritten sources of law. Canon law and other forms of religious law form the basis for law derived from religious practices and doctrines or from sacred texts; this source of law is important where there is a state religion. Historical or judicial precedent and case law can modify or even create a source of law. Legislation, rules, and regulations form the tangible source of laws which are codified and enforceable.


title: Sources of law

text: In civil law systems, the sources of law include the legal codes, such as the civil code or the criminal code, and custom; in common law systems there are also several sources that combine to form “the law”. Civil law systems often absorb ideas from the common law and "vice-versa". Scotland, for instance, has a hybrid form of law, as does South Africa, whose law in an amalgam of common law, civil law and tribal law.


title: Sources of law

text: A state may comply with international law, it may have a written or federal constitution, or it may have regional legislature, but normally it is the central national legislature that is the ultimate source of law. While a written constitution may seem to be the prime source of law, the state legislature may amend its constitution provided certain rules are followed. International law may take precedence over national law, but international law is mainly made up of conventions and treaties that have been ratified; and anything that can be ratified may be denounced later by the national parliament. Although local authorities may feel that they have a democratic mandate to pass by-laws, the legislative power they wield has been delegated by parliament; and what parliament gives, parliament make later take away.


title: Sources of law

text: Governments may sign International Conventions and Treaties; but these normally become binding only when they are ratified. Most conventions come into force only when a stated number of signatories have ratified the final text. An international convention may be incorporated into a statute (e.g. Hague-Visby Rules in Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971; e.g. the Salvage Convention in the Merchant Shipping Act 1995). The Council of Europe’s European Convention on Human Rights is enforced by the ECHR in Strasbourg.


title: Sources of law

text: The European Union is special example of international law. European nations that join the EU thereby adopt all EC Law to date (the "acquis communautaire"), namely: treaty provisions, regulations, directives, decisions, and precedents. Member States become subject to “Brussels” and to the binding precedent decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (or CJEU) in Luxembourg. However, Brussels may only act and legislate in accordance with the EU treaties, and the CJEU's supremacy applies only in matters of EU law.


title: Sources of law

text: Legislation is the prime source of law. and consists in the declaration of legal rules by a competent authority. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to enable, to proscribe, to provide funds, to sanction, to grant, to declare or to restrict. A parliamentary legislature frames new laws, such as Acts of Parliament, and amends or repeals old laws. The legislature may delegate law-making powers to lower bodies. In the UK, such delegated legislation includes Statutory Instruments, Orders in Council, & Bye-laws. Delegated legislation may be open to challenge for irregularity of process; and the legislature usually has the right to withdraw delegated powers if it sees fit.


title: Sources of law

text: Most legislatures have their powers restricted by the nation's Constitution, and Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers typically restricts a legislature's powers to legislation. Although the legislature has the power to legislate, it is the courts who have the power to interpret statutes, treaties and regulations. Similarly, although parliaments have the power to legislate, it is usually the executive who decides on the legislative programmed. The procedure is usually that a bill is introduced to Parliament, and after the required number of readings, committee stages and amendments, the bill gains approval and becomes an Act.


title: Sources of law

text: Judicial precedent (aka: case law, or judge-made law) is based on the doctrine of "stare decisive", and mostly associated with jurisdictions based on the English common law, but the concept has been adopted in part by Civil Law systems. Precedent is the accumulated principles of law derived from centuries of decisions. Judgements passed by judges in important cases are recorded and become significant source of law. When there is no legislature on a particular point which arises in changing conditions, the judges depend on their own sense of right and wrong and decide the disputes from first principles. Authoritative precedent decisions become a guide in subsequent cases of a similar nature. The dictionary of English law defines a judicial precedent as a judgement or decision of a court of law cited as an authority for deciding a similar state of fact in the same manner or on the same principle or by analogy. Another definition declares precedent to be," a decision in a court of justice cited in support of a proposition for which it is desired to contend".


title: Sources of law

text: Compared to other sources of law, precedent has the advantage of flexibility and adaptability, and may enable a judge to apply "justice" rather than "the law".


title: Sources of law

text: Equity is a source of law peculiar to England and Wales. Equity is the case law developed by the (now defunct) Court of Chancery. Equity prevails over common law, but its application is discretionary. Equity's main achievements are: trusts, charities, probate, & equitable remedies. There are a number of equitable maxims, such as: “He who comes to equity must come with clean hands”.


title: Sources of law

text: Parliamentary Conventions are not strict rules of law, but their breach may lead to breach of law. They typically are found within the English legal system, and they help compensate for the UK's lack of a single written constitution. Typically, parliamentary conventions govern relationships, such as that between the House of Lords and the House of Commons; between the monarch and Parliament; and between Britain and its colonies. For instance, after the Finance Act 1909, the House of Lords lost its power to obstruct the passage of bills, and now may only delay them. The prerogative powers are subject to convention, and in 2010, the monarch's power to dissolve Parliament was abolished. Britain's tradition with its colonies is that they are self-governing (although, historically, rarely with universal suffrage), and that the mother-country should stay aloof.


title: Sources of law

text: A "General Custom" as a source of law is not normally written, but if a practice can be shown to have existed for a very long time, such as "since time immemorial' (1189 AD), it becomes a source of law.


title: Sources of law

text: A "Particular Custom" (or "private custom") may arise and become a right with the force of law when a person, or a group of persons has from long usage obtained a recognized usage, such as an easement.


