title: Turkish Cypriots

text: A more recent estimate, in 2011, by the Home Affairs Committee states that there are now 300,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the United Kingdom though Turkish Cypriots themselves claim that the British-Turkish Cypriot community has reached 400,000. Furthermore, recent estimates suggest that there are between 60,000 and 120,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Australia, 5,000 in the United States, 2,000 in Germany, 1,800 in Canada, 1,600 in New Zealand, and a smaller community in South Africa.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: The first mass migration of Turkish Cypriots to Turkey occurred in 1878 when the Ottoman Empire leased Cyprus to Great Britain. The flow of Turkish Cypriot emigration to Turkey continued in the aftermath of the First World War, and gained its greatest velocity in the mid-1920s. Economic motives played an important part of the continued migration to Turkey because conditions for the poor in Cyprus during the 1920s were especially harsh. Thereafter, Turkish Cypriots continued to migrate to Turkey during the Second World War in the 1940s and during the Cyprus conflict of the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Initially, enthusiasm to emigrate to Turkey was inflated by the euphoria that greeted the birth of the newly established Republic of Turkey and later of promises of assistance to Turks who emigrated. A decision taken by the Turkish Government at the end of 1925, for instance, noted that the Turks of Cyprus had, according to the Treaty of Lausanne, the right to emigrate to the republic, and therefore, families that so emigrated would be given a house and sufficient land. The precise number of those who emigrated to Turkey is a matter that remains unknown. The press in Turkey reported in mid-1927 that of those who had opted for Turkish nationality, 5,000–6,000 Turkish Cypriots had already settled in Turkey. However, many Turkish Cypriots had already emigrated even before the rights accorded to them under the Treaty of Lausanne had come into force.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Metin Heper and Bilge Criss have summarized the migration of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as follows:


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: The Turkish Cypriot population in Turkey continued to increase at fluctuating speeds as a result of the Second World War (1939–1945). According to Ali Suat Bilge, taking into consideration the mass migrations of 1878, the First World War, the 1920s early Turkish Republican era, and the Second World War, overall, a total of approximately 100,000 Turkish Cypriots had left the island for Turkey between 1878 and 1945. By 31 August 1955, a statement by Turkey's Minister of State and Acting Foreign Minister, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, at the London Conference on Cyprus, estimated that the total Turkish Cypriot population (including descendants) in Turkey had reached 300,000:


