title: Josh Henderson

text: Henderson competed in the second season of The WB reality show "Popstars" and won a spot in the group Scene 23. After Scene 23, Henderson went on to pursue acting and modeling, as well as continuing his recording career. He appeared in advertisements for Skechers' 4Wheeler Skate shoes between 2002 and 2004. Henderson appeared in several sitcoms, such as "Maybe It's Me", "Do Over", "One on One", "Rodney" and "8 Simple Rules... for Dating My Teenage Daughter". Henderson made his film debut in the 2003 straight-to-video horror movie "Leeches!", and appeared in "The Girl Next Door" the following year.


title: Josh Henderson

text: In 2005, Henderson was cast in the lead role on the short-lived FX drama series "Over There". In film, he is best known for his role in "Step Up" (2006) as the boyfriend of Jenna Dewan's character. He later played main roles in the horror films "Fingerprints" (2006), and "April Fool's Day" (2008), as well as in the romantic comedy "The Jerk Theory" (2009). For "The Jerk Theory," he also recorded the soundtrack album, which was released in 2009. Henderson also appeared in "Yours, Mine & Ours" (2005), "Broken Bridges" (2006), and "Rushlights" (2012). From 2006 to 2007, Henderson co-starred in the ABC comedy-drama series "Desperate Housewives" as Austin McCann, the nephew of the character Edie Britt, played by Nicollette Sheridan. From 2008 to 2009, he appeared on the CW's "90210", and guest-starred in "". In 2010, he was cast as the lead character in the unsold CW pilot "Betwixt".


title: Josh Henderson

text: In February 2011, Henderson landed a lead role in the TNT revival of the CBS prime-time soap opera "Dallas". Henderson played the character of John Ross Ewing III, the son of Sue Ellen (Linda Gray) and J.R. Ewing (Larry Hagman). TNT's "Dallas" premiered on June 13, 2012. Several critics called Henderson the "breakout star" of the series. Henderson's onscreen chemistry with Julie Gonzalo (Pamela Rebecca Barnes) was praised in the second season. The series was cancelled by TNT after three seasons in 2014. In 2015, Henderson was cast in the male lead role opposite Christine Evangelista in the E! drama series "The Arrangement". Henderson portrayed Kyle West, one of the hottest actors in Hollywood. On May 29, 2018, the series concluded after two seasons.


title: Josh Henderson

text: In 2019, he starred in the Blake Shelton produced "Time For Me To Come Home For Christmas" on the Hallmark Channel, which kicked off the channel's Christmas programming.


title: Josh Henderson

text: Henderson dated singer Ashlee Simpson from 2002 to 2003, former reality show participant from 2006 to 2007, actress Brittany Snow from 2007 to 2008, and television personality Andrea Boehlke from 2013 to 2016. Sheppard maintains that Henderson is the father of her first born son and claimed in 2008 that Henderson was denying paternity or responsibility.


title: Josh Henderson

text: On December 12, 2018, LA police arrested Henderson on suspicion of having broken into his neighbor's house earlier that day. The neighbors allegedly identified Henderson with two other men on surveillance footage taken during the reported crime. "TMZ" 'reported' that Henderson had an "airtight alibi" for the night of the robbery at his neighbor's home, as he provided security footage that allegedly shows he never left his apartment. On December 19, 2018, the LAPD dropped charges against Henderson due to insufficient evidence.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Kristina "Kiki" Mladenovic (; , ; born 14 May 1993) is a French professional tennis player and a former world No. 1 in doubles.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: She is a nine-time Grand Slam champion, having won the 2016 and 2022 French Open women's doubles titles partnering Caroline Garcia, and the 2018 Australian Open, 2019 and 2020 French Opens and 2020 Australian Open with Tímea Babos. In mixed doubles, Mladenovic won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships and 2014 Australian Open alongside Daniel Nestor, and the 2022 Australian Open with Ivan Dodig. She has also reached a further six Grand Slam finals across women's and mixed doubles. Mladenovic became world No. 1 in doubles for the first time in June 2019, and has held the top ranking for a total of 12 weeks. She has won 28 doubles titles on the WTA Tour, including the 2018 and 2019 WTA Finals and four at WTA 1000 level.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic has also enjoyed success in singles, and reached her career-high ranking of world No. 10 in October 2017. She has won one WTA singles title, the 2017 St Petersburg Trophy, and finished runner-up on seven occasions. Her best Grand Slam result was reaching the quarterfinals at the 2015 US Open and the 2017 French Open.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic has represented France in the Billie Jean King Cup since 2012, and was part of the team which won the competition in 2019. She has also competed at the Olympic Games on three occasions.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Kristina Mladenovic was born in Saint-Pol-sur-Mer, in the Nord department of France. Her father is Dragan Mladenović, a former Yugoslav handball player of Kosovo Serb origin, and her mother Dženita Helić is a Serbian former volleyball player of Bosniak origin. They moved to France in 1992 when Dragan was signed by Dunkerque HGL. All became French citizens. Mladenovic has a brother named Luka. She dated Austrian tennis player Dominic Thiem from the middle of 2017 until the couple split up in November 2019.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic started playing juniors in May 2006. In 2007, she became the European Under-14 singles champion. Her biggest junior achievement was at the 2009 French Open girls' singles, where she beat Daria Gavrilova of Russia in two sets in the final. Her highest junior ranking was No. 1, on 8 June 2009. She advanced to both the girls' singles and doubles finals at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships, losing to Noppawan Lertcheewakarn in the singles. In doubles, with partner Silvia Njirić, lost also to Lertcheewakarn, who partnered with Sally Peers.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic began playing on the ITF Women's Circuit in September 2007. On the WTA Tour, she tried to qualify for Open Gaz de France but lost her first match to Petra Kvitová.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic turned professional in 2009, making her Grand Slam debut at that year's Australian Open. At the Australian Open, she received a wildcard, but was defeated by No. 14 seed Patty Schnyder. In July, she qualified for the Prague Open but lost in the first round to Zarina Diyas of Kazakhstan.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the Internationaux de Strasbourg, Mladenovic won her first match on the WTA Tour, coming back from 2–5 in the final set to win the tiebreak against Stefanie Vögele.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic played for France at the 2011 Hopman Cup, partnering with Nicolas Mahut. France was drawn in the same group as the United States, Great Britain, and Italy. Mladenovic beat Francesca Schiavone and Laura Robson while losing to Bethanie Mattek-Sands in the singles matches. In the mixed doubles, she and Mahut won one of their three matches.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: In 2011, she won her first Senior title at a $25k tournament in Sutton, defeating Mona Barthel. This was followed by a win in Stockholm the following week, defeating Arantxa Rus in the final.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the start of the year Mladenovic linked up with Biljana Veselinovic but they split just before Wimbledon and since then she had been coached by Thierry Ascione.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic claimed her first WTA Tour title of any type in Montreal when she and Klaudia Jans-Ignacik won the doubles title at the Rogers Cup. Mladenovic made it through to the third round of the US Open by defeating Pavlyuchenkova. At the Bell Classic in Québec, Mladenovic reached her first WTA semifinal. With Tatjana Malek, Mladenovic won her second WTA doubles title at the Bell Classic. Following her run to the semifinals, Mladenovic entered the top 100 in the rankings for the first time. Mladenovic won the first ever WTA 125k event, the Taipei Ladies Open, and took the doubles crown as well.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the Open GdF Suez, a Premier tournament, Mladenovic made the semifinals, including defeating Petra Kvitová. Teaming with Daniel Nestor, she made it to the final of the French Open in mixed doubles where they were defeated. However, she and Nestor rebounded at the mixed doubles at Wimbledon, capturing her first Grand Slam title.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the 2013 US Open, she beat Anabel Medina Garrigues in the first round and then lost to the 23rd seed Jamie Hampton in two sets. Mladenovic partnered up with Daniel Nestor to reach the semifinals of the mixed doubles, where they were defeated by the seventh-seeded team of Max Mirnyi and Andrea Hlaváčková in a close three-setter.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic started 2014 off strong, capturing her second mixed-doubles title at the Australian Open partnering again with Nestor. At the Open GdF Suez, she defeated Australian Open quarterfinalist Simona Halep in the first round. Partnering Daniel Nestor she won her second Major title in the mixed doubles event.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At Roland Garros, she upset Li Na (world No. 2 and 2011 champion) in the first round, her first top-5 win. She continued her strong performance with a three-set win over Alison Riske in the second round. In the round of 32, she was beaten by eventual semifinalist Andrea Petkovic.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic opened her grass-court season in Birmingham, but lost her opening match to Shahar Pe'er. She then competed in 's-Hertogenbosch qualifying, managing to win a round but ultimately falling to CoCo Vandeweghe, who would go on to qualify and win the entire tournament. At Wimbledon, she drew Zarina Diyas in the first round, but fell to the Kazakh in a rain delayed straight-set encounter. In the doubles draw, Mladenovic partnered Tímea Babos, and reached their first Grand Slam women's doubles final, ultimately losing to Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in straight sets. She then stunned at the İstanbul Cup the third seed Klára Koukalová, but lost in the semifinals to No. 1 seed Caroline Wozniacki. Her strong run returned her to the top 100, at No. 81. At Baku, she lost in quarterfinals, losing to Francesca Schiavone in a rematch of the İstanbul Cup quarterfinals. She next competed at the Washington Open, where she stunned top seeded Lucie Šafářová, before defeating qualifier Taylor Townsend. She lost to Kurumi Nara in the quarterfinals. After the Citi Open, Mladenovic lost in the final round of qualifying to Yanina Wickmayer in Montréal, and also the first round of qualifying in Cincinnati. She played doubles in Montréal, losing in the first round with partner Tímea Babos.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic began the year losing in the second round of the Australian Open to Bethanie Mattek-Sands. She, along with Daniel Nestor, reached the final of the mixed-doubles event. She lost in the second round of the Diamond Games in Antwerp to Lucie Šafářová.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: She reached the semifinals of Marrakesh, losing to her doubles partner Tímea Babos. She reached the singles final in Strasbourg, her first ever WTA Tour singles final, where she lost to Samantha Stosur. Her strong showing at both tournaments ensured her entry into the top 50 of the WTA singles rankings.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the French Open, Mladenovic once again stunned a top-10 player in her opening match by defeating world No. 6, Eugenie Bouchard. She advanced to the third round with a victory over Danka Kovinić but lost to Alison Van Uytvanck in straight sets while fighting for a spot in the last 16.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the Rosmalen Open, Mladenovic lost to eventual finalist and good friend Belinda Bencic, despite having match point opportunities. At the Birmingham Classic, she beat Bouchard again 3–6, 6–4, 6–0, and then once again stunned a top-10 player by defeating world No. 3, Simona Halep, 2–6, 6–0, 7–6.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the US Open, she reached the quarterfinals with wins over Svetlana Kuznetsova, Bojana Jovanovski, lucky loser Daria Kasatkina and Ekaterina Makarova before losing to eventual finalist Roberta Vinci in the quarterfinals, and entered the top 30 of the WTA singles rankings for the first time in her career.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: In May, Mladenovic reached the singles semifinals of the Internationaux de Strasbourg, but lost to Mirjana Lučić-Baroni.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the French Open, Mladenovic won her first round match against the 2010 French Open singles champion Francesca Schiavone, and defeated her former doubles partner Tímea Babos in the second. She lost in the third round to world No. 1 and defending champion, Serena Williams, in two sets, after having a set point at 9–8 in the tiebreak. Mladenovic won the doubles event partnering Caroline Garcia, beating Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina in the final. It was the first Grand Slam women's doubles crown for Garcia and Mladenovic, and they became the first all-French pair to win the French Open women's doubles title since Gail Chanfreau and Françoise Dürr in 1971.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: In June, Mladenovic reached her second career singles final at the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships in which she lost to CoCo Vandeweghe.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic participated in the singles, doubles and mixed-doubles events of the London Olympics. In the women's singles, she was defeated in the second round by Madison Keys. In the women's doubles event, Mladenovic partnered Caroline Garcia, with whom she had won the French Open in June. Despite being seeded No. 2, they lost in the first round. Mladenovic (she was paired with Pierre-Hugues Herbert and they were seeded No. 2) also lost in the first round of the mixed-doubles event.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the US Open singles event, Mladenovic cleared the first round before falling to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the second. In doubles, Mladenovic (partnered with Garcia) reached the final, where the French team was defeated by Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová. This allowed Garcia and Mladenovic to qualify for the WTA Finals, becoming the second doubles team yet to do so.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic moved on to the Asian swing, starting at the Korea Open. Seeded No. 4, Mladenovic had a surprise loss against Sara Sorribes Tormo, the 139th player in the world. Next, at the Wuhan Open, she faced world No. 1, Angelique Kerber in the second round. Kerber won the match, although Mladenovic captured the first set. In doubles, Mladenovic partnered with Garcia again, and the team was seeded No. 1. Despite this, the Frenchwomen lost their opening match against Christina McHale and Peng Shuai. In Beijing, Mladenovic defeated Jelena Janković in the first round, before facing eighth seed Madison Keys. Keys won in straight sets. In doubles, Mladenovic and Garcia, once again the No. 1 seeds, made their way to the final, in which they faced Mattek-Sands and Šafářová, in a rematch of the US Open final a few weeks earlier. Mattek-Sands and Šafářová won the final in two sets.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic had success in singles at the Hong Kong Open. An unseeded player, she reached the semifinals after defeating doubles rival Mattek-Sands in the quarterfinals. She passed No. 8 seed Daria Gavrilova to reach her second singles final of the year. She was defeated by former No. 1, Wozniacki, in the final.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Shortly before heading into the WTA Finals, Mladenovic and Caroline Garcia received the WTA Award for Best Doubles Team of the Year. During the WTA Finals, the Frenchwomen defeated Julia Görges and Karolína Plíšková in the quarterfinals, but fell to Mattek-Sands and Šafářová in the semifinals.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: During the 2016 Fed Cup final between France and the Czech Republic, Mladenovic lost the first rubber narrowly against Karolína Plíšková 3–6, 6–4, 14–16, a match that lasted 3 hours 48 minutes. She later played doubles with Garcia in the fifth and decisive rubber against Plíšková and Barbora Strýcová, which they lost 5–7, 5–7, enabling the Czechs to win the Fed Cup for the fifth time in six years.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: In December, Garcia and Mladenovic were named the doubles ITF World Champions of 2016. Mladenovic ended the year ranked No. 42 in singles, and tied No. 2 in doubles (with Garcia).


