title: Thermodynamic system

text: The system is the part of the universe being studied, while the "surroundings" is the remainder of the universe that lies outside the boundaries of the system. It is also known as the "environment" or the "reservoir". Depending on the type of system, it may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy (including heat and work), momentum, electric charge, or other conserved properties. The environment is ignored in the analysis of the system, except in regards to these interactions.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: In a closed system, no mass may be transferred in or out of the system boundaries. The system always contains the same amount of matter, but (sensible) heat and (boundary) work can be exchanged across the boundary of the system. Whether a system can exchange heat, work, or both is dependent on the property of its boundary.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: One example is fluid being compressed by a piston in a cylinder. Another example of a closed system is a bomb calorimeter, a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. Electrical energy travels across the boundary to produce a spark between the electrodes and initiates combustion. Heat transfer occurs across the boundary after combustion but no mass transfer takes place either way.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: where formula_2denotes the internal energy of the system, formula_3 heat added to the system, formula_4 the work done by the system. For infinitesimal changes the first law for closed systems may stated:


title: Thermodynamic system

text: where formula_10 denotes the thermodynamic temperature and formula_11 the entropy of the system. With these relations the fundamental thermodynamic relation, used to compute changes in internal energy, is expressed as:


title: Thermodynamic system

text: For a simple system, with only one type of particle (atom or molecule), a closed system amounts to a constant number of particles. For systems undergoing a chemical reaction, there may be all sorts of molecules being generated and destroyed by the reaction process. In this case, the fact that the system is closed is expressed by stating that the total number of each elemental atom is conserved, no matter what kind of molecule it may be a part of. Mathematically:


title: Thermodynamic system

text: where formula_14 denotes the number of formula_15-type molecules, formula_16 the number of atoms of element formula_17 in molecule formula_15, and formula_19 the total number of atoms of element formula_17 in the system, which remains constant, since the system is closed. There is one such equation for each element in the system.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: An isolated system is more restrictive than a closed system as it does not interact with its surroundings in any way. Mass and energy remains constant within the system, and no energy or mass transfer takes place across the boundary. As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences in the system tend to even out and pressures and temperatures tend to equalize, as do density differences. A system in which all equalizing processes have gone practically to completion is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: Truly isolated physical systems do not exist in reality (except perhaps for the universe as a whole), because, for example, there is always gravity between a system with mass and masses elsewhere. However, real systems may behave nearly as an isolated system for finite (possibly very long) times. The concept of an isolated system can serve as a useful model approximating many real-world situations. It is an acceptable idealization used in constructing mathematical models of certain natural phenomena.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: In the attempt to justify the postulate of entropy increase in the second law of thermodynamics, Boltzmann's H-theorem used equations, which assumed that a system (for example, a gas) was isolated. That is all the mechanical degrees of freedom could be specified, treating the walls simply as mirror boundary conditions. This inevitably led to Loschmidt's paradox. However, if the stochastic behavior of the molecules in actual walls is considered, along with the randomizing effect of the ambient, background thermal radiation, Boltzmann's assumption of molecular chaos can be justified.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: The second law of thermodynamics for isolated systems states that the entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium tends to increase over time, approaching maximum value at equilibrium. Overall, in an isolated system, the internal energy is constant and the entropy can never decrease. A "closed" system's entropy can decrease e.g. when heat is extracted from the system.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: It is important to note that isolated systems are not equivalent to closed systems. Closed systems cannot exchange matter with the surroundings, but can exchange energy. Isolated systems can exchange neither matter nor energy with their surroundings, and as such are only theoretical and do not exist in reality (except, possibly, the entire universe).


title: Thermodynamic system

text: It is worth noting that 'closed system' is often used in thermodynamics discussions when 'isolated system' would be correct – i.e. there is an assumption that energy does not enter or leave the system.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: For a thermodynamic process, the precise physical properties of the walls and surroundings of the system are important, because they determine the possible processes.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: An open system has one or several walls that allow transfer of matter. To account for the internal energy of the open system, this requires energy transfer terms in addition to those for heat and work. It also leads to the idea of the chemical potential.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: A wall selectively permeable only to a pure substance can put the system in diffusive contact with a reservoir of that pure substance in the surroundings. Then a process is possible in which that pure substance is transferred between system and surroundings. Also, across that wall a contact equilibrium with respect to that substance is possible. By suitable thermodynamic operations, the pure substance reservoir can be dealt with as a closed system. Its internal energy and its entropy can be determined as functions of its temperature, pressure, and mole number.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: A thermodynamic operation can render impermeable to matter all system walls other than the contact equilibrium wall for that substance. This allows the definition of an intensive state variable, with respect to a reference state of the surroundings, for that substance. The intensive variable is called the chemical potential; for component substance it is usually denoted . The corresponding extensive variable can be the number of moles of the component substance in the system.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: For a contact equilibrium across a wall permeable to a substance, the chemical potentials of the substance must be same on either side of the wall. This is part of the nature of thermodynamic equilibrium, and may be regarded as related to the zeroth law of thermodynamics.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: In an open system, there is an exchange of energy and matter between the system and the surroundings. The presence of reactants in an open beaker is an example of an open system. Here the boundary is an imaginary surface enclosing the beaker and reactants. It is named "closed", if borders are impenetrable for substance, but allow transit of energy in the form of heat, and "isolated", if there is no exchange of heat and substances. The open system cannot exist in the equilibrium state. To describe deviation of the thermodynamic system from equilibrium, in addition to constitutive variables that was described above, a set of internal variables formula_21 that are called "internal variables" have been introduced. The equilibrium state is considered to be stable and the main property of the internal variables, as measures of non-equilibrium of the system, is their trending to disappear; the local law of disappearing can be written as relaxation equation for each internal variable


title: Thermodynamic system

text: where formula_22 is a relaxation time of a corresponding variables. It is convenient to consider the initial value formula_23 are equal to zero.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: The specific contribution to the thermodynamics of open non-equilibrium systems was made by Ilya Prigogine, who investigated a system of chemically reacting substances. In this case the internal variables appear to be measures of incompleteness of chemical reactions, that is measures of how much the considered system with chemical reactions is out of equilibrium. The theory can be generalized, to consider any deviations from the equilibrium state, such as structure of the system, gradients of temperature, difference of concentrations of substances and so on, to say nothing of degrees of completeness of all chemical reactions, to be internal variables.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: The increments of Gibbs free energy formula_24 and entropy formula_25 at formula_26 and formula_27 are determined as


title: Thermodynamic system

text: The stationary states of the system exists due to exchange of both thermal energy formula_28 and a stream of particles. The sum of the last terms in the equations presents the total energy coming into the system with the stream of particles of substances formula_29 that can be positive or negative; the quantity formula_30 is chemical potential of substance formula_31. The middle terms in equations (2) and (3) depicts energy dissipation (entropy production) due to the relaxation of internal variables formula_32, while formula_33 are thermodynamic forces.


title: Thermodynamic system

text: This approach to the open system allow describing the growth and development of living objects in thermodynamic terms.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Ernest Goes to Camp is a 1987 American comedy film directed by John Cherry and starring Jim Varney. It is the second film to feature the character of Ernest P. Worrell and was shot at Montgomery Bell State Park. It was also the first "Ernest" film to be distributed by Touchstone Pictures. This film also marks Iron Eyes Cody's final appearance on screen.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Long ago, a young Plains warrior is tested for initiation by being the target of three different weapons.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Centuries later, Ernest P. Worrell works as a maintenance man at Kamp Kikakee but hopes to become a counselor. He quickly becomes a valuable addition to the staff, as he is skilled at Plains Indian Sign Language, used by Kikakee's owner, Chief St. Cloud.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: A small group of juvenile delinquents, the Second Chancers, come to Kikakee. Head Counselor Tipton assigns Kikakee's most experienced counselor, Ross Stennis, to be the boys' counselor. Stennis is unhappy with this assignment, and he treats the boys harshly. He ultimately goes too far by intentionally causing "Moose" Jones, the smallest boy in the group, to nearly drown in the lake while swimming. After Moose is rescued by Ernest, the boys retaliate against Stennis's cruelty by toppling his lifeguard perch into the lake, breaking Stennis' leg in the process. Since Stennis is no longer able to perform his duties as a counselor, and because Kikakee is already shorthanded, Tipton offers Stennis' position to Ernest. The trouble does not stop, as Pennington and his friends, other campers who harass Ernest, also target the new arrivals.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: The Second Chancers initially give Ernest trouble, but they start to show some respect during a campfire session when Nurse St. Cloud, the Chief's granddaughter, translates her grandfather's description of the warrior initiation ritual for his tribe. The initiate must hold still while a knife, a stone hatchet, and an arrow are thrown or shot at him. The courage of the young warrior apparently alters the course of each weapon to prevent it from striking him. The Second Chancers later build a tepee only to see it get burned. They fight Pennington and his friends, because they were responsible for the fire. Tipton is poised to expel the Second Chancers, but Ernest convinces him otherwise.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Meanwhile, a mining corporation run by Sherman Krader wants to mine the petrocite at Kikakee, but Chief St. Cloud refuses to sell. Upon realizing that the Chief does not even understand English, Krader manipulates Ernest into obtaining the Chief's signature under false pretenses. Ernest, thinking that he is helping the Chief sign an anti-pollution petition, instead unknowingly convinces the Chief to sign the land away. Tipton sadly announces that the camp must close. Nurse St. Cloud confronts Ernest, who stammers that he will fix the situation.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Ernest and the Second Chancers storm onto the construction site and demand to see the boss. Krader is not present, but the foreman, Bronk is. Ernest tries to fight him, but Bronk brutally beats him up. The Second Chancers give up on Ernest and storm away. Later, Nurse St. Cloud overhears the kids demeaning Ernest's effort, so she reveals to them that Ernest is the only person who has defended them. They resolve to find him and apologize. They then form a plan to stop Krader and his construction crew.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Krader is prepared to demolish Kikakee, and while the regular staff and campers are sent home, Ernest and the Second Chancers openly attack the construction site to stall for time. They are joined by Chief St. Cloud, chefs Jake and Eddie, along with Pennington and Brooks, putting aside their rivalry. The group improvises some explosive weapons. Chief St. Cloud arrives to bless the fighters, although Nurse St. Cloud begs them not to go through with it. The assault quickly cripples the construction site's equipment. However, Bronk escapes in a bulldozer and destroys several camp buildings. The group stops him with Ernest's motorized maintenance cart filled with explosives, Ernest then knocks out Bronk.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Krader arrives on the scene with his lawyer, and then targets Ernest with his hunting rifle. Echoing Kikakee's ancient testimonial pow wow, Ernest faces down Krader and apparently passes the test as Krader takes three shots at him, missing every time. Ernest then plugs Krader's rifle with his finger and laughs in his face, signaling Krader's defeat. As Krader retreats, Nurse St. Cloud returns with a restraining order against the demolition.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Kamp Kikakee is once again operational, with all the campers and a full staff on site, plus, the last chance kids get to stay at camp. Nurse St. Cloud thanks Ernest for all he has done and reveals that Krader was ultimately arrested for fraud. Ernest is now a full-fledged counselor and also continues to perform his regular duties. As Ernest tries to rebuild the Kamp Kikakee sign, he ultimately falls and then the sign falls on him.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: The film received polarizing response; on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a "Fresh" rating of 62% based on 13 critics, with an average rating of 5.4/10, while on Metacritic, the film received a score of 24 based on 5 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Ernest Goes to Camp

