title: Alderaan

text: The destruction of Alderaan is considered by some as an artistic depiction of the danger of nuclear weapons during the Cold War and some claim it is used as a example of inadequate political and military action leading to negative effects.


title: Christopher Storer

text: Christopher Storer is an American film producer, director and writer known for "The Bear", "Ramy", "Eighth Grade", and the Peabody Award-winning Netflix special "".


title: Time Squad

text: Time Squad is an American animated television series created by Dave Wasson for Cartoon Network and the 10th of the network's Cartoon Cartoons. It follows the adventures of Otto Osworth, Buck Tuddrussel, and the robot Larry 3000, a trio of hapless "time cops" living in the far distant future who travel back in time attempting to correct the course of history. During their adventures, they run into major historical figures such as Julius Caesar, Abraham Lincoln, Sigmund Freud, Leonardo da Vinci, the Founding Fathers, and Moctezuma, who have taken a drastically different course of life than history dictates. The mission of the Time Squad is to guide these figures onto the correct path and ensure the integrity of the future.


title: Time Squad

text: The series premiered during Cartoon Network's marathon block "Cartoon Cartoon Summer" on June 8, 2001, and ended after two seasons on November 26, 2003, airing 26 episodes in total. In the course of its run, the series received five Annie Award nominations. Creator Dave Wasson described the series as "a C-student's guide to history". It is also the final Cartoon Network original series to premiere during Betty Cohen's tenure, as she later resigned due to creative disagreements with Jamie Kellner, then-head of Turner Broadcasting System. Cohen was eventually replaced with Jim Samples ten days after "Time Squad" premiered.


title: Time Squad

text: The series also marked as the very first Cartoon Network original series to be entirely produced by Cartoon Network Studios, no longer a division of Hanna-Barbera following the death of William Hanna in 2001. The show also began airing on Canada's Teletoon Detour block in 2002. The show features music from Michael Tavera, who would later make music for "¡Mucha Lucha!", "", "Yin Yang Yo!" and "The Secret Saturdays".


title: Time Squad

text: The show is set in the year 100,000,000 AD, on a satellite orbiting Earth. This future Earth is never visited directly, though it is referred to in dialogue as a peaceful utopia where there are no longer any problems to solve. All nations of the world have merged into one, and according to Tuddrussel, there are "no wars, no pollution, and bacon is good for your heart".


title: Time Squad

text: Despite this cheerful vision of the future, the space station on which the characters live and from which they travel to the past is remarkably dystopic. It features a shooting range, a terrarium and a prison for repeat offenders, but it is dank, outdated (for the time) and unclean. Mostly this seems to be down to officer Buck Tuddrussel (Rob Paulsen), a scruffy and immature perennial bachelor, who nevertheless happens to be the station's most senior officer.


title: Time Squad

text: The only other official member of Buck's unit is Larry 3000 (Mark Hamill), a translator robot and former diplomat who was rendered more or less obsolete when all of the world's nations merged. Buck's mindless machismo clashes with Larry's effete sensibilities, and the two bicker terribly. Added to this the fact that neither of them has any great knowledge of history, they made a rather poor team together.


title: Time Squad

text: However, when they encounter Otto Osworth (Pamela Adlon), an 8-year-old boy who happens to be an orphan from the 21st century, he is quickly recruited and added to the team. Otto is shown to be the only one on the team with any enthusiasm or competence for the job. The problem is, neither of the other two are particularly willing to listen to his advice, and he must often resort to trickery to make sure the mission is completed.


title: Time Squad

text: The Time Squad organization is set up to ensure that history is maintained and the future protected. According to Larry 3000, "time is like a rope", and, as it is woven at one end, ages and gradually unravels and frays at the other. In the context of the show, this often means that historical figures have made different, sometimes anachronistic, choices in life, and as such will not be able to fulfill the role that history says they fulfilled. According to creator Dave Wasson, "We started by basically knowing what a guy did in history, then found the most outlandish way he could go wrong".


title: Time Squad

text: "Note": All episodes were directed by the series creator Dave Wasson, though Larry Leichliter co-directed "Keepin' It Real with Sitting Bull", "A Thrilla at Attila's", "Pasteur's Packs O' Punch", "Love at First Flight", "Child's Play", "Father Figure of Our Country", and "Floral Patton".


title: Time Squad

text: Cartoon Network and Subway partnered to release five "Time Squad"-themed toys in Subway Kids Paks. The promotion lasted from September 30 to November 17, 2002.


title: David Dukes

text: David Coleman Dukes (June 6, 1945 – October 9, 2000) was an American character actor. He had a long career in films, appearing in 35. Dukes starred in the miniseries "The Winds of War" and "War and Remembrance", and he was a frequent television guest star. Later in life, Dukes had recurring roles on shows such as "Pauly", "Sisters" and "Dawson's Creek".


title: David Dukes

text: Dukes was born in San Francisco, California, the son of a California Highway Patrol Officer. Dukes was the eldest of four boys: David, James, Robert and Joe Paul.


title: David Dukes

text: Dukes's film career included 35 movies. Throughout his career, he was a television guest star, notably as the man who attempted to rape Edith Bunker on "All in the Family", an advertising executive on "The Jeffersons", and as a blind bully on "Three's Company". During the 1980s, Dukes appeared in the dual miniseries "The Winds of War" and "War and Remembrance". He received an Emmy nomination for best supporting actor for his role in "The Josephine Baker Story" (1991) and appeared as Arthur Miller in "Norma Jean & Marilyn" (1996). He was a regular on the first season of "Sisters", playing the transvestite husband of oldest sister Alex (Swoosie Kurtz). Dukes's role became a recurring character in subsequent seasons. On "Dawson's Creek", he had the recurring role of Mr. McPhee, father to Jack (Kerr Smith) and Andie (Meredith Monroe) from the second through fourth seasons. He also starred in "Without a Trace" as the ex-husband of Kate Nelligan.


title: David Dukes

text: Dukes had considerable stage experience, first appearing on Broadway in 1971. He later appeared in a revival of Molière's "The School for Wives". Dukes' theatrical roles included as Dracula, Doctor Frankenstein, and Antonio Salieri in the original production of "Amadeus", replacing Ian McKellen. He also replaced John Lithgow in the original production of David Henry Hwang's play "M. Butterfly", and he received a Tony nomination in 1980 for best featured actor in a play for "Bent". In 1998, he was one of the three characters in a London West End production of "'Art'" with Stacy Keach and George Wendt.


title: David Dukes

text: David Dukes recorded several audiobooks, including Philip Roth's unabridged "Sabbath’s Theater" and Isaac Asimov's unabridged "Prelude to Foundation".


title: David Dukes

text: He married his first wife, Carolyn McKenzie, on October 9, 1965 when he was a student at the College of Marin. Their son, Shawn David Dukes, was born on March 31, 1966. Dukes also had a daughter Annie by his second wife Carol Muske.


title: David Dukes

text: Dukes died of a heart attack on October 9, 2000, in Spanaway, Washington, while on location shooting the Stephen King miniseries "Rose Red". Dukes is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.


title: David Dukes

text: At the end of Season 4 Episode 7 of "Dawson's Creek" "You Had Me At Goodbye" (aired on November 15, 2000 and in which Dukes appeared) an image of him with the word "In Loving Memory David Dukes 1945 - 2000" is displayed.


title: S band

text: The S band is a designation by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum covering frequencies from 2 to 4 gigahertz (GHz). Thus it crosses the conventional boundary between the UHF and SHF bands at 3.0 GHz. The S band is used by airport surveillance radar for air traffic control, weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites, especially those used by NASA to communicate with the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. The 10 cm radar short-band ranges roughly from 1.55 to 5.2 GHz. The S band also contains the 2.4–2.483 GHz ISM band, widely used for low power unlicensed microwave devices such as cordless phones, wireless headphones (Bluetooth), wireless networking (WiFi), garage door openers, keyless vehicle locks, baby monitors as well as for medical diathermy machines and microwave ovens (typically at 2.495 GHz). India's regional satellite navigation network (IRNSS) broadcasts on 2.483778 to 2.500278 GHz.


title: S band

text: The largest use of this band is by WiFi networks; the IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g standards use the 2.4 GHz section of the S band. These are the most widely used computer networks in the world, used globally in home and small office networks to link desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, smart TVs, printers, and smart speakers together and to a wireless router to connect them to the Internet, and in wireless access points in public places like coffee shops, hotels, libraries and airports to provide the public Internet access for mobile devices.


title: S band

text: Mobile Services are operated in the 2.3 GHz to 2.6 GHz range, specifically between the 2300 - 2400 MHz band and the 2500 - 2690 MHz band. Spectrum in the 3.55 - 3.7 GHz band has been auctioned off in the United States to be used for CBRS services and spectrum between 3.45 - 3.55 GHz and 3.7 - 3.98 GHz has been auctioned off by the FCC for 5G although this spectrum is referred to as C Band by the agency.


title: S band

text: In the United States, the FCC approved satellite-based Digital Audio Radio Service (DARS) broadcasting in the S band from 2.31 to 2.36 GHz in 1995, currently used by Sirius XM Radio. More recently, it has approved portions of the S band between 2.0 and 2.2 GHz for the creation of Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) networks in connection with Ancillary Terrestrial Components (ATC). There have been a number of companies attempting to deploy such networks, including ICO Satellite Management (now Pendrell Corporation) and TerreStar (defunct).


title: S band

text: The 2.6 GHz range is used for China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting, a satellite radio and mobile TV standard which, as with proprietary systems in the United States, is incompatible with the open standards used in the rest of the world.


title: S band

text: In May 2009, Inmarsat and Solaris Mobile (a joint venture between Eutelsat and SES, now EchoStar Mobile) were each awarded a 2×15 MHz portion of the S band by the European Commission. The two companies are allowed two years to start providing pan-European MSS services for 18 years. Allocated frequencies are 1.98 to 2.01 GHz for Earth to space communications, and from 2.17 to 2.2 GHz for space to Earth communications. The Eutelsat W2A satellite was launched in April 2009 and is located at 10° East.