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: By 2001 the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Turkey.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Turkish Cypriots who remained in Cyprus during the early twentieth century were faced with the harsh economic conditions of the Great Depression under British rule. Consequently, many families in the poorest villages, facing debt and starvation, married off their daughters to Arabs mainly in British Palestine, and other Arab countries, in the hope that they would have a better life. A bride price was normally given by the groom to the family of the girls, usually about £10-20, enough to buy several acres of land at the time, as part of the marriage arrangements. Such payments had not been part of Cypriot tradition, and Cypriots typically describe the girls in these forced marriages as having been "sold"; Arabs however, often object to this characterization. Mostly between the ages of 11–18, the majority of the girls lost contact with their families in Cyprus, and while some had successful marriages and families, others found themselves little more than domestic servants, abused, or ended up working in brothels.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: The marriages were sometimes arranged by brokers, who presented the prospective husbands as wealthy doctors and engineers. However, Neriman Cahit, in her book "Brides for Sale", found that in reality many of these men had mediocre jobs or were already married with children. Unaware of these realities, Turkish Cypriot families continued to send their daughters to Palestine until the 1950s. Cahit estimates that within 30 years up to 4,000 Turkish Cypriot women were sent to Palestine to be married to Arab men.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: In recent years second and third generation Palestinians of Turkish Cypriot origin have been applying for Cypriot citizenship; several hundred Palestinians have already been successful in obtaining Cypriot passports.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: In 2012 Yeliz Shukri and Stavros Papageorghiou secured financial support for the making of a film on the subject of the "Forgotten Brides". The documentary, entitled "Missing Fetine", was released in 2018, and follows the search of Australian-born Turkish Cypriot Pembe Mentesh for her long-lost great-aunt, while investigating the fate of these Turkish Cypriot women.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Turkish Cypriot migration to the United Kingdom began in the early 1920s, the British Empire having formally annexed Cyprus in 1914, with the residents of British-ruled Cyprus becoming subjects of the Crown. Some arrived as students and tourists, while others left the island due to the harsh economic and political life during the British colony of Cyprus. Emigration to the United Kingdom continued to increase when the Great Depression of 1929 brought economic depression to Cyprus, with unemployment and low wages being a significant issue. During the Second World War, the number of Turkish run cafes increased from 20 in 1939 to 200 in 1945 which created a demand for more Turkish Cypriot workers. Throughout the 1950s, Turkish Cypriots emigrated for economic reasons and by 1958 their number was estimated to be 8,500. Their numbers continued to increase each year as rumours about immigration restrictions appeared in much of the Cypriot media.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: The 1950s also saw the arrival of many Turkish Cypriots to the United Kingdom due to political reasons; many began to flee as a result of the EOKA struggle and its aim of "enosis". Once the ethnic cleansing broke out in 1963, and some 25,000 Turkish Cypriots became internally displaced, accounting to about a fifth of their population. The political and economic unrest in Cyprus, after 1964, sharply increased the number of Turkish Cypriot immigrants to the United Kingdom. Many of these early migrants worked in the clothing industry in London, where both men and women could work together; many worked in the textile industry as sewing was a skill which the community had already acquired in Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots were concentrated mainly in the north-east of London and specialised in the heavy-wear sector, such as coats and tailored garments. This sector offered work opportunities where poor knowledge of the English language was not a problem and where self-employment was a possibility.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Once the Turkish Cypriots declared their own state, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, the division of the island led to an economic embargo against the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriot controlled Republic of Cyprus. This had the effect of depriving the Turkish Cypriots of foreign investment, aid and export markets; thus, it caused the Turkish Cypriot economy to remain stagnant and undeveloped. Due to these economic and political issues, an estimated 130,000 Turkish Cypriots have emigrated from Northern Cyprus since its establishment to the United Kingdom.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Turkish Cypriots are of diverse origins. They mainly descend from Turkified native Cypriots, Anatolian migrants following the Ottoman conquest, and several Turkoman tribes that were exiled to the island, especially during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Though, the island also received migration from Egypt and Anatolia in pre-Ottoman times.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: According to genetic studies, there are close connections between modern Anatolian and Cypriot populations. A 2016 study, which focused on patrilineal ancestry, found that among the sampled Near Eastern and Southeastern European populations, Turkish Cypriots had the shortest genetic distances with those from Cyprus, Turkey, Lebanon, Greece, and Sicily.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: A 2017 study found that both Turkish Cypriots' and Greek Cypriots' patrilineal ancestry derives primarily from a single pre-Ottoman local gene pool. The frequency of total haplotypes shared between Turkish and Greek Cypriots is 7-8%, with analysis showing that none of these are found in Turkey, thus not supporting a Turkish origin for the shared haplotypes. No shared haplotypes were observed between Greek Cypriots and mainland Turkish populations, while total haplotypes shared between Turkish Cypriots and mainland Turks is 3%. Turkish Cypriots also share haplotypes with North Africans to a lesser extent, and have Eastern Eurasian haplogroups (H, C, N, O, Q) – attributed to the arrival of the Ottomans – at a frequency of ~5.5%. Both Cypriot groups show close genetic affinity to Calabrian (southern Italy) and Lebanese patrilineages. The study states that the genetic affinity between Calabrians and Cypriots can be explained as a result of a common ancient Greek (Achaean) genetic contribution, while Lebanese affinity can be explained through several migrations that took place from coastal Levant to Cyprus from the Neolithic (early farmers), the Iron Age (Phoenicians), and the Middle Ages (Maronites and other Levantine settlers during the Frankish era). The predominant haplogroups among both Turkish and Greek Cypriots are J2a-M410, E-M78, and G2-P287.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: In a 2019 genome-wide study, Cypriot samples grouped with people from the Levant (Druze, Lebanese and Syrians) and Armenia among the sampled populations from Eurasia and Africa, using cluster analysis based on haplotype-sharing patterns.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Homozygous beta thalassemia in a number of at-risk populations (Greek and Turkish Cypriots, Greeks, Continental Italians and Sardinians) has been prevented at the population level by programmes based on carrier screening, genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Turkish Cypriot representatives of Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) elected in the Assembly of 1960 partnership government: 1961–1964: Halit Ali Riza, 1961–1963: Umit Suleyman,


title: Turkish Cypriots

text: (TCs have 2 seats in PACE; the parties of elected members are shown) 2005–2007: CTP Özdil Nami; UBP Hüseyin Özgürgün; 27.01.2011 CTP Mehmet Caglar; UBP Ahmet Eti; 04.12.2013 CTP Mehmet Caglar, UBP Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: "Wild Horses" is a song written by the English rock band the Rolling Stones from their 1971 album "Sticky Fingers" although it was first released in 1970 by the Flying Burrito Brothers as the Stones didn't think the demo was worth recording fully. It was subsequently recorded by the Stones when they felt it was worth reconsideration. It was also released on 12 June 1971 as a single, with "Sway" as its B-side. "Rolling Stone" ranked the song number 334 in its "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list in 2004 and number 193 in its 2021 update.