text: Originally released on VHS in 1987, with a re-issue in 1991 and a pan-and-scan Laserdisc release in 1992; this film's first DVD release was on September 3, 2002, from Touchstone Home Entertainment. Mill Creek Entertainment re-released it on January 18, 2011, as part of the two-disc set Ernest Triple Feature along with "Ernest Goes to Jail" and "Ernest Scared Stupid". They also released the film for the first time on Blu-ray on March 29, 2011, in a single disc Double Feature set along with "Ernest Goes to Jail", and later on its own Blu-ray on June 13, 2011. A second Blu-ray double feature with "Camp Nowhere" was released on March 26, 2013.


title: Andy Fraser

text: Andrew McIan Fraser (3 July 1952 – 16 March 2015) was a British musician and songwriter, best known as the bassist and co-composer for the rock band Free, which he helped found in 1968 when he was 15. He also founded the rock band Sharks after Free disbanded 1972.


title: Andy Fraser

text: Fraser was born in the Paddington area of Central London to a Barbadian/Guyanese father of mixed European and African ancestry, and an English mother. His parents later divorced and, along with his three siblings, he was raised by his mother.


title: Andy Fraser

text: He began playing the piano at the age of five. He was trained classically until twelve, when he switched to guitar. By thirteen he was playing in East End, West Indian clubs and after being expelled from St Clement Danes Grammar school in 1968 at the age of 15, enrolled at Hammersmith College of Further Education. There, another student, Sappho Korner, introduced him to her father, pioneering blues musician and radio broadcaster Alexis Korner, who became a father figure to him. Shortly thereafter, upon receiving a telephone call from John Mayall who was looking for a bass player, Korner suggested Fraser; still only 15, he was now in a professional band and earning £50 a week, although it ultimately turned out to be a brief tenure.


title: Andy Fraser

text: Korner was also instrumental in Fraser's next move, to the influential band Free, which consisted of Paul Rodgers (vocals), Paul Kossoff (guitar) and Simon Kirke (drums). Fraser produced and co-wrote the song "All Right Now" with Rodgers, a No. 1 hit in over 20 territories and recognised by ASCAP in 1990 for garnering over 1,000,000 radio plays in the United States by late 1989. In October 2006, a BMI London Million-Air Award was given to Rodgers and Fraser to mark over 3 million radio and television plays of "All Right Now". Simon Kirke later recalled: "'All Right Now' was created after a bad gig in Durham. We finished our show and walked off the stage to the sound of our own footsteps. The applause had died before I had even left the drum riser. It was obvious that we needed a rocker to close our shows. All of a sudden the inspiration struck Fraser and he started bopping around singing 'All Right Now'. He sat down and wrote it right there in the dressing room. It couldn't have taken more than ten minutes."


title: Andy Fraser

text: Fraser also co-wrote two other hit singles for Free, "My Brother Jake" and "The Stealer". Free initially split in 1971, and Fraser formed a trio, Toby, with guitarist Adrian Fisher, and drummer Stan Speake. Material was recorded but not released, and Fraser re-joined Free in December 1971. He left for the second time in June 1972.


title: Andy Fraser

text: After leaving Free, Fraser formed Sharks with vocalist Snips (later Baker Gurvitz Army), guitarist Chris Spedding and drummer Marty Simon. Despite being well received by the critics, especially for Spedding's tasteful guitar work (Crawdaddy Lead Review, Bruce Malamut Vol. 27, 1973), Fraser left after their debut album, "First Water" (1973).


title: Andy Fraser

text: He then formed the Andy Fraser Band, a trio with Kim Turner on drums and Nick Judd on keyboards. They released two albums, "Andy Fraser Band" and "In Your Eyes", both in 1975, before that also folded. Attempts to form a band with Frankie Miller came to nothing, and Fraser relocated to California to concentrate on songwriting. He wrote hits for Robert Palmer, Joe Cocker, Chaka Khan, Rod Stewart and Paul Young.


title: Andy Fraser

text: He married Henrietta ("Ri") from Australia in 1974. In that year their first daughter Hannah was born in England, and after moving to California they had a second child, Jasmine in 1977


title: Andy Fraser

text: Fraser's most famous compositions remain "All Right Now" and "Every Kinda People", which Robert Palmer recorded in 1978 for his "Double Fun" album.


title: Andy Fraser

text: In 1984, Fraser released another album of his own. "Fine, Fine Line" featured ex-Back Street Crawler drummer Tony Braunagel, Bob Marlette (keyboards), Michael Thompson (guitar) and David Faragher (bass), with Fraser contributing vocals. One of the songs on the album, "Do You Love Me" — a cover of the Berry Gordy Jr.-penned song — spent five weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 82 in March 1984.


title: Andy Fraser

text: Having been diagnosed with HIV, he was later diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma, a form of cancer that had been very rare until the onset of the AIDS epidemic. This time-line was called into question by Fraser's subsequent revelation that he was gay.


title: Andy Fraser

text: He played bass with former Free colleague Paul Rodgers at Woodstock '94, but otherwise kept a low profile until 2005, when a new release, "Naked and Finally Free", appeared. At the time of the new album's release, Fraser was interviewed by Dmitry M. Epstein for the DME website and revealed: "To be quite honest, I never thought of myself as a bass-player. I actually only used the bass-guitar because the other kids in our school-band wanted to be the singer, or drummer, or guitarist. I have always thought of myself as doing whatever was necessary to make the whole thing work. I'm happy adding piano, or tambourine, or anything that helped".


title: Andy Fraser

text: In early 2006, writing for "Vintage Guitar" magazine, Tom Guerra conducted a comprehensive interview with Fraser, covering his career, influences and instruments and, in April, Fraser responded to the revival of interest in his music by announcing two rare live shows at Southern California's Temecula Community Arts Theatre on 4 May. The shows, accompanied by an eight-piece band, were his first live performances since the 1994 Woodstock reunion.


title: Andy Fraser

text: In 2008, he wrote and sang the song "Obama (Yes We Can)", to support the campaign to elect Barack Obama as president of the United States.


title: Andy Fraser

text: In May 2010, Fraser was interviewed for BBC Two's documentary series titled "Rock 'n' Roll". The project includes a five-part documentary, narrated by British music show anchor-man Mark Radcliffe plus online and radio content. "The documentary aims to explain the success of some of the greatest bands of the past 50 years, including the Who, the Police, the Doors, Bon Jovi and the Foo Fighters".


title: Andy Fraser

text: In mid-2013, Fraser played a supporting role as bassist in the band of protege Tobi Earnshaw for a short series of UK dates. Accompanying Tobi Earnshaw and Fraser was a veteran ally, guitarist Chris Spedding. Fraser produced and mentored Earnshaw on a number of album releases.


title: Andy Fraser

text: Fraser died on 16 March 2015 at his home in California of a heart attack caused by atherosclerosis. He is survived by his daughters Hannah and Jasmine, and ex-wife Henrietta.


title: London Assembly

text: The London Assembly is a 25-member elected body, part of the Greater London Authority, that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of London and has the power, with a two-thirds super-majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget and to reject the Mayor's draft statutory strategies. The London Assembly was established in 2000. It is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners (most notably transport or environmental matters), publish its findings and recommendations, as well as make proposals to the Mayor.


title: London Assembly

text: The Assembly comprises 25 Assembly Members elected using the additional member system of proportional representation, with 13 seats needed for a majority. Elections take place every four years, at the same time as for the Mayor. There are 14 geographical super-constituencies each electing one Member, with a further 11 members elected from a party list to make the total Assembly Members from each party proportional to the votes cast for that party across the whole of London using a modified D'Hondt allocation. A party must win at least 5% of the party list vote in order to win any seats. Members of the London Assembly have the post-nominal title 'AM'. The annual salary for a London Assembly Member is approximately £59,000.