title: S band

text: In some countries, S band is used for Direct-to-Home satellite television (unlike similar services in most countries, which use K band). The frequency typically allocated for this service is 2.5 to 2.7 GHz (LOF 1.570 GHz).


title: S band

text: IndoStar-1 was the world's first commercial communications satellite to use S-band frequencies for broadcast, which efficiently penetrate the atmosphere and provide high-quality transmissions to small-diameter 80 cm antennas in regions that experience heavy rainfall such as Indonesia. Similar performance is not economically feasible with comparable Ku- or C-band DTH satellite systems since more power is required in these bands to penetrate the moist atmosphere.


title: S band

text: The James Webb Space Telescope, launched in 2021, utilizes 2 GHz S-band to enable 40 kbps real time telemetry.


title: S band

text: Microwave ovens operate at 2495 or 2450 MHz in the ISM band IEEE 802.16a. Some digital cordless telephones operate in this band too. 802.16e standards use a part of the frequency range of S band; under WiMAX standards most vendors are now manufacturing equipment in the range of 3.5 GHz. The exact frequency range allocated for this type of use varies between countries.


title: S band

text: In North America, is an ISM band used for unlicensed spectrum devices such as cordless phones, wireless headphones, and video senders, among other consumer electronics uses, including Bluetooth which operates between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz.


title: S band

text: Amateur radio and amateur satellite operators have two S-band allocations, 13 cm (2.4 GHz) and 9 cm (3.4 GHz). Amateur television repeaters also operate in these bands.


title: S band

text: Particle accelerators may be powered by S-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 2.998 GHz corresponding to a wavelength of 100 mm (Europe) or 2.856 GHz (US).


title: S band

text: The National NEXRAD Radar network operates with S-band frequencies. Before implementation of this system, C-band frequencies were commonly used for weather surveillance.


title: S band

text: In the United States, the 3.55 to 3.7 GHz band is becoming shared spectrum under rules adopted by the Federal Communications Commission in April 2015 as a result of the National Broadband Plan (United States). The biggest user of CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service) spectrum is the United States Navy. Cable companies are planning to use the band for wireless broadband in rural areas, with Charter Communications beginning tests of the service in January 2018.


title: S band

text: The band is also used as a transmit intermediate frequency in satellite communications as a replacement for L band where a single/shared coaxial connection is used between the modem/IDU and antenna/ODU for both the transmit and receive signals. This is to prevent interference between the transmit and receive signals which would otherwise not occur on a dual coaxial setup where the transmit and receive signals are separate and both can use the whole L-band frequency range. In a single coaxial connection using S-Band to "frequency shift" the transmit signal away from L band, a multiplier such as 10, is usually applied to form the SHF frequency. For example, the modem would transmit at 2.815 GHz IF (S Band) to the ODU and then the ODU up-converts this signal to 28.15 GHz SHF (Ka Band) towards the satellite.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: Yamaoka attended Tokyo Art College, where he studied product design and interior design. He originally planned to follow a career in design.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: Yamaoka joined Konami on September 21, 1993. He immediately began to work on the games "", "Sparkster", and "". Shortly thereafter, he worked on the music for the PC Engine and Sega CD versions of "Snatcher". When Konami began searching for a musician to compose "Silent Hill"'s score, Yamaoka volunteered because he thought he was the only one capable of making the soundtrack. Although initially hired as a composer, he soon became involved in overall sound design.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: On December 2, 2009, it was announced that Yamaoka was leaving his long term employer Konami. On February 3, 2010, it was announced that Yamaoka has joined Grasshopper Manufacture and was working with Goichi Suda and Shinji Mikami on their action game, "Shadows of the Damned". He was first appointed to the role of chief sound officer at Grasshopper, but became involved in aspects of game production as well.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: On August 10, 2012, Yamaoka announced he would be releasing a second solo album in late 2012, one "different from the usual "Silent Hill" music." On October 31, 2012, he announced via Facebook, that the new three-track Spanish-language single "Revolución" would premiere at V-CON during a live performance. In 2014, he expressed interest in returning as a composer for "Silent Hills", although the project was later cancelled.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: In late October and early November 2015, Yamaoka and his band performed tracks from the "Silent Hill" series at nine live events in cities across the United Kingdom, titled "Silent Hill Live". In July 2016, Yamaoka performed live at the BitSummit 4th indie game festival in Kyoto, Japan.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: Before working as a video game composer, Yamaoka initially sought a career as a designer, but instead became a musician after studying product design at Tokyo Art College.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: Yamaoka stated in a 2009 interview that his favorite game creator is Suda51 and his favorite video game is "No More Heroes". His favorite of his own soundtracks is "Silent Hill 2". In March 2011, Yamaoka auctioned some of his musical instruments for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Play for Japan flood relief. In a 2014 interview, he stated his favorite film was Dario Argento's "Suspiria". He is married to Ai "Tamu' Murata who is the drummer of the heavy metal band Nemophila. They have two daughters


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: When asked what other artists influenced his work, Yamaoka cited Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails as his "main inspiration, both performing and in music style." Among his other influences are Angelo Badalamenti (best known for his soundtrack work with David Lynch), Massive Attack, Metallica and Depeche Mode.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: When asked if his studies at Tokyo Art College had helped him in his musical career, he replied: "At that time, Mick Karn of Japan, Steve Strange of Visage, and a lot of other musicians combined the notions of Art and Music with their own new style. I got really influenced by that. Therefore, every time I write songs, I try to combine Art and Music." He has also stated that he derives much of his influence from baroque styles common throughout the 18th century.