title: Sources of law

text: Up until the 20th century, English judges felt able to examine certain "books of authority" for guidance, and both Coke and Blackstone were frequently cited. This old practice of citing only authors who are dead has gone; nowadays notable legal authors may be cited, even if they are still alive.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: Reginald "Bubbles" Cousins is a fictional character on the HBO drama "The Wire", played by actor Andre Royo. Bubbles is a recovering heroin addict. His real name is not revealed until a fourth-season episode when he is called "Mr. Cousins" and in the fifth-season premiere when he is called "Reginald". Bubbles has a son named KeyShawn, who lives with his mother. He is nicknamed "Bubbles" because when he is in a heroin-induced stupor, he tends to make bubbles with his spit.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: Bubbles is a crucial police CI throughout the series due to his extraordinarily detailed knowledge of the streets of Baltimore and their inhabitants. Bubbles is an intelligent and compassionate man who genuinely cares about his friend Johnny Weeks and Sherrod, the teenager he informally adopts. Bubbles's struggle to deal with his addiction and make a better life for himself is a major sub-plot over the course of the series.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: Bubbles is first seen as a homeless addict and best friend and mentor to Johnny Weeks. The two run a scam creating counterfeit money using a photocopier and coffee staining. Bubbles successfully uses the money to purchase drugs from a crew of dealers working for the Barksdale organization. However, when the money is passed on to D'Angelo Barksdale, it is recognized as fake. The next time they try the scam, a nervous Johnny is unsuccessful. He is stopped and severely beaten by the Barksdale drug dealers, who put him in the hospital.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: Bubbles offers to inform on the Barksdale gang for Kima Greggs, to get some measure of revenge for Johnny's beating. Bubbles' knowledge of the street proves invaluable to Cedric Daniels' unit as they investigate the Barksdale organization. He helps identify the crew members who run the Barksdale pit and those who work in the high-rise towers. When Omar Little robs the Barksdale stash, Bubbles is present, and gives the license plate number of Omar's van to Greggs, which helps the detail track down the stick-up man.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: After nearly being killed while trying to steal drugs, he tries to get off drugs, but reverts to his old habits when Kima gets shot: he pages Kima after she had promised to help him stay clean, not realizing that she is hospitalized with a life-threatening injury after a botched sting. As the police seek murder suspects, Bubbles is mistaken as a suspect and brutally beaten in custody by Vernon Holley until Jay Landsman and other officers restrain Holley, calling in Jimmy McNulty to clear things up.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: McNulty recruits Bubbles to track down Omar when he's needed to testify as a witness in the William Gant murder. Bubbles grudgingly agrees, and in a nervous encounter with a shotgun-wielding Omar, delivers McNulty's message. At the end of season two, he is arrested by Michael Santangelo while trying to steal needles and morphine from an ambulance; in exchange for his release, he tips off Greggs and McNulty to the new alliance between Proposition Joe and Stringer Bell.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: Bubbles is back to assisting the Major Crimes Unit once again. Bubbles is a former associate of Squeak, the girlfriend of Bernard, the runner assigned by the Barksdale gang to pick up their burner phones. Bubbles puts them in touch with an undercover Lester Freamon, allowing the unit to sell pre-tapped burner phones directly to the gang. During this time Bubbles' continued cooperation with the police starts to create a rift between Bubbles and Johnny, who encourages Bubbles to end his career as an informant. Eventually Bubbles leaves Johnny to fend for himself.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: As the investigation progresses Bubbles begins to supplement the income he is earning as an informant by collecting discarded cell phones and T-shirts to sell out of a shopping cart; upon discovering Major Howard "Bunny" Colvin's "Hamsterdam" zones he expands his inventory to suit the needs of the dealers and addicts there. While in Hamsterdam, Bubbles also comes back into contact with Johnny and, upon recognizing that his friend's health was failing due to drug abuse, encourages him to leave – his fears are realized at the end of the season, when Johnny dies from an overdose.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: Bubbles shares an abandoned garage with a teenager named Sherrod, peddling small goods from a shopping cart to support themselves. Sherrod has trouble with the arithmetic involved. Bubbles fails in his attempts to encourage the boy to return to school. After a brief fall-out, Sherrod returns to Bubbles. In Sherrod's absence, however, Bubbles has become the daily victim of another street addict who constantly robs him and beats him up. To stop this daily assault, Bubbles concocts a "hot shot" of heroin and sodium cyanide that he supposes the vagrant will steal from him and then consume.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: However, Sherrod uses the tainted drugs while Bubbles sleeps and Bubbles awakes to find that Sherrod has died. Consumed by guilt and grief, Bubbles goes to the police and confesses his actions, before unsuccessfully attempting suicide in the Homicide interrogation room. Jay Landsman sees that the death was unintentional, and in an attempt to reduce the murder count in the state, has him sent to a state psychiatric facility rather than charge him with murder.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: When the fifth season begins Bubbles has been clean for more than a year. He is living in his sister's basement with strict rules not to come upstairs or stay in the house unattended. Bubbles spends his days selling copies of "The Baltimore Sun" to make money. His Narcotics Anonymous sponsor is Walon. Walon encourages Bubbles to open up about Sherrod's death in meetings but Bubbles is not ready to take that step. Walon suggests that Bubbles should find an outlet elsewhere and Bubbles begins volunteering at a local Catholic Worker soup kitchen called Viva House.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: Eventually Bubbles comes to terms with his role in Sherrod's death and has his life story published in an article in the "Baltimore Sun". In his final scene of the series, he is seen being brought back into his sister's life when she allows him upstairs from the basement to have dinner with her and her child.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: Bubbles was based on a real police informant known as "Possum", whose true identity has not been made public at the request of his family. Possum was noted as having an incredible memory for faces, and was often very helpful in pointing out drug dealers to police. David Simon met with him twice, shortly before Possum's death from AIDS, intending to write an article about him. He ended up turning it into an obituary.


title: Bubbles (The Wire)

text: While filming, Royo was once approached by a Baltimore resident, who handed him a package of heroin and said he looked like he needed a fix. Royo calls this his "street Oscar."


title: Ezhava

text: The Ezhavas () are a community with origins in the region of India presently known as Kerala, where in the 2010s they constituted about 23% of the population and were reported to be the largest Hindu community. They are also known as "Ilhava", "Irava", "Izhava" and "Erava" in the south of the region; as "Chovas", "Chokons" and "Chogons" in Central Travancore; and as "Thiyyar", "Tiyyas" and "Theeyas" in the Malabar region. Some are also known as "Thandan", which has caused administrative difficulties due to the presence of a distinct caste of Thandan in the same region. The Malabar Ezhava group have claimed a higher ranking in the Hindu caste system than do the others, although from the perspective of the colonial and subsequent administrations they were treated as being of similar rank.