title: London Assembly

text: Since its creation in 2000, fifteen Assembly Members have subsequently been elected to the House of Commons: David Lammy, Meg Hillier, Diana Johnson and Florence Eshalomi for Labour; Andrew Pelling, Bob Neill, Angie Bray, Bob Blackman, Eric Ollerenshaw, Victoria Borwick, James Cleverly, Kit Malthouse, Kemi Badenoch and Gareth Bacon for the Conservatives; and Lynne Featherstone for the Liberal Democrats. One Assembly Member, Jenny Jones, was appointed to the House of Lords as the first life peer for the Green Party, and simultaneously sat in the Assembly until May 2016. Sally Hamwee, Graham Tope and Toby Harris were life peers elected to the Assembly, while Lynne Featherstone and Dee Doocey were appointed peers after leaving the Assembly. In addition, Val Shawcross, Assembly Member for Lambeth and Southwark was selected, but unsuccessful, as the Labour parliamentary candidate for the constituency of Bermondsey and Old Southwark at the 2010 general election, as was Navin Shah who stood for Labour in Harrow East in 2017. Andrew Dismore, Graham Tope, and the late Richard Tracey are all former MPs who were later elected to the Assembly. One Assembly Member – John Biggs, former AM for City and East – became the directly elected Mayor of Tower Hamlets in 2015 until 2022.


title: London Assembly

text: London Assembly elections have been held under the additional member system, with a set number of constituencies elected on a first-past-the-post system and a set number London-wide on a closed party list system. Terms are for four years, so despite the delayed 2020 election, which was held in 2021, the following election will be in 2024.


title: London Assembly

text: In December 2016, an Electoral Reform Bill was introduced which would have changed the election system to first-past-the-post. At the 2017 general election, the Conservative Party manifesto proposed changing how the Assembly is elected to first-past-the-post.


title: London Assembly

text: However, since the general election of 2017, which resulted in a hung Parliament with the Conservatives and the Democratic Unionist Party in a confidence and supply arrangement, no action has been taken with regard to the electoral arrangements of the London Assembly, and the 2020 election, delayed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, was held on the current electoral system of AMS (constituencies and regional list)


title: London Assembly

text: On 12 December 2018, following Peter Whittle's departure from UKIP, he and David Kurten disbanded the UKIP grouping and formed the Brexit Alliance group.


title: London Assembly

text: In March 2019, following the departure of Tom Copley and Fiona Twycross to take up full-time Deputy Mayor roles, Murad Qureshi and Alison Moore replaced them as Labour Assembly Members. The end of the term in office for AMs was extended from May 2020 to May 2021, as no elections were being held during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: London Assembly

text: The Police and Crime Committee was set up under the terms of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 in order to scrutinise the work of Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime, which replaced the Metropolitan Police Authority.


title: Tagus

text: The Tagus ( ; ; ; ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. The river rises in the Montes Universales near Teruel, in mid-eastern Spain, flows , generally west with two main south-westward sections, to empty into the Atlantic Ocean in Lisbon. Its drainage basin covers – exceeded in the peninsula only by the Douro. The river is highly used. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to key population centres of central Spain and Portugal; dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol, Portugal it has a wide alluvial valley, prone to flooding. Its mouth is a large estuary culminating at the major port, and Portuguese capital, Lisbon.


title: Tagus

text: The source is specifically: in political geography, at the Fuente de García in the Frías de Albarracín municipality; in physical geography, within the notably high range, the Sistema Ibérico (Iberian System), of the Sierra de Albarracín Comarca. All the major tributaries are right bank, which is locally to the north. The river flows in Spain, along the two countries' border and in Portugal.


title: Tagus

text: The main cities the rivers passes through consecutively are Aranjuez, Toledo and Talavera de la Reina in Spain, and Abrantes, Santarém, Almada and Lisbon in Portugal. The Spanish capital, Madrid, lies in the upper drainage basin.


title: Tagus

text: The first notable city on the Tagus is Sacedón. Below Aranjuez it receives the combined flow of the Jarama, Henares, Algodor and Tajuña. Below Toledo it receives the Guadarrama River. Above Talavera de la Reina it receives the Alberche. At Valdeverdeja is the upper end of the long upper reservoir, the "Embalse de Valdecañas", beyond which are the "Embalse de Torrejon", into which flow the Tiétar, and the lower reservoir, the Alcántara Dam into which flows the Alagón at the lower end.


title: Tagus

text: After forming the border it enters Portugal, passing Vila Velha de Ródão, Abrantes, Constância, Entroncamento, Santarém and Vila Franca de Xira at the head of the long narrow estuary, which has Lisbon at its mouth. The estuary is protected by the Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve. Two bridges span the river at Lisbon: the Vasco da Gama Bridge – the second longest bridge in Europe, with a total length of – and the 25 de Abril Bridge. The Port of Lisbon, straddling its mouth, is one of Europe's busiest.


title: Tagus

text: The Portuguese Alentejo region and the former Ribatejo Province take their names from the river: Alentejo, from "além Tejo" ("beyond the Tejo") and Ribatejo probably from "arriba Tejo" (an archaic phrase for "upper Tejo"). However, the Spanish word means "riverside", or "riviera", implying that Ribatejo can also mean very generically "the side of Tejo". Many instances of towns in Spain have this prefix.


title: Tagus

text: The river's Latin name is "Tagus". While the etymology is unclear, the most probable etymological origin for the hydronym "Tagus" is Indo-European *(s)tag- ('to drip'). It is known under different names in the languages of Iberia: , , , , , . It is known in Italian as and Greek as ("Tágos").


title: Tagus

text: The lower Tagus is on a fault line. Slippage along it has caused numerous earthquakes, the major ones being those of 1309, 1531 and 1755.


title: Tagus

text: The Pepper Wreck, properly the wreck of the "Nossa Senhora dos Mártires", is a shipwreck located and excavated at the mouth of the Tagus between 1996 and 2001.


title: Tagus

text: The river had strategic value to the Spanish and Portuguese empires, as it guarded the approach to Lisbon.


title: Tagus

text: A major river, the Tagus is brought to mind in the songs and stories of the Portuguese. A popular fado song in Lisbon notes that, while people get older, the Tagus remains young (“My hair getting white, the Tagus is always young”). The author, Fernando Pessoa, wrote a poem that begins:


title: Tagus

text: The Tagus is more beautiful than the river that flows through my village. But the Tagus is not more beautiful than the river that flows through my village...


title: Tagus

text: Richard Crashaw (died 1649) wrote a poem "Saint Mary Magdalene, or the Weeper". This refers to the "Golden" Tagus as wanting Mary Magdalene's silver tears. In classical poetry, the Tagus was famous for its gold-bearing sands (the catalogued works of: Catullus 29.19; Ovid's "Amores" 1.15.34; Juvenal's "Satires" 3.55; and others).


title: Gossip

text: Gossip is idle talk or rumour, especially about the personal or private affairs of others; the act is also known as dishing or tattling.


title: Gossip

text: Gossip is a topic of research in evolutionary psychology, which has found gossip to be an important means for people to monitor cooperative reputations and so maintain widespread indirect reciprocity. Indirect reciprocity is a social interaction in which one actor helps another and is then benefited by a third party. Gossip has also been identified by Robin Dunbar, an evolutionary biologist, as aiding social bonding in large groups.


title: Gossip

text: The word is from Old English "godsibb", from "god" and "sibb", the term for the godparents of one's child or the parents of one's godchild, generally very close friends. In the 16th century, the word assumed the meaning of a person, mostly a woman, one who delights in idle talk, a newsmonger, a tattler. In the early 19th century, the term was extended from the talker to the conversation of such persons. The verb "to gossip", meaning "to be a gossip", first appears in Shakespeare.


title: Gossip

text: The term originates from the bedroom at the time of childbirth. Giving birth used to be a social event exclusively attended by women. The pregnant woman's female relatives and neighbours would congregate and idly converse. Over time, gossip came to mean talk of others.


title: Gossip

text: Mary Gormandy White, a human resource expert, gives the following "signs" for identifying workplace gossip:


title: Gossip

text: Peter Vajda identifies gossip as a form of workplace violence, noting that it is "essentially a form of attack." Gossip is thought by many to "empower one person while disempowering another" (Hafen). Accordingly, many companies have formal policies in their employee handbooks against gossip. Sometimes there is room for disagreement on exactly what constitutes unacceptable gossip, since workplace gossip may take the form of offhand remarks about someone's tendencies such as "He always takes a long lunch," or "Don’t worry, that’s just how she is."


title: Gossip

text: TLK Healthcare cites as examples of gossip, "tattletaling to the boss without intention of furthering a solution or speaking to co-workers about something someone else has done to upset us." Corporate email can be a particularly dangerous method of gossip delivery, as the medium is semi-permanent and messages are easily forwarded to unintended recipients; accordingly, a Mass High Tech article advised employers to instruct employees against using company email networks for gossip. Low self-esteem and a desire to "fit in" are frequently cited as motivations for workplace gossip.


title: Gossip

text: According to Kurkland and Pelled, workplace gossip can be very serious depending upon the amount of power that the gossiper has over the recipient, which will in turn affect how the gossip is interpreted. There are four types of power that are influenced by gossip:


title: Gossip

text: Turner and Weed theorize that among the three main types of responders to workplace conflict are attackers who cannot keep their feelings to themselves and express their feelings by attacking whatever they can. Attackers are further divided into up-front attackers and behind-the-back attackers. Turner and Weed note that the latter "are difficult to handle because the target person is not sure of the source of any criticism, nor even always sure that there is criticism."


title: Gossip

text: It is possible however, that there may be illegal, unethical, or disobedient behavior happening at the workplace and this may be a case where reporting the behavior may be viewed as gossip. It is then left up to the authority in charge to fully investigate the matter and not simply look past the report and assume it to be workplace gossip.


title: Gossip

text: Informal networks through which communication occurs in an organization are sometimes called the grapevine. In a study done by Harcourt, Richerson, and Wattier, it was found that middle managers in several different organizations believed that gathering information from the grapevine was a much better way of learning information than through formal communication with their subordinates (Harcourt, Richerson & Wattier).