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic began the year by playing at the Hopman Cup alongside Richard Gasquet. The pair won their first tie against Germany's Andrea Petkovic and Alexander Zverev 2–1 (Mladenovic lost her singles match against Petkovic), and their second tie against Great Britain's Daniel Evans and Heather Watson 3–0. In France's third Group A tie against Switzerland which would decide which team would enter the final, Mladenovic (following Gasquet's defeat to Roger Federer) defeated Belinda Bencic and triumphed with Gasquet against the Swiss pair in mixed doubles, winning the tie 2–1. In the final, Mladenovic and Gasquet faced Americans Jack Sock and CoCo Vandeweghe. Although Gasquet won his singles match and Mladenovic lost hers, the French duo won the decisive mixed-doubles match, meaning that France were the 2017 Hopman Cup champions.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic had a disappointing run at the Australian Open in singles, losing in the first round to Ana Konjuh. However, in doubles, Mladenovic, reuniting with partner Caroline Garcia, reached the semifinals of the event, where they lost to Andrea Hlaváčková and Peng Shuai.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy, Mladenovic won her first round match against Elise Mertens before upsetting reigning Australian Open finalist Venus Williams to reach the quarterfinals. She continued her fabulous form against No. 6 seed and defending champion Roberta Vinci, defeating the Italian veteran in straight sets. In the semifinals, the Frenchwoman defeated rising player Natalia Vikhlyantseva to reach the first WTA Premier singles final of her career. In a tense final, Mladenovic defeated Yulia Putintseva, 6–2, 6–7, 6–4 to win the first WTA Tour singles title of her career. Mladenovic became the first Frenchwoman to win a WTA Premier singles title since Marion Bartoli in June 2011. In addition, Mladenovic competed in doubles with Daria Gavrilova; this was the first time Mladenovic played with someone other than Garcia in over a year. The pair were defeated in the semifinals.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: In the Fed Cup World Group quarterfinals against Switzerland, Mladenovic won her first singles match against Belinda Bencic. However, she then lost to Timea Bacsinszky in her next singles match. France lost the tie 1–4, resulting in France needing to win the Fed Cup World Group Play-off tie to earn the right to play in the 2018 World Group.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At Dubai, at the first Premier-5 event of the season, Mladenovic defeated Kateřina Siniaková in the first round before defeating world No. 3, Karolína Plíšková, 6–2, 6–4 in the second round. She then lost to Wang Qiang in the third round. Mladenovic's good form continued at the Mexican Open, where she stormed past Varvara Lepchenko before winning a marathon match against Heather Watson to reach the quarterfinals, in which she defeated Kirsten Flipkens. Mladenovic then won her semifinal encounter with Christina McHale, reaching her second WTA Tour singles final of 2017. Though she did end up losing to Lesia Tsurenko in the final, her success in February allowed Mladenovic to reach a career-high WTA singles ranking of No. 26. Moreover, Mladenovic was nominated for February's "WTA Shot of the Month, WTA Breakthrough Player of the Month", and "WTA Player of the Month" (winning the "WTA Breakthrough Player of the Month)".