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: In the liner notes to the 1993 Rolling Stones compilation album "", Jagger states, "I remember we sat around originally doing this with Gram Parsons, and I think his version came out slightly before ours. Everyone always says this was written about Marianne but I don't think it was; that was all well over by then. But I was definitely very inside this piece emotionally." Richards says, "If there is a classic way of Mick and me working together this is it. I had the riff and chorus line, Mick got stuck into the verses. Just like "Satisfaction", "Wild Horses" was about the usual thing of not wanting to be on the road, being a million miles from where you want to be."


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: Originally recorded over a three-day period at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Alabama during 2–4 December 1969 while Albert and David Maysles were shooting for the film that was titled "Gimme Shelter", the song was not released until over a year later due to legal wranglings with the band's former label. Along with "Brown Sugar", it is one of the two Rolling Stones compositions from "Sticky Fingers" (1971) over which ABKCO Records co-owns the rights along with the Stones. It features session player Jim Dickinson on piano, Richards on electric guitar and 12-string acoustic guitar, and Mick Taylor on acoustic guitar. Taylor uses Nashville tuning, in which the EADG strings of the acoustic guitar are strung one octave higher than in standard tuning. Ian Stewart was present at the session, but refused to perform the piano part on the track due to the prevalence of minor chords, which he disliked playing.


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: Released as the second US-only single in June 1971, "Wild Horses" reached number 28 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: An early, acoustic take of "Wild Horses" was released on the Deluxe and Super Deluxe versions of the reissued "Sticky Fingers" album on 8 June 2015.


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: A reworked studio version recorded in 1995 appeared on the album "Stripped". This version was released as a single in early 1996.


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: The song appears on a handful of the Rolling Stones' concert DVDs: "Bridges to Babylon Tour '97–98" (1998), "Rolling Stones - Four Flicks" (2003), and "The Biggest Bang" (2007).


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: "Wild Horses" figures prominently in the films "Adaptation" (2002) and "Camp" (2003). On television, the song was played during "Parks and Recreation" in the episode "Li'l Sebastian" (S3: E16) as background music to Li'l Sebastian's memorial service, during the Season 1 finale of "Bojack Horseman" in the episode "Later", and in Episode 11, Season 5, "Victory Smoke" of "Billions".


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: An instrumental version of the song is featured during the end credits of Martin Scorsese's Rolling Stones documentary film "Shine a Light" (2008).


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: The first issued version of "Wild Horses" was released by The Flying Burrito Brothers on their 1970 album, "Burrito Deluxe", almost a year before it appeared on the Rolling Stones release of "Sticky Fingers". Keith Richards had given Burrito Bros. member Gram Parsons a demo tape of "Wild Horses" on 7 December 1969, the day after the Altamont Free Concert.


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: The Sundays recorded the song in 1992. It was released as the B-side to the UK single version of "Goodbye" on Parlophone and on the American release of their second album "Blind". It was later released as a promotional single on DGC Records in the United States.


title: Wild Horses (Rolling Stones song)

text: This version of the song was memorably used in the thriller "Fear" with Reese Witherspoon and Mark Wahlberg, and later in the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" episode "The Prom" in which Buffy dances with Angel.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: Venus in Fur () is a 2013 erotic drama film directed by Roman Polanski, based on the play of the same name by American playwright David Ives, which itself was inspired by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch's novel "Venus in Furs". It stars Emmanuelle Seigner and Mathieu Amalric, the only actors in the film.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: The film premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival on 25 May. In January 2014 the film received five nominations at the 39th César Awards, winning for Best Director.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: Thomas Novacheck is the writer-director of a new play, an adaptation of the 1870 novel "Venus in Furs" by Austrian author Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. Early in the movie, we learn that the book begins with a quote from the Book of Judith: "And the Lord hath smitten him and delivered him into a woman's hands."


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: The film begins with Thomas alone in a Parisian theatre after a day of auditioning actresses for the lead character, Wanda von Dunayev. Thomas laments on the phone about the poor performances he's had to deal with.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: As Thomas prepares to leave the theatre, an actress named Vanda Jordan arrives disheveled from the rain. She claims to have had an audition slot earlier in the day, but her name does not appear on the audition list. Thomas wants to leave for his fiancee. In a whirlwind of energy and unrestrained aggression, Vanda persuades Thomas to let her stay and read for the part. At first appearing untalented, when she begins to read it becomes clear that she is an excellent actress and perfect for the part.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: Although initially presenting as uneducated, throughout the movie Vanda displays knowledge and talent that almost seems superhuman. For example, she surprises Thomas by producing the full script, not just the portion given out to actors to use in the audition and having memorized it. The audition is in a theater and she shows not only a command of staging but also the lighting rig- adjusting the theater's lightboard, which presumably she has never seen before, without hesitation. And she also has brought a full set of costumes, including some for Thomas to wear which fit him perfectly. At one point she "guesses" an amazingly accurate picture of Thomas' fiancé's life and background.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: The subject of the play is sexual domination and submission. As the audition continues Vanda attacks the script as sexist, soft-core S&M pornography. Thomas at first defends it as a faithful adaptation of a literary classic about passion and desire. Vanda accuses Thomas of having his own masochistic fantasies, which he denies. However, as the film develops, he increasingly identifies with the masochistic male lead in the play. By the end of the film, he has become Vanda's slave.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: In the final scene Thomas is bound and tied to a pole. Vanda appears, proclaims "Bacchae of the Cadmea. Dance for Dionysus!", dances before Thomas, and leaves. The movie ends with the quote from the Book of Judith: "And the Lord hath smitten him and delivered him into a woman's hands."