title: Akira Yamaoka

text: Yamaoka stated some of his favorite songs to be "Der Mussolini" by D.A.F., "Amber" by Craig Armstrong, "Moments in Love" by Anne Dudley, "Moon Over Moscow" by Visage, and "The Ecstasy of Gold" by Ennio Morricone.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The seventh generation of the Ford F-Series is a range of trucks that was produced by Ford from the 1980 to 1986 model years. The first complete redesign of the F-Series since the 1965 model year, the seventh generation received a completely new chassis and body, distinguished by flatter body panels and a squarer grille. This generation marked several firsts for the model line, including the introduction of the Ford Blue Oval grille emblem, the introduction of a diesel engine to the model line, and a dashboard with a full set of instruments (optional). Conversely, this generation marked the end of the long-running F-100, the Ranger trim, and sealed-beam headlamps.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Serving as the basis for the eighth and ninth-generation F-Series, the 1980 F-Series architecture lasted through the 1998 model year, also underpinning the Ford Bronco from 1980 to 1996. Though sharing almost no body parts, the model line again shared mechanical commonality with the Ford E-Series.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Through its production, this generation of the F-Series was produced by Ford by multiple sites in North America and by Ford Argentina and Ford Australia.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Halfway through its model cycle, the sixth-generation Ford F-Series became the best-selling truck in the United States in 1977. During the development of the seventh-generation F-Series, the 1979 oil crisis led to increased attention towards fuel economy; in addition, light trucks (including most models of the F-Series) saw the introduction of federal fuel economy standards (CAFE).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: In contrast to Ford full-size car lines (such as the Ford LTD), downsizing could not be considered as a practical design option. Though minor adjustments in size could be made to the model line, preserving payload capability was a key consideration, along with retaining and upgrading design features that consumers had found popular in the previous generation.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Along with increasing capability and fuel economy, a central part of the development was to improve corrosion protection. While the previous generation phased in plastic fender liners in 1977, Ford further researched corrosion reduction, designing the cab and bed to reduce the amount of trapped road grime.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1980, the seventh-generation F-Series was introduced, offering the standard cab and the SuperCab extended cab. As part of several functional upgrades, the vehicle received a column-mount ignition switch and an interior-mount hood release. While the 4-door crew cab was dropped from the line, two new versions of the F-350 were introduced, including a "Six-wheeler" dual-rear wheel option and the first F-350 4x4.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1981, the exterior and interior were effectively carryover, with Ford focusing revisions to the powertrain. After standardizing them on two-wheel drive trucks the year before, Ford made radial-ply tires on all F-Series pickups. In another change, halogen headlamps were introduced as a standard feature.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For the 1982 model year, the F-Series underwent a minor facelift to the front fascia. Along with a simpler grille design, the update replaced the "FORD" hood lettering with the Ford Blue Oval emblem centered in the grille; with the exception of Ford Raptor vehicles, this design remains in use on currently-produced F-Series vehicles. In another change, fender badging was redesigned, switching emphasis from trim to model series (with larger F-100/F-150/F-250/F-350 badges). To accommodate for the introduction of the Ford Ranger compact pickup truck, the Ranger trim was dropped and multiple revisions were made to the trim line. In another change, the free-standing Camper Special option package was discontinued, functionally combined with the Trailer Towing package. As an additional model, Ford introduced the F-250HD, effectively a hybrid of the F-250 and F-350.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1983, Ford returned the four-door crew cab to the model line (last seen since 1979), offering it only for the single rear-wheel F-350. The options and trim lines underwent further revision, as the Free-Wheeling option package became a free-standing XLS trim level (still intended as the sportiest version of the F-Series). As the model line was largely overshadowed by both the F-150 and the smaller Ranger (with some versions nearly matching it in payload capability), 1983 was the final year for the long-running F-100 pickup truck.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1984, the F-150 became the smallest version of the model line, following the retirement of the F-100. As a safety change, a clutch interlock prevented engine starts without depressing the clutch pedal. To further combat corrosion, Ford increased the use of galvanized and pre-treated steel body panels.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1985, the interior underwent a minor revision. While the dashboard design remained the same, the optional woodgrain trim was updated for a more modern appearance; in a similar fashion, the seat trim was updated. The F-350 model line was expanded, as the crew cab became available with dual rear wheels. As an option on higher-trim vehicles, Ford introduced a brushed-aluminum overlay trim panel for the rear tailgate, mounted flush between the taillamps.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1986, the F-Series saw few substantial changes. To streamline production, all vehicles received a full set of instruments (with only the tachometer remaining optional). Two-tone paint options were revised, as Ford deleted options that painted the roof and/or cab with the accent color. To simplify ordering and production, Preferred Equipment Packages were paired directly with trim levels, reducing the number of distinct options; traditional stand-alone option packages remained in place.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The first ground-up change to the F-series platform since 1965, the 1980 F-Series chassis used an all-new design, though returning to body-on-frame construction. Again using 8-inch frame rails for the ladder frame, the new chassis adopted nearly identical wheelbases from the 1973-1979 generation.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: During its production, the seventh generation would see multiple revisions to the powertrain line, also marking several firsts for the F-Series. For 1980, the powertrain line was nearly carryover for 1979. The standard engine was a 4.9L I6 (the 300 Truck Six), with an optional 4.9L V8 (the 302 V8, branded as 5.0L), 5.8L V8 (351M), and 6.6L V8 (400); the 7.5L V8 was dropped from the F-Series entirely. Several different transmissions were offered for the wide variety of engines used by the model line. On two-wheel drive trucks, a column-shifted three-speed manual was standard, with a four-speed manual offered as an option (the latter was standard on 4x4 trucks). In 1980, a three speed "Select-Shift" C6 automatic was the sole automatic transmission offering.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1981, Ford introduced a 4.2L V8 (a smaller-displacement 4.9L) as an option (exclusive to the F-100 4x2); the 115-hp engine was the smallest-displacement V8 offered on a modern American pickup truck. A four-speed manual overdrive transmission and a four-speed automatic with overdrive became offered as options.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1982, a 110hp 3.8L V6 was introduced as the standard engine for the F-100 (the 4.9L six remained available on the F-150 and F-250), becoming the first V6 engine offered in the F-Series (and the smallest-displacement engine offered since 1953).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1983, several changes were made to the engine line. The 4.2L V8 was discontinued, making the 3.8L V6 the sole engine for the F-100. As the 5.8L (351M) and 6.6L V8s ended production altogether, Ford introduced a different 5.8L (351W) to model line, serving as the first F-Series engine with computerized engine controls. Replacing the 6.6L engine, the 7.5L V8 made its return in the F-250HD and F-350 (becoming offered for 4x4s for the first time); the first Ford diesel-fuel engine was also introduced (the International 6.9L IDI V8).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1984, the 3.8L V6 was dropped from the F-Series (as the F-100 had been discontinued), with the 4.9L now again serving as the standard engine. As an additional option, an "HO" version of the 5.8L V8 was introduced; a 4-bbl carburetor increased output from 150 to 210hp.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1985, Ford revised several engines of the F-Series (though the powertrain lineup remained unchanged). After its introduction to the 5.8L V8 for 1983, the 4.9L V8 and 4.9L I6 both received EEC-IV computer controls; the 4.9L V8 became the first Ford light truck engine to receive fuel injection (adding 52hp to its output).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1986, the engine line returned with no changes. The column-shifted manual transmission was in its final year; the second-to-last American vehicle with the design (ending in 1987 with Chevrolet/GMC R-Series pickup trucks).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: On two-wheel drive vehicles, the Twin I-Beam independent front suspension made its return; on 4x4-drive vehicles, the live front axle was replaced by a "Twin Traction Beam" design. The first standard-equipment independent front suspension system used in a four-wheel drive pickup truck, Twin Traction Beam (TTB) is a variant of the Twin I-Beam design, with one of the coil-sprung front I-beam axles supporting the front differential.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The F-150 used a light duty Dana 44 TTB. From 1980-1984, the rear axle was typically a Ford 9-inch axle, with the Ford 8.8 axle being phased in gradually; the 9-inch ended production (alongside this generation) in 1986.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The F-250 used an 8 lug version of the Dana 44 TTB called the Dana 44 TTBHD with the Dana 50 TTB being an option. The rear axle was a Dana 60 until mid-1985 when Ford phased out that axle for their own Sterling 10.25. Dana 60s could be either full float or semi float and came with a range of gear ratios. Semi-float Dana 60s were either c-clip style, which utilize c-clips to hold the axle shafts in, or pressed-in bearings which held the axles in with a special wheel bearing that bolted to the outer axle housing inside the brake drum. These were typically used in lighter-duty trucks. Up until then, early 1985 models were built with left over 1984 materials, making some parts tough to find.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The F-350 used the Dana 50 TTB in front until a mid-year change in 1985, when the F-350 was fitted with the Dana 60 solid front axle. F-250s could be ordered with a Dana 50 TTB if it was a heavier duty model; all other F-250s were equipped with a Dana 44 TTB. These trucks were leaf sprung and used a single gas shock with no coil springs and radius arms like on the F-150. For the rear axle the F-350 trucks used a Dana 60 for the single rear wheel trucks and a Dana 70 for the dual rear wheel trucks until 1985 when Ford once again phased in their own Sterling axle.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Factory lifts used 2" blocks on the rear suspension, or 2" front and 4" rear on HD trucks, usually on F250s and higher trims. Heavier duty F150s could be ordered with 2" blocks.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: With the exception of the F-100, four-wheel drive was offered for all versions of the seventh-generation F-Series during its production (marking the introduction of the F-350 4x4). Along with manual front hubs, the F-Series also offered automatically-locking front hubs. Through its entire production, the model line used either the New Process Gear NP208F or transfer cases sourced from Borg-Warner. Using a manual two-speed design, the F-Series 4x4 used a stick-shift 4WD engagement (4 Low, 4 High, Neutral and 2 High).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The seventh-generation F-Series carried over all three cab styles from previous generation, including two-door cab, two-door extended cab (Super Cab), and four-door crew cab configurations. Four bed configurations were offered, including a fendered -foot Flareside bed, -foot and 8-foot Styleside beds, and an 8-foot "Six-wheeler" Styleside bed for F-350 dual-rear wheel trucks. The 8-foot Flareside bed was discontinued, along with the use of wooden floorboards; all F-Series trucks were now produced with a steel bed floor. While the Flareside bed saw little change to its overall dimensions, the interior of the Styleside bed was widened 5 inches (in comparison to 1979).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: To improve the aerodynamics of the exterior, the long-running clamshell hood design feature was retired, as Ford faired the hood into the fenders. Adopting several design elements from the 1979 update of the Ford Econoline (though using a longer, lower front fascia), the front grille became flatter and more rectangular. Though lower in overall height, the cab was designed with larger windows and a more steeply angled windshield (creating larger vent windows). Bordered by wraparound taillamps, the tailgate of Styleside trucks adopted a tailgate using expanded central space for "Ford" lettering.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Carrying over only the two-spoke steering wheel from the previous generation, the seventh-generation F-Series underwent multiple upgrades to the interior as part of the redesign. Coinciding with the more steeply sloped windshield, the dashboard was larger and covered by a pad (on all trim levels). The visibility of bare sheetmetal was reduced, as all models received color-keyed trim for the A-pillars and larger door panels (covering nearly the entire door). On higher-trim models, the dashboard received a full set of instruments (including a tachometer for the first time). Entry-level trims were fitted with black dashboard trim, with higher-trim vehicles using several styles of imitation wood trim (used only for the dashboard). After 1980, Ford discontinued the factory-installed CB radio option, withdrawing the 8-track cassette player after 1982.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The SuperCab extended cab was offered in two rear seating configurations, including two side-mounted jump seats or a three-passenger bench seat.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1980 and 1981, the F-Series carried over the same trim nomenclature from the 1973-1979 F-Series. The Custom served as the base trim, with the Ranger and Ranger XLT as mid-level trims, and the Ranger Lariat as the highest-level trim. All vehicles except the Custom were fitted with a wood-trim dash. The trim level was designated on the dashboard above the radio, with the Ranger XLT and Ranger Lariat receiving XLT and Lariat exterior badges.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The Camper Special and "Free-Wheelin" option packages made their return to the model line. Though no longer using a distinct wheelbase, the Camper Special retained its heavy-duty and functional option features and was offered in combination with Trailer Towing package and Six-Wheeler pickup truck. Though again marketed as the sportiest F-Series, the "Free-Wheelin" option package underwent a major revision in its appearance, trading its multicolor exterior stripes for subdued pinstripes (or optional two-tone paint); its blackout grille remained a distinguishing feature.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1982, the trim levels underwent a revision. The Ranger name was moved from F-Series to the 1983 compact pickup (introduced early 1982), with Ford also dropping the long-running Custom name. The Standard trim replaced the Custom, with the Ranger trim replaced by the XL below the newly renamed XLT Lariat. Replacing the "Free-Wheelin" package, the XLS trim was the sporty counterpart of the luxury-oriented XLT Lariat; the exterior received blacked-out trim, model-specific striping, and aluminum-style dashboard trim.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1984, the trim level underwent further changes, as the XLS trim was dropped, and the XLT Lariat was renamed XLT. For 1985, the change was reversed, with the Lariat again combined with the XLT.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1980, the medium-duty F-Series trucks (F-600 through F-800) underwent their first redesign since 1967. Adopting design elements from the heavier Class 7-8 Ford L-series, the medium-duty (Class 6-7) trucks received a trapezoidal front grille; in a major design change, separate front fenders made their return (for the first time since 1957). Sharing its cab with the pickup trucks, medium-duty F-series trucks were offered as a two-door standard cab and as a four-door crew cab. While the previous rear-hinged hood remained standard, the forward-tilting hood became offered for the first time, quickly overtaking it in production.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: At its 1980 launch, the medium-duty trucks were offered with two gasoline engines, a 6.1L (370) and a 7.0L (429) V8; both engines were variants of the 7.5L V8 developed for truck use. Initially launched with the Caterpillar 3208 and Detroit Diesel 8.2L V8 engines as options, multiple diesel engines were offered through its production. During the late 1980s, the V8 diesels were replaced by inline-6 diesels jointly developed by Ford and New Holland, with the model line ultimately receiving Cummins B-series and C-series diesel inline-6 engines.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: With the exception of powertrain revisions, this generation of the medium-duty F-Series was produced nearly unchanged through its 19-year model run. For 1984, the grille was revised, replacing the "FORD" lettering with the Ford Blue Oval emblem (among the final Ford vehicles receiving the change). For 1995, the tilting hood was restyled with a new grille and turn signals (the interior of the cab remained nearly unchanged from 1980).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: After the 1998 model year, this generation was replaced by an all-new medium-duty model range, Following the 1997 sale of the Ford heavy-duty truck line to Freightliner, the 2000 F-650/F-750 Super Duty became the largest vehicles sold by Ford.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: For 1980, the third-generation Ford Bronco was introduced, becoming the second version based on the F-Series model line. As the F-100 ended its use of four-wheel drive, the Bronco became derived from the higher-payload F-150, again shortened to a 104-inch wheelbase. Competing against the Chevrolet K5 Blazer and the Dodge RamCharger, the Bronco was again bodied as a two-door wagon with a lift-off rear hardtop. Offered with part-time four-wheel drive, the Bronco shared its powertrains with the F-150 4x4, including the 4.9L I6, 4.9L (5.0L) V8, and 5.8L V8, pairing the engines with manual and automatic transmissions.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: In 1985, Ford introduced an outdoors-themed Eddie Bauer trim package for the Bronco, later introducing across multiple Ford light truck lines.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Ford Motor Argentina launched domestic production of the F-Series in 1982 in General Pacheco. Replacing imported trucks from the United States, Ford Argentina marketed the F-100 pickup truck, F-350 chassis cab, and the medium-duty F-600 and F-700 (later F-7000).