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Prior to the Indian Wells Open, Mladenovic announced that her doubles partnership with Caroline Garcia would end because Garcia wanted to focus on her singles career. Mladenovic instead competed with Svetlana Kuznetsova in the doubles draw of Indian Wells. Meanwhile, in singles, the Frenchwoman received a bye into the second round, being seeded No. 28. She had a strong opening, defeating Annika Beck of Germany. In the third round, Mladenovic continued her newfound success by defeating world No. 4, Simona Halep, in straight sets, setting up an encounter with Lauren Davis, which she won in straight sets as well, reaching her first career WTA Premier Mandatory singles quarterfinals. Mladenovic continued to shine, defeating Caroline Wozniacki 3–6, 7–6, 6–2 (Mladenovic had never beaten Wozniacki in three previous encounters) before losing to eventual champion Elena Vesnina in the semifinals. Her good performance at the BNP Paribas Open enabled Mladenovic to attain a career-high singles ranking of No. 18, and she became the No. 1 Frenchwoman once again (passing Caroline Garcia). She also had success with Kuznetsova in the doubles, knocking out the fifth-seeded pair of Andrea Hlaváčková and Peng Shuai in the second round before losing in the quarterfinals.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the Miami Open, Mladenovic lost her opening singles match to the Romanian qualifier Patricia Maria Țig. In doubles, playing again with Kuznetsova, she faced Hlaváčková and Peng in the quarterfinals, in a repeat of their Indian Wells encounter. This time, Hlaváčková and Peng won the match, and Mladenovic missed the opportunity to become doubles world No. 1.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Mladenovic defeated top-seed Angelique Kerber in the second round and three-time champion Maria Sharapova (who was playing her first WTA tournament after serving a 15-month suspension for failing a drug test) in the semifinals to reach her third WTA Tour singles final of the year. Against German wildcard Laura Siegemund (who was playing in her hometown), Mladenovic led 4–1 in the final set tiebreak but ended losing the match 1–6, 6–2, 6–7.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic, seeded No. 14, reached her first career Premier Mandatory singles final at the Madrid Open by defeating her doubles partner Svetlana Kuznetsova in the semifinals. In the final, she lost to third seeded Simona Halep in three sets. On 15 May (the day after the Madrid final), Mladenovic reached a career-high WTA singles ranking of No. 14. Seeded No. 13, Mladenovic lost her singles first round match against Julia Görges at the Italian Open.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At her home Grand Slam, the French Open, she won her first-round match in a tight three sets against American Jennifer Brady. In the second round, she faced the 2012 finalist Sara Errani whom she defeated in straight sets. In the third round, she had a close match against Shelby Rogers and advanced to the fourth round, her best showing at this tournament. She defeated the defending champion Garbiñe Muguruza in three sets to advance to her second quarterfinal of a Grand Slam tournament in her career. She then lost to Timea Bacsinszky.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Her form declined in the second half of the season. At Wimbledon, she lost in the singles second round, sustaining a right knee injury in the process. Over the next four months, she struggled to get back into shape again and suffered a loss of confidence. This caused Mladenovic to lose all twelve of her remaining singles matches of 2018 after winning her first-round singles match at the Washington Open (she won only two sets in those 12 singles matches) at various hard-court tournaments (including the US Open) in North America, Asia and Europe. Arguably her worst moment came at the Pan Pacific Open, where she suffered a double bagel defeat in the first round against Wang Qiang.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: However, due to a consistent first half of the season which saw Mladenovic being constantly in the top eight of the Race to Singapore, she eventually broke into the top ten of the singles rankings for the first time in her career (at No. 10) on 23 October 2017, at the start of the WTA Finals. And because of big results in that half of the season, Mladenovic called the season "still the best of my career", when opening about her singles slump in the second half of the year.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic started her season at the Brisbane International, where she lost in the first round to the eventual singles finalist Aliaksandra Sasnovich in three sets. In her next tournament, the Sydney International, she retired in second set of her first-round match against the Australian wildcard Ellen Perez due to heat stress. At the Australian Open, Mladenovic's poor form in singles continued, losing her first round match in straight sets to world No. 104, Ana Bogdan from Romania, extending her losing streak in singles to 15 consecutive matches. Opening up about the loss, Mladenovic stated that it was not about injury anymore, that it was just a bad day and that it could not continue like that. Mladenovic turned things around when she won the Australian Open women's doubles with Tímea Babos, thus winning her second career Grand Slam women's doubles title.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic next played in St. Petersburg as the defending singles champion. After receiving a first-round bye, Mladenovic showed signs of her top form and confidence which enabled her to reach four WTA singles finals in the first half of 2017 by defeating former top-5 player and 2016 WTA Finals champion Dominika Cibulková in the second round, ending her 15-match losing streak in singles. She then followed up her second round win by beating Kateřina Siniaková in the quarterfinals and Daria Kasatkina in the semifinals (who had beaten the 2018 Australian Open champion Caroline Wozniacki previously), to advance to her first WTA Tour singles final since the Madrid Open the previous year. In the final she lost to Petra Kvitova in straight sets. Mladenovic won both her singles matches and her doubles match in the Fed Cup World Group quarterfinal tie against Belgium on February 10–11. She lost her singles second round and first round matches in Doha and Dubai, respectively.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic reached her second WTA singles quarterfinal of the year in Acapulco, where she lost to the defending champion Lesia Tsurenko. In Indian Wells, Mladenovic defeated Samantha Stosur in the second round before losing in the third round to Wang Qiang, who improved their head-to-head to 3–0. In the Indian Wells doubles event, Mladenovic partnered Babos and they lost in the semifinals to Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. Mladenovic lost her opening singles match in Miami to Petra Martić. She lost her first-round matches in three (Lugano, Stuttgart and Rome) of her next five tournaments, winning a total of three singles matches in the other two (Fed Cup World Group semifinals and Madrid).


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the French Open, the 29th seeded Mladenovic lost in the singles first round to Andrea Petkovic. Mladenovic and Babos were the women's doubles top-seeds at that tournament, losing in the quarterfinals to the unseeded Japanese pair of Eri Hozumi and Makoto Ninomiya. On 11 June, Mladenovic's WTA singles ranking fell to world No. 54, compared to No. 31 two weeks earlier. She played her first grass-court tournament of the year in Birmingham, where she lost in the singles second round to the unseeded Magdaléna Rybáriková. Mladenovic and Babos won the Birmingham doubles title, defeating Elise Mertens and Demi Schuurs in the final. The following week in Eastbourne, the again unseeded Mladenovic lost in the singles second round to the No. 8 seed Ashleigh Barty. The unseeded Mladenovic was defeated in the third round of Wimbledon by Serena Williams in two sets, and the top-seeded pair of Mladenovic and Babos were defeated in the women's doubles quarterfinals.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic lost her opening singles matches (both in straight sets) in her next two tournaments, to Tímea Babos and Victoria Azarenka in San Jose and Montreal respectively. Mladenovic registered her first top-10 singles win of 2018 in Cincinnati when Julia Görges retired in the first round because of a calf injury.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic and Babos were the defending champions at the Australian Open where they lost in the final to Samantha Stosur and Zhang Shuai.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: In Dubai, Mladenovic defeated world No. 1, Naomi Osaka, in the second round. She then lost her next match to Carla Suárez Navarro. In April, Mladenovic played for France in the Fed Cup semifinals. She lost her match against Simona Halep. Then, in the deciding doubles rubber, Mladenovic and Garcia defeated Halep and Niculescu.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic and Babos made the final of the French Open and in the process, Mladenovic became the number-one doubles player in the world. In the final, they defeated Duan Yingying and Zheng Saisai and won their third Grand Slam title.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic reached the second round of the Wimbledon singles, but lost to Petra Kvitová. At the US Open, she won her first-round match against three-time Grand Slam champion and 14th seed, Angelique Kerber.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: In the 2019 Fed Cup final against Australia, Mladenovic was essential in France winning their first title since 2003, winning all three of her rubbers. First, she defeated Ajla Tomljanović 6–1, 6–1, and then upset world No. 1, Ashleigh Barty, in three sets. Finally, Mladenovic and Garcia defeated Barty and Stosur in the decisive doubles rubber, 6–4, 6–3.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic won two more Grand Slam doubles titles with Babos, at the 2020 Australian Open and the 2020 French Open, where they were the defending champions.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the 2021 Australian Open, Mladenovic reached the third round in singles only for the second time at this major.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: She reached the final of the Italian Open, partnering with Czech player Markéta Vondroušová, defeating another Czech top-ten duo, second seeds Krejčíková/Siniaková, in the quarterfinals and multiple Grand Slam doubles winner and local favorite, Sara Errani and her partner Irina Begu, in the semifinals. With this successful run, Mladenovic regained her No. 1 doubles ranking. At the same tournament, she reached the second round in singles as a lucky loser defeating top-20 ranked Belinda Bencic to take revenge over her loss at the Madrid Open. She ended her 2021 season in early October citing physical and mental struggles.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic, partnering Ivan Dodig, won the mixed doubles event at the Australian Open. It was her second career mixed-doubles title at this major having been crowned champion in 2014 with Daniel Nestor, and her eight Grand Slam title overall.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: At the French Open, she reached the final as a wildcard pair with compatriot Caroline Garcia, and won her fourth French Open title defeating Jessica Pegula and Coco Gauff.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic employs an all-court playing style, using variety along with her baseline play to win points. Her forehand is her strongest wing, and she is capable of hitting this shot both flat, and with topspin. Her backhand is also a solid shot, and she is capable of hitting her two-hander consistently and can hit backhand winners frequently; she does tend to utilise her sliced backhand more frequently to change the pace of the rally. She possesses a powerful serve, and her height of 1.84 m (6 ft 1⁄2 in) means that serve aces frequently; this is aided by the fact that her first serve peaks at . However, her second serve is much weaker, and she can serve many double faults in a match; during her first round loss to Ekaterina Alexandrova at 2020 Palermo, Mladenovic served 20 double faults. Her doubles success in recent years has allowed her to develop a strong net game; she has begun to approach the net to finish points in singles more frequently due to her increased confidence. She uses her volleys, along with her backhand slice and drop shots, to create a lot of variety in her game. Her movement around the court is very good, considering her height and her footwork, but this can be exposed as a weakness when she needs to recover. Mladenovic's greatest weakness is her fragile mentality, as she finds it difficult to cope with pressure, committing myriad unforced errors, and can lose matches from winning positions – in her second round match at the 2020 US Open, she was leading by 6–1, 5–1 against Varvara Gracheva, holding four match points, before losing in three sets.


title: Kristina Mladenovic

text: Mladenovic wears Adidas clothing and uses Wilson rackets, specifically endorsing the Wilson Ultra range of racquets.


title: Neversoft

text: Neversoft Entertainment, Inc. was an American video game developer based in Woodland Hills, California. The studio was founded by Joel Jewett, Mick West and Chris Ward in July 1994 and was acquired by Activision in October 1999. Initially, the studio worked with Playmates Toys, where they worked on the game "Skeleton Warriors", which was based on a animated television series of the same name. Throughout 1996, the studio grew, and worked on projects with Crystal Dynamics and Sony Computer Entertainment, but due to internal conflicts, they were cancelled.


title: Neversoft

text: After a meeting with Activision in 1998, the publisher agreed to enter into a deal with the studio to create "Apocalypse", which used the game engine created by Neversoft for one of the cancelled Sony projects. During the game's development, Activision asked the studio to work on a prototype for a skateboarding game, and after an impressed reaction from Activision to the prototype, the publisher released the game as "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater" in 1999 to critical acclaim and acquired Neversoft at the end of that year. Neversoft developed a "Spider-Man" game for the PlayStation the following year, along with six "Tony Hawk's" games over the next several years.


title: Neversoft

text: In 2004, the company split into two teams to work on two games at once, the upcoming "Tony Hawk's" and a new intellectual property, the western action-adventure game "Gun". After Activision's acquisition of "Guitar Hero" in 2006, Neversoft continued the franchise, working on "", which was released in 2007 to similar acclaim to previous games in the franchise. With the game's success, Neversoft focused on developing new "Guitar Hero" games, passing development of new "Tony Hawk's" to Robomodo. The last game in the franchise by Neversoft was "" in 2010, which received mixed reviews and sold poorly. Due to this, Activision reduced Neversoft to a support studio for future "Call of Duty" games.


title: Neversoft

text: Starting in 2011, the studio worked in collaboration with numerous Activision studios on "" and "", and following the release of the latter, Neversoft was merged with Infinity Ward on May 3, 2014, and was made defunct on July 10, 2014. The last game the studio worked on was "", developed with Sledgehammer Games and released later that year.