title: Ezhava

text: Ezhava dynasties such as the Mannanar existed in Kerala. The Chekavar, a warrior section within the Ezhava community, served the army of the Chera dynasty; there were also renowned Kalaripayattu experts among Chekavars. Britishers also formed the Thiyyar Regiment in Malabar during the colonial rule. There were lesser known Thiyya regiments and Thiyyar Pattalam formed by the French and British governments in Mahe and Thalassery. The British deployed the unit in various military operations.


title: Ezhava

text: or Ezham is found in a Tamil-Brahmi inscription as well as in the Sangam literature. The Tirupparankunram inscription found near Madurai in Tamil Nadu and dated on palaeographical grounds to the 1st century BCE, refers to a person as a householder from Eelam ("Eela-kudumpikan"). The inscription reads,


title: Ezhava

text: The Sangam literature "Paṭṭiṉappālai", mentions "Eelattu-unavu" (food from Eelam). One of the prominent Sangam Tamil poets is known as Eelattu Poothanthevanar meaning Poothan-thevan (proper name) hailing from "Eelam". (Akanaṉūṟu: 88, 231, 307; Kuṟuntokai: 189, 360, 343; Naṟṟiṇai: 88, 366). The Tamil inscriptions from the Pallava & Chola period dating from 9th century CE link the word with toddy, toddy tapper's quarters ("Eelat-cheri"), tax on toddy tapping ("Eelap-poodchi"), a class of toddy tappers ("Eelath-chanran"). Eelavar is a caste of toddy tappers found in the southern parts of Kerala. "Eela-kaasu" and "Eela-karung-kaasu" are refers to coinages found in the Chola inscriptions of Parantaka I.


title: Ezhava

text: There are myths of origin for the Ezhava. According to some Malayalam folk songs like Vadakkan Pattukal and legend, the Ezhavas were the progeny of four bachelors that the king of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) sent to what is now Kerala at the request of the Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Varma, in the 1st century CE. These men were sent, ostensibly, to set up coconut farming in the region. Another version of the story says that the king sent eight martial families at the request of a Chera king to quell a civil war that had erupted against him.


title: Ezhava

text: It has been suggested that the Ezhavas may share a common heritage with the Nair caste. This theory is based on similarities between numerous of the customs adopted by the two groups, particularly with regard to marking various significant life stages such as childbirth and death, as well as their matrilineal practices and martial history. Oral history, folk songs and other old writings indicate that the Thiyyas were at some point in the past members of the armed forces serving various kings, including the Zamorins of Calicut and the rulers of the Kingdom of Cochin. Cyriac Pullapilly has said that only a common parentage can explain some of these issues.


title: Ezhava

text: A theory has been proposed for the origins of the caste system in the Kerala region based on the actions of the Aryan Jains introducing such distinctions prior to the 8th-century AD. This argues that the Jains needed protection when they arrived in the area and recruited local sympathizers to provide it. These people were then distinguished from others in the local population by their occupation as protectors, with the others all being classed as out-caste. Pullapilly describes that this meant they "... were given "kshatriya" functions, but only "shudra" status. Thus originated the Nairs." The Ezhavas, not being among the group protecting the Jains, became out-castes.


title: Ezhava

text: An alternate theory states that the system was introduced by the Nambudiri Brahmins. Although Brahmin influences had existed in the area since at least the 1st century CE, there was a large influx from around the 8th century when they acted as priests, counsellors and ministers to invading Aryan princes. At the time of their arrival the non-aboriginal local population had been converted to Buddhism by missionaries who had come from the north of India and from Ceylon. The Brahmins used their symbiotic relationship with the invading forces to assert their beliefs and position. Buddhist temples and monasteries were either destroyed or taken over for use in Hindu practices, thus undermining the ability of the Buddhists to propagate their beliefs.


title: Ezhava

text: The Buddhist tradition of the Ezhavas, and the refusal to give it up, pushed them to an outcaste role within the greater Brahminic society. This tradition is still evident as Ezhavas show greater interest in the moral, non-ritualistic, and non-dogmatic aspects of the religion rather than the theological.


title: Ezhava

text: They used to work as agricultural labourers, small cultivators, toddy tappers and liquor businessmen, some Ezhavas were also involved in weaving and some practised Ayurveda. An upper section, by reason of wealth and/or influence, came into the position to acquire titles such as Panicker from the local rulers. These people lived in Nalukettu, had their private temples and owned a large amount of land.


title: Ezhava

text: The social anthropologists Filippo and Caroline Osella say that the Ezhavas "... consisted in the mid-nineteenth century of a small landowning and titled elite and a large mass of landless and small tenants who were largely illiterate, considered untouchable, and who eked out a living by manual labour and petty trade." A. Aiyappan, another social anthropologist and himself a member of the caste, noted the mythical belief that the Ezhava brought coconut palms to the region when they moved from Ceylon. Their traditional occupation, or "avakasam", was tending to and tapping the sap of such palms. This activity is sometimes erroneously referred to as "toddy tapping", toddy being a liquor manufactured from the sap. Arrack was another liquor produced from the palms, as was jaggery (an unrefined sugar). In reality, most Ezhavas were agricultural labourers and small-time cultivators, with a substantial number diverging into the production of coir products, such as coconut mats for flooring, from towards the end of the 19th century. The coastal town of Alleppey became the centre of such manufacture and was mostly controlled by Ezhavas, although the lucrative export markets were accessible only through European traders, who monopolised the required equipment. A boom in trade for these manufactured goods after World War I led to a unique situation in twentieth-century Kerala whereby there was a shortage of labour, which attracted still more Ezhavas to the industry from outlying rural areas. The Great Depression impacted in particular on the export trade, causing a reduction in price and in wages even though production increased, with the consequence that during the 1930s many Ezhava families found themselves to be in dire financial circumstances.