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Produced from 1982 to 1987, the F-100 shared its sheetmetal with its North American counterpart, differing primarily in its powertrain. The standard engine was a 221 cubic-inch I6, a 292 cubic-inch V8, and naturally-aspirated and turbocharged 3.3L Perkins diesel I4 engines; the F-350 had the 292 V8 as standard and an optional 5.0L Perkins I6 diesel.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: The medium-duty F-600 and F-700 (later F-7000) produced by Ford Argentina also differed in its powertrain design. The F-600 used a 292 V8 as a standard engine with an optional 5.0L Perkins I6 diesel. The F-700 used diesel engines exclusively, offering a standard 5.0L Perkins I6 with an optional 5.8L Perkins I6 and 6.1L Deutz I6. Ford Argentina ended production of this generation of medium-duty trucks in 1990.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Dealers such as Igarreta still provide customized configurations for the trucks, such as extended cabs and other bodywork. Additionally, the Deutz 913-series engines (4, 5 and 6 cylinder) for aftermarket were offered from 1983 to 1987 for all models, including medium duty trucks.


title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: Ford Australia introduced the sixth-generation F-Series for 1980, becoming the second generation of the F-Series produced in Australia. The model line shared its powertrains from the Ford Falcon; a 4.1L I6 was standard, offering a 5.8L V8. Developed for right-hand drive, Australian-produced F-Series trucks sourced their dashboards from Ford Canada.


title: Lennon Stella

text: Lennon Ray Louise Stella (born August 13, 1999) is a Canadian singer and actress. She portrayed Maddie Conrad on the musical-drama series "Nashville" (2012–2018). Before going solo in 2018, Stella performed with her sister as the duo Lennon & Maisy. Stella released her debut EP "Love, Me" in 2018. Her debut studio album "Three. Two. One." was released in 2020.


title: Lennon Stella

text: In January 2018, it was announced that Lennon had signed a record deal with Records and Columbia Records. In 2018, Lennon featured on the track "Polaroid" with Jonas Blue and Liam Payne. On November 16, 2018, Lennon released her debut EP titled "Love, Me" featuring previously released singles "Bad", "Breakaway", and "Fortress". This EP kickstarted her solo music career.


title: Lennon Stella

text: In May and June 2019, Lennon opened for Anne-Marie on her Speak Your Mind tour. She collaborated with The Chainsmokers and Illenium for a single titled "Takeaway" which was released on July 24, 2019.


title: Lennon Stella

text: In 2019, Lennon toured as an opening act with 5 Seconds of Summer for the Chainsmokers' "World War Joy" Tour.


title: Lennon Stella

text: In February 2020, Lennon won a Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year, making this the first award she has received.


title: Lennon Stella

text: In January 2022, she performed a cover of "Hey, Beautiful" by The Solids for as the theme song for the spin-off "How I Met Your Father."


title: Lennon Stella

text: Lennon Stella is mainly described as an indie pop and pop musician whose music is "R&B tinged". Her debut EP is described as a dance-club record.


title: Live On (TV series)

text: Live On () is a South Korean television series starring Jung Da-bin, Hwang Min-hyun, Noh Jong-hyun, Yang Hye-ji, Yeonwoo and Choi Byung-chan. Written by Bang Yoo-jung and directed by Kim Sang-woo, the series centers on a high school girl who joins her school's broadcasting club in order to catch the person trying to reveal her secret. It aired on JTBC from November 17, 2020 to January 12, 2021.


title: Live On (TV series)

text: A story of love and friendship unfolds in a school where social media is a defining force and everybody is judged according to one's looks, sense of fashion and popularity.


title: Live On (TV series)

text: Baek Ho-rang (Jung Da-bin), a high school student, is popular on social media for being pretty and classy, but her standoffish and cold behaviour in person earns her a considerable number of haters. One day, a strange message from an anonymous sender is read over the school radio. The message reminds Ho-rang of a traumatic episode from her past. An anonymous account has also been threatening to blackmail her by exposing her secret. Due to this, Ho-rang decides to join the broadcasting club, led by the perfectionist and overly time-conscious Go Eun-taek (Hwang Min-hyun), in order to track down the person attempting to defame her behind a keyboard.


title: Live On (TV series)

text: Bang Yoo-jung's screenplays for all episodes of "Live On" were published as one set on January 28, 2021 by Wisdom House. The screenplays are available for purchase both in print and e-book formats.


title: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

text: Religious debates over the "Harry Potter" series of books by J. K. Rowling are based on claims that the novels contain occult or Satanic subtexts. A number of Protestant, Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox Christians have argued against the series, as have some Muslims. Supporters of the series have said that the magic in "Harry Potter" bears little resemblance to occultism, being more in the vein of fairy tales such as "Cinderella" and "Snow White", or to the works of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien, both of whom are known for writing fantasy novels with Christian subtexts. Far from promoting a particular religion, some argue, the "Harry Potter" novels go out of their way to avoid discussing religion at all. However, the author of the series, J. K. Rowling, describes herself as a Christian, and many have noted the Christian references which she includes in the final novel "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows".


text: In America, calls for the books to be banned from schools have led to legal challenges, often on the grounds that witchcraft is a government-recognised religion and that to allow the books to be held in public schools violates the separation of church and state. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and a diocese of the Orthodox Church of Greece also campaigned against the series. The books have been banned from all schools in the United Arab Emirates.


text: Religious responses to "Harry Potter" have not all been negative. "At least as much as they've been attacked from a theological point of view," notes Rowling, "[the books] have been lauded and taken into pulpit, and most interesting and satisfying for me, it's been by several different faiths."


text: Criticism has taken two main forms: allegations that "Harry Potter" is a pagan text; and claims that it encourages children to oppose authority, derived mainly from Harry's rejection of the Dursleys, his adoptive parents. Author and scholar Amanda Cockrell suggests that "Harry Potter" popularity, and recent preoccupation with fantasy and the occult among Christian fundamentalists, explains why the series received particular opposition.


text: The "Harry Potter" books also have a group of vocal religious supporters who believe that "Harry Potter" espouses Christian values, or that the Bible does not prohibit the forms of magic described in the series. Christian analyses of the series have argued that it embraces ideals of friendship, loyalty, courage, love, and the temptation of power. After the final volume was published, Rowling said she intentionally incorporated Christian themes, in particular the idea that love may hold power over death. According to Joy Farmer, it is a "profound misreading to think that "Harry Potter" promotes witchcraft,". Scholar Em McAvan writes that evangelical objections to "Harry Potter" are superficial, based on the presence of magic in the books: they do not attempt to understand the moral messages in the series.


text: Much of the criticism of "Harry Potter" comes from a small number of evangelical Christians who hold that the series' depiction of witchcraft is dangerous to children. In 1999, Paul Hetrick, spokesman for Focus on the Family, an American Evangelical Christian group based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, outlined the reasons for his opposition: "[They contain] some powerful and valuable lessons about love and courage and the ultimate victory of good over evil; however, the positive messages are packaged in a medium –- witchcraft –- that is directly denounced in Scripture." "Harry Potter" has been the subject of at least six book burnings in the U.S. In 2002, Chick Publications produced a comic book tract titled "The Nervous Witch" that declared "the Potter books open a doorway that will put untold millions of kids into hell." In 2007 Jacqui Komschlies wrote an article in "Christianity Today" comparing "Harry Potter" to "rat poison mixed with orange soda," and said, "We're taking something deadly from our world and turning it into what some are calling 'merely a literary device.


text: Some Christians have suggested that "Harry Potter" promotes the religion of Wicca, and so keeping the books in public schools violates the separation of church and state in the United States. Jeremiah Films, a Christian video company largely known for its "Clinton Chronicles" release, also released a DVD entitled "Harry Potter: Witchcraft Repackaged", which stated that "Harry's world says that drinking dead animal blood gives power, a satanic human sacrifice and Harry's powerful blood brings new life, demon possession is not spiritually dangerous, and that passing through fire, contacting the dead, and conversing with ghosts, others in the spirit world, and more, is normal and acceptable."