title: Gossip

text: Some see gossip as trivial, hurtful and socially and/or intellectually unproductive. Some people view gossip as a lighthearted way of spreading information. A feminist definition of gossip presents it as "a way of talking between women, intimate in style, personal and domestic in scope and setting, a female cultural event which springs from and perpetuates the restrictions of the female role, but also gives the comfort of validation." (Jones, 1990:243)


title: Gossip

text: In Early Modern England the word "gossip" referred to companions in childbirth, not limited to the midwife. It also became a term for women-friends generally, with no necessary derogatory connotations. (OED n. definition 2. a. "A familiar acquaintance, friend, chum", supported by references from 1361 to 1873). It commonly referred to an informal local sorority or social group, who could enforce socially acceptable behaviour through private censure or through public rituals, such as "rough music", the cucking stool and the skimmington ride.


title: Gossip

text: In Thomas Harman’s "Caveat for Common Cursitors" 1566 a ‘walking mort’ relates how she was forced to agree to meet a man in his barn, but informed his wife. The wife arrived with her “five furious, sturdy, muffled gossips” who catch the errant husband with “his hosen [trousers] about his legs” and give him a sound beating. The story clearly functions as a morality tale in which the gossips uphold the social order.


title: Gossip

text: In Sir Herbert Maxwell Bart's The Chevalier of the Splendid Crest [1900] at the end of chapter three the king is noted as referring to his loyal knight "Sir Thomas de Roos" in kindly terms as "my old gossip". Whilst a historical novel of that time the reference implies a continued use of the term "Gossip" as childhood friend as late as 1900.


title: Gossip

text: Judaism considers gossip spoken without a constructive purpose (known in Hebrew as "evil tongue", "lashon hara") to be a sin. Speaking negatively about people, even if retelling true facts, counts as sinful, as it demeans the dignity of man — both the speaker and the subject of the gossip.


title: Gossip

text: According to "Proverbs" 18:8: "The words of a gossip are like choice morsels: they go down to a man's innermost parts."


title: Gossip

text: The Christian perspective on gossip is typically based on modern cultural assumptions of the phenomenon, especially the assumption that generally speaking, gossip is negative speech. However, due to the complexity of the phenomenon, biblical scholars have more precisely identified the form and function of gossip, even identifying a socially positive role for the social process as it is described in the New Testament. Of course, this does not mean that there are "not" numerous texts in the New Testament that see gossip as dangerous negative speech.


title: Gossip

text: Thus, for example, the Epistle to the Romans associates gossips ("backbiters") with a list of sins including sexual immorality and with murder:


title: Gossip

text: According to Matthew 18, Jesus also taught that conflict resolution among church members ought to begin with the aggrieved party attempting to resolve their dispute with the offending party alone. Only if this did not work would the process escalate to the next step, in which another church member would become involved. After that if the person at fault still would not "hear," the matter was to be fully investigated by the church elders, and if not resolved to be then exposed publicly.


title: Gossip

text: Based on texts like these portraying gossip negatively, many Christian authors generalize on the phenomenon. So, in order to gossip, writes Phil Fox Rose, we "must harden our heart towards the 'out' person. We draw a line between ourselves and them; define them as being outside the rules of Christian charity... We create a gap between ourselves and God's Love." As we harden our heart towards more people and groups, he continues, "this negativity and feeling of separateness will grow and permeate our world, and we'll find it more difficult to access God’s love in any aspect of our lives."


title: Gossip

text: The New Testament is also in favor of group accountability (Ephesians 5:11; 1st Tim 5:20; James 5:16; Gal 6:1-2; 1 Cor 12:26), which may be associated with gossip.


title: Gossip

text: Islam considers backbiting the equivalent of eating the flesh of one's dead brother. According to Muslims, backbiting harms its victims without offering them any chance of defense, just as dead people cannot defend against their flesh being eaten. Muslims are expected to treat others like brothers (regardless of their beliefs, skin color, gender, or ethnic origin), deriving from Islam's concept of brotherhood amongst its believers.


title: Gossip

text: The Bahá’í Faith aims to promote the unity of humankind and considers backbiting to be the "worst human quality and the most great sin..." Therefore, even murder would be considered less reprobate than backbiting. Bahá’u’lláh, the Prophet-Founder of the Bahá’í Faith stated that, "Backbiting quencheth the light of the heart, and extinguisheth the life of the soul." More than affecting one's physical condition, Bahá’ís understands that when someone gossips and finds faults in others it hampers the spiritual development of those involved while also creating disunity among individuals, communities, and society at large.


title: Gossip

text: From Robin Dunbar's evolutionary theories, gossip originated to help bond the groups that were constantly growing in size. To survive, individuals need alliances; but as these alliances grew larger, it was difficult if not impossible to physically connect with everyone. Conversation and language were able to bridge this gap. Gossip became a social interaction that helped the group gain information about other individuals without personally speaking to them.


title: Gossip

text: It enabled people to keep up with what was going on in their social network. It also creates a bond between the teller and the hearer, as they share information of mutual interest and spend time together. It also helps the hearer learn about another individual’s behavior and helps them have a more effective approach to their relationship. Dunbar (2004) found that 65% of conversations consist of social topics.


title: Gossip

text: Dunbar (1994) argues that gossip is the equivalent of social grooming often observed in other primate species. Anthropological investigations indicate that gossip is a cross-cultural phenomenon, providing evidence for evolutionary accounts of gossip.


title: Gossip

text: There is very little evidence to suggest meaningful sex differences in the proportion of conversational time spent gossiping, and when there is a difference, women are only very slightly more likely to gossip compared with men. Further support for the evolutionary significance of gossip comes from a recent study published in the peer-reviewed journal, Science Anderson and colleagues (2011) found that faces paired with negative social information dominate visual consciousness to a greater extent than positive and neutral social information during a binocular rivalry task.


title: Gossip

text: Binocular rivalry occurs when two different stimuli are presented to each eye simultaneously and the two percepts compete for dominance in visual consciousness. While this occurs, an individual will consciously perceive one of the percepts while the other is suppressed. After a time, the other percept will become dominant and an individual will become aware of the second percept. Finally, the two percepts will alternate back and forth in terms of visual awareness.


title: Gossip

text: The study by Anderson and colleagues (2011) indicates that higher order cognitive processes, like evaluative information processing, can influence early visual processing. That only negative social information differentially affected the dominance of the faces during the task alludes to the unique importance of knowing information about an individual that should be avoided. Since the positive social information did not produce greater perceptual dominance of the matched face indicates that negative information about an individual may be more salient to our behavior than positive.


title: Gossip

text: Gossip also gives information about social norms and guidelines for behavior. Gossip Lanka usually comments on how appropriate a behavior was, and the mere act of repeating it signifies its importance. In this sense, gossip is effective regardless of whether it is positive or negative Some theorists have proposed that gossip is actually a pro-social behavior intended to allow an individual to correct their socially prohibitive behavior without direct confrontation of the individual. By gossiping about an individual’s acts, other individuals can subtly indicate that said acts are inappropriate and allow the individual to correct their behavior (Schoeman 1994).


title: Gossip

text: Individuals who are perceived to engage in gossiping regularly are seen as having less social power and being less liked. The type of gossip being exchanged also affects likeability, whereby those who engage in negative gossip are less liked than those who engage in positive gossip. In a study done by Turner and colleagues (2003), having a prior relationship with a gossiper was not found to protect the gossiper from less favorable personality-ratings after gossip was exchanged. In the study, pairs of individuals were brought into a research lab to participate. Either the two individuals were friends prior to the study or they were strangers scheduled to participate at the same time. One of the individuals was a confederate of the study, and they engaged in gossiping about the research assistant after she left the room. The gossip exchanged was either positive or negative. Regardless of gossip type (positive versus negative) or relationship type (friend versus stranger) the gossipers were rated as less trustworthy after sharing the gossip.


title: Gossip

text: Walter Block has suggested that while gossip and blackmail both involve the disclosure of unflattering information, the blackmailer is arguably ethically superior to the gossip. Block writes: "In a sense, the gossip is much "worse" than the blackmailer, for the blackmailer has given the blackmailed a chance to silence him. The gossip exposes the secret without warning." The victim of a blackmailer is thus offered choices denied to the subject of gossip, such as deciding if the exposure of his or her secret is worth the cost the blackmailer demands. Moreover, in refusing a blackmailer's offer one is in no worse a position than with the gossip. Adds Block, "It is indeed difficult, then, to account for the vilification suffered by the blackmailer, at least compared to the gossip, who is usually dismissed with slight contempt and smugness."


title: Gossip

text: Contemporary critiques of gossip may concentrate on or become subsumed in the discussion of social media such as Facebook.