title: Neversoft

text: Neversoft was founded in July 1994 by three employees of Malibu Interactive (previously Acme Interactive), a division of Malibu Comics based in Westlake Village, California. At that time, the primary platforms were the home gaming consoles, the Genesis/Mega Drive and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Games for these systems could be developed by small teams, anywhere from two to ten developers. As a result, it was much easier than at present to set up a game development company, and several groups of people had already left Malibu to strike out on their own. Joel Jewett, a native of Montana and a CPA, was at the time head of development at the rapidly shrinking Malibu Interactive. He teamed up with Mick West, a game programmer, who had just completed working on "" for the Genesis, and Chris Ward, a video game artist.


title: Neversoft

text: In July 1994, Neversoft was formed. They initially found work for Playmates Interactive, a then-division of Playmates Toys who were about to release a line of toys called Skeleton Warriors and wanted a video game to go along with the toys and the cartoon series. Neversoft began work on the game design and moved into offices in Woodland Hills, California. Neversoft worked on the Genesis version for five months. Over that time they hired another artist and a level designer. In December 1994, Playmates cancelled the game. They were not unhappy with the progress, but had decided that they needed to develop the game for the Sega Saturn. 1995 was spent developing "Skeleton Warriors" for the Sega Saturn. Over the course of 1995, Neversoft grew rapidly by hiring three programmers, five artists, a level designer, a tester and an office administrator. "Skeleton Warriors" was finished in time for the 1995 holiday season and Neversoft began looking for other work while they ported "Skeleton Warriors" to the PlayStation in 1996.


title: Neversoft

text: Neversoft continued to expand during 1996, expanding to over twenty employees. They worked for six months on a game based on "Ghost Rider" for Crystal Dynamics, which was cancelled due to financial problems with the publisher. With some excess capacity Neversoft started to develop a game of their own design, initially called "Big Guns". The technology developed there was used in their next project, a conversion of the PC game "MDK". Towards the end of 1996, Neversoft sold the idea for "Big Guns" to Sony Computer Entertainment and they began development. 1997 was a tumultuous year for Neversoft. The "MDK" conversion took far longer than expected, and the "Big Guns" game (renamed "Exodus") went through numerous design changes at the behest of Sony and was cancelled in November 1997. The company shrunk back to just twelve employees. Neversoft spent the next few months shopping around their technology, meeting with numerous companies and looking for work.


title: Neversoft

text: In January 1998, just as Neversoft was about to run out of money, they had a meeting with Activision, who were looking for someone to re-develop "Apocalypse", a failed internal project. The technology developed for "Big Guns" turned out to be ideal for the project, Activision was impressed and Neversoft began work on "Apocalypse". In May 1998, "Apocalypse" was going very well, and Activision signed up Neversoft to develop a prototype for a skateboarding game. This proceeded slowly as they could not spare many people from "Apocalypse". The initial prototypes resembled the arcade game "Top Skater". "Apocalypse" wrapped up in October 1998 and development began in earnest on "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater" for the PlayStation and Nintendo 64. By the end of 1998, the game development was in full swing and Neversoft comprised 16 people: six programmers, five artists, three level designers, one producer and Joel, the company's president.


title: Neversoft

text: From 1999 to 2007, Neversoft developed nine "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater" games and increased their employees to over 150.


title: Neversoft

text: In 2005, Neversoft developed a Western action-adventure open world game entitled "Gun", alongside Beenox and Rebellion Developments.


title: Neversoft

text: In 2006, Activision acquired the "Guitar Hero" series from Harmonix Music Systems, as well as RedOctane, and chose Neversoft as the developer. Neversoft developed several games in the franchise, breaking several records with "". The games following "" would be developed by Vicarious Visions, developers of the Wii ports and "". In light of this, 50 employees were laid off on February 11, 2010. In May 2014 it was reported that Neversoft had been merged with "Call of Duty" creators Infinity Ward to create what was internally referred to as a "super-studio".


title: Neversoft

text: Neversoft was officially made defunct on July 10, 2014, 20 years to the day of its founding, with the remaining employees attending a burning of a sculpture of the skewered eyeball from their logo that has been part of their offices before.


title: Neversoft

text: "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater" ("THPS") was released on the PlayStation in August 1999. Development of a sequel began immediately after its release. "Spider-Man" was also developed for Activision in 2000. Like "THPS", the technology for this game was based on the "Apocalypse" engine, which was in turn based on the "Big Guns" engine. Neversoft was now developing two major games in parallel, and expanded into two large teams. Activision acquired Neversoft in the summer of 1999 in a stock swap deal. The founders of Neversoft and several key employees signed four-year employment agreements.


title: Neversoft

text: "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2" and "Spider-Man" were both released in 2000. Neversoft began work on "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3" specifically for the PlayStation 2. After both teams finished their projects they were merged into one large team. "THPS3" was developed using the RenderWare game engine. "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3" was released in 2001, followed by "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4" in 2002. In 2003 Neversoft reworked the game with a more story-oriented approach in "Tony Hawk's Underground", followed by a sequel in "Tony Hawk's Underground 2" in 2004. In 2005 Neversoft again split into two teams to begin work on the internally developed "Gun" and the seventh version of the "Tony Hawk<nowiki>'</nowiki>s" series — "Tony Hawk's American Wasteland".


title: Neversoft

text: "Tony Hawk's Project 8" was developed and released in 2006. This was the first title under Neversoft that was developed as a next-gen title for the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3. "Tony Hawk's Proving Ground" was released in 2007. It is the second title for the PlayStation 3 and third for Xbox 360 in the "Tony Hawk<nowiki>'</nowiki>s" series. It was the last "Tony Hawk" game to be developed by Neversoft; the franchise moved to Robomodo.


title: Neversoft

text: After Activision acquired RedOctane and the "Guitar Hero" series, Harmonix developed their last "Guitar Hero" game, "", before they were acquired by MTV. Neversoft became the developer for the "Guitar Hero" series beginning with "" for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles, using their in-house game engine made from scratch instead of Harmonix's engine. Several "Guitar Hero" series games have been developed by Neversoft since 2007, including "", "", "Guitar Hero World Tour" (incorporating drums and vocals alongside guitar), "", "Guitar Hero 5", "Band Hero" and "".


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: David Holland (5 April 1948 – 16 January 2018) was an English heavy metal drummer born in Northampton, England. Holland is best remembered for his time with the bands Trapeze from 1969 to 1979 and Judas Priest from 1979 to 1989.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: At the age of six Holland began piano lessons, but soon developed a "mania for the drums" in his own words and begged his parents to let him have a set. After his first appearance as a stand-in for a local band, Holland realized he wanted to be a musician. When he was 14 years old, he supplemented his pocket money by playing with another local band called The Drumbeats, and selling furniture and carpets.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: As a youngster, Holland listened to traditional jazz. He cited his first rock influence as Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. Later, he became interested in funk music in the vein of Booker T & the MG's, the blues rock of Free and progressive–psychedelic music of Traffic.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: In early 1965 he was with Northampton band Dorian Gray. Later that year Holland was persuaded to leave and join The Liberators who had recording and management contracts ready within a few weeks to evolve into Pinkerton's Assorted Colours, a pop band that put autoharp to good use, taking after The Loving Spoonful. In 1966 a single, "Mirror Mirror" (released 15 January 1966 on Decca, produced by future The Moody Blues producer Tony Clarke), peaked at No. 8 in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Holland stayed with the band until August 1968, when he joined Finders Keepers, a pop cover outfit. However, Holland continued studio session work. He did not play on a 1969 No. 5 hit single "Smile a Little Smile for Me" released by the band that used to be Pinkerton's Assorted Colours under the name of The Flying Machine.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Finders Keepers, who were soon joined by Mel Galley (guitar) and Glenn Hughes (bass), recorded several singles, with some of the songs now available on various compilations. Soon afterwards the threesome joined forces with vocalist and winds player John Jones and multi-instrumentalist Terry Rowley of The Montanas fame to form a quintet called Trapeze (the band name was Terry Rowley's idea).


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Trapeze appeared in the British TV show "Colour Me Pop" and soon was swamped with offers of recording contracts, including one from The Beatles' Apple. Trapeze, however, settled for the newly formed Threshold label, belonging to The Moody Blues members. The band would soon open for The Moodies and other well-known acts. On Threshold, the band released three records, the debut as a quintet and the rest as a power trio.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Trapeze were gaining momentum at the time, especially in the southern United States, but lost a major contributor as Glenn Hughes decided to leave the band and join Deep Purple for the recording of their "Burn" album.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Mel Galley and Dave Holland added a bass player and a second guitarist. Dave Holland and Mel Galley also toured as part of John Lodge (musician) – Justin Hayward (of The Moody Blues fame) band "The Blue Jays" (Blue Jays (album)).


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Earlier on, both Galley and Holland lent a hand in the recording of Glenn Hughes' first solo album, "Play Me Out", offering a unique blend of psychedelic jazz funk. Holland was assisted by Mark Nauseef on percussion.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: In 1979 and 1980, Holland recorded some drum parts for Justin Hayward's solo albums, "Songwriter" and "Night Flight".


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Holland left Trapeze and joined Judas Priest in August 1979. He played drums on many of Judas Priest's platinum albums, such as "British Steel", "Screaming for Vengeance", "Defenders of the Faith", "Turbo" and "Ram It Down."


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: During the 1980s, Holland also collaborated with guitarist Robin George, as part of his band Life and on George's solo project, "Dangerous Music".