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: The intention to adapt Ives' play was announced in September 2012. Louis Garrel was to play Novacheck. Filming was scheduled to begin in November 2012, but in the event, production was delayed until January 2013 and Garrel was replaced by Amalric.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: Sundance Selects and IFC Films acquired the U.S. rights to the film following its premiere at Cannes.


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" said, "Working from a French translation of the play (which was widely acclaimed when it ran on and off Broadway a few years ago), Mr. Polanski has marked the text with his own fingerprints. One of the two characters—the splendidly volatile Vanda, an actress—is played by Emmanuelle Seigner, his wife. Her foil—a writer and theater director named Thomas—is played by Mathieu Amalric in a performance that is very close to a Polanski impersonation."


title: Venus in Fur (film)

text: "PopMatters" wrote, ""Venus in Fur" is fascinating to the point that (subtitles or not), you simply cannot look away from the screen. There is always something to see, hear and feel."


title: National Insurance number

text: The National Insurance number is a number used in the United Kingdom in the administration of the National Insurance or social security system. It is also used for some purposes in the UK tax system.


title: National Insurance number

text: Shortly before a person's 16th birthday, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies them of their NI number.


title: National Insurance number

text: In 1993, a one-off mass allocation of NI numbers was made to all children under the age of 16 whose parents were in receipt of Child Benefit. As a result of this, siblings who met the criteria above were allocated NI numbers sequentially.


title: National Insurance number

text: People from abroad who wish to work in the UK, or those to whom a number was not initially allocated as children, must apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP).


title: National Insurance number

text: The format of the number is two prefix letters, six digits and one suffix letter. An example is "QQ123456C".


title: National Insurance number

text: Neither of the first two letters can be D, F, I, Q, U or V. The second letter also cannot be O. The prefixes BG, GB, NK, KN, TN, NT and ZZ are not allocated. Validation lists of issued two-letter prefixes are published from time to time.


title: National Insurance number

text: After the two prefix letters, the six digits are issued sequentially from to . The last two digits determine the day of the week on which various social security benefits are payable and when unemployed claimants need to attend their Jobcentre to sign on (renew their claims): "00" to "19" for Monday, "20" to "39" for Tuesday, "40" to "59" for Wednesday, "60" to "79" for Thursday and "80" to "99" for Friday.


title: National Insurance number

text: The suffix letter is either A, B, C, or D. (although F, M, and P have been used for temporary numbers in the past). The NI number is unique without the suffix letter, so, for example, if exists, then there will be no other numbers beginning with (although temporary numbers were not necessarily unique, because two people with the same date of birth would have had the same number). In official electronic submissions, the final letter may be represented by a space if not known.


title: National Insurance number

text: Until 1975, the suffixes A, B, C and D at the end of the NI number signified the period of validity of the "National Insurance cards" originally used to collect "National Insurance contributions" (NICs). Cards were exchanged every twelve months and because of the very large numbers of cards issued the exchange was staggered. Suffix A cards ran from March of one year until March of the next when they were exchanged for a new one. Stagger B suffix cards ran from June until the following June, stagger C from September until the following September and stagger D from December until the following December. For example, a B stagger card issued in 1955 might have run from the first Monday in June that year until the first Sunday in June the following year. This staggered system operated from 5 July 1948 until 1975, at which time the A stagger cards were extended to run an extra five weeks, until 5 April 1975, in line with the end of the tax year. The B, C and D stagger NI Cards had a shorter period of validity in their final year and ran from June, September and December respectively in 1974 until 6 April 1975. From 6 April 1975 onwards, a computerised National Insurance Recording System (NIRS) was used to allocate all NICs by tax years.


title: National Insurance number

text: In Great Britain, expired NI cards were sorted into one hundred separate groups corresponding to the final two numbers of the NI number and were posted to the individual insured person's NI account (the RF1) by the corresponding one hundred ledger sections at the Records Branch of the Central Office of the Ministry of Labour and its successors—the Ministry of National Insurance (from 1945), Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (1953), the Department of Health and Social Security (1968), Department of Social Security (1988), and Department for Work and Pensions (since 2001). These 100 sections dealt not only with the recording of NI contributions but with requests for information about qualifying contributions necessary to pay sickness, unemployment, widows, and other benefits and also with any correspondence arising from those NI accounts and NI cards. Within each of the 100 sections, NI numbers were allocated among 16 splits with one clerk administering each split. To trace unknown NI numbers, a general index contained millions of small RF2 index slips, filed in order of surname and listing the name(s), date of birth, and NI number for every person within the National Insurance scheme.