The 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League knockout phase began on 17 February with the knockout round play-offs and ended on 25 May 2022 with the final at the Arena Kombëtare in Tirana, Albania, to decide the champions of the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League. A total of 24 teams competed in the knockout phase.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League knockout phase

text: The knockout phase involved 24 teams: the 16 teams which qualified as winners and runners-up of each of the eight groups in the group stage, and the eight third-placed teams from the Europa League group stage.


text: Each tie in the knockout phase, apart from the final, was played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that scored more goals on aggregate over the two legs advanced to the next round. If the aggregate score was level, then 30 minutes of extra time was played (the away goals rule was not applied). If the score was still level at the end of extra time, the winners were decided by a penalty shoot-out. In the final, which was played as a single match, if the score was level at the end of normal time, extra time was played, followed by a penalty shoot-out if the score was still level.


text: The draw for the knockout round play-offs was held on 13 December 2021, 14:00 CET.<section end=KRP />


text: The draw for the semi-finals was held on 18 March 2022, 15:00 CET, after the quarter-final draw.<section end=SF />


text: The final was played on 25 May 2022 at the Arena Kombëtare in Tirana. A draw was held on 18 March 2022, after the quarter-final and semi-final draws, to determine the "home" team for administrative purposes.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: The Wire Fox Terrier (also known as Wire Hair Fox Terrier or Wirehaired Terrier) is a breed of dog, one of many terrier breeds. It is a fox terrier, and although it bears a resemblance to the Smooth Fox Terrier, they are believed to have been developed separately.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: The Wire Fox Terrier is a sturdy, balanced dog weighing for males and for females. It should not be more than at the withers. Its rough, broken coat is distinctive. Coat color consists of a predominant white base with brown markings of the face and ears, and usually a black saddle or large splotch of color; there may be other black or brown markings on the body.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: Two of the wire fox terrier's most distinctive traits are its energy and intelligence. It has a low threshold for boredom and requires stimulation, exercise and attention. The wire fox terrier is a companion animal that requires near-constant attention.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: The dog should be alert, quick and ready to respond swiftly with enthusiasm. However, they should also be friendly, communicative, and playful if they receive the proper care and exercise. Bred to be independent thinkers, they are capable of tactical maneuvering for vermin and other sport.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: Often, wire fox terriers are abandoned or surrendered for reasons that may include: running away instead of coming on a command; chasing cars, bicycles, other dogs, etc.; or taunting and then attacking other animals, including a household's cats and other dogs –and they are able to do serious damage. But these are actually normal behaviors for a breed designed to hunt not only foxes, but also badgers and boars, with no more fear of cows or buses than they have of small prey. Keeping one as a pet requires firm control to redirect these prey instincts and provide the dog with enough exercise and diversion. With diligent supervision, wire fox terriers can be amusing, exciting, long-lived companion animals.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: Wire fox terriers kept for show are hand stripped; if the hair becomes too long, it is taken out by hand in order to preserve the colors and the glossiness of the coat. Many kept as pets are clipped monthly by a groomer. Clipping dulls the colors and makes the coat soft, curly and more difficult to keep clean, but it is preferred by many owners due to being a simpler (and cheaper) procedure than stripping.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: The wire fox terrier was developed in England by fox hunting enthusiasts and is believed to be descended from a now-extinct rough-coated, black-and-tan working terrier of Wales, Derbyshire, and Durham. The breed was also thought to have been bred to chase foxes into their burrows; the dogs' short, strong, usually docked tails were used as handles by the hunter to pull them back out.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: Although it is said Queen Victoria owned one, and her son and heir, King Edward VII, did own a wire fox terrier named Caesar, the breed was not popular as a family pet until the 1930s, when "The Thin Man" series of feature films was created. Asta, the canine member of the Charles family, was a wire fox terrier, and the popularity of the breed soared. Milou (Snowy) from "The Adventures of Tintin" comic strip is also a wire fox terrier.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: In the late 20th century, the popularity of the breed declined again, most likely due to changing living conditions in the Western world and the difficulty of keeping hunting terriers in cities due to their strong prey instincts.


title: Wire Fox Terrier

text: As of 2019, the wire fox terrier has the distinction of having received more Best in Show titles at Westminster Kennel Club dog shows (currently 15) than any other breed. Matford Vic, a wire fox terrier, is one of only five dogs to have won the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on more than one occasion. She won the competition twice, in 1915 and 1916. The only dog to win it on more occasions was Warren Remedy, a smooth fox terrier, who won it on three occasions between 1907 and 1909.


title: Gag

text: A gag is usually an item or device designed to prevent speech, often as a restraint device to stop the subject from calling for help and keep its wearer silent. This is usually done by blocking the mouth, partially or completely, or attempting to prevent the tongue, lips, or jaw from moving in the normal patterns of speech. The more "effective" a gag appears to be, the more hazardous it is. For example duct tape is a fairly effective method of keeping a person's mouth shut but can be hazardous if the subject cannot breathe freely through the nose (for example if they have the common cold). For this reason, a gagged person should never be left alone.


title: Gag

text: The use of gags is commonly depicted in soap operas and crime fiction, particularly in comics and novels. It is also often used in movies, such as "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and its sequel "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull".


title: Gag

text: Courts have been known to gag certain people, such as the civil rights activist Bobby Seale. This practice has been criticized as inhumane.


title: Gag

text: One type of gag familiar in fiction, particularly in crime comics and novels, is a suitably sized piece of cloth pulled over the subject's mouth and tied at the back of their head. It is sometimes called the "detective gag" because many of its first appearances were in crime serials.


title: Gag

text: Sometimes a gag is pushed back between the victim's front teeth into the mouth, or with a hard ball in its middle or reinforced by pushing small cloth items into the mouth. This is common in BDSM, but in practice these sorts of gag can usually be got rid of by working the jaws about and/or pushing with the tongue, and they often do not stop the victim from making a loud inarticulate noise to call for help.


title: Gag

text: Often adhesive tapes are used for improvised gags. A tape gag can cause the skin on the lips to be damaged in its removal or the adhesive can cause chemical burns or reactions.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: The is a large, heavy-duty four wheel drive SUV introduced by Toyota in 1995. The largest 4WD ever built by Toyota, it resembles the Humvee in terms of design.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: Like the Humvee, the Mega Cruiser was originally designed primarily for military use with the vehicle seeing duty as a transport vehicle in the Japan Self Defense Forces.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: Sold exclusively in Japan via "Toyota Store" locations, the Mega Cruiser was also used by prefectural police, the Japan Auto Federation and fire/rescue departments. As of 2020, it was reported that Toyota had produced 3,000 units before production was halted. A total of 133 Mega Cruisers were sold to civilians.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: A prototype of the Toyota Mega Cruiser was first presented to the public at the 30th Tokyo Motor Show in October 1993. Production began in late 1995 at Toyota's Gifu Auto Body subsidiary before sales began in 1996.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: All Mega Cruiser production was reported to have been halted in 2001 while sales officially ended in 2002. The reason being slow sales due to strict vehicle taxes and Japan having a lot of narrow streets.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: The Mega Cruiser was designed as a 4-door full-size SUV and features a 4.1 L turbo diesel inline-4 engine. The engine was rated at and of torque at 1,800 rpm while also being very robust. A 4-speed Aisin-Warner automatic transmission with a two-speed transfer case transfers power to all four wheels.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: Its wheelbase is and it is in length. The vehicle is high and wide. It has a load capacity of 600 kg and has a curb weight of . The SUV featured front, center, and rear differential locks, as well as four wheel steering. It has a central tire pressure system installed as an optional feature and has a hardtop roof. The Mega Cruiser has seats for two people in front and fourteen people at the back.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: The vehicle was intended to test designs that would eventually make their way into mass-produced Toyota SUVs, such as the Land Cruiser, but was financially unsuccessful for Toyota.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: While the Mega Cruiser was produced by Toyota in RHD configuration, a few were reported to be made in LHD configuration. As of 2020, around 12 were known to have been produced in LHD.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: The BXD10 version was made for military purposes such as personnel and military equipment transportation.


title: Toyota Mega Cruiser

text: The BXD20 version was made for civilian sales and was available with two roof types, the standard low roof and the optional high roof. Some BXD20 versions also saw service as a military vehicle while others were used by prefectural police/fire departments and the JAF.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: Indotyphlops braminus, commonly known as the brahminy blind snake and other names, is a non-venomous blind snake species found mostly in Africa and Asia, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world. They are completely fossorial (i.e., burrowing) animals, with habits and appearance similar to earthworms, for which they are often mistaken, although close examination reveals tiny scales rather than the annular segments characteristic of true earthworms. The species is parthenogenetic and all known specimens have been female. The specific name is a Latinized form of the word Brahmin. No subspecies are currently recognized.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: Adults measure long, uncommonly to , making it the smallest known snake species. The head and tail are superficially similar as the head and neck are indistinct. Unlike other snakes, the head scales resemble the body scales. The eyes are barely discernible as small dots under the head scales. The tip of the tail has a small, pointed spur. Along the body are fourteen rows of dorsal scales. Coloration ranges from charcoal gray, silver-gray, light yellow-beige, purplish, or infrequently albino, the ventral surface more pale. Coloration of the juvenile form is similar to that of the adult. Behavior ranges from lethargic to energetic, quickly seeking the cover of soil or leaf litter to avoid light.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: The tiny eyes are covered with translucent scales, rendering these snakes almost entirely blind. The eyes cannot form images, but are still capable of registering light intensity.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: "I. braminus" is variously known as the brahminy blind snake, flowerpot snake, common blind snake, island blind snake, teliya snake, and Hawaiian blind snake. The moniker "flowerpot snake" derives from the snake's incidental introduction to various parts of the world through the plant trade.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: Probably originally native to Africa and Asia, it is an introduced species in many parts of the world, including Australia, the Americas, and Oceania.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: The vertical distribution is from sea level to in Sri Lanka and up to in Guatemala. The type locality given is "Vishakhapatam" [India].


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: In Africa, it has been reported in Uganda, Egypt, Kenya, Senegal, Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Zanzibar, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa (an isolated colony in Cape Town and Natal Midlands, also about eight have been found in Lephalale, Limpopo Province at the Medupi Power Station during construction), Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Mauritius, the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles. It has also been found in Libya and Nossi Be (= Nosy Bé).