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: In 1989, personal problems (health and family issues) and musical differences forced Holland to leave Judas Priest. He was replaced by original Saints Or Sinners drummer Scott Travis, who had also previously played in the band Racer X.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Throughout the 1990s, besides touring with briefly reformed Trapeze and filling in for various bands like The Screaming Jets during their European tours, Holland gave drum clinics and private lessons, managed and produced bands such as UK band The Love Garden and the Swedish "teen funk trio" Shutlanger Sam (fronted by Kim Fransson who later had a solo career where he collaborated with among others hit songwriters Andreas Carlsson and Desmond Child) whom Holland introduced in person at a show with his former Trapeze bandmate Glenn Hughes in Vänersborg 1996, and played on various recordings of his former mates. In 1996, he participated in sessions that involved Glenn Hughes, Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath fame, and keyboardist Don Airey. In 1998, a collaboration with Al Atkins, Judas Priest's original singer, was released, featuring a few covers of early Priest songs that Holland did not originally play on. Judas Priest with Atkins at the helm had supported Trapeze in 1971.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: In 2004, Holland was arrested and later found guilty by a jury at Northampton Crown Court of one count of attempted rape and five counts of indecent assault against a 17-year-old male with learning difficulties. The offences occurred at Holland's rural English home in 2002 against a boy to whom he had been hired to give drum lessons. The jury also found a co-accused, 22-year-old Spiros Laouitaris, not guilty of four counts of indecent assault. Following the verdict, Judge Charles Wide told the court that Holland had "deliberately and calculatedly planned a strategy to abuse a boy who he knew was exceptionally vulnerable". Holland had steadfastly denied all charges, telling the court "There might have been the odd hug or something like that. I know it is politically incorrect nowadays, but kids like to be shown a bit of affection." It was revealed at trial that the victim had occasionally spent the night at Holland's house while taking lessons, and his parents learned of what Holland was doing when they received a letter from their son detailing the sexual abuse. He was sentenced to eight years in prison. In an interview during the criminal proceedings, Holland revealed publicly for the first time that he was bisexual.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Holland had recently completed some recording sessions with guitarist Tony Iommi. When word of his arrest became public, Iommi had Holland's drum tracks removed and re-recorded by Jimmy Copley, not wanting any association with a convicted sex offender.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: Holland was scheduled for release from prison in 2012 and had reportedly served his full sentence that year.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: In late 2006, Holland told author Neil Daniels in a letter from prison that he was in the process of writing his autobiography. Holland also stated his intent to appeal his conviction, saying "I was convicted of a crime that I didn't commit, and like so many others in similar situations to the one in which I find myself, an offense that never even existed in the first place...". He also railed against the legal system itself, telling Daniels "There is absolutely no difference whatsoever between the criteria that is permitted to be applied in sex offences now and that which was applied in cases of witchcraft in the 17th century."


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: On 18 January 2018 it was announced that Holland had died a few days previously. No cause of death was provided.


title: Dave Holland (drummer)

text: On 22 January 2018, Spanish newspaper "El Progreso" reported that Holland had died on 16 January at Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti in Lugo, Spain. Holland had been living in the nearby town of A Fonsagrada. The newspaper reported that Holland's remains had been cremated. However, a doctor had said that the death was due to lung cancer.


title: John Osteen

text: John Hillery Osteen (August 21, 1921 – January 23, 1999) was an American pastor and founding pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas, from its beginnings in 1959 until his death in 1999. His television program, "John Osteen," ran for 16 years and was broadcast to millions in the U.S. and nearly 50 countries weekly.


title: John Osteen

text: Osteen was born in Paris, Texas. He earned a bachelor's degree from John Brown University in Siloam Springs, Arkansas, and a master's degree from Northern Baptist Seminary. He also held a Doctor of Divinity degree from Oral Roberts University.


title: John Osteen

text: In his biography, Osteen said he did not begin thinking seriously about God until 1939, after leaving a nightclub he frequented. Within a couple of months, he began preaching in Paris, Texas, and was apparently ordained to the gospel ministry shortly before his 18th birthday by a church affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention. He served as an Associate Pastor at First Baptist Church in San Diego, Texas, after completing his studies at NBTS and by the late 1940s as a minister at First Baptist Church, Hamlin, Texas. Osteen left Hamlin in 1948 to become an itinerant preacher, but within a year he became pastor of Central Baptist Church, Baytown, Texas.


title: John Osteen

text: During his pastorate of Central Baptist Church, Osteen and his first wife, Emma Jean Shaffer, began to experience marital unrest and subsequently divorced. He married Dolores "Dodie" Pilgrim on September 17, 1954, and the following year resigned his pastorate. Before long, Osteen again entered pastoral ministry at Hibbard Memorial Baptist Church, Houston, Texas, but left in 1958.


title: John Osteen

text: That same year, John and Dodie's first daughter Lisa was born with severe health issues. As he wrestled with her circumstance, his theological beliefs began to shift and he had ecstatic religious experiences, based on the baptism of the Holy Ghost. A year later, on Mother's Day, May 10, 1959, he and Dodie started Lakewood Baptist Church in "a dusty, abandoned feed store" in northeast Houston as a church for charismatic Baptists. The church soon dropped "Baptist" from its name and became nondenominational.


title: John Osteen

text: In the mid-1980s, Osteen launched the Lakewood Bible Institute (LBI), an "unaccredited school devoted to biblical training from a charismatic perspective." LBI offered a variety of classes including principles of Bible study, healing, conversion, and prayer. Osteen served as LBI's president until its closure in the late-1980s.


title: John Osteen

text: Osteen founded Lakewood Church in 1959 in Houston, Texas, and developed Lakewood into a body of approximately 15,000 members with active ministries in televangelism, conferences, missionary support, and food distribution. He hosted the weekly "John Osteen" television program for 16 years, reaching millions in the U.S. and in many other countries with his preaching. On January 23, 1999, he died after a heart attack at the age of 77. His youngest son Joel Osteen later became the pastor, who has expanded his father's church. Lakewood now receives over 52,000 in attendance and reaches millions of people around the world by television and online.


title: Manti (food)

text: Manti is a type of dumpling popular in most cuisines of the South Caucasus, Balkans, Central Asia, and Afghanistan. Manti is also popular among Chinese Muslims, and it is consumed throughout post-Soviet countries, where the dish spread from the Central Asian republics. The dumplings typically consist of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef, wrapped in a thin dough sheet which is then boiled or steamed. The size and shape of manti vary significantly depending on geographic location.


title: Manti (food)

text: Manti resemble the Chinese jiaozi and baozi, Korean mandu, Mongolian buuz and the Tibetan momo. The dish's name is cognate with Chinese mantou, Korean mandu, and Japanese manjū, though the modern Chinese and Japanese counterparts mostly refer to different dishes.


title: Manti (food)

text: The name, depending on the language, can refer to a single dumpling or to more than one dumpling at a time; in English, it is often used as both a singular and plural form.


title: Manti (food)

text: The Chinese word "mantou" has been suggested as the origin for the word "manti," though the origin of the name "manti" is somewhat uncertain"." Several different Chinese characters were originally used to spell the dish's name, which potentially indicates the Chinese adapted a foreign word to their writing system. The term "mantou" (饅頭) appears in early records of the Jin dynasty (266CE–420CE) and similar foods were produced and consumed in earlier periods. Different Chinese synonyms such as "manshou" (饅首)" and "zhengbing" (蒸餅) were also already in use. Originally, mantou was meat-filled. Mantou still retains its old meaning of stuffed bun in Wu Chinese as "moedeu". But in Mandarin and many other varieties of Chinese, mantou refers to plain steamed buns, while baozi resemble the ancient mantou stuffed with meat.


title: Manti (food)

text: Some of the earliest mentions of dishes resembling Turkic manti date to the Mongol Empire. One such mention of "manta" is found in the 1330 manuscript "Yinshan Zhengyao" by Hu Sihui, a Chinese court therapist in service of the Yuan Dynasty Emperor, Buyantu Khan. Some variations may be traced back to the Uyghur people of northwest China.


title: Manti (food)

text: In general, there is agreement that the recipe was carried across Central Asia along the Silk Road to Anatolia by Turkic and Mongol peoples. According to Holly Chase, "Turkic and Mongol horsemen on the move are supposed to have carried frozen or dried manti, which could be quickly boiled over a camp-fire". According to an Armenian researcher, manti first reached Cilician Armenia as a result of the cultural interaction between Armenians and Mongols during their alliance in the 13th century. Migrating Turkic-speaking peoples brought the dumpling with them to Anatolia, where it evolved into the Turkish "mantı". When the Tatars settled into the Kayseri region of modern-day Turkey, the area became known for its manti. Korean mandu is said to have arrived in Korea through the Mongols in the 14th century.


title: Manti (food)

text: However, some researchers do not discount the possibility that manti may have originated in the Middle East and spread eastward to China and Korea through the Silk Road.


title: Manti (food)

text: The earliest written Ottoman mantı recipe appears in a 15th-century cookbook written by Muhammed bin Mahmud Shirvani. The version in Shirvani's book is a steamed dumpling with a minced lamb and crushed chickpeas filling spiced with cinnamon and flavored with vinegar. The dish was garnished with sumac and like most contemporary mantı variations, it was served with a garlic-yoghurt sauce.


title: Manti (food)

text: Many early Turkish cookbooks do not mention a dish called "mantı". The first printed recipe book, "Melceüt`t Tabâhhin", was published in 1844. It includes a recipe for a dish called "Tatar böreği", which is similar to "mantı" but is not served with garlic yoghurt sauce. The first English-language Ottoman cookbook and a third cookbook printed in 1880 includes this same recipe. Another 1880 cookbook does have a recipe for "mantı", but instead of a dumpling, it is a dish composed of layered dough served with mincemeat and garlic yogurt. This book also includes a recipe of "piruhi", a cheese filled version of the "Tatar böreği" recipe.


title: Manti (food)

text: Manti in Central Asian cuisines are usually larger in size. They are steamed in a multi-level metal steamer called "mantovarka", "mantyshnitsa" (Russian terms for manti cooker), "manti-kazan" or "manti-kaskan" (manti pot). It consists of layered pans with holes that are placed over a stockpot filled with water. Steaming is the main method of cooking manti; if boiled or fried, they are considered another type of dumpling, such as pelmeni.


title: Manti (food)

text: In Kazakh cuisine and Kyrgyz cuisine, the manti filling is normally minced lamb (sometimes beef or horse meat), spiced with black pepper, sometimes with the addition of chopped pumpkin or squash. This is considered to be a traditional Uyghur recipe. Manti is served topped with butter, sour cream or an onion sauce or garlic sauce. When sold as street food in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, manti are typically presented sprinkled with hot red pepper powder.