text: In 2001, Evangelical journalist Richard Abanes, who has written several books arguing against new religions and Mormonism, published a polemical text that made similar allegations to the video: "Harry Potter and the Bible: The Menace Behind the Magick". Later editions incorporated comparisons and contrasts between "Harry Potter" and the more overtly Christian works of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. In an interview with CBN.com, Abanes remarked that, "One of the easiest ways to know whether a fantasy book or film has real world magick in it is to just ask a simple question, 'Can my child find information in a library or bookstore that will enable them to replicate what they are seeing in the film or the book?' If you go to "The Chronicles of Narnia" and "The Lord of the Rings" what you see in, story magic and imagination, it is not real. You can't replicate it. But if you go to something like "Harry Potter", you can find references to astrology, clairvoyance, and numerology. It takes seconds to go into a bookstore or library and get books on that and start investigating it, researching it, and doing it." Abanes wrote: "The classic passage dealing with divination, along with several other forms of occultism, is Deuteronomy 18:10–12:


text: There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch, or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer. For all that do these things are an abomination unto the LORD.


text: "If this were the only passage dealing with occultism, it would be enough to forbid all of the practices found in the Harry Potter series. But there are numerous other verses to consider..."


text: The debate has inspired at least two satirical Internet urban legends. In 2001, "The Onion", an American satirical newspaper, published an article entitled "Harry Potter Sparks Rise in Satanism Among Children," which said that the "High Priest of Satanism" had described "Harry Potter" as "an absolute godsend to our cause." This article was copied into a chain letter and circulated among Christians as "proof" of their views. The following year the Canadian daily the "National Post" released a similar spoof article in its satirical column "Post Morten", saying that "Rowling—or, as she shall henceforth be referred to and credited as, Mrs. J. K. Satan—said that as she sat in a coffee shop one grey day, wondering what to do with her empty, aimless life, it hit her, 'I'll give myself, body and soul, to the Dark Master. And in return, he will give me absurd wealth and power over the weak and pitiful of the world. And he did!'" This article was also copied into a chain letter and released as "truth" onto the web.


text: In 2009, Matt Latimer, a former speechwriter for US President George W. Bush, claimed that during the Bush administration, "people in the White House" had denied Rowling the Presidential Medal of Freedom because the books "encourage witchcraft."


text: While some evangelical Christians consider "Harry Potter" related to Satanism, a poll in 2000 indicated that this position remains a minority view. Seven percent of Americans who have heard of the books have a negative view of them, with 52 percent having a positive opinion and the remaining 41 percent unsure. This compares with 33 percent of Americans who identify themselves as Evangelical and 39 percent who take the Bible literally.


text: In 2001 the Alamogordo Christ Community Church in New Mexico burned hundreds of copies of the Harry Potter books. Jack Brock, leader of the church, said the books were an abomination because they inspired children to study the occult. He and his followers admitted they have never read any of the books, and tossed in some Stephen King novels. Venezuelan scholar Fernando Baez, in a study of the history of censorship and book destruction commented, "There is more than one way to destroy a book, upon being denied a city permit to burn books, the Rev. Douglas Taylor in Lewiston, Maine, has held several annual gatherings at which he cuts the Potter books up with scissors."


text: Some evangelicals have supported the Potter books: evangelical author Connie Neal, in her books, "What's a Christian to Do with Harry Potter?", "The Gospel According to Harry Potter", and "Wizards, Wardrobes, and Wookiees: Navigating Good and Evil in Harry Potter, Narnia, and Star Wars", wrote that the books preach Christian values and can be used to educate children in Christian tenets. Mike Hertenstein of "Cornerstone" magazine, in his article "Harry Potter vs the Muggles, Myth, Magic & Joy," uses the term 'Muggles,' used in the books to describe non-magical humans, to describe Christians without imagination. "Christianity Today" published an editorial in favour of the books in January 2000, calling the series a "Book of Virtues" and averring that although "<nowiki>m</nowiki>odern witchcraft is indeed an ensnaring, seductive false religion that we must protect our children from," this does not represent the Potter books, which have "wonderful examples of compassion, loyalty, courage, friendship, and even self-sacrifice." Italian Methodist minister Peter Ciaccio analysed the relationship between J. K. Rowling's work and Christian theology, stating that the Harry Potter series is the positive outcome of the encounter of the Jewish-Christian tradition with other important features of the Western cultural heritage (namely Celtic, Nordic and Classical).


text: The Catholic Church has taken no official position on the books, but various Catholics, including officials of the Roman Curia, the hierarchy, and other official bodies have presented mixed views on the subject.


text: Beginning in 2001, Cardinal George Pell, Archbishop of Sydney, has occasionally written on the "Harry Potter" series in his regular column in "The Sunday Telegraph". In his columns, he praised the books for displaying values that are "deeply compatible with Christianity." In his book "Be Not Afraid", Pell praised the books as having a "good dose of moral truth" and for being "a good yarn."


text: In 2003, Peter Fleetwood, a priest incardinated in the Archdiocese of Liverpool then serving as an official of the Pontifical Council for Culture, made comments supportive of the novels during a press conference announcing the release of "Jesus Christ the Bearer of the Water of Life—A Christian reflection on the "New Age"". In response to a question asking if the magic presented in the "Harry Potter" series should be considered in the same light as some New Age practices warned against in the document, Fleetwood stated, "If I have understood well the intentions of Harry Potter's author, they help children to see the difference between good and evil. And she is very clear on this." He added that Rowling is "Christian by conviction, is Christian in her mode of living, even in her way of writing." This comment was seized on by the media as an endorsement of the novels from the Catholic Church, and by extension, the Pope at that time, John Paul II.


text: Criticism against the books also comes from one of the official exorcists of the Archdiocese of Rome, Gabriele Amorth, who believes that, "Behind Harry Potter hides the signature of the king of the darkness, the devil."


text: Cardinal Ratzinger, the later pope Benedict XVI, wrote in two private letters in 2003 that the books create "subtle seductions" that "deeply distort Christianity in the soul, before it can grow properly."


text: Before the release of "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" in 2005, Fleetwood, then serving with the Council of European Episcopal Conferences, gave an interview with Vatican Radio. In the interview, Fleetwood reaffirmed his positive opinion of the books, and remarked that then-Cardinal Ratzinger's letters may have been written by a member of the congregation's staff and simply signed by the prefect. He also stated that his and Amorth's opinions are just that, conflicting personal opinions of priests.


text: For the film adaptations, the Office for Film and Broadcasting of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has rated each film either "A-II" or "A-III", meaning the content was not found to be morally offensive. The Episcopal Conference named the film adaptation of "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" as one of the ten best family films of 2004, and "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" as one of the best movies of 2010.


text: The Vatican newspaper, "L'Osservatore Romano", dedicated a full page to the debate in its 14–15 January 2008 issue. Essayist Paolo Gulisano said the "Harry Potter" novels offer lessons in the importance of love and self-giving, but Professor Edoardo Rialti described Harry Potter as "the wrong kind of hero" and said that, "Despite several positive values that can be found in the story, at the foundations of this tale is the proposal that of witchcraft as positive, the violent manipulation of things and people thanks to the knowledge of the occult, an advantage of a select few: the ends justify the means because the knowledgeable, the chosen ones, the intellectuals know how to control the dark powers and turn them into good... This is a grave and deep lie, because it is the old Gnostic temptation of confusing salvation and truth with a secret knowledge." However, in July 2009, "L'Osservatore Romano" praised the moral stance of the sixth "Harry Potter" film, "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", saying, "There is a clear line of demarcation between good and evil and [the film] makes clear that good is right. One understands as well that sometimes this requires hard work and sacrifice." It also noted that the film made clear that "the search for immortality epitomised by Lord Voldemort" was morally wrong.


text: In Poland, priests from northern city of Koszalin or Gdańsk, publicly burned books and other objects they believe promote magic and sorcery, such as several copies of such books as "Harry Potter," "Twilight" and one about the controversial guru Rajneesh, as well as African tribal masks on April 1, 2019. As a justification, they quoted following biblical passages: A passage from Acts of the Apostles, quoted in by the group, said "many of those who had practiced magic collected their books and burned them in front of everyone. So they calculated their value and found it to be fifty thousand pieces of silver". Another passage, from Book of Deuteronomy, said: "Burn the images of their gods. Don't desire the silver or the gold that is on them and take it for yourself, or you will be trapped by it. That is detestable to the Lord your God."


text: In August, 2019, after consulting with exorcists in both the US and Rome, Dan Reehil, a pastor at the Roman Catholic parish school of St Edward in Nashville, Tennessee, banned the books from the school library on the grounds that "The curses and spells used in the books are actual curses and spells; which when read by a human being risk conjuring evil spirits into the presence of the person reading the text".


text: In 2002, the Greek Orthodox Church authorities in Thrace released a statement denouncing the "Harry Potter" books as Satanic, saying that they "acquaint people with evil, wizardry, the occult and demonology." The statement also criticised the purported similarities between Harry Potter and Jesus Christ, saying, "It is beyond doubt that Harry was made to resemble a young savior. Upon his birth people try to kill him, he is forever subjected to injustice but always supernaturally manages to prevail and save others. Let us reflect, who else ... is held to be the unjustly treated God?"


text: In June 2004, soon after a native Bulgarian, Stanislav Ianevski, had been cast to portray the character Viktor Krum in the film adaptation of "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", the Bulgarian Orthodox Church printed a front-page article in their official newspaper, claiming that "magic is not a children's game," and that the holy Synod had advised that a church in Sofia hold special liturgies every Thursday to cure those afflicted by spells or possessed by evil spirits. Pamphlets were posted throughout the city, claiming that reciting a "Harry Potter" spell "is as if you are praying to evil", and that "God hates magic."


text: In 2000, the Dean of Canterbury Cathedral refused to allow his church to be filmed as part of Hogwarts in the "Harry Potter" film series, saying that it was unfitting for a Christian church to be used to promote pagan imagery. Gloucester Cathedral agreed to take its place; the Dean of Gloucester, the Very Reverend Nicholas Bury, admitted to being a fan of the books; "I think the book is a marvellous traditional children's story and excellently written. It is also amusing, exciting and wholesome, and is just the sort of story families should be encouraged to read." The decision still resulted in many angry letters to the local paper, the "Gloucester Citizen". Said one honorary chaplain, "Oh yes, there was quite a to-do. There was one particular man, very evangelical, writing in and complaining that it wasn't right for such things to be going on. I don't think it was so much the film's subject matter but the fact that filming was happening at all." Similarly, Durham Cathedral also allowed its use for two of the films.