title: National Insurance number

text: The Northern Ireland National Insurance scheme is funded and administered separately from the scheme in Great Britain but operates identically so that, in practice, the same rules apply throughout the United Kingdom.


title: National Insurance number

text: Until April 2001, employers sometimes allocated their employees a temporary insurance number, which followed the format , where 'TN' stands for temporary number and is static and "x" is M for male, F for female, or P for pensioner and the numbers in the midsection were the employee's date of birth. In the case of a woman born on 31 December 1958, for example, the temporary NI number would have been . Temporary NI numbers could not be used to trace back any NI credits or personal details. Since 2001 the National Insurance number must be obtained – the temporary code must not now be used.


title: National Insurance number

text: Another type of temporary NI number is the Revenue-issued Temporary Reference Number (TRN) used when HMRC is unable to trace a taxpayer's original NI number. It follows the format "63T12345".


title: National Insurance number

text: Reference numbers similar in format to NI numbers are sometimes allocated for tax or benefit purposes with special prefix letters. Special prefixes used now or in the past include the letters OO (for Tax Credit claims), CR (for investigations), FY (formerly for Attendance Allowance claims, named after the Fylde social security office where claims were processed), MW (used from 1980 to 1987 for migrant workers), NC (formerly for Stakeholder Pensions), PP (for use by pension schemes as PP999999P), and PY or PZ (both used for tax-only accounts created prior to 2003).


title: National Insurance number

text: Prior to 1984, when a person was allocated an NI number, a manila notification card was issued to them. From 1984 until 2011, they received a plastic 'numbercard', of similar proportions to a credit card, with the number raised on the front. The card was only used as a reminder of the number; it was not needed to start work, and was not considered a valid identity card. Numbercards were phased out after September 2010 and their issue ceased in October 2011. NI numbers are now notified by letter.


title: National Insurance number

text: National Insurance numbers issued in the Isle of Man hold the prefix MA. Similarly, those issued in Jersey start with JY, and those issued in Guernsey hold the prefix GY. Only Channel Island NINOs issued prior to 1975 are validated, and recognised for UK use by HMRC.


title: National Insurance number

text: The National Insurance number is used as a reference number in the Pay As You Earn system, and also by the self-employed. It is also used in applications for Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs), to check that an individual has opened only one ISA in a tax year.


title: National Insurance number

text: However, the NI number is not used universally as a tax identification number. Taxpayers who need to file a tax return are given a different number, a Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR), which is used as a reference number in the self-assessment tax system.