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: In Asia, it occurs in the Arabian Peninsula, Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, mainland India, the Maldives, the Lakshadweep Islands (where it is the only snake reported), Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh, the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Singapore, the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Hainan, southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawashima and Miyakoshima.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: In Maritime Southeast Asia, it occurs on Sumatra and nearby islands (the Riau Archipelago, Bangka, Belitung and Nias), Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Butung, Salajar, Ternate, Halmahera, Buru, Ceram, Ambon, Saparua, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Madura, Flores, Lomblen, Sumba, Timor, East Timor, Kai Island, the Aru Islands, New Guinea (Western Papua and Papua New Guinea), New Britain, and Bougainville Island.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: In the Americas, it occurs in the United States (California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Arizona, Hawaii and Texas), western and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Colombia, Barbados and on the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: In Europe, it has been found in Spain, in the Canary Islands (on Tenerife and Gran Canaria), in Italy (on the island of Ischia), and in Malta; it is believed to have been introduced in soil imported with potted plants, and has been labeled potentially invasive to native fauna.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: Usually, they occur in urban and agricultural areas. These snakes live underground in ant and termite nests. They are also found under logs, moist leaves, stones and humus in wet forest, dry jungle, abandoned buildings, and even city gardens. The distribution and survival of this group of blind snakes directly reflect soil humidity and temperature.


title: Indotyphlops braminus

text: "I. braminus" is parthenogenetic, and all specimens collected so far have been female. They lay eggs or may bear live young. Up to eight offspring are produced, all female and genetically identical. They are triploid, and it has been proposed that the species be transferred to a new genus as "Virgotyphlops braminus" because of its obligate parthenogenetic nature.


title: Rich Wilkes

text: Richard "Rich" Wilkes (born 1966) is an American filmmaker and musician. His work is noted for its rooting in contemporary music and youth culture.


title: Rich Wilkes

text: Wilkes' major-studio debut was as screenwriter of the 1994 film "Airheads". The story revolves around a group of loser musicians called The Lone Rangers who take a radio station hostage to get their song played on the radio. "Airheads" was directed by Michael Lehmann and distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Rich Wilkes

text: This was followed by a co-writer credit (alongside director James Melkonian) for the 1994 comedy "The Stoned Age", set in the stoner subculture of Southern California during the 1970s.


title: Rich Wilkes

text: The same writing and directing team then collaborated with The Jerky Boys to create the 1995 production "", featuring the eponymous comedians (self-described as "low-lifes from Queens") as New York City youths who get into trouble with the Mafia when one of their prank calls leads them into a money laundering business.


title: Rich Wilkes

text: Wilkes is credited as the sole screenwriter for the 2002 action-adventure film "XXX" and a "based on characters created by" credit as being as the creator of the "XXX" franchise.


title: Rich Wilkes

text: Wilkes co-wrote the Mötley Crüe biopic "The Dirt", based on the New York Times bestselling book by Neil Strauss and Mötley Crüe. The film took 17 years to get made. David Fincher was initially attached to direct in 2004, followed by Larry Charles in 2008.


title: Rich Wilkes

text: In 1995, Wilkes debuted as a director with "Glory Daze", a semi-autobiographical tale based on his experiences as a student at the University of California, Santa Cruz.


title: Rich Wilkes

text: Wilkes has also appeared as an actor in the majority of his productions, primarily in minor roles. He has also appeared as himself in several documentaries, including the 1998 production "Independent's Day", 2003's "The Blockbuster Imperative" and 2006's "Punk Like Me".


title: Rich Wilkes

text: Wilkes was the lead singer of the "world's original punk rock mariachi band" Carne Asada. The band was put together as a prank to get on the Vans Warped Tour. The story of Carne Asada was told in the award winning music documentary "Punk Like Me".


title: Rich Wilkes

text: Wilkes was born in Princeton, New Jersey. He attended El Camino High School in Oceanside, California. He got a Double-Inverted BA at the University of California, Santa Cruz, then studied screenwriting at the American Film Institute.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Off-the-grid or off-grid is a characteristic of buildings and a lifestyle designed in an independent manner without reliance on one or more public utilities. The term "off-the-grid" traditionally refers to not being connected to the electrical grid, but can also include other utilities like water, gas, and sewer systems, and can scale from residential homes to small communities. Off-the-grid living allows for buildings and people to be self-sufficient, which is advantageous in isolated locations where normal utilities cannot reach and is attractive to those who want to reduce environmental impact and cost of living. Generally, an off-grid building must be able to supply energy and potable water for itself, as well as manage food, waste and wastewater.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Energy for electrical power and heating can be generated on-site with renewable energy sources such as solar (particularly with photovoltaics), wind, or micro hydro. Additional forms of energy include biomass, commonly in the form of wood, waste, and alcohol fuels and geothermal energy, which uses differences in the underground temperature to regular indoor air environments in buildings. It is possible to simply eliminate electric power such as in Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Grid-connected buildings receive electricity from power plants, which mainly use natural resources such as coal and natural gas as energy to convert into electrical power. 2017’s breakdown of world energy sources shows that the globe, mainly dependent on grid power, uses a majority of non-renewables, while popular renewables such as solar PV and wind power are a small portion. When off the grid, such as in Africa where 55% people of do not have access to electricity, buildings and homes must take advantage of the renewable energy sources around them, because it is the most abundant and allows for self-sufficiency.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Solar photovoltaics (PV), which use energy from the sun, are one of the most popular energy solutions for off-grid buildings. PV arrays (solar panels) allow for energy from the sun to be converted into electrical energy. PV is dependent upon solar radiation and ambient temperature. Other components needed in a PV system include charge controllers, inverters, and rapid shutdown controls. These systems give off-grid sites the ability to generate energy without grid connection. Every quarter, Bloomberg New Energy Finance evaluates manufacturers on their actual projects over the previous quarter and publish a list of Tier 1 Solar Module (panel) Manufacturers.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Wind energy can be harnessed by wind turbines. Wind turbines components consist of blades that get pushed by wind, gearboxes, controllers, generators, breaks, and a tower. The amount of mechanical power captured from a wind turbine is a factor of the wind speed, air density, blade rotational area, and the aerodynamic power coefficient of the turbine.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Where water is abundant, hydropower is a promising energy solution. Large scale hydropower involves a dam and reservoir, and small scale micro-hydro can use turbines in rivers with constant levels of water. The amount of mechanical power generated is a factor of the flow of the stream, turbine size, water density, and power coefficient, similar to wind turbines. The energy from waves and tides can also provide power to coastal areas.


title: Off-the-grid

text: When renewables produce energy that is not currently needed, the electrical energy is usually directed to charge a battery. This solves intermittency issues caused by the non-constant production of renewables and allows for variations in building loads. Common batteries include the lead-acid battery and lithium-ion battery.


title: Off-the-grid

text: In order to protect against intermittency issues and system failures, many off-grid communities create hybrid energy systems. These combine traditional renewables like solar PV, and wind, micro-hydro, batteries or even diesel generators. This can be cheaper and more effective than extending or maintaining grids to isolated communities.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Historically remote applications such as lighthouses, weather stations and the likes which draw a small but continuous amount of power were powered by Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) with the needed radioisotopes either extracted from spent nuclear fuel or produced in dedicated facilities. Both the Soviet Union and the United States employed numerous such devices on earth and every deep space probe reaching beyond the orbit of Mars (and even some in the inner solar system) has had an RTG to provide power where solar panels no longer deliver sufficient electricity per unit of mass.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Types of solar-energy passive off-grid cooling systems could be used for cooling houses and/or refrigeration – including some that do not require electrical components and are allowing for chemically-stored on-demand energy. Such may be useful for climate change mitigation and adaptation.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Meshnets such as B.A.T.M.A.N. could be used to sustain or establish communications without conventional infrastructure. Moreover, off-grid communications technologies could be used for environmental, security and agricultural monitoring as well as for emergency communications and coordination – such as for work assignation.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Drones have been used for off-grid healthcare, especially in the most remote regions of the world. With communications enabled, they deliver test samples, medicine, vaccines, food, water and anti-venoms.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Small-scale waste management techniques in Western Europe, often for specific or standardized waste, were reported to mostly use one of two main strategies: aerobic (with plants) and anaerobic treatment (with biogas production).


title: Off-the-grid

text: Water is a crucial consideration in the off-grid environment, which must be collected, used, and disposed of efficiently to make use of the environment. There are many ways to supply water for indoor domestic use, which vary based on local access and preference.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Nearby streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes are easy access points for fresh water. Oceans can also be considered with proper desalination.


title: Off-the-grid

text: This traditional method involves digging down to where water is present and abundant underground, usually to the water table or to an aquifer, and bringing it up for use, or collecting at springs where underground water comes to the surface. Systems for bringing underground water to buildings include wind and solar driven pumps or hand pumps. Well water should be tested on a regular basis and when changes in the water’s taste, odor, or appearance occur to ensure its quality.


title: Off-the-grid

text: This system relies on the weather to provide water. Catchment systems are designed based on the water demand of the users and local rainfall characteristics. Rain water is typically funneled from the roof of a building to water tanks where the water is stored until needed.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Another, less self-sufficient method involves bringing large amounts of clean water to the site where it is stored. This system relies on access to clean drinking water elsewhere and transportation to the off-grid site.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Atmospheric water generators have a large potential for off-the-grid water generation.<ref name="10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w"></ref>


title: Off-the-grid

text: Wherever the water does come from, it must be safe to drink and use indoors. For various issues with water quality, different water treatment strategies are available.


title: Off-the-grid

text: A physical barrier allows water to pass through and blocks impurities in the water and, if the filter is fine enough, can filter out biological contaminants.


title: Off-the-grid

text: In order to disinfect water, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone are introduced which kill microorganisms.


title: Off-the-grid

text: A UV system uses bulbs that emit ultraviolet light into filtered water to kill all types of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa.


title: Off-the-grid

text: A less typical approach, this involves applying a current to water that has a small salt solution added to disinfect biological contaminants. Combined with filtration, this is a means to provide safe drinking water.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Some groundwater may have high salinity levels and can be non-potable, which is fixed through distillation. Coastal communities may benefit by getting water from the ocean through the use of desalination plants that remove salt.


title: Off-the-grid

text: The presence of certain minerals in water creates hard water which can clog pipes over time, interfere with soap and detergents, and can leave scum on glasses and dishes. Water softening systems introduce sodium and potassium ions which make the hard minerals precipitate.