title: Ezhava

text: Some Ezhava served in army of local chieftains and local rulers such as of Kadathanad and Kurumbranad of Kerala, who were privileged in the pre-colonial period to have their own private armies.


title: Ezhava

text: A subgroup of the Ezhavas considered themselves to be warriors and became known as the Chekavars. The "Vadakkan Pattukal" ballads describe Chekavars as forming the militia of local chieftains and kings but the title was also given to experts of Kalari Payattu.


title: Ezhava

text: Some Ezhavas had an extensive knowledge of the medicinal value of plants, passed to them by their ancestors. Known as "Vaidyars", these people acted as physicians. Itty Achudan was probably the best known Ezhava physician: he directly influenced the botanical classification in "Hortus Malabaricus", published during the 17th century. Achudan's texts were written in the Kolezhuthu script that Ezhava castes used, for they were prevented from learning the more Sanskritised Aryazuthu script which was the preserve of the upper-castes.


title: Ezhava

text: Arjuna Nrtam ("the dance of Arjuna") is a ritual art performed by Ezhava men and is prevalent in the Bhagavathy temples of south Kerala, mainly in Kollam, Alappuzha and Kottayam districts. The ritual is also called "Mayilpeeli Thookkam" because the costume includes a characteristic garment made of mayilppeeli (peacock feathers). This garment is worn around the waist in a similar fashion as the "uduthukettu" of Kathakali. The various dance movements are similar to kalarippayattu techniques. The performers have their faces painted green and wear distinctive headgears. The all-night performance of the dance is usually presented solo or in pairs.


title: Ezhava

text: Makachuttu art is popular among Ezhavas in Thiruvananthapuram and Chirayinkizhu taluks and in Kilimanoor, Pazhayakunnummal and Thattathumala regions. In this, a group of eight performers, two each, twine around each other like serpents and rise up, battling with sticks. The techniques are repeated several times. Sandalwood paste on the forehead, a red towel round the head, red silk around the waist and bells round the ankles form the costume. This is a combination of snake worship and Kalarippayattu.


title: Ezhava

text: Poorakkali is a folk dance prevalent among the Ezhavas of Malabar, usually performed in Bhagavathy temples as a ritual offering during the month of Meenam (March–April). Poorakkali requires specially trained and highly experienced dancers, trained in Kalaripayattu. Standing round a traditional lamp, the performers dance in eighteen different stages and rhythms, each phase called a niram.


title: Ezhava

text: Ezhavas adopted different patterns of behavior in family system across Kerala. Those living in southern Travancore tended to meld the different practices that existed in the other parts of Kerala. The family arrangements of northern Malabar were matrilineal with patrilocal property arrangements, whereas in northern Travancore they were matrilineal but usually matrilocal in their arrangements for property. Southern Malabar saw a patrilineal system but partible property.


title: Ezhava

text: These arrangements were reformed by legislation, for Malabar in 1925 and for Travancore in 1933. The process of reform was more easily achieved for the Ezhavas than it was for the Nairs, another Hindu caste in Kerala who adopted matrilineal arrangements; the situation for the Nairs was complicated by a traditional matrilocal form of living called "taravadu" and by their usually much higher degree of property ownership. That said, certainly by the 1880s, the Ezhavas appear increasingly to have tried to adopt Nair practises in a bid to achieve a similar status. Robin Jeffrey notes that their women began to prefer the style of jewellery worn by Nairs to that which was their own tradition. Further, since Nairs cremated their dead, Ezhavas attempted to cremate at least the oldest member of their family, although cost usually meant that the remainder were buried. Other aspirational changes included building houses in the Nair tharavad style and making claims that they had had an equal standing as a military class until the nineteenth century.


title: Ezhava

text: Polygamy was practised in within certain parts of Ezhava community, but has since died out. There are several proposed arguments for this, the Valiyagraman Ezhavas argue that they practised it for economic reasons, the argument that the older brother would marry first, and share his wife with his younger brother(s) until they could afford to marry. It was also common for one of the brothers to be away for long periods of time.


title: Ezhava

text: Following the British settlement in Kerala, some Thiyya families in Thalassery,were taken as concubines by ruling british administrative officers,mostly of which Resident ministers who were in charge of Malabar District and subsequently had children. This community was referred to as "white Thiyyas".These liaisons were considered as "dishonorable" and "degrading" to the samudhayam (community), and were excluded from the community. Most of these women and children had converted to Christianity. The Thiyyas in northern Malabar generally had a better relationship with colonizers than the Hindus in other parts of the country. This was due in part, to the fact that the British would employ Thiyyas, but Kerala's local princes wouldn't.


title: Ezhava

text: Some Ezhavas converted to Islam from around the 9th century, due to the influence of Arab traders. These people, and other Muslim converts in the region, are now known as Mappillas. A sizeable part of the Ezhava community, especially in central Travancore and in the High Ranges, embraced Christianity during the British rule, due to caste-based discrimination. In Kannur, Protestant missions started working in the first half of the 19th century, notably the Basel German Evangelical Mission. Most of their converts were from the Ezhava community. The Congregationalist London Missionary Society and the Anglican Church Mission Society were also prominent in the movement for religious conversion, having established presences in the Travancore region in the early 19th century.


title: Ezhava

text: The lowly status of the Ezhava meant that, as Thomas Nossiter has commented, they had "little to lose and much to gain by the economic and social changes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries". They sought the right to be treated as worthy of an English education and for jobs in government administration to be open to them. An early Ezhava campaigner and their "political father", according to Ritty Lukose, was Padmanabhan Palpu. In 1896, he organised a petition of 13,176 signatories that was submitted to the Maharajah of the princely state of Travancore, asking for government recognition of the Ezhavas' right to work in public administration and to have access to formal education. Around this time, nearly 93 per cent of the caste members were illiterate. The upper caste Hindus of the state prevailed upon the Maharajah not to concede the request. The outcome not looking to be promising, the Ezhava leadership threatened that they would convert from Hinduism en masse, rather than stay as helots of Hindu society. C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer, realising the imminent danger, prompted the Maharajah to issue the Temple Entry Proclamation, which abolished the ban on lower-caste people from entering Hindu temples in the state. Steven Wilkinson says that the Proclamation was passed because the government was "frightened" by the Ezhava threat of conversion to Christianity.