title: Manti (food)

text: In Uzbek and Tajik cuisines, manti are usually made of one (or a combination) of the following ingredients: lamb, beef, cabbage, potato or pumpkin, with fat often added to meat manti. Manti is usually topped with butter and maybe served with sour cream, different types of ketchup, or freshly sliced onions (sprinkled with vinegar and black pepper). A sauce made by mixing vinegar and chili powder is also common. Bukharian Jews also use cheese fillings, and such dumplings are usually served with yogurt. In Uzbekistan, manti are also called "kaskoni".


title: Manti (food)

text: The same style of cooking manti is traditional for Tatar, Bashkir and other cuisines of the Turkic peoples living in the vast area from Idel-Ural to the Far East. It is nowadays widespread throughout Russia and other post-Soviet countries.


title: Manti (food)

text: In Afghan cuisine, the thinly rolled out dough of the mantu are filled with beef or lamb mixed with minced onions and spices, steamed and then topped with a yoghurt-based sauce. The sauce ("seer mosst", lit. "garlic yoghurt") is made with chaka (thick, creamy, strained and salted yoghurt), lemon juice, dried and fresh mint, green and red chili powder and pressed garlic. The mantu can also be topped with a tomato-based sauce which can include split peas or red kidney beans and/or sautéed ground meat. This depends on the meat that was used for the filling of the mantu. The amount of yoghurt sauce is typically more than the tomato and ground meat sauce; the sauce is meant to be dotted on top as to not cover the entire dish. However, separate dishes containing more of the ground meat, split peas and tomato sauce and the yoghurt sauce may also be kept at the table or dastarkhān. Some Afghans also like to serve mantu with a carrot qorma or stew, instead of a tomato-based sauce. Now it is also famous in some areas of Pakistan due to Afghan refugees. The authentic Afghan mantu dumplings are supposed to be small and bite-sized. The dough is supposed to be thinned out so that it isn't chewy to bite on nor should one feel like they're eating more dough than filling. There's a specific pattern in which the dough of each dumpling is twisted and closed around the filling. There's a variation of this dish in Afghanistan known as Aushak, in which the filling is different and it's made by boiling the dumplings instead of steaming them.


title: Manti (food)

text: In contrast to the Central Asian varieties, manti in Anatolia and Transcaucasia are usually boiled or baked rather than steamed and tend to be small in size. In modern Turkish cuisine, mantı are typically served topped with yoghurt and garlic and spiced with red pepper powder and melted butter and topped with ground sumac and/or dried mint by the consumer.


title: Manti (food)

text: Similarly, the Armenian manti, also sometimes referred to as monta, are usually served with yoghurt ("matzoon") or sour cream ("ttvaser") and garlic, accompanied by clear soup ("mantapour"). Manti are more common among western Armenians, while among eastern Armenians and Georgians, similar dumplings called khinkali are more prevalent. Unlike all other regional varieties of manti, whether served with or without yogurt Armenian manti is always baked and crunchy, never just steamed or boiled.


title: Manti (food)

text: A popular type of Turkish mantı is known as "Kayseri mantısı", a cultural marker of the Central Anatolian city Kayseri. "Kayseri mantısı" is tiny and served with yoghurt, melted butter (typically flavored with flavored with spearmint or Aleppo pepper) and topped with dry mint and Aleppo pepper flakes. Manti may be made from shredded meat of quail, chicken or goose in some regions of Turkey, while "boş mantı" ("empty dumpling") lack filling entirely.


title: Manti (food)

text: Turkish cuisine includes also other dumplings similar to manti, such as "hingel" and "Tatar böreği". These are typically larger than "Kayseri mantısı".


title: Manti (food)

text: In Bosnian cuisine, the name "klepe" or "kulaci" is used. These are made of minced meat with onions. It is served in a sauce consisting of yogurt and garlic. There is also a separate dish called "mantije", which is made of the same ingredients, but the pastry balls are put together with no free space in between and baked. After the baking yogurt is poured on top. This second type is considered to be a pita or burek rather than manti and is primarily made in the region of Sandžak, as well as in Kosovo.


title: Manti (food)

text: The dish is known as manti in several languages (, , , , ). Other spelling varieties include manty (Kyrgyz, Tatar, ), mantu (Pashto, Persian, ; ) or manta (, , ), Mongolian- mantuu (мантуу).


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: The McLaren F1 GTR is the racing variant of the McLaren F1 sports car first produced in 1995 for grand touring style racing, such as the BPR Global GT Series, FIA GT Championship, JGTC, and British GT Championship. It was powered by the naturally aspirated BMW S70/2 V12 engine. It is most famous for its overall victory at the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans where it won against faster purpose-built prototypes in very wet conditions. The F1 GTR raced internationally until 2005 when the final race chassis was retired.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Gordon Murray, creator of the McLaren F1, originally saw his creation as the ultimate road car, with no intention to take the car racing. Although the car used many racing technologies and designs, it was felt that the car should be a road car first, without any intent built into the creation of the car to modify it into a racing car.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: However, soon after the launch of the McLaren F1, the BPR Global GT Series was created. Starting in the 1994 season, the series featured racing modifications of sports cars such as the Venturi 600LM, Ferrari F40, and Porsche 911 Turbo. Viewed as a possible replacement for the defunct World Sportscar Championship, major manufacturers were taking interest in the series. At the same time, teams were also looking for faster and more capable cars for the series top class, GT1. Many teams, such as those run by Ray Bellm and Thomas Bscher, seeing the potential in the McLaren F1 road cars, Le Mans winner John Nielsen turned to Gordon Murray in an attempt to convince him to offer factory backing on racing versions for the BPR series.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Finally, Murray relented and agreed to modify the F1 into a racing car, agreeing to build several chassis for competition in the 1995 season. An unused F1 chassis which was meant to become #019 was taken by McLaren and modified by the company as a developmental prototype. Because of the similarity to a race car, extensive modification was not needed to actually turn the F1 into a racing car. Bodywork modification saw the addition of various cooling ducts, most noticeably a large one in the center of the nose and two placed in the location of the storage lockers on the side of the car. A large adjustable fixed wing was added to the rear of the car. Even the 1995 versions of F1 GTR generated enough downforce to run along the ceiling at 100 mph. The interior was stripped of all luxuries and given a full racing cage. Carbon brakes replaced the stock units. Because of the rules at the time, the BMW S70 V12 engine was required to use an air restrictor to limit power output to around , making the racing car less powerful than the road car, yet faster and more nimble due to a lowered overall weight. Features such as the central seating position, Butterfly doors, and even the standard gearbox were retained. McLaren co-ordinated a 24-hour test at Magny-Cours to find weaknesses in the car and develop upgrades to supply to the teams.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: A total of nine chassis would be built for the 1995 season, with #01R being retained by the factory as a test mule, except for a one-off use by Kokusai Kaihatsu Racing at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. British team GTC Racing received two F1 GTRs, with a third being used to replace a destroyed car. David Price Racing, BBA Competition, Mach One Racing, and Giroix Racing Team would all receive one chassis each, while the final chassis, #09R, was sold to Hassanal Bolkiah, the Sultan of Brunei, for his car collection.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: At Le Mans 1995, the Kokusai Kaihatsu McLaren obtained victory and the highest practice top speed of the year, reaching 281 km/h (174.605 mph) on the Mulsanne Straight.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Following the success of the 1995 season, McLaren set forth to upgrade the car to remain competitive, especially against the threat of newer sports cars appearing such as the Ferrari F50 GT (which was withdrawn quickly) and the Porsche 911 GT1. They were assisted by BMW Motorsport, who at the time decided to use their connection to McLaren to enter sports car racing by running their own race team with F1 GTRs.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Among the modifications were an extension of the front and rear bodywork, including a larger splitter attached to the front of the car. The bodywork was also modified to allow it to be removed more quickly for easier repair. The car's standard gearbox was modified to include a lighter magnesium housing and more robust mechanicals. These modifications allowed for the weight of the GTR to be lowered by 38 kg. Due to demand, nine more new GTRs were built, while two older GTRs (#03R and #06R) were also modified to the 1996-spec. The F1 GTR 1996 was the fastest variant in terms of straight line speed - the car hit 330 km/h on the Mulsanne Straight at Le Mans in 1996, which is 13 km/h faster than the 1997 long-tail F1 GTR and even 6 km/h faster than the 1996 Porsche GT1.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: With the BPR Global GT Series reformed into the FIA GT Championship in 1997, rules regarding the cars used in the premier GT1 class were altered. Homologation specials like the Porsche 911 GT1 had already proven their worth in the final races of 1996, while newcomer Mercedes-Benz was showing the potential of their new CLK-GTR in testing. McLaren was therefore forced to give the F1 extensive modifications in order to be able to compete against cars that had been meant as race cars first and not road cars like the F1.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: First and foremost, the F1 required extensive modification to its bodywork in order to gain as much aerodynamic downforce as possible. Although it retained the same carbon-fibre monocoque as the road car, the entire exterior of the car was purpose-built. A much longer nose and tail, as well as a wider rear wing, were designed in order to maximize the amount of aerodynamic downforce, while the wheel arches were widened in order to allow for the maximum amount of grip from the tyres allowed by the rules. Ground clearance was also changed to front and rear, rather than the front and rear clearance of the 1996-spec car.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: The engine also saw extensive modification, with a stroke reduction bringing the BMW S70 V12 down to in an attempt to prolong the life of the engines, while still maintaining the air restrictor-controlled . The standard gearbox was replaced with a new X-trac 6-speed sequential transmission.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: A total of ten more GTRs were built, with none of the previous cars being upgraded to the 1997-spec. In order to be allowed to construct cars that were so radically different from the F1 road car, McLaren was forced to build production road cars using the GTR '97's bodywork. These cars came to be known as the F1 GT, of which only three were built. The 1997-spec cars are commonly referred to as the "Long Tail" version due to their stretched bodywork, most noticeably at the rear.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: At Le Mans 1997, the car reached on the Mulsanne straight. This was still slightly slower than some of the field, including the Porsche 911 GT1 Evo's - , Nissan R390 GT1's - and TWR Porsche Joest LMP's - .