title: National Insurance number

text: NI numbers are sometimes used for identification purposes in other contexts which have nothing to do with their original National Insurance purpose – such as forming part of evidence of right to work in the UK, or as the account number with a credit union. The NI card, however, is not proof of identity.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Daniel Isn't Real is a 2019 American psychological horror film directed by Adam Egypt Mortimer, from a screenplay by Mortimer and Brian DeLeeuw, based upon the novel "In This Way I Was Saved" by DeLeeuw. It stars Miles Robbins, Patrick Schwarzenegger, Sasha Lane, Mary Stuart Masterson, Hannah Marks, Chukwudi Iwuji and Peter McRobbie.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: "Daniel Isn't Real" had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 9, 2019. It was released on December 6, 2019, by Samuel Goldwyn Films in select theaters and digitally.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: As a child, shy and troubled Luke witnesses the aftermath of a mass shooting at a neighborhood coffee shop. He meets another boy among the onlookers at the scene: cool and confident Daniel, who invites him to play and quickly becomes his friend. Although adults such as Luke's mother, Claire (Mary Stuart Masterson), cannot see Daniel, he appears physically real to Luke. The boys become close playmates, and their connection helps Luke cope with his parents' divorce.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Their friendship comes to an abrupt end when Daniel convinces Luke that blending an entire bottle of Claire's psychiatric medication into a smoothie will give her superpowers. Instead, it results in a near-fatal poisoning. Claire convinces Luke to send Daniel away by symbolically locking him in her mother's old dollhouse.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Years later, the college-aged Luke (Miles Robbins) is paralyzed by anxiety over his future, his social life and his responsibility to his mother, who struggles with paranoid delusions and a hatred of her own reflection. He confides to his therapist, Dr. Cornelius Braun (Chukwudi Iwuji), that he is afraid he will eventually become just like her. One night, while sleeping at his childhood home, Luke unlocks the dollhouse.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Daniel (Patrick Schwarzenegger) reappears as an adult. His influence initially appears benign as he helps Luke thwart Claire's suicide attempt, succeed in school, and begin a romance with an artist named Cassie (Sasha Lane). However, he quickly starts exhibiting aggressive behavior, becoming enraged when Luke doesn't obey him. When Luke won't have sex with a psychology student named Sophie (Hannah Marks) on a date, Daniel forcibly takes over his body, has rough sex with Sophie and attacks Luke's roommate. Luke is banned from campus as a result and begins to question his own sanity, believing he may have schizophrenia. He attempts to banish Daniel back to the dollhouse but is unsuccessful.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Luke becomes increasingly unstable, convinced that Daniel is taking over his body while he sleeps. He visits the father of John Thigpen, the shooter whose crime began the film, and learns John also had an invisible friend named Daniel. Luke begins to realize Daniel is a supernatural entity, not an imaginary friend.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Dr. Braun makes a late-night house call in an attempt to separate Luke and Daniel, but only succeeds in allowing Daniel to take over Luke's body and banish Luke's consciousness to the dollhouse. Daniel then kills Braun. He decides his next target will be Cassie.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Daniel reveals his true nature to Cassie, describing himself as "a traveler," before chasing her to the rooftop of her apartment building. Cassie begs Luke to come back to reality; hearing her from inside the dollhouse, he summons the will to escape.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: In a final confrontation with Luke, Daniel claims he has helped people for centuries, but none of them have deserved his help. Luke calls him a parasite.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Luke realizes he and Daniel can never truly be separated. After ensuring Cassie has escaped to safety, he kills himself by jumping from the roof. Cassie lies down beside his body.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: Daniel, surrounded by an otherworldly darkness, reverts to his true monstrous form, implying he will now seek out a new host.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: In July 2018, it was announced Miles Robbins, Patrick Schwarzenegger, Sasha Lane, and Hannah Marks joined the cast of the film, with Adam Egypt Mortimer directing from a screenplay he co-wrote with Brian DeLeeuw, based upon a novel by DeLeeuw. Elijah Wood, Daniel Noah, Josh C. Waller and Lisa Whalen will produce the film, while Timur Bekbosunov, Johnny Chang, Emma Lee, Peter Wong and Stacy Jorgensen will serve as executive producers, under their SpectreVision and ACE Pictures banners, respectively.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: It had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 9, 2019. Shortly after, Samuel Goldwyn Films acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on December 6, 2019.


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "Daniel Isn't Real" holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average of . The critical consensus reads ""Daniel Isn't Real", but the smart, stylish fun waiting for genre lovers in this well-acted suspense thriller is completely genuine." On Metacritic, the film holds an averaged score of 61 out of 100 based on 11 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: For "Variety", Dennis Harvey called the film "first-rate in all departments" and a "stylishly crafted psychological horror thriller". Katie Rife of "The A.V. Club" wrote that the film is "a slick and thrilling take on the intersection of mental illness and creative inspiration that also doubles as a commentary on toxic masculinity" and awarded the film a B. "The Hollywood Reporter's" Frank Scheck said "The film is most effective when keeping the viewer off-balance as to whether the title character is merely a figment of Luke's possible mental illness or an actual malevolent force of the demonic variety who seeks more and more control of Luke's behavior".


title: Daniel Isn't Real

text: In December 2020, while speaking to "Bloody Disgusting", Mortimer confirmed a ""Vortex Trilogy"" consisting of "Daniel Isn't Real", "Archenemy", and a planned third film, saying "mark my words we are going to make a third movie in the Vortex Trilogy that will have Daniel return and force Max, in some form, to deal with it. A crisis on infinite vortices pulling together as many of the characters from both stories as we can fit for a true cosmic horror/cosmic action crossover hybrid!"


title: Lulu International Shopping Mall, Thiruvananthapuram

text: Lulu Mall Thiruvananthapuram is a shopping mall located in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, India. With a total built up area of , it is the largest mall in India. The shopping mall is located along the side of National Highway 66 at Aakkulam near Technopark the largest IT park in India. The mall has 300+ national and international brands and 12 anchor stores including a Lulu Hypermarket, largest indoor entertainment zone in the country, a multilevel car parking space for more than 3,800 cars. It also has a food court with a capacity for 2500 people serving various regional, international and specialty cuisines. The mall has a 12 screen Superplex Multiplex including kerala’s first IMAX screen, 4DX screen by PVR cinemas. The property is owned and managed by M.A. Yusuff Ali, the chairman and managing director of LuLu Group International.


text: Initially LuLu Group International planned to construct a relatively smaller mall in Pattom, Trivandrum with an investment of . But later they bought a 46 acres land in Aakkulam along the highway and made the decision to build a bigger mall with a projected budget of . The construction was started in August 2016 but the works were interrupted several times due to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions put up by both the State and Central Governments which costed an additional ₹ 220 crores for the project. It was inaugurated by Sri. Pinarayi Vijayan, the honourable Chief Minister of Kerala in the presence of H.E. Dr. Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi, the honourable Minister for Foreign Trade United Arab Emirates on the 16th of December, 2021 and opened to the public on 17 December 2021.