title: Ezhava

text: Eventually, in 1903, a small group of Ezhavas, led by Palpu, established Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP), the first caste association in the region. This was named after Narayana Guru, who had established an ashram from where he preached his message of "one caste, one religion, one god" and a Sanskritised version of the Victorian concept of self-help. His influence locally has been compared to that of Swami Vivekananda. One of the initial aims of the SNDP was to campaign for the removal of the restrictions on school entry but even after those legal barriers to education were removed, it was uncommon in practice for Ezhavas to be admitted to government schools. Thus, the campaign shifted to providing schools operated by the community itself. The organisation, attracted support in Travancore but similar bodies in Cochin were less successful. In Malabar, which unlike Cochin and Travancore was under direct British control, the Ezhavas showed little interest in such bodies because they did not suffer the educational and employment discrimination found elsewhere, nor indeed were the disadvantages that they did experience strictly a consequence of caste alone.


title: Ezhava

text: The Ezhavas were not immune to being manipulated by other people for political purposes. The Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924–1925 was a failed attempt to use the issue of avarna access to roads around temples in order to revive the fortunes of Congress, orchestrated by T. K. Madhavan, a revolutionary and civil rights activist, and with a famous temple at Vaikom as the focal point. Although it failed in its stated aim of achieving access, the satyagraha (movement) did succeed in voicing a "radical rhetoric", according to Nossiter. During this movement, a few Akalisan order of armed Sikhscame to Vaikom in support of the demonstrators. After the eventual passing of the Temple Entry Proclamation, some of the Akalis remained. They attracted some Ezhava youth to the concepts of the Sikhism, resulting in Ezhava conversions to that belief.


title: Ezhava

text: Between the Travancore census of 1875 and 1891, the literacy of Ezhava men had been increased from 3.15 percent to 12.1 percent. The 1891 census showed that there were at least 25000 educated Ezhavas in Travancore Dr. Palpu had support from Parameswaran Pillai who was editing the Madras Standard. He raised the issue of the rights of Ezhavas in a speech at the National Conference in Pune in 1885, which was also editorialized in the Madras Standard. Pillai and Dr. Palpu also raised their questions regarding Ezhavas in the House of Commons in England in 1897. Dr. Palpu met with Swamy Vivekanda in Mysore and discussed the conditions of Ezhavas. Vivekanda has advised him to unite the Ezhava community under the leadership of a spiritual leader. He embraced this advice and associated with Sree Narayana Guru and formed the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (S.N.D.P), registered in March 1903. By mid 1904, the emerging S.N.D.P Yogam, operating a few schools, temples, and a monthly magazine announced that it would hold an industrial exhibition with its second annual general meeting in Quilon in January 1905. The exhibition was skillful and successful and was a sign of the awakening Ezhava community.


title: Ezhava

text: The success of the SNDP in improving the lot of Ezhavas has been questioned. Membership had reached 50,000 by 1928 and 60,000 by 1974, but Nossiter notes that, "From the Vaikom "satyagraha" onwards the SNDP had stirred the ordinary Ezhava without materially improving his position." The division in the 1920s of of properties previously held by substantial landowners saw the majority of Ezhava beneficiaries receive less than one acre each, although 2% of them took at least 40% of the available land. There was subsequently a radicalisation and much political infighting within the leadership as a consequence of the effects of the Great Depression on the coir industry but the general notion of self-help was not easy to achieve in a primarily agricultural environment; the Victorian concept presumed an industrialised economy. The organisation lost members to various other groups, including the Communist movement, and it was not until the 1950s that it reinvented itself as a pressure group and provider of educational opportunities along the lines of the Nair Service Society (NSS), Just as the NSS briefly formed the National Democratic Party in the 1970s in an attempt directly to enter the political arena, so too in 1972 the SNDP formed the Social Revolutionary Party.


title: Ezhava

text: They were considered as "avarna" (outside brahmanical varna system) by the Nambudiri Brahmins who formed the Hindu clergy and ritual ruling elite in late medieval Kerala. Kathleen Gough says that the Ezhavas of Central Travancore were historically the highest-ranking of the "higher polluting castes", a group whose other constituents included Kanisans and various artisanal castes, and who were all superior in status to the "lower polluting castes", such as the Pulayars and Paraiyars. The Nairs and, where applicable, the Mapillas ranked socially and ritually higher than the polluting castes. From their study based principally around one village and published in 2000, the Osellas noted that the movements of the late 19th- and 20th centuries brought about a considerable change for the Ezhavas, with access to jobs, education and the right to vote all assisting in creating an identity based on more on class than caste, although the stigmatic label of "avarna" remained despite gaining the right of access to temples.


title: Ezhava

text: The Ezhavas are classified as an Other Backward Class by the Government of India under its system of positive discrimination.


title: Ezhava

text: Some in the Ezhava community in Malabar have objected to being treated as Ezhava by the government of Kerala, arguing that the Ezhava in Malabar (locally known as Thiyyar) are a separate caste. They have campaigned for the right to record themselves as Thiyya rather than as Ezhava when applying for official posts and other jobs allocated under India's system of positive discrimination. They claim that the stance of the government is contrary to a principle established by the Supreme Court of India relating to a dispute involving communities who were not Ezhava. The Thiyya Mahasabha (a sub-group of the Ezhava in Malabar) has also opposed the SNDP's use of the Thiyya name at an event.