text: Then-Archbishop of Canterbury George Carey gave positive remarks about the "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" film in his New Year Message for 2002, calling it "great fun," and a film that "asks some very real questions" on moral issues.


text: In June 2007, the Church of England published "Mixing it up with Harry Potter", a 48-page book designed to use parallels from the novels to teach the faith to 9–13-year-olds. The author of the book, Kent youth worker Owen Smith, argued that, "These sessions draw parallels between events in the world of Harry and his friends, and the world in which we are seeking to proclaim the gospel to young people [...] To say, as some have, that these books draw younger readers towards the occult seems to me both to malign J. K. Rowling and to vastly underestimate the ability of children and young people to separate the real from the imaginary."


text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has expressed no official or unofficial reservations or cautions about the Harry Potter books and movies, all of which are freely sold at the Brigham Young University campus bookstore. At least two prominent leaders of the church have even recommended the series and spoke of being fans because they teach morality and show good victorious over evil.


text: The Harry Potter books were banned in schools across the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2007. According to a spokesman from the education ministry of the UAE government, the books' fantasy and magic elements were contrary to Islamic values. Despite being banned from schools in the Emirates, there were thought to be no plans to ban them from bookshops within the country.


text: A large number of Islamic scholars have argued that the books' magical themes conflict with Islamic teachings. A series of online fatāwa have been logged by imams against "Harry Potter", decrying it as un-Islamic.


text: Feiz Mohammad, the Australian Islamic preacher believed to have inspired Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the perpetrators of the Boston Marathon bombing, decried "Harry Potter" for "paganism, evil, magic and the drinking of unicorn blood".


text: In Iran, the series is popular and published by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. In July 2007 the daily paper "Kayhan" called the series "a billion-dollar Zionist project" created to "disrupt young minds." The article was ignored by the government and the series continued to be published normally.


text: In August 2007, police in Karachi, Pakistan discovered and defused a car bomb located outside a shopping centre where, hours later, the final "Harry Potter" novel was scheduled to go on sale. The book launch was postponed in response. A local police superintendent commented that, "We are not sure so far whether the target of the bombing was the book launch, but the connection cannot be ruled out."


text: Many prominent rabbis have described the "Harry Potter" books as, in the words of one, "a force for good". In 2005, a conference at the University of Reading debated whether Harry Potter had a ""yiddishe neshama"" (Jewish soul). Sir Jonathan Sacks, the former chief Rabbi of the Commonwealth of Nations, claims that, in "a society in which adolescents are precociously adult, and adults are permanently adolescent", "Harry Potter" has "reclaimed the kingdom of childhood, proving that you don't have to betray to enchant".


text: The decision to release the final volume of the "Harry Potter" series, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", in Israel at 2 AM on a Saturday morning drew criticism from some Israeli rabbis, since it fell during the Jewish Sabbath, a time when business dealings are forbidden. This opposition also opened legal efforts to block the Saturday release.


text: The books' inclusion in public and school libraries has been frequently challenged for their focus on magic, particularly in the United States, where it was ranked seventh on the list of the most challenged books in American libraries between 1990 and 2000 despite having been first published in the United States in 1998. In 1999, the "Harry Potter" books were challenged 23 times in 13 states. According to the American Library Association, they are now the most challenged books of the 21st century.


text: However, the ALA notes that overall, opposition to "Harry Potter" in the US appears to be waning; having topped the list of the most challenged books in American schools in many previous years, they have to date failed to reappear in the top ten since 2003. Humanist commentator Austin Cline attributes this decline to school libraries employing "opt-out" policies which allow parents to prohibit their children from reading books they do not wish them exposed to.


text: In 1999, in response to complaints from three local parents, Zeeland, Michigan school superintendent Gary Feenstra restricted access to the "Harry Potter" books to those pupils whose parents gave written permission. Later reports claimed that the parents were concerned about the books' magical and witchcraft-related themes. In response, children began a letter-writing campaign, forming clubs and organising petitions, which ultimately merged into an internet site called Muggles for Harry Potter. Eventually the site took on a broader remit as kidSPEAK!, a forum for children to tackle censorship in general.


text: In 2000, The Public Library system of Jacksonville, Florida was faced with a lawsuit from conservative Christian group Liberty Counsel of Orlando after they began awarding "Hogwarts' Certificate of Accomplishment" to young readers who completed the fourth "Harry Potter" novel, "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire". One parent complained that "If they are going to pass out witchcraft certificates they should also promote the Bible and pass out certificates of righteousness". The lawsuit was averted after the Library agreed to stop awarding the certificate. That same year, Carol Rookwood, headmistress of St Mary's Island Church of England Aided School in Chatham, Kent, England, banned the books from school grounds, saying that, "The Bible is very clear and consistent in its teachings that wizards, devils and demons exist and are very real, powerful and dangerous, and God's people are told to have nothing to do with them". In response, the chairman of the Church of England's doctrine commission, Stephen Sykes, said, "The Church's position is that magic and sorcery are contrary to the Christian religion, Mrs Rookwood is absolutely right. [But] children who are capable of reading Harry Potter could be told not to take witchcraft seriously, or might even realise that for themselves". In July 2000, Birkenhead Primary School in Auckland, New Zealand placed a ban on the "Harry Potter" novels being read aloud by teachers in class after parental complaints regarding the books' supposedly occult content. However, the ban was lifted after a number of students and parents complained. Also in 2000, Christian parents complained to the school board in Durham Region, Ontario about "Harry Potter", and managed to get the books removed from school library shelves. The books were reinstated after a public outcry.


text: In 2002, in York, Pennsylvania, local parent Deb DiEugenio, along with her pastor, attempted to have the books banned from her daughter's school. DuEugenio said that "It's against my daughter's constitution, it's evil, it's witchcraft ... I'm not paying taxes to teach my child witchcraft". The school board eventually voted 7–2 to keep the books, with an opt-out for concerned parents.


text: In 2003, Billy Ray and Mary Nell Counts, a couple in Cedarville, Arkansas, brought suit against the local school board on behalf of their daughter to contest a rule requiring parents' written consent to read the "Harry Potter" books. A parent, Angie Haney, had requested such a rule on the grounds that they were "not based on fiction," at the prompting of Pastor Mark Hodges, who was also a member of the school board. A district court judge decided the rule was unconstitutional. The decision was cited as precedent in subsequent censorship cases. Also in 2003, a Russian woman filed charges against Rosman Publishing, responsible for "Harry Potter"s Russian translation, saying that the books "instilled religious extremism and prompted students to join religious organizations of Satanist followers". The Moscow Prosecutor's Office declined to press the charges because there were "no grounds" for the case.


text: In September 2005, Laura Mallory, a mother of four children in Loganville, Georgia, attempted to have the "Harry Potter" books banned from her children's school library on the grounds that they promoted a religion, Wicca, and thus for a public school library to hold them would violate the separation of church and state. On her website, she states, "Harry Potter is being used to teach and promote witchcraft, Wicca, a U.S. [Government] recognised religion, in our schools, classrooms, and to this entire generation." Mallory said the books carry "evil themes, witchcraft, demonic activity, murder, evil blood sacrifice, spells and teaching children all of this." Mallory, who is a Christian missionary, said that she believed the books encouraged children to practice religious witchcraft or become Wiccans. Mallory also commented that she has not read the entire book series because "they're really very long and I have four kids. I've put a lot of work into what I've studied and read. I think it would be hypocritical for me to read all the books, honestly". Following her case's rejection by the school, Mallory then took her case to the school appeals committee, but was rejected again. On 20 April 2006, Mallory took her case to the Gwinnett County School Board, but on 11 May, the board voted unanimously against her. In June 2006, Mallory launched an appeal against the County Board's decision with the Georgia State Board of Education; that appeal was rejected the following December. In January 2007, she appealed to the Gwinnett Superior Court; that appeal too was rejected three months later. She considered taking the case to federal court, but spent the following summer with her husband and four children. She is now an ordained minister for children and young adults, claiming that her case against "Harry Potter" has inspired her to a new calling.


text: In July 2006, Sariya Allan, a teaching assistant at Durand Primary School in Stockwell, South London, quit her job after she was suspended for refusing to listen to a seven-year-old pupil read a "Harry Potter" book in class. A practising Pentecostal, she told the girl that "I don't do witchcraft in any form," and that she would be "cursed" if she heard the novel recited. Allan took her dispute with the school to an Employment Tribunal, citing religious discrimination and claiming for damages. The case was heard in June 2007 and the tribunal found in favour of the school.


text: In September 2007, Pastor Ron Barker of St. Joseph Church in Wakefield, Massachusetts received international attention after pulling the books from the shelves of the parish's K-8 school. According to the ALA, this was the first time the books were banned in Massachusetts. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston claimed this was an independent action in which the Church played no role. "It may be a great series, but for some it is a vehicle for entering into some occult practices," he said. "Sorcery and witchcraft are not appropriate subjects for a Catholic school and I do not want parents or children thinking we approve of them in our library." He claimed his actions were no different from protecting children with a peanut allergy; "What I did is start a spiritual peanut butter ban on Harry Potter," he said.


text: In response to the criticism that the books promote Wicca, a number of Wiccans and other commenters have argued that the critics' definition of Wicca tends to lump together many and various spiritualist practices that actually have little in common. They have also highlighted the differences between magic within Wicca, which is invocational and derives from the divine powers, and that depicted by the "Harry Potter" books, which is a purely mechanical application of spells without invoking any deities. A Wiccan review of "Harry Potter: Witchcraft Repackaged" pointed out that "communing with the dead and spirit world, sorcery, curses, occult symbology, black magic [and] demon possession"—all cited by the book as evidence of "Harry Potter" promoting Wicca—are not part of Wiccan belief.