title: Off-the-grid

text: For off-grid buildings, efficient use of water is needed to prevent water supplies from running out. While this is ultimately habit-dependent, measures involve low-flow fixtures for faucets, shower heads, and toilets which decreases the flow rate of faucets or the volume of water per flush to reduce total water used. Water can be eliminated in toilets through the uses of a composting toilet. Automatic leak detectors and tap closures can reduce amounts of wasted water. Greywater recycling can further save on water by reusing water from faucets, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers. This is done through storing and treating the greywater, which can then be reused as a non-potable water source.


title: Off-the-grid

text: If an off-grid home is not connected to a sewer system, a wastewater system must also be included. On-site wastewater management is usually done through storage and leaching. This involves storing greywater and blackwater in a septic tank or aeration tank to be treated, which is connected to a leaching field that slowly allows the water to percolate out into the ground. While more and expensive waste water treatment options are also available, this is a common reliable means to dispose of waste water without polluting the environment.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Because off-grid buildings and communities mainly rely on upon renewable energy, off-grid living is generally good for the environment with little negative impact. Hybrid energy systems also provide communities with a sustainable way to live without the dependence and cost of being connected to public infrastructure which can be unreliable in developing countries. Generally, isolated concerns of environmental impacts are the use diesel generators, which produce greenhouse gases, batteries, which use many resources to make and can be hazardous, and pollution in natural environments from solid waste and wastewater. It is prudent to note that, while the concerns below address negative environmental impacts, going off-grid as a whole is a viable option to help reduce impacts on the environment when replacing grid-connected buildings that contribute global warming and climate change.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Canada has about 175 aboriginal and northern off-grid communities, defined as "a community that is neither connected to the North American electrical grid nor to the piped natural gas network; it is permanent or long-term (5 years or more), and the settlements have at least 10 permanent buildings."


title: Off-the-grid

text: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada lists the following environmental concerns for these off-grid communities:


title: Off-the-grid

text: The environmental impacts of the systems used in off-grid buildings must also be considered due to embodied energy, embodied carbon, choice and source of materials, which can contribute to world issues such as climate change, air, water, and soil pollution, resource depletion and more.


title: Off-the-grid

text: The concept of a sustainable off-grid community must take into consideration the basic needs of all who live in the community. To become truly self-sufficient, the community would need to provide all of its own electrical power, food, shelter and water. Using renewable energy, an on-site water source, sustainable agriculture and vertical farming techniques is paramount in taking a community off the grid. A recent concept design by Eric Wichman shows a multi-family community, which combines all of these technologies into one self-sufficient neighborhood. To grow the community you simply add neighborhoods using the same model as the first. A self-sustained community reduces its impact on the environment by controlling its waste and carbon footprint.


title: Off-the-grid

text: In situations where grid parity has been reached, it becomes cheaper to generate one's own electricity rather than purchasing it from the grid. This depends on equipment costs, the availability of renewable energy sources, and the cost of a grid connection. For example, in certain remote areas a grid connection would be prohibitively expensive, resulting in grid parity being reached immediately.


title: Off-the-grid

text: It is often done to residential buildings only occasionally occupied, such as vacation cabins, to avoid high initial costs of traditional utility connections. Other people choose to live in houses where the cost of outside utilities is prohibitive, or such a distance away as to be impractical. In his book "How to live off-grid" Nick Rosen lists seven reasons for going off-grid. The top two are saving money, and reducing the carbon footprint. Others include survivalists, preparing for the collapse of the oil economy and bringing life back to the countryside.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Reliable centralized electricity systems have provided supply constancy which has bolstered societies and their economies. Electricity provides opportunities for improved productivity, learning, and hygienic end-uses in the home, such as cooking without the use of polluting biomass fuel sources, yet as of 2016, 20 percent of people world wide lived without it. Bridging the gap from the current under-provision of grid electricity to universal access has been projected to require US$17 trillion and 30 years even on a rigorous timetable. Researchers have argued that a lack of centralized energy infrastructure can result in low resilience to damage to productivity and property from changing climates and severe weather. In addition, the advantages of central power generation and distribution are receding in the face of climatic degradation due to fossil fuel powered generation, vulnerabilities to extreme weather events and electronic manipulation, and increasingly complex design and regulatory processes.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Decentralized, off-grid energy systems can constitute a sustainable interim alternative to extending national grids to rural customers. Those using limited off-grid power as a stepping stool to eventual grid access can accumulate energy efficient knowledge, behavior, and products that confer added resiliency while grid networks increase in reliability and carbon neutrality. However, providing off-grid electricity to rural users without also including training and education about its use and applications can result in under-utilization. To counteract this possibility, off-grid systems should reflect the cultural structures, values, and mores of host communities.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Off-grid electrical systems can power individual residences or a community linked in a shared arrangement known as a micro-grid. In addition, they may be powered by renewable energy sources or by conventional fossil fuels. In Kenya, Mpeketoni township began a community-based, diesel-powered micro-grid project (the Mpeketoni Electricity Project [MEP]) in 1994 with an outlay of approximately US$40,000, and eventually grew to serve 105 residences and 116 commercial, educational, government, and healthcare buildings. The MEP demonstrated unanticipated supply and demand effects when artisans using tools powered by MEP electricity increased their productivity enough to cause depreciation of their wares, necessitating lowering of their prices; however, higher volumes of sales eventually offset these losses. MEP electricity facilitated cold storage of agricultural products, in addition to well pumping, which allowed students who previously spent several hours per day fetching water to spend that time studying in the evening by electric light. Electricity provided by the MEP also expanded teaching hours and sanitation at local schools through electric lighting and pumped water. The MEP off-grid project had numerous direct and indirect benefits for community members, and because the MEP emphasized promotion of the uses for electricity and the community had the ability to pay nominal rates for its use, the project achieved 94 percent cost recovery in its first ten years of operation.


title: Off-the-grid

text: Off-the-grid generation may sometimes inhibit efforts to develop permanent infrastructure – such as in the case of devices for water generation and permanent piped water supply networks. Furthermore, grids may often be substantially more efficient and effective or necessary – such as in the case of smart grids and super grids for sustainable energy – and hence may often only be useful on large scales for autonomous community development of alternatives, as fallback, for disaster response, for other humanitarian aid during temporary relocation, and for initial support of long-term infrastructure development.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: In December 1954, Ishinomori published his first work, "Nikyuu Tenshi", in "Manga Shōnen". In 1956, he moved to Tokyo and became an assistant to Osamu Tezuka. During his time working under Tezuka, Ishinomori worked on "Astro Boy" and "Alakazam the Great". In 1960, Ishinomori published "Flying Phantom Ship", which was later turned into an animated feature film in 1969.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: "Cyborg 009", created in 1963, became the first superpowered hero team created in Japan, featuring nine cybernetic warriors. That same year, Kazumasa Hirai and Jiro Kuwata created Japan's first android superhero series, "8 Man" (which predated Ishinomori's "Kikaider" by nine years). The success of the superhero TV series "Kamen Rider", produced by Toei Company in 1971, led to the birth of the "transforming" ("henshin") superhero (human-sized superheroes who transform by doing a pose, and use martial arts to fight henchmen and the weekly monster), and resulted in many sequel shows to this day. Ishinomori then created many similar superhero dramas, which were once again all produced by Toei or in Sarutobi Ecchan's case Toei Animation, including "Android Kikaider", "Kikaider 01", "Henshin Ninja Arashi", "Inazuman", "Robotto Keiji", "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger" (the first Super Sentai series), "Kaiketsu Zubat", "Akumaizer 3", "Sarutobi Ecchan", the "Toei Fushigi Comedy Series", and countless others. He even created popular children's shows, such as "Hoshi no Ko Chobin" ("Chobin, Child of the Stars", 1974, a co-production with Studio Zero which was a major success on Italian television) and "Ganbare!! Robokon". In 1963, he also founded the anime company Studio Zero. From 1967 to 1970, the manga "009-1" was serialized in the Futabasha publication "Weekly Manga Action". It was written and illustrated by Ishinomori. There was a television drama of it in 1969 and eventually an anime in 2006.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: Ishinomori's art is reminiscent of that of his mentor, Osamu Tezuka. The true story of his first meeting with Tezuka was illustrated in a short four-page tale drawn up as supplementary material for the 1970s "Astro Boy" manga reprints. In 1954, Ishinomori submitted his first official work, "Nikyu Tenshi", to a contest seeking new talent in the magazine, "Manga Shōnen". Tezuka was impressed by his drawings and sent a telegraph to Ishinomori, asking him to work as his assistant with "Astro Boy". In the American release, this story can be seen in Volume 15, along with Ishinomori's earliest work on the "Electro" story arc. After graduating from high school in 1956 Ishinomori moved to Tokiwa-so with Tezuka, and lived there until the end of 1961.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: Ishinomori also illustrated a comic adaptation of the Super NES video game "", which was produced for the American publication "Nintendo Power". The comic consisted of 12 chapters, which were serialized from January 1992 (Volume 32) to December 1992 (Volume 43). The comic was republished as a graphic novel collection in 1993, and, as of 2015, is back in print through Viz Media.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: At the end of 1997, Kazuhiko Shimamoto, a young and up-and-coming manga artist was contacted by an increasingly ill Ishinomori and asked if he would do a continuation (though more along the lines of a remake) of his 100-page, one-shot manga from 1970, "Skull Man" (the manga that became the basis for "Kamen Rider"). Ishinomori, who had been one of Shimamoto's boyhood heroes, faxed him copies of the proposed story and plot notes. Shimamoto was astounded that he had been chosen to work on his idol's final, great work.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: Shimamoto had already been involved in the revival of one of Ishinomori's other earlier works (including "Kamen Rider") but little did he dream that, as only one of many whom Ishinomori had inspired, he would be chosen for the final collaboration and resurrection of "Skull Man". It was also adapted into an anime in 2007.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: Ishinomori died of heart failure on 28 January 1998, just three days after his 60th birthday. His final work was the superhero TV series, "Voicelugger", televised a year later. Two years later, the Kamen Rider series would be revived with "Kamen Rider Kuuga". All of the series made in the Heisei period credit Ishinomori as the creator. The Ishinomori Manga Museum named in his honor opened in Ishinomaki, Miyagi, in 2001. Special trains in the Senseki Line were commissioned featuring his artwork generally leading to the museum.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: His work posthumously awarded him the Guinness World Record for most comics published by one author, totaling over 128,000 pages across 770 titles across 500 volumes.