title: Ezhava

text: In February 2013, the recently formed Thiyya Mahasabha objected to the SNDP treating Ezhavas and Thiyyas as one group, rather than recognising the Thiyyas in Malabar as being distinct. The SNDP was at that time attempting to increase its relatively weak influence in northern Kerala, where the politics of identity play a lesser role than those of class and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) has historically been a significant organisation.


title: Shivaram Rajguru

text: Shivaram Hari Rajguru (24 August 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian revolutionary from Maharashtra (then Bombay State), known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a British police officer named John Saunders. He was an active member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and on 23 March 1931, he was hanged by the British Indian government along with his associates Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev Thapar.


title: Shivaram Rajguru

text: Rajguru was born on 24 August 1908 at Khed to Parvati Devi and Harinarayan Rajguru in a Marathi Deshastha Brahmin family. Khed was located at the bank of river Bheema near Pune. His father died when he was only six years old and the responsibility of the family fell on his elder brother Dinkar. He received primary education at Khed and later studied in New English High School in Pune. He joined Seva Dal at a young age. He attended a training camp conducted by Dr. N. S. Hardikar at Ghatprabha.


title: Shivaram Rajguru

text: He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, who wanted India to be free from British Raj by any means possible.


title: Shivaram Rajguru

text: Rajguru became a colleague of Bhagat Singh & Sukhdev Thapar, and took part in the assassination of a British police officer, J. P. "John" Saunders, at Lahore on 17 December 1928. Their actions were to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai who had died a fortnight later after being badly beaten by the police while on a march protesting the Simon Commission


title: Shivaram Rajguru

text: His birthplace of Khed was renamed as Rajgurunagar in his honour. Rajgurunagar is a census town in Khed tehsil of Pune district in state of Maharashtra.


title: Shivaram Rajguru

text: Rajguru Wada is the ancestral house where Rajguru was born. Spread over 2,788 sq m of land, it is located on the banks of Bhima river on Pune-Nashik Road. It is being maintained as a memorial to Shivaram Rajguru. A local organization, the Hutatma Rajguru Smarak Samiti (HRSS), hoists the national flag here on Republic Day since 2004.


title: Shivaram Rajguru

text: Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women is located in Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi, and is a constituent college of Delhi University.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: Orlando Bravo (born 1970) is a Puerto Rican billionaire businessman. He is the co-founder and managing partner of Thoma Bravo, a private equity investment firm that specializes in software and technology-enabled services sectors. The 2019 "Forbes" 400 listed Bravo as the first Puerto Rican-born billionaire, debuting at No. 287. As of September 2022, his net worth is estimated at US$7.9 billion.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: Bravo was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. When Bravo was in his early teens he moved to Florida to pursue a possible career in tennis, studying at the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy, which counts Andre Agassi and Maria Sharapova as alumni. He returned to Puerto Rico to attend high school at the Academia de la Inmaculada Concepción in his hometown. In 1987 he competed in the Omega Easter Bowl tennis tournament held in Miami. After graduating high school Bravo left Puerto Rico to attend Brown University, where he graduated with a B.A. in economics and political science in 1992. Bravo enrolled in graduate school at Stanford University, earning a J.D. from Stanford Law School and an M.B.A. from Stanford's Graduate School of Business.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: Bravo began his professional career working in mergers and acquisitions for Morgan Stanley. In 1997, he joined Thoma Bravo's predecessor firm, Thoma Cressey Equity Partners, Inc. (TCEP.) "Crain's Chicago Business" called Carl Thoma's hiring of Bravo "the smartest investment...Thoma ever made."