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Debuting at the 1995, BPR season opener at Jerez, three F1 GTRs took to the track (two for GTC Competition, one for David Price Racing's West Competition). The McLarens showed their speed from the very start, taking the first three qualifying spots. In the race, facing stiff competition from a Porsche 911 GT2 Evo, the McLaren F1 GTR of Ray Bellm and Maurizio Sandro Sala was able to take victory by a mere 16 seconds. For the second race, French squad BBA Competition added their new F1 GTR to the series while Bellm and Sala would again take victory. This would be followed by a victory for West Competition at Monza, then GTC winning again at the fourth round at Jarama. However at Jarama, GTC's second chassis, #04R would be badly damaged in a practice accident. This was replaced by #08R for the next race.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: At next race at the Nürburgring, McLaren would successfully take the first five positions for GTC, West Competition, and new F1 GTR owners Giroix Racing Team and Mach One Racing. Following another victory at Donington, the F1 had a slight dry spell when it first lost to a Porsche in Montléry, then to a Ferrari at Anderstorp. However the F1 GTR would return to form by winning the final four races of the season. West Competition would take the teams championship with a total of two victories, while GTC would take third with five victories, and Mach One Racing fourth with three victories.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Going into 1996, McLaren debuted their upgraded cars in an attempt to continue their dominance of the series. Existing teams such as GTC Competition and Giroix Racing Team bought newer 1996-spec cars, while new teams such as BBA Competition, West Competition, and Mach One retained the older 1995-spec cars. BMW Motorsport, with the assistance of Bigazzi Team, purchased three F1 GTRs as well.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: McLaren started the 1996 season in the same fashion as they had in 1995, with GTC Competition taking the first win in the hands of Ray Bellm and James Weaver. GTC, West Competition, and Mach One would trade off wins for the next three rounds until McLaren finally suffered a loss to Ferrari at Anderstorp yet again. GTC Competition would take victory again at Suzuka Circuit, but when the series arrived in Brands Hatch, the F1 GTR faced new competition. Porsche debuted their new 911 GT1, and took a strong victory in their first race. Although legally not allowed to score points at first, the 911 GT1 would still take victory again at Spa. Porsche skipped Nogaro, leaving McLaren to take the victory, but Porsche returned for the final round at Zhuhai, again taking the victory.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Even with the Porsche showing its dominance late in the season, McLaren's GTC Competition was still successful in taking the team's championship with West Competition taking third. For 1997, the BPR Global Endurance GT Championship would become the FIA GT Championship.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Showing control of the BPR series early in 1996, McLaren now saw that their car was lacking against the likes of the new Porsche 911 GT1 in the all new FIA GT Championship. At the same time, McLaren was aware of the arrival of the new Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR, Lotus Elise GT1, and Panoz Esperante GTR-1, all purpose-built racing cars that bore little relation to road legal cars like the McLaren F1. The new F1 GTR "Long Tail" cars were therefore developed, and with increased assistance from BMW Motorsport, McLaren continued into the 1997 season. Major teams included the BMW Motorsport-backed Schnitzer Motorsport, Team Davidoff, and Parabolica Motorsports. Privateers continued to campaign older 1995-spec and 1996-spec cars.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: At the opening round, the new Mercedes showed its pace by taking the pole in qualifying, but the car suffered mechanically during the race. The newer F1 GTRs showed that they had overcome the performance advantage of Porsche by taking a 1-2-3 victory over six trailing 911 GT1s. However, for the next round, Mercedes-Benz would be able to put up a fight against the McLarens, with a new CLK-GTR losing to BMW Motorsports F1 GTR by less than a second. At Helsinki, with a smaller field on the temporary street course and more mechanical woes for Mercedes, the BMW Motorsport McLaren again took victory.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Unfortunately, Mercedes soon overcame their mechanical problems and took a 1-2 victory at the Nürburgring, ahead of five McLarens. McLaren was able to claw back a victory at Spa before the Mercedes again took over, taking 1-2 victories in the next three rounds. McLaren would take one final victory at Mugello before the Mercedes would take the final two victories of the year. BMW Motorsport, who had scored McLaren's only victories that year, managed second in the teams championships, while Team Davidoff took a distant third. Although McLaren had successfully outdone Porsche, they were simply unable to compete with the power of the new Mercedes-Benz.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: BMW officially left the project at the end of 1997 in order to build their own Le Mans Prototype project, the BMW V12 LM. McLaren, realizing that the F1 could no longer compete against an even more evolved Mercedes CLK-LM, decided to pull out factory backing for 1998. Team Davidoff and Parabolica Motorsports, aligned with BBA Competition, attempted to continue with their aged cars in 1998, but could finish no better than fifth in a single race. Team Davidoff were the only ones to score points that season, finishing 6th in the teams championship. After 1998 the GT1 class was abolished due to the dominance by Mercedes-Benz, and McLaren F1s never raced in FIA GT again.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: In 1996, Team Goh of Japan purchased two F1 GTRs of 1996-spec, chassis #13R and #14R, for participation in the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship's (JGTC) GT500 class under the name Team Lark. Debuting at the opening round at Suzuka Circuit, the Lark team took a 1-2 finish, with winners Naoki Hattori and Ralf Schumacher. At the following round at Fuji, David Brabham and John Nielsen would take victory for the Lark McLaren. However, in the next two rounds, the Japanese rivals would overcome the McLarens, only to have Team Lark return to take victory in the final two rounds of the season. At the Sugo round, Lark badly damaged their one chassis, requiring them to borrow chassis #04R from GTC Competition as a replacement for the final JGTC round. With four victories on the season, Team Lark captured the GT500 teams championship ahead of factory squads from Toyota and Nissan. Team Lark's championship victory was the second season in JGTC/Super GT history where the GT500 class-winning car is not from a Japanese manufacturer; a Porsche 911 GT2 won the GT500 team's championship in 1995, although the driver championship was won by a Nissan driver that year.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Team Lark would not return to defend their title in 1997 due to disputes with GT Association over car handicaps, and no McLarens raced in the series. McLarens would return though in 1999 with Team Take One purchasing McLaren F1 GTR #19R, a 1997-spec car, for competition in GT500. The competition from Toyota, Honda, and Nissan had improved since the McLaren last raced, and therefore Team Take One struggled to be competitive, achieving only a best 9th place at Mine Circuit.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: For 2000, Hitotsuyama Racing decided to follow Team Take One's lead and enter their own 1997-spec chassis, #25R, which the team had previously used in the 1999 Le Mans Fuji 1000km. Although both teams suffered mechanical woes throughout the season, Team Take One was able to take a fourth-place finish at TI Aida. Both teams continued into 2001, with the Take One McLaren outperforming the Hitotsuyama entry in most rounds. However a shock occurrence happened at the end of the season when the Take One McLaren was able to secure overall victory at Mine Circuit, a mere nine seconds ahead of a factory Nissan Skyline GT-R, and helping boost Team Take One to 8th in the teams championship.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: For 2002, both teams would continue to campaign their F1 GTRs, with Hitotsuyama taking a best finish of 3rd at Motegi while Team Take One would suffer and eventually abandon their efforts at the end of the season. Hitotsuyama would continue on through 2003, only managing a best finish of 9th. The car would be retired at the end of 2003, yet Hitotsuyama decided to bring the car back for two brief appearances in 2005, failing to finish in the first race at Fuji then taking an 18th on the series' return to Fuji before being retired for good by Hitotsuyama. This would be the final McLaren F1 GTR in competition in the world.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Starting in 1996, with the expansion of the BRDC GT Championship (later known as British GT), the Lanzante Motorsports team saw an opportunity to purchase a former GTC Competition F1 GTR of 1995-spec. Although quick enough to take six pole positions over the season, the team struggled during races, managing only a single victory against a large variety of sportscars. Although drivers Ian Flux and Jake Ulrich managed to easily take the GT1 class drivers championship, the pair failed to beat out GT2 and GT3 class teams for the overall championship. Following the season, Lazante abandoned the McLaren, and only a one-off race by Parabolica Motorsports saw the only competition by a McLaren in 1997.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: In 1998, British GT changed it rules to more closely compare to those used by the FIA GT Championship. These rule changes saw the return of a McLaren to British GT, with Steve O'Rourke's EMKA Racing running a 1997-spec chassis, and later joined by Team Carl at Silverstone. EMKA would manage to take two race victories, and drivers Tim Sugden and Steve O'Rourke would take second in the overall drivers championship.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: For 1999, although the FIA GT Championship had abandoned the GT1 class, British GT continued to allow the cars to run. EMKA Racing continued with AM Racing joining with another 1997-spec car before they were forced to drop out halfway through the season. EMKA managed a mere single victory, consistently being beaten by Porsche 911 GT1s and Lister Storms. For 2000, British GT finally abandoned their GT1 class, and the McLaren F1 GTRs were no longer eligible.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Although officially not part of any one racing series, the 24 Hours of Le Mans was still considered important enough for McLaren to enter. Competing at Le Mans meant racing against many of their normal GT1 competitors from various series, as well as some unique cars which ran Le Mans only. McLaren first ran Le Mans in 1995, with all seven chassis built at the time being entered. Although only six cars were being used in the BPR Global GT Series, chassis #01R which had been used as a McLaren testbed was also entered for the Kokusai Kaihatsu Racing team.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Prior to the race, it was assumed that one of the competitors in the WSC class of Le Mans Prototype would easily take the win, since they were custom built racing cars with no relation to street cars like GT1 cars. However, during the race, various WSC cars succumbed to technical difficulties and dropped well down in the standings, while the GT1 class cars continued on without difficulty. In the closing hours of the race, five McLaren F1 GTRs were still racing while only three WSC cars remained. A close battle in the final hours saw the Kokusai Kaihatsu McLaren competing against the Courage Compétition prototype, with the McLaren finally taking the overall win in one of the shortest distances covered since the 1950s. Other McLarens finished 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 13th overall, with only two F1 GTRs failing to finish. In honor of McLaren's achievement, the company developed five special F1 LMs for customers to mark the five finishers. The winning car, which was driven by Yannick Dalmas, Masanori Sekiya, and JJ Lehto, was retained by McLaren and never raced again.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Returning in 1996, competition from the Le Mans Prototypes was stiffer as Porsche had a factory team in the class. GT1 class itself was also more competitive, again with Porsche having a factory team with their new 911 GT1s. McLaren had seven entries again, but were unable to repeat on their success, although they were only beaten by the two new 911 GT1s and the overall winning Porsche LMP. Six of the seven McLarens finished, taking the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, and 11th places.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: With the upgraded 1997-spec cars, McLaren returned with six entries the following year. Now facing not only Porsche, but also Lister, Panoz, and Nissan, the McLarens again performed well. Only two entries managed to finish, taking 2nd and 3rd overall (1st and 2nd in the GT class) behind the repeat winner, the Porsche LMP. In 1998, only two McLaren F1 GTRs were entered, both by privateer teams, with only one car managing a fourth place.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: The following year, the GT1 class was abandoned and the McLarens no longer eligible. However, in an ACO sanctioned event in Japan in 1999, a McLaren F1 GTR was entered by Hitotsuyama Racing in the new LMGTP class for closed-cockpit prototypes. Had the McLaren won its class, it would have earned an automatic entry to Le Mans as a prototype in 2000, however the car failed to finish and the eventual class winner, a Toyota GT-One, declined the automatic invitation as Toyota decided to end the GT-One program in favour of Formula One.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: At the close of the 1996 seasons, Bigazzi Team SRL, Giroix Racing Team, and David Price Racing took their F1 GTRs to Brazil to compete in races at Curitiba and Brasília. Bigazzi took both victories just ahead of the other two McLarens. Bigazzi would return to Brazil again in 1997 to take victory at the Mil Milhas.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Team Davidoff raced in a number of events outside of the mainstream in 1997, appearing at the 6 Hours of Vallelunga with drivers Thomas Bscher and John Nielsen (racing driver) taking a 21 lap victory over the nearest competitor. Later, the car appeared at the Le Mans Autumn Cup, finishing second in combined heat races. BBA Competition would fly to China for the FIA GT exhibition event at Zhuhai, taking second.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: In 1998, for the short lived GTR Euroseries for privateers, Davidoff raced their F1 GTR in the opening round at Jarama, taking a dominating victory. The following week, the car was brought to the opening round of the 1998 Italian GT season, the 1000km of Monza. Davidoff's McLaren was able to defeat open cockpit prototypes to take overall victory by eleven laps. The car appeared one last time at the final race of the GTR Euroseries season, a four-hour race at Spa. Unfortunately the car was forced to retire with a blown head gasket.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Following the end of competition for most F1 GTRs in 1998, the various chassis were put to different uses. Some cars, such as the Le Mans-winning chassis #01R, were put on public exhibition at motor shows or in museums. Others were bought by private collectors, either for storage or for use by their owners in historic track day competition, such as the GT90s Revival Series which mainly involved former BPR Global GT Series competitors.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: A handful of GTRs were not only bought by private owners, but also extensively modified by McLaren to make them street-legal. In order to meet regulations, the cars were required to have their ride heights increased, as well as a change from a racing fuel tank and inlet to a more traditional tank and fuel cap. The air restrictor on the engine was also removed, allowing the BMW engines to produce their full potential power. Comforts such as the production car's sound deadening system, and even sometimes the two passenger seats, were left out of the car. These modified McLaren F1 GTRs are considered the ultimate versions of the road car, since they weigh considerably less than any of the other street cars. Several F1 GTRs in this form are still driven today.