text: Divinatory practices such as scrying and astrology, although occasionally employed by characters in the books are neither unique nor central to the Wiccan religion and are treated in the novels in a condescending, tongue-in-cheek manner; the school divination teacher is, according to writer Christine Schoeffer, "a misty, dreamy, dewy charlatan," who is ridiculed by the students and staff alike. In the "Harry Potter" universe, Schoeffer claims, "the entire intuitive tradition of fortune-telling ... is discredited."


text: The website religioustolerance.org says, in their analysis of Chick's "The Nervous Witch", that the comic's heroine cries that 'she got into "The Craft" (i.e. Wicca) "Through the Harry Potter books! We wanted his powers ... so we called for spirit guides. Then they came into us." In reality, spirit guides are unrelated to the Witchcraft in the "Harry Potter" books and are not sought by Wiccans. They are a New Age phenomenon.'


text: Regardless, statements such as those in "Witchcraft Repackaged" that the books depict actual occultist practices of any kind have been roundly criticised. Christian writer Stephen D. Greydanus writes that the magic of the "Harry Potter" novels is not the ritualistic, invocative magic of Wicca or occultism but the same "fantasy" magic practised in the works of J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis; "If anything, the magic in Rowling's world is even more emphatically imaginary, even further removed from real-world practices, than that of Tolkien or Lewis; and, like theirs, presents no appreciable risk of direct imitative behaviour." "Christianity Today" columnist Charles Colson asserts that the magic in "Harry Potter" is "purely mechanical, as opposed to occultic. That is, Harry and his friends cast spells, read crystal balls, and turn themselves into animals—but they don't make contact with a supernatural world. [It's not] the kind of real-life witchcraft the Bible condemns." Austin Cline notes that, "The Harry Potter books simply aren't about Wicca as it is currently practiced. J.K. Rowling researched Wiccan practices and incorporated a few elements in order to give her books a bit more of an air of reality, but she and Wicca are drawing upon the same corpus of ancient traditions and stories so similarities are inevitable. They certainly aren't a sign that the books work to "indoctrinate" people into Wicca as a religion."


text: Connie Neal has commented that, "there are 64 real references to witchcraft in the first four "Harry Potter" books, but you have to see them in context to know they are not teaching witchcraft or sorcery. Many of the detractors who have actually read the books already have made up their mind that "Harry Potter" is evil before they read. They have taken a magnifying glass and picked at the books, using literary reductionism to find what they want to find. You can pick up Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" and do the same thing that these people have done with "Harry Potter"; it is ridiculous."


text: In 2001, Massimo Introvigne, an Italian expert in emerging religious movements, criticised the Fundamentalist impulse to distrust fantasy. "Fundamentalists reject, or even burn, all products of contemporary popular culture, because their modes of production, languages and styles are not intrinsically Christian [...] Most children understand that magic is used in fairy tales and juvenile supernatural fiction as a century-old language, and that this is fiction, not reality. If we dismiss the use of magic as a language, we should at least be fundamentalist to the bitter end, and go against "Mary Poppins," "Peter Pan," and "Sleeping Beauty," and insist that Cinderella puts a burkha on."


text: Another response to the claim that the books promote the religion of witchcraft, which has been raised as much by Christians critical of the books as those who support them, is that, far from promoting religion, the books do not promote religion in any way. Apart from celebrating Christmas and Easter and a non-denominational clergyman presiding at both Dumbledore's funeral and the Weasleys' wedding, religious practices are largely absent from the books. In her critical editorial on the books, Focus on the Family's Lindy Beam comments, "The spiritual fault of "Harry Potter" is not so much that Rowling is playing to dark supernatural powers, but that she doesn't acknowledge any supernatural powers at all. These stories are not fueled by witchcraft, but by secularism." The "Harry Potter" books have been lauded by atheists and secularists for their determinedly non-religious outlook. Mika LaVaque-Manty of the liberal website Left2Right notes, "Religion plays no role in the books. There are no churches, no other religious institutions, nobody prays or meditates, and even funerals are non-religious affairs." When considering the role of religion within "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", Christopher Hitchens observed the apparent secularism in the novel, stating that the characters of Harry and Hermione possess certain moral virtues while also expressing an ignorance of Christian ideas. In an article written for "Time" magazine before the publication of the seventh and final book in the series entitled "Who Dies in Harry Potter? God," Lev Grossman argues that, "Harry Potter lives in a world free of any religion or spirituality of any kind. He lives surrounded by ghosts but has no one to pray to, even if he were so inclined, which he isn't." Grossman goes on to contrast "Harry Potter" with other, more explicitly religious fantasies, such as C. S. Lewis' "The Chronicles of Narnia" and J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings".


text: J. K. Rowling has repeatedly denied that her books lead children into witchcraft. In an interview with CNN in 1999, she said,


text: I absolutely did not start writing these books to encourage any child into witchcraft. I'm laughing slightly because to me, the idea is absurd. I have met thousands of children and not even one time has a child come up to me and said, "Ms Rowling, I'm so glad I've read these books because now I want to be a witch."


text: "People underestimate children so hugely", Rowling said when asked about the controversy in the 2001 documentary "Harry Potter and Me", "They know it's fiction. When people are arguing from that kind of standpoint, I don't think reason works tremendously well. But I would be surprised if some of them had read the books at all."


text: In a conversation on Twitter in December 2014, Rowling tweeted, "To everyone asking whether their religion/belief/non-belief system is represented at Hogwarts: the only people I never imagined there are wiccans ... it's a different concept of magic to the one laid out in the books, so I don't really see how they can co-exist."


text: While many describe the books as secular or Satanic, many writers, including Rowling herself, have gone to great lengths to demonstrate that the books actively promote Christian values.


text: Rowling attended a Church of Scotland congregation while writing "Harry Potter" and her eldest daughter, Jessica, was baptised into that faith. "I go to church myself", she told MTV in 2007, "I don't take any responsibility for the lunatic fringes of my own religion". In 2000, when asked if she was a Christian by journalist Max Wyman of "The Vancouver Sun", she replied:


text: Yes, I am, which seems to offend the religious right far worse than if I said I thought there was no God. Every time I've been asked if I believe in God, I've said yes, because I do, but no one ever really has gone any more deeply into it than that, and I have to say that does suit me, because if I talk too freely about that I think the intelligent reader, whether 10 or 60, will be able to guess what's coming in the books.


text: "Personally", she said of her religious faith, "I think you can see that in the books. Of course, Hogwarts is a multifaith school." Rowling claims to have been very careful not to colour her novels in an overtly religious way, lest one faith be given prominence over any other. Rowling said that to her, the moral significance of the tales seems "blindingly obvious". The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy, "because that, that is how tyranny is started, with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble." In an interview with MTV after the publication of the last book, she is quoted as saying, "To me [the religious parallels have] always been obvious, but I never wanted to talk too openly about it because I thought it might show people who just wanted the story where we were going."


text: In 2007, Rowling described her religious background in an interview with the Dutch newspaper "De Volkskrant":


text: I was officially raised in the Church of England, but I was actually more of a freak in my family. We didn't talk about religion in our home. My father didn't believe in anything, neither did my sister. My mother would incidentally visit the church, but mostly during Christmas. And I was immensely curious. From when I was 13, 14 I went to church alone. I found it very interesting what was being said there, and I believed in it. When I went to university, I became more critical. I got more annoyed with the smugness of religious people and I went to church less and less. Now I'm at the point where I started: yes, I believe. And yes, I go to the church. A protestant church here in Edinburgh. My husband is also raised protestant, but he comes from a very strict Scottish group. One where they couldn't sing and talk.


text: Rowling has occasionally experienced doubt about her religious faith. In a British documentary, "JK Rowling: A Year in the Life", when asked if she believed in God, she said, "Yes. I do struggle with it; I couldn't pretend that I'm not doubt-ridden about a lot of things and that would be one of them but I would say yes." When asked if she believed in an afterlife, she said, "Yes; I think I do." In a 2008 interview with the Spanish newspaper "El País", Rowling said, "I feel very drawn to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul."


text: Several Christian writers have compared Rowling to the Inklings, a group that included C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams, who explored Christian themes and morality in a fantasy context. Dave Kopel, citing John Granger's book, draws comparisons between Rowling's and Lewis's common usage of Christian symbols, such as lions, unicorns and stags. He compares the work to Lewis's Christian allegory: "In the climax of "Chamber of Secrets", Harry descends to a deep underworld, is confronted by two satanic minions (Voldemort and a giant serpent), is saved from certain death by his faith in Dumbledore (the bearded God the Father/Ancient of Days), rescues the virgin (Virginia Weasley), and ascends in triumph. It's "Pilgrim's Progress" for a new audience." (This quotation predates Rowling's revelation that Ginny Weasley's full name is Ginevra, not Virginia.)


text: Other Christian writers find Rowling's treatment of magic less acceptable than Lewis's and Tolkien's. In his essay "Harry Potter vs. Gandalf," Steven D. Greydanus notes that in the works of Tolkien and Lewis, magic is confined to alien realms with their own laws, whereas Rowling's world coexists with our own; he thinks this is wrong: "Lewis goes to great lengths to make clear just how dangerous and wrong, how incompatible with Christianity, is any form of attempted magic in our world." John Andrew Murray similarly observes that Rowling's work portrays magic as a natural force to be manipulated, while Lewis and Tolkien portray magic as a gift bestowed by a higher power: "Despite superficial similarities, Rowling's and Lewis' worlds are as far apart as east is from west. Rowling's work invites children to a world where witchcraft is 'neutral' and where authority is determined solely by one's cleverness. Lewis invites readers to a world where God's authority is not only recognised, but celebrated — a world that resounds with His goodness and care."


text: "I adored [Lewis' books] when I was a child," Rowling told "The Sydney Morning Herald" in 2001, "I got so caught up I didn't think C. S. Lewis was especially preachy. Reading them now I find that his subliminal message isn't very subliminal". In an interview with Lev Grossman in 2005, she said, "There comes a point [in Lewis' "The Last Battle"] where Susan, who was the older girl, is lost to Narnia because she becomes interested in lipstick. She's become irreligious basically because she found sex. I have a big problem with that."