title: Orlando Bravo

text: In the early 2000s Carl Thoma, a co-founder of the firm, allowed Bravo to lead the acquisition of product distribution software provider Prophet 21. It was the first software deal TCEP had ever done, and one of the earliest take-private transactions in the sector. At the time, Bravo noted it fit TCEP's strategy of buying strong franchises in large and fragmented industries. Because the deal happened when lenders were hesitant to provide capital for such deals, the deal took place with almost no dependence on leverage. Bravo brought in the firm's first operating partner to address the issue of the software companies' running on high gross margins with the potential of decent profitability, but were instead often losing money. After three years Prophet 21 produced a return of 4.7x at exit.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: This and other deals led Bravo to become a partner at TCEP, when he was 30 years old. At that time he ran the software group at the company.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: TCEP became Thoma Cressey Bravo in 2007, in recognition of Bravo's contribution to the firm's success.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: In 2008, Orlando Bravo helped form Thoma Bravo, LLC, when the firm changed its name and investment focus.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: Thoma Bravo is one of the top technology buyout firms in the United States, and along with predecessor firms Thoma Cressey Bravo and Thoma Cressey Equity Partners, the firm has completed more than 200 software and technology acquisitions (over 60 platform companies and over 140 add-ons) representing an aggregate value of about $57 billion in enterprise value. Some of Thoma Bravo's current and past portfolio companies include Deltek, Blue Coat, Qlik, and SolarWinds.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: In 2016 the firm closed its Fund XII, raising $7.6 billion, twice the size of its previous fund. Bravo referred to this fund when he discussed how the firm evolved from a generalist private equity firm into a private equity software specialist. Thoma Bravo raised $12.6 billion for its 13th flagship fund, which was announced in January 2019.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: In February, the French business school HEC Paris, in conjunction with Dow Jones, named Thoma Bravo the best-performing buyout investor in the world after studying 898 funds raised between 2005 and 2014. According to public data analyzed by "Forbes", its funds returned 30% net annually, and since the beginning of 2015, Thoma Bravo has sold or listed 25 investments worth a total of $20 billion, four times their cost.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: Thoma Bravo is estimated to be worth $7 billion and has done 230 software deals worth over $68 billion since 2003 and presently oversees a portfolio of 38 software companies that generate some $12 billion in annual revenue and employ 40,000 people.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: Up until its move to Miami in 2020, Bravo ran the San Francisco office, while Thoma was based in Chicago.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: Bravo is a member of the Board of Trustees of Brown University and serves on Brown's President's Leadership Council. Bravo is a member of the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) Bay Area Chapter, Stanford GSB Latino Alumni Chapter, Stanford Law School San Francisco Chapter and Stanford Latino Alumni Association. He is on the board of Border Youth Tennis Exchange (BYTE), a charitable organization founded to enhance the lives of children and young adults on the Mexico–United States border through tennis, education and cross-border exchange. Bravo serves on the UCSF Board of Overseers. Bravo and his wife have helped endow faculty scholar and fellow positions at Stanford University's Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research. In April 2019, Bravo committed a $25 million gift to Brown University that will establish two professorships and the Orlando Bravo Center for Economics Research. The Orlando Bravo Center for Economics Research is housed in the Department of Economics and supports innovative research, training and collaborative projects for economic scholars including supporting faculty research, graduate students and undergraduate students.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: In the wake of Hurricane Maria, which devastated the island of Puerto Rico, Bravo donated $10 million through the Bravo Family Foundation's "Podemos Puerto Rico" Fund (Spanish for, "We Can Puerto Rico"). Aid included chartering planes to carry cargo, including satellite phones, water, water purifiers, medicine and diapers. This donation was the largest single donation to the hurricane relief efforts, with Bravo criticizing the Trump administration's slow recovery aid measures, writing in an official statement "[t]here will hopefully be significant federal aid coming to the island. But centralized efforts, no matter how large and well-coordinated, still leave gaps." He originally donated "$2 million to start and up to $8 million in the [following] months." On 30 September he "boarded a plane with water purifiers and medical supplies," asserting that "[i]f we can come from San Francisco, California, and in two days deliver what the mayors of two towns desperately need, [t]hen it can be done." Bravo arrived at the Rafael Hernández Airport with his brother, Alejandro, taking supplies for the mayors of Lares, Mayagüez, and San Germán, and for the La Concepción hospital in the lattermost municipality. It was a "Primera Hora" news report that revealed that a fifty-person refuge was running out of water in the formermost municipality. His foundation had visited San Juan a few days prior, while his visit was the first carried out since the launch of their "Ayudando a Puerto Rico" (Spanish for, "Helping Puerto Rico") initiative. The products they donated included "serums, water, water filters, satellite phones and a special milk for a baby from a family in San Sebastián." Following this "targeted mission", in which Bravo revealed that "[i]t’s much worse than was reported," he stated his plan to return in November, while the foundation would go back the following week, "working literally 24-7," as they had received thousands of aid requests. That November, Bravo announced raising an additional $10 million from investors, as well as another $5 million himself. The investors donations "came from private equity investors Bravo knows," such as Bain Capital's managing director Ian Loring, Blackstone Group's global head of private equity Joe Baratta, J-P Conte chairman and managing director of Genstar, Kirkland & Ellis, KKR, which "made a firm-wide donation," Hollie Moore Haynes managing partner of Luminate Capital and Silver Lake co-founder and former-chairman Dave Roux. These funds enabled a series of frequent flights taking relief aid to Puerto Rico. Bravo-led relief efforts were organized as "a private-equity firm does with a portfolio company."


title: Orlando Bravo

text: In May 2019, Bravo donated $100 million to the Bravo Family Foundation to promote entrepreneurship and economic development in Puerto Rico, a program that was put "on hold until living conditions stabilize" due to the Hurricane Maria efforts. After the hurricane, his "longer-term plans [were] centered on improving educational standards and providing opportunities for talented young adults in a way that promotes social justice.


title: Orlando Bravo

text: Bravo is married to Katy Bravo, with four children, and lives in Miami. His brother, Alejandro, is a Florida-based criminal lawyer.


title: Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings

text: The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings () is a reference work describing the state of opening theory in chess, originally published in five volumes from 1974 to 1979 by the Serbian company Šahovski Informator (Chess Informant). It is currently undergoing its fifth edition. "ECO" may also refer to the opening classification system used by the encyclopedia.


title: Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings

text: Both "ECO" and "Chess Informant" are published by the Belgrade-based company Šahovski Informator. The moves are taken from thousands of master games and from published analysis in "Informant" and compiled by the editors, most of whom are grandmasters, who select the lines which they consider most relevant or critical. The chief editor since the first edition has been Aleksandar Matanović. The openings are provided in an "ECO" table that concisely presents the opening lines considered most critical by the editors. "ECO" covers the openings in more detail than rival single volume publications such as "Modern Chess Openings" and "Nunn's Chess Openings", but in less detail than specialized opening books.


title: Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings

text: The books are intended for an international audience and contain only a small amount of text, which is in several languages. The bulk of the content consists of diagrams of positions and chess moves, annotated with symbols, many of them developed by Chess Informant. Chess Informant pioneered the use of Figurine Algebraic Notation to avoid the use of initials for the names of the pieces, which vary between languages.


title: Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings

text: Instead of the traditional names for the openings, "ECO" has developed a coding system that has also been adopted by other chess publications. There are five main categories, "A" to "E", corresponding to the five volumes of the earlier editions, each of which is further subdivided into 100 subcategories, for a total of 500 codes. The term ""ECO"" is often used as a shorthand for this coding system. "ECO" code is a registered trademark of Chess Informant.


title: Lee Soo-kyung (actress, born 1996)

text: Lee Soo-kyung (born October 24, 1996), is a South Korean actress. She is the youngest and twice winner of Baeksang Arts Awards, one of the most prestigious entertainment awards in South Korea, for Best Supporting Actress with 2017 and 2021 films "Heart Blackened" and "".


title: Lee Soo-kyung (actress, born 1996)

text: Lee Soo-kyung enrolled in an acting school as part of her parents' wish for Lee to learns various skills like playing musical instruments, etc. She was then chosen to lead 2012 short film "In the Summer". Her mainstream debut was in 2015, with both crime film "Coin Locker Girl" as pink-haired rogue girl living in Incheon's Chinatown and tvN's romantic comedy television series "Hogu's Love" as the protagonist's twin sister.