title: Shotaro Ishinomori

text: Manga artists that have cited Ishinomori as an influence include Katsuhiro Otomo, Naoki Urasawa and Tetsuo Hara.


title: Shownu

text: Son Hyun-woo (, born June 18, 1992), better known by his stage name Shownu, is a South Korean singer and dancer. He is the leader of the South Korean boy group Monsta X, which debuted under Starship Entertainment, through Mnet's survival show "No.Mercy" in 2015.


title: Shownu

text: Shownu was initially a trainee of JYP Entertainment, for around two years, after winning first place in the JYP auditions in 2009. He auditioned to JYP Entertainment as it is the label of the singer Rain, who inspired Shownu to become an idol. Although he gained praise at the company for his powerful dancing, he left the company citing "conflicts with the company" and "feeling of stagnation".


title: Shownu

text: Shownu continued to participate in the idol industry, becoming a backup dancer for Lee Hyori and doing promotions with her, as well as appearing in her music videos for "Bad Girls" and "Going Crazy". He also appeared in the music videos, such as "Talk to My Face" by D-Unit and "Pitapat" by Bestie.


title: Shownu

text: After he auditioned and joined Starship Entertainment, he became part of the project Nu Boyz, alongside Monsta X members Jooheon and Wonho, as well as #Gun.


title: Shownu

text: In December 2014, he competed in Mnet's survival reality show "No.Mercy". He, alongside the other six contestants, then debuted in the hip-hop boy group Monsta X in 2015.


title: Shownu

text: Since debut, Shownu has made significant solo appearances on variety and reality shows, including being a regular cast member for two seasons of "Lipstick Prince", which landed him a commercial film after winning the show, as well as appearing as a contestant on "King of Mask Singer" in 2018, as "Okey Donkey", while guesting for more than ten variety shows. Shownu has been praised for the diverse and unique types of entertainment he demonstrates in his appearances and his overall ability as an entertainer. He also appeared in Sistar's "Shake It" music video.


title: Shownu

text: Along with being the main dancer of Monsta X, he also contributes to the group's choreography and has been praised for his skills by fellow choreographers. He has released his own choreography for songs, such as Ariana Grande's "Side to Side", Richard Parker's "Psychic", Charlie Puth's "LA Girls", Trevor Daniel's "Falling", and The Weeknd's "Heartless". Shownu also created the choreography for Bruno Mars's "Versace on the Floor" and Monsta X's "Mirror" that were performed at their world tours.


title: Shownu

text: On October 26, Shownu collaborated with the British band PREP's lead single "Don't Look Back", for their forthcoming album, alongside Hwang So-yoon of Se So Neon. Shownu had sought out PREP for collaboration as he was already a fan of the group. He also appeared in magazines with member Wonho for "Nylon Korea" in January, "GQ Korea" in August, and in October for "Dazed Korea" promoting Under Armour. Shownu also made a solo appearance in Taiwan magazine "Bella" in February.


title: Shownu

text: In 2019, he again featured in a magazine alongside Wonho, for "Elle Korea" in August, where they were promoting Tom Ford's latest perfume line. He also featured on the cover of "BEAUTY+" in October and again in November 2020.


title: Shownu

text: Shownu is a credited writer on "Mirror" from "", and as a writer and composer on three of Monsta X's tracks from their sixth studio album "All About Luv"; including "Who Do U Love?" featuring French Montana, "Middle of the Night", and "Beside U" featuring Pitbull. Shownu also co-wrote "Someone's Someone" alongside the Before You Exit members.


title: Shownu

text: In 2020, prior to the release of Monsta X's eighth EP "Fantasia X", he injured his back, and the group delayed their comeback by two weeks to allow Shownu time to heal properly from his injury. Prior to the group's live-streamed concert "Live From Seoul with Luv", scheduled for July 25, he had to undergo emergency left eye retinal detachment surgery, and then the concert was postponed to August 8, to give Shownu the time to recover from surgery. He featured alongside Monsta X members in magazines several times in 2020, including appearing alongside Minhyuk and Joohoney for "Harper's Bazaar Korea" in May, Kihyun for "W Korea" in June, and with Joohoney for "Esquire Korea" in November.


title: Shownu

text: In August, it was announced he would be featuring on the soundtrack for "She's My Type", alongside group member Minhyuk, marking his first soundtrack appearance, independent of Monsta X, since 2011. The song is titled "Have a Goodnight", and was released on September 11. On October 15, Shownu released a rock-style song for the soundtrack of the Korean television drama "Tale of the Nine Tailed", titled "I'll Be There".


title: Shownu

text: In October, he had a solo feature in "Dazed Korea" for the Monsta X "Dazed" Project, "GQ Korea" to create a fashion film promoting Under Armour, while he appeared on the back cover of "1st Look Magazine Korea" promoting Moschino Toy Boy perfume. Following the success of the promotion, he was selected as the first Korean muse for the Italian luxury fashion brand Moschino perfume.


title: Shownu

text: In November, Shownu began appearing as a judge on Mnet's survival reality show "Cap-Teen", making him the youngest judge on the show.


title: Shownu

text: In March 2021, Shownu appeared in "Elle Korea" to promote Moschino Toy 2 Bubble Gum perfume. He also appeared in "Dazed Korea" promoting Brooks Sports shoe and clothing line. Shownu, along with Monsta X member Minhyuk, where chosen as the cover models for the first issue of "Y Magazine Korea". Shownu was invited to the grand opening of the Dolce & Gabbana store in Seoul, Korea. It was also announced that Shownu would appear in the horror film "Urban Myths".


title: Shownu

text: On May 4, Starship announced that he would be taking a hiatus from Monsta X and would not promote for their upcoming comeback due to health problems related to his eye retinal detachment.


title: Shownu

text: In July, Shownu and Minhyuk appeared in "W Korea", promoting the premium luggage brand Rimowa. Furthermore, Shownu became the new face of lifestyle and cosmetics brand Round A'Round. Shownu with other Monsta X members' Hyungwon and I.M also joined Pepsi's "Taste of Korea" summer campaign, releasing a promotional single "Summer Taste" alongside Rain, Brave Girls members' Yujeong and Yuna, and Ateez members' Hongjoong and Yunho.


title: Shownu

text: Shownu is a former swimmer for six years that swept the provincial championships. Currently, he is practicing veganism.


title: Shownu

text: Shownu enlisted for his mandatory military service on July 22, 2021. He will serve as public service worker due to previous surgery for left eye retinal detachment.


title: Shownu

text: Shownu, as an individual and a member of Monsta X, is the "global trend" of the K-pop scene and has been continuously growing. Unlike the charisma shown on stage, Shownu is a member with opposite charms, with his original laid-back personality and reticent appearance. Through his physical and performance, he has solidified his presence by acquiring the modifier of "next-generation beast idol", having solid physicality and proportions. Shownu is an "all-round artist", who is not only a performer but also a vocalist. He also appeared on various entertainment programs and received a lot of love for his muscular body, charismatic appearance, and pure charm, showing his full potential as an artist.


title: Shownu

text: Shownu placed first on YouTube and became the most popular idol, having 34.34% votes beside his strongest competitors, including BTS' Suga, Kim Jae-hwan, Exo's Kai, and Red Velvet's Joy. He has succeeded in establishing himself as a new character in the entertainment industry, boasting a wide spectrum of entertainment, while showing a different charm from his usual wild side on stage.


title: Shownu

text: Shownu appeared on the cover of "Cosmopolitan Korea" for their 20th anniversary issue, which became sold out as soon as sales began. After the "1st Look Magazine Korea"s release, Moschino perfume's Toy 2 sold out on Olive Young's online mall and also ranked first in perfume brand ranking, branding it as "Shownu's perfume".


title: Shownu

text: In October 2020, as part of Monsta X's promotional campaign for Korea's traditional culture, Shownu participated in Hangeul Day's "Easy Korean, Correct Korean" campaign video, with Seo Kyung-duk, a famous Korean promoter who teaches at Sungshin Women's University. This four-minute video, produced by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Federation of Korean Language and Culture Centers, was also created with an animation technique, under the theme of "COVID-19-related public language", that can be easily understood by anyone, regardless of age or gender.


title: Shownu

text: In April 2019, Shownu achieved a donation of ,276,000 through the Korean television program "My Little Television V2", 1.6 times more than the original goal of ,000,000, with Kang Boo-ja, Kim Gu-ra, Jeong Hyeong-don, Kim Dong-hyun, and Kim Poong, wherein the donations they collected were used where each help was needed.


title: Shownu

text: In June 2021, he donated 00,000 through the idol fandom community service My Favorite Idol, for his birthday. It will be delivered to the Miral Welfare Foundation and used as a fund for the disabled who are isolated due to COVID-19.


title: Shownu

text: In June 2022, Shownu donated a total of ,000,000 through the idol fandom community service My Favorite Idol, on the occasion of his birthday on June 18. The donation will be delivered to the Miral Welfare Foundation and used as an emergency relief fund for Ukrainian refugees who are suffering from war.


title: Shownu

text: Shownu and I.M participated as readers of Edgar Allan Poe's "Annabelle Lee" and William Wordsworth's "My Heart Leaps Up" through Naver's audio-only platform Audio Clip, with the release of an interview video, a video of reading a book, audiobook recording site sketches, and a collection of NGs on Naver V Live Plus, also that they wanted to help the visually impaired people.