text: The shopping mall is located along the side of National Highway 66 at Aakkulam. The mall has a parking space for up to 3,800 cars with traffic management systems like ANPR. The mall has a food court with a capacity for 2,500 people, which is the largest in the country, and a 12 screen multiplex which include 4DX screen also by PVR Cinemas.


title: Pussy Island

text: Pussy Island is an upcoming thriller film directed by Zoë Kravitz, in her directorial debut, from a script she co-wrote with E.T. Feigenbaum.


title: Pussy Island

text: A cocktail waitress becomes infatuated with a tech mogul, and travels with him to his private island, where things begin to go wrong.


title: Pussy Island

text: Zoë Kravitz started writing "Pussy Island" in 2017. In June 2021, Kravitz revealed her plans to make her directorial debut with the film, the script of which she co-wrote with E.T. Feigenbaum. Channing Tatum will star in the movie, and at the Cannes Market, MGM won the distribution rights as Naomi Ackie was cast as Frida, the film's lead role. In May 2022, Simon Rex joined the cast. In July, Christian Slater, Alia Shawkat, Geena Davis, Adria Arjona, Haley Joel Osment and Kyle MacLachlan were amongst new castings added to the film.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Kashmir Shaivism or Trika Shaivism, is a nondualist tradition of Shaiva-Shakta Tantra which originated sometime after 850 CE. Since this tradition originated in Kashmir it is often called "Kashmiri Shaivism". It later went on to become a pan-Indian movement termed "Trika" (lit. The Trinity) by its great exegete, Abhinavagupta, and particularly flourished in Odisha and Maharashtra. Defining features of the Trika tradition are its idealistic and monistic "Pratyabhijna" ("Recognition") philosophical system, propounded by Utpaladeva (c. 925–975 CE) and Abhinavagupta (c. 975–1025 CE), and the centrality of the three goddesses Parā, Parāparā, and Aparā.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: While Trika draws from numerous Shaiva texts, such as the Shaiva Agamas and the Shaiva and Shakta Tantras, its major scriptural authorities are the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra", the "Siddhayogeśvarīmata" and the "Anāmaka-tantra." Its main exegetical works are those of Abhinavagupta, such as the "Tantraloka", "Mālinīślokavārttika", and "Tantrasāra" which are formally an exegesis of the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra", although they also drew heavily on the Kali-based Krama subcategory of the Kulamārga. Another important text of this tradition is the "Vijñāna-bhairava-tantra," which focuses on outlining numerous yogic practices.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Kashmir Shaivism claimed to supersede Shaiva Siddhanta, a dualistic tradition which scholars consider normative tantric Shaivism. The Shaiva Siddhanta goal of becoming an ontologically distinct Shiva (through Shiva's grace) was replaced by recognizing oneself as Shiva who, in Kashmir Shaivism's monism, is the entirety of the universe.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Dating from around 850–900 CE, the "Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta" and "Spandakārikā" were the first attempt from the Śākta Śaiva domain to present a non-dualistic metaphysics and gnostic soteriology in opposition to the dualistic exegesis of the Shaiva Siddhanta. The "Shiva Sutras" appeared to Vasugupta in a dream, according to tradition. The "Spandakārikā" was either composed by Vasugupta or his student Bhatta Kallata.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: The main theologians of Trika Shaivism are those of the Pratyabhijñā (Recognition) school of Shaiva non-dual philosophy.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Somānanda was the first theologian of the recognition school and his main work is the "Śivadr̥ṣṭi". However, it was Utpaladeva (c. 900–950 CE) and Abhinavagupta (c. 950–1016, a student of one of Utpaladeva's disciples) who developed the system into its mature form. Utpaladeva's "Īśvarapratyabhijñā-kārikā (Verses on the Recognition of the Lord)" is one of the main works of this tradition, however, it was overshadowed by the work of Abhinavagupta. Thus, according to Torella, "Abhinavagupta's "Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Vimarśinī" and the "Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Vivr̥ti-Vimarśinī" (a commentary on Utpaladeva’s Vivr̥ti on his own "Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā" and Vr̥tti) are generally considered the standard works of the Pratyabhijñā." Torella notes however, that "most of Abhinavagupta’s ideas are just the development of what Utpaladeva had already expounded."


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Abhinavagupta's tantric synthesis was the most influential form of the tantric "Kashmir Shaivism". It brought together elements from the following sampradayas (lineages): the Trika, Pratyabhijñā, the Kaula Krama, and Shaiva Siddhantha.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Abhinavagupta wrote numerous other works on Shaiva tantra. His "Tantrāloka", "Mālinīślokavārttika", and "Tantrasāra" are mainly based on the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra", although they also drew heavily on the Kali-based Krama tradition of the Kulamārga. Abhinava's "Tantrāloka" is probably his most important work. According to Christopher Wallis, "the "Tantrāloka" is a monumental explication of Tantrik practice and philosophy in over 5,800 verses. It is encyclopedic in its scope though not organized like an encyclopedia, for instead of just enumerating theories and practices, it brings them all into a coherent framework in which everything has its place and everything makes sense in relation to the whole."