title: Lee Soo-kyung (actress, born 1996)

text: In 2017 Lee received critical acclaim for two films: a romantic coming-of-age about a schoolgirl who falls for her coach "Yongsoon" in which Lee got nominated for several major film awards, and a crime legal "Heart Blackened" in which her role as a murder suspect daughter of a powerful businessman earned her the first win and youngest winner record of Baeksang Arts Awards for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Lee Soo-kyung (actress, born 1996)

text: Lee returned to small screen with 2018 SBS workplace drama "Where Stars Land", as the youngest team member of Incheon International Airport's Security Service.


title: Lee Soo-kyung (actress, born 1996)

text: Lee was cast in one series and one film in 2021. She acted as a cold and heavily-pressured law school student in JTBC's legal crime "Law School", and as a tough firstborn daughter of the family main cast in the film that brings a second Baeksang Arts Awards for Lee 4 years after her first win, docudrama "".


title: Lee Soo-kyung (actress, born 1996)

text: In 2022 Lee acted in tvN's crime mystery "Adamas" as a TV reporter who hides a secret of being a murder witness in her childhood.


title: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest

text: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (original title in ) is the third novel in the best-selling "Millennium" series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson. It was published in Swedish in 2007; in English, in the UK, in October 2009; and in the US and Canada on 25 May 2010. The three novels in the series, "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" (2005), "The Girl Who Played with Fire" (2006), and "The Girl who Kicked the Hornets' Nest" were written by Stieg Larsson before being shown to a publisher and were published posthumously after his fatal heart attack in 2004. Additionally, all three novels were adapted as films.


title: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest

text: A severely wounded Lisbeth Salander is placed in intensive care at Sahlgrenska Hospital. It picks up where "The Girl Who Played with Fire" left off, two rooms away from her also-injured father, Alexander Zalachenko, whom Salander injured with an axe. Ronald Niedermann, Zalachenko's son and Salander's half-brother, steals 800,000 kronor from his outlaw motorcycle gang before disappearing. These events prompt immediate action from "the Section", a secret counterintelligence division of Säpo which shielded the abusive Zalachenko and forcibly institutionalized Salander after she attempted to kill him as a child. Evert Gullberg, founder and former chief of the Section, plots to deflect attention by silencing Salander, Zalachenko, and Mikael Blomkvist, the publisher of "Millennium" magazine. Meanwhile, Dr. Peter Teleborian, the corrupt psychiatrist who abused Salander during her institutionalization, provides prosecutor Richard Ekström with a false psychiatric examination so that she can be recommitted.


title: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest

text: Gullberg, who has terminal cancer, shoots Zalachenko in his hospital bed. He attempts to enter Salander's room to kill her as well, but is thwarted by her lawyer, Annika Giannini, leading to him committing suicide. Section operatives also murder Gunnar Björk, Zalachenko's former Säpo handler and Blomkvist's source of information for an upcoming exposé; the operatives falsify the death as a suicide. Other operatives break into Blomkvist's apartment and mug Giannini, making off with copies of the classified Säpo file that contains Zalachenko's identity and planting bugs in the homes and phones of "Millennium" staff. The timing of the attacks and the property that was taken cause Blomkvist to realise that the phones are tapped, and he begins to investigate the Section in earnest.


title: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest

text: Blomkvist hires Dragan Armansky's Milton Security to handle countersurveillance. Armansky, on his own initiative, informs Säpo official Torsten Edklinth about the violations of Salander's constitutional rights. Edklinth, along with his assistant Monica Figuerola, begins a clandestine investigation into the Section. After Figuerola confirms the allegations, Edklinth contacts the Justice Minister and the Prime Minister, who approve a full investigation and later invite Blomkvist to a confidential meeting in which they are to share information. They agree to Blomkvist's deadline—he intends to publish his findings about the Section's actions on 15 July, the third day of Salander's trial, and the government agree to arrest any identified ringleaders of the Section at the same time.


title: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest

text: Blomkvist arranges to have Salander's handheld computer returned to her, and has a cellular phone placed in a duct near her room to give her an online hotspot through which to maintain contact with the outside world. Meanwhile, Blomkvist, Armansky, and their allies continue their joint counter-surveillance of the "Zalachenko club", feeding them misinformation about "Millennium"s (supposed) passivity regarding Salander's trial, identifying nine central players in the Section. The Section catch on to the ruse and arrange to plant cocaine in Blomkvist's apartment and hire two members of the Yugoslav mafia to murder him; their intention is to frame him as a drug dealer and thus destroy his credibility. The dual plot is foiled, and Blomkvist and Berger are spirited off to a safehouse.


title: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest

text: On the third day of Salander's trial, "Millennium"s exposé causes a media frenzy and officers of the Section are arrested. Giannini systematically destroys Teleborian's testimony, proving that he and the Section conspired to commit Salander to protect Zalachenkor and that his recent "psychiatric assessment" of her was fabricated. The most powerful testimony on Salander's behalf is the playing in court of the secret video recording Salander made of her rape by her former guardian, which Teleborian had dismissed as a schizophrenic fantasy. Teleborian is then arrested for possession of child pornography. Ekström, realising that the law is on Salander's side, withdraws all charges against her, and her declaration of incompetence is rescinded.


title: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest

text: Freed, Salander spends several months at Gibraltar. She soon discovers that, as Zalachenko's daughter, she is obliged to inherit half of his properties and wealth, while the other half goes to her twin sister Camilla, whom no one has heard from in more than a decade. Suspicious about an abandoned factory in her father's estate, she goes there to investigate. There, she discovers Niedermann, who had been hiding there from the police. After a brief struggle and chase, Salander outwits Niedermann by nailing his feet to the plank floor with a nail gun. She is tempted to kill him herself, but instead reports his location to the biker gang, and then reports the entire brawl to the police. Back at her apartment in Stockholm, Salander receives a visit from Blomkvist. The story ends with the two reconciling as friends.