title: McLaren F1 GTR

text: A total of 28 F1 GTR chassis were built. Nine were built in 1995-spec, nine in 1996-spec, and ten more in 1997-spec. Some cars were upgraded from one spec to another, but this count only includes cars built from scratch to that specification.


title: Control (management)

text: Control is a function of management which helps to check errors in order to take corrective actions. This is done to minimize deviation from standards and ensure that the stated goals of the organization are achieved in a desired manner.


title: Control (management)

text: According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action; earlier concepts of control were only used when errors were detected. Control in management includes setting standards, measuring actual performance and taking corrective action in decision making.


title: Control (management)

text: In 1916, Henri Fayol formulated one of the first definitions of control as it pertains to management:


title: Control (management)

text: "Control of an undertaking consists of seeing that everything is being carried out in accordance with the plan which has been adopted, the orders which have been given, and the principles which have been laid down. Its objective is to point out mistakes in order that they may be rectified and prevented from recurring."


title: Control (management)

text: "Control is checking current performance against pre-determined standards contained in the plans, with a view to ensure adequate progress and satisfactory performance."


title: Control (management)

text: "Controlling is the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are accomplished."


title: Control (management)

text: "Management control can be defined as a systematic torture by business management to compare performance to predetermined standards, plans, or objectives in order to determine whether performance is in line with these standards and presumably in order to take any remedial action required to see that human and other corporate resources are being used in the most effective and efficient way possible in achieving corporate objectives."


title: Control (management)

text: Also control can be defined as ""that function of the system that adjusts operations as needed to achieve the plan, or to maintain variations from system objectives within allowable limits"". The control subsystem functions in close harmony with the operating system. The degree to which they interact depends on the nature of the operating system and its objectives. Stability concerns a system's ability to maintain a pattern of output without wide fluctuations. Rapidity of response pertains to the speed with which a system can correct variations and return to expected output.


title: Control (management)

text: A political election can illustrate the concept of control and the importance of feedback. Each party organizes a campaign to get its candidate selected and outlines a plan to inform the public about both the candidate's credentials and the party's platform. As the election nears, opinion polls furnish feedback about the effectiveness of the campaign and about each candidate's chances to win. Depending on the nature of this feedback, certain adjustments in strategy and/or tactics can be made in an attempt to achieve the desired result.


title: Control (management)

text: From these definitions it can be stated that there is close link between planning and controlling. Planning is a process by which an organization's objectives and the methods to achieve the objectives are established, and controlling is a process which measures and directs the actual performance against the planned goals of the organization. Thus, goals and objectives are often referred to as siamese twins of management.


title: Control (management)

text: the managerial function of management and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the goals devised to attain them being accomplished.


title: Control (management)

text: The first element is the "characteristic" or condition of the operating system to be measured. Specific characteristics are selected because a correlation exists between them and the system's performance. A characteristic can be the output of the system during any stage of processing (e.g. the heat energy produced by a furnace), or it may be a condition that is the result of the system (e.g. the temperature in the room which has changed because of the heat generated by the furnace). In an elementary school system, the hours a teacher works or the gain in knowledge demonstrated by the students on a national examination are examples of characteristics that may be selected for measurement, or control.


title: Control (management)

text: The second element of control, the "sensor", is a means for measuring the characteristic. For example, in a home heating system this device would be the thermostat, and in a quality-control system this measurement might be performed by a visual inspection of the product.


title: Control (management)

text: The third element of control, the comparator, determines the need for correction by comparing what is occurring with what has been planned. Some deviation from the plan is usual and expected, but when variations are beyond those considered acceptable, corrective action is required. It involves a sort of preventative action which indicates that good control is being achieved.


title: Control (management)

text: The fourth element of control, the activator, is the corrective action taken to return the system to its expected output. The actual person, device, or method used to direct corrective inputs into the operating system may take a variety of forms. It may be a hydraulic controller positioned by a solenoid or electric motor in response to an electronic error signal, an employee directed to rework the parts that failed to pass quality inspection, or a school principal who decides to buy additional books to provide for an increased number of students. As long as a plan is performed within allowable limits, corrective action is not necessary; however, this seldom occurs in practice.


title: Control (management)

text: Information is the medium of control, because the flow of sensory data and later the flow of corrective information allow a characteristic or condition of the system to be controlled.


title: Control (management)

text: The primary requirement of a control system is that it maintains the level and kind of output necessary to achieve the system's objectives. It is usually impractical to control every feature and condition associated with the system's output. Therefore, the choice of the controlled item (and appropriate information about it) is extremely important. There should be a direct correlation between the controlled item and the system's operation. In other words, control of the selected characteristic should have a direct relationship to the goal or objective of the system.


title: Control (management)

text: After the characteristic is sensed, or measured, information pertinent to control is fed back. Exactly what information needs to be transmitted and also the language that will best facilitate the communication process and reduce the possibility of distortion in transmission must be carefully considered. Information that is to be compared with the standard, or plan, should be expressed in the same terms or language as in the original plan to facilitate decision making. Using machine methods (computers) may require extensive translation of the information. Since optimal languages for computation and for human review are not always the same, the relative ease of translation may be a significant factor in selecting the units of measurement or the language unit in the sensing element.


title: Control (management)

text: In many instances, the measurement may be sampled rather than providing a complete and continuous feedback of information about the operation. A sampling procedure suggests measuring some segment or portion of the operation that will represent the total.


title: Control (management)

text: In a social system, the norms of acceptable behavior become the standard against which so-called deviant behavior may be judged. Regulations and laws provide a more formal collection of information for society. Social norms change, but very slowly. In contrast, the standards outlined by a formal law can be changed from one day to the next through revision, discontinuation, or replacement by another.


title: Control (management)

text: Information about deviant behavior becomes the basis for controlling social activity. Output information is compared with the standard or norm and significant deviations are noted. In an industrial example, frequency distribution (a tabulation of the number of times a given characteristic occurs within the sample of products being checked) may be used to show the average quality, the spread, and the comparison of output with a standard.


title: Control (management)

text: If there is a significant and uncorrectable difference between output and plan, the system is "out of control." This means that the objectives of the system are not feasible in relation to the capabilities of the present design. Either the objectives must be reevaluated or the system redesigned to add new capacity or capability. For example, drug trafficking has been increasing in some cities at an alarming rate. The citizens must decide whether to revise the police system so as to regain control, or whether to modify the law to reflect a different norm of acceptable behavior.