text: "I did not set out to convert anyone to Christianity," she told "Time" in 2007; "I wasn't trying to do what C. S. Lewis did. It is perfectly possible to live a very moral life without a belief in God, and I think it's perfectly possible to live a life peppered with ill-doing and believe in God."


text: As regards Tolkien, Rowling said in 2000 that "I didn't read "The Hobbit" until after the first Harry book was written, though I read "Lord of the Rings" when I was nineteen. I think, setting aside the obvious fact that we both use myth and legend, that the similarities are fairly superficial. Tolkien created a whole new mythology, which I would never claim to have done. On the other hand, I think I have better jokes."


text: A number of commentators have drawn attention to the Biblical themes and references in her final "Harry Potter" novel, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows". In an August 2007 issue of "Newsweek", Lisa Miller commented that Harry dies and then comes back to life to save mankind, like Christ. She points out the title of the chapter in which this occurs—"King's Cross"—a possible allusion to Christ's cross. Also, she outlines the scene in which Harry is temporarily dead, pointing out that it places Harry in a very heaven-like setting where he talks to a father figure "whose supernatural powers are accompanied by a profound message of love". Miller argues that these parallels make it difficult to believe that the basis of the stories is Satanic. There is also speculation from The Leaky Cauldron's podcast, "PotterCast", episode 115 entitled "Those Deathly Hallows," in the Canon Conclusion segment with Steve Vander Ark, that the Hallows act as a parallel to the Holy Trinity; Harry accepts death as did Jesus, they both come back from death, and defeat the Devil/Voldemort. Jeffrey Weiss adds, in "The Dallas Morning News", that the biblical quotation "The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death," featured on the tombstones of Harry's parents, refers to Christ's victory over death at the end of the world. The quotation on Dumbledore's family tomb, "Where your treasure is, there your heart will be also", is from , and refers to knowing which things in life are of true value. "They're very British books," Rowling revealed to an Open Book conference in October 2007, "So on a very practical note Harry was going to find biblical quotations on tombstones, [but] I think those two particular quotations he finds on the tombstones at Godric's Hollow, ... almost epitomise the whole series." Tom Willow stated that "Harry Potter going knowingly to his death at the hands of Voldemort, willing to sacrifice himself to save his friends, is reminiscent of Aslan similarly sacrificing himself in C. S. Lewis' "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". There is no doubt that Aslan's sacrifice was modeled by Lewis on Jesus Christ going to Golgotha. It is logical to assume that, directly or indirectly, that was also the model for Harry Potter's sacrifice."


text: "Deathly Hallows" begins with a pair of epigraphs, one by Quaker leader William Penn and one from Aeschylus' "The Libation Bearers". "I really enjoyed choosing those two quotations because one is pagan, of course, and one is from a Christian tradition", Rowling said. "I'd known it was going to be those two passages since 'Chamber' was published. I always knew [that] if I could use them at the beginning of book seven then I'd cued up the ending perfectly. If they were relevant, then I went where I needed to go. They just say it all to me, they really do."


text: Raymond Keating also outlines several Christian themes of the last book in an article in "Newsday", concluding that "It's possible to read "Lord of the Rings" and "Narnia" without recognizing the religious aspects. That's even more so the case with "Harry Potter". But Christian themes are there nonetheless". Christian commentator Jerry Bowyer says of Rowling's "fundamentalist bashers", "So much of the religious right failed to see the Christianity in the "Potter" novels because it knows so little Christianity itself [...] The gospel stories themselves, the various metaphors and figures of the Law and the Prophets, and their echoes down through the past two millennia of Christian literature and art are largely unknown to vast swaths of American Christendom." As regards Rowling's belief that discussing her faith would spoil the books, Bowyer says, "For once, I disagree with her: I don't think [the bashers] would have guessed the ending. Most of them can't recognise the ending of the story even after it's been told."


text: In her appraisal of the series, "The Mystery of Harry Potter: A Catholic Family Guide", author Nancy Carpentier Brown writes:


text: After burying the remains of Mad-Eye Moody, Harry "marked the spot by gouging a small cross in the bark with his wand." Now, if they were true Wiccans, wouldn't he have gouged a pentagram? When Harry finally has the chance to face Voldemort (Tom Riddle) and possibly kill him, Harry pauses and offers Voldemort a chance, saying, "Show some remorse." ... Giving a person a chance to redeem themselves, to begin to realise your own sins, by showing remorse, shows a Christian theme to the story.


text: On 19 October 2007, Rowling spoke at New York City's Carnegie Hall. When asked by a fan whether Albus Dumbledore, the books' wise mentor-figure, "who believed in the prevailing power of love, ever [fell] in love himself", Rowling replied:


text: My truthful answer to you ... I always thought of Dumbledore as gay ... Dumbledore fell in love with Gellert Grindelwald, and that added to his horror when Grindelwald showed himself to be what he was ... falling in love can blind us to an extent ... he was very drawn to this brilliant person, and horribly, terribly let down by him.


text: The statement was met with an ovation from the audience. "If I'd known it would make you so happy, I would have announced it years ago!" Rowling said.


text: Christians critical of both "Harry Potter" and homosexuality responded pointedly to the revelation. Christian author Berit Kjos, for instance, said that Rowling's statement furthered his opposition to the books, as Rowling "has introduced values that are contrary to the Biblical message". Laura Mallory responded to Rowling's statement by telling U.S. network ABC that the books are "a subtle indoctrination into anti-Christian values ... A homosexual lifestyle is a harmful one."


text: Rowling commented on the dispute in an interview with the BBC. "Do I think a gay person can be a moral compass? I think it's ludicrous that we are asking that question in the 21st century. The Christian fundamentalists were never my base."


title: Ravenloft

text: Ravenloft is a campaign setting for the "Dungeons & Dragons" roleplaying game. It is an alternate time-space existence known as a "pocket dimension" or demiplane, called the Demiplane of Dread, which consists of a collection of land pieces called "domains", brought together by a mysterious force known only as the Dark Powers. Each domain is tailored to and mystically ruled by a being called a Darklord who is forever trapped and surrounded by magical mists surrounding the domain. Strahd von Zarovich, a vampire in the original "AD&D" "Ravenloft" I6 module 1983, became the first Darklord, both ruler and prisoner of his own personal domain of Barovia. How Count von Zarovich became the darklord of Barovia was detailed in the novel "". As originally established in the "" boxed set known as "the Black Box" released in 1990, the Ravenloft campaign setting was located in the Ethereal Plane. As a physical manifestation of that plane, lands, monsters and even people were created out of the mysterious mists, and the realm acted as a prison where one could enter or be transported, but means of escape were few. Other Ravenloft Domains and Darklords were eventually added in various AD&D 2nd edition (and then later in 3rd edition) products establishing a core continent attached around Barovia which could be traveled to by others if their respective lords allowed entering or leaving their borders; while some Domains remained isolated in the mists and were referred to as Islands.


title: Ravenloft

text: In 1978, Tracy and Laura Hickman wrote adventures that would eventually be published as the "Dungeon & Dragons" modules "Pharaoh" and "Ravenloft". Strahd von Zarovich was created by the Hickmans "after Tracy returned home from a disappointing session of "D&D". Back in First Edition, the game was less of a storytelling game. [...] It didn't make sense to [Tracy] why a creature like a vampire was just sitting around in a random dungeon with oozes, goblins, and zombies. So he and his wife set out to create a vampire villain with fleshed-out motivations and history". When the Hickmans began work on "Ravenloft", they felt the vampire archetype had become overused, trite, and mundane, and decided to create a frightening version of the creature for the module. They play-tested it with a group of players every Halloween for five years on their own game system with the adventure titled "Vampyr". However, the Hickmans kept being asked about their "Ravenloft game", and so the Ravenloft name stuck. The duo eventually caught the attention of "D&D"'s original publishers. They were hired to adapt it into the First Edition of "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" and it was released as "Module I6: Ravenloft"" in 1983 by TSR.


title: Ravenloft

text: The first appearance of the setting was in "Ravenloft", a stand-alone "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" adventure module, published in 1983. In 1984, it won the Strategists' Club Award for Outstanding Play Aid. It was popular enough to spawn a 1986 sequel, "", and an Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks novel, "Master of Ravenloft", the same year.


title: Ravenloft

text: Ravenloft was launched as a full-fledged campaign setting, for "AD&D" 2nd Edition, in 1990, with the "" boxed set, popularly known as the "Black Box", and winner of the Origins Award in 1991 for "Best Graphic Presentation of a Roleplaying Game, Adventure, or Supplement of 1990".


title: Ravenloft

text: The campaign setting was revised twice during "AD&D" 2nd Edition: first as the "Ravenloft Campaign Setting" or "Red Box", then as the "Domains of Dread" hardback.


title: Ravenloft

text: In 1994, Ravenloft spun off into a sub-setting called "Masque of the Red Death", set on Gothic Earth, an Edgar Allan Poe-influenced alternative Earth of the 1890s, where fantasy creatures and magic exist in the shadows of civilization.


title: Ravenloft

text: TSR also published a series of novels set in Ravenloft. Each was typically focused on one of the darklords that inhabited the Ravenloft world, with several focusing on the figure of Count Strahd von Zarovich. Many of these early novels were by authors who would later receive wider fame as horror/dark fantasy authors. These authors have included Elaine Bergstrom, P. N. Elrod, Christie Golden, and Laurell K. Hamilton.


title: Ravenloft

text: A major revision of the "Dungeons & Dragons" was released in 2000, the first edition published by Wizards of the Coast (which had acquired TSR in 1997). In 2000, Wizards of the Coast licensed the Ravenloft brand to White Wolf Publishing. Under its Sword & Sorcery Studios (and later Arthaus imprints), White Wolf Publishing released the 3rd Edition d20 System "Ravenloft Campaign Setting" (2001) and the 3.5 Edition "Ravenloft Player's Handbook" (2003).