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: One of Abhinavagupta's students, Kshemaraja, is also an important figure who authored the short "Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam" ("The Essence of Self-Recognition").


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: The institutional basis and support for the Trika Shaiva tradition mostly disappeared with Islamic conquests of the region leading to the slow decline and contraction of the tradition (thought it continued to be passed down and practiced well into the 18th century).


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: However, the Trika Shaiva tradition was widely influential on other Indian religious traditions, particularly the Haṭha-yoga traditions, such as the Nāth school of Gorakṣa and the Dasanāmī Sannyāsins, which draw much of their yogic practice and ideas of the subtle body from Trika scriptures.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Trika Shaivism also strongly influenced the Shakta tradition of Śrīvidyā, which was itself a very influential tradition on mainstream Hinduism, especially in South India. Another tantric tradition influenced by Trika was the post-classical Kalikula (family of "Kali") form of Shaktism which is influential in northeastern Indian regions, such as in Bengal, Orissa, and Nepāl.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: There were no major writers or publications after approximately the 14th century. In the 20th century Swami Lakshman Joo, a Kashmiri Hindu, helped revive both the scholarly and yogic streams of Kashmir Shaivism. His contribution is enormous. He inspired a generation of scholars who made Kashmir Shaivism a legitimate field of inquiry within the academy.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Acharya Rameshwar Jha, a disciple of Lakshman Joo, is often credited with establishing the roots of Kashmir Shaivism in the learned community of Varanasi. Rameshwar Jha with his creativity, familiarity with the ancient texts and personal experiences provided access to concepts of non-dualistic Kashmir Shaivism. His writings of Sanskrit verses have been published as the books "Purnta Pratyabhijna" and "Samit Swatantram".


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Swami Muktananda, although not belonging to the direct lineage of Kashmir Shaivism, felt an affinity for the teachings, validated by his own direct experience. He encouraged Motilal Banarsidass to publish Jaideva Singh's translations of "Shiva Sutras", "Pratyabhijnahrdayam", "Spanda Karikas" and "Vijnana Bhairava", all of which Singh studied in-depth with Lakshman Joo. He also introduced Kashmir Shaivism to a wide audience of western meditators through his writings and lectures on the subject.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: The "Vijnana Bhairava Tantra", a chapter from the "Rudrayamala Tantra", was introduced to the West by Paul Reps, a student of Lakshman Joo, by including an English translation in his book "Zen Flesh, Zen Bones". Cast as a discourse between the god Shiva and his consort Devi or Shakti, it presents 112 meditation methods or centering techniques ("dharana"s).


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Since it is a Tantric tradition, a necessary prerequisite for Trika yogic practice is tantric initiation or dīkṣa. The "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra," a major source for the tradition, states: "Without initiation there is no qualification for Saiva yoga."


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Although domesticated into a householder tradition, Kashmir Shaivism recommended a "secret" performance of Kaula practices in keeping with its tantric heritage. This was to be done in seclusion from public eyes, therefore allowing one to maintain the appearance of a typical householder.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: The "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra" outlines several major preconditions conferring the authority to practice Yoga:The Yogin who has mastered posture [and] the mind, controlled the vital energy, subdued the senses, conquered sleep, overcome anger and agitation and who is free from deceit, should practise Yoga in a quiet, pleasant cave or earthen hut free from all obstructions.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Numerous texts such as the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra" also outline six "varieties of the goal" or "targets" ("laksyas") of yogic practices, mainly:


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Each of the goals is given specific practices. For example, in the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra," perfecting the Void is said to be reached by moving the mind and vital energy (through the use of mantric resonance) through two groups of three voids located along the central channel (which are also correlated with a system of six cakras), reaching to the region above the head. Different scriptures outline different lists of voids and their location in the body. The practice of resonance deals with various sounds, and how the yogin is to focus on a specific sound and its resonance within the central channel.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Regarding mantra, different Saiva tantras and texts teach different mantras and bija (seed) mantras. These mantras are generally intoned ("uccara") at different positions in the body along the central channel (such as at the heart, throat, forehead, etc). The "Diksottara tantra" for example, teaches the intonation of the "'haṃsá"' mantra, beginning in the heart region. Some texts teach "a lineal ascent through the heart, the throat, the palate, and the forehead, culminating with the transcendence of sonic experience as the 'Limit of Resonance' ["nadanta"] in the cranium is pierced." Other texts have the mantric energy follow the breath through the nose outside the body.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Since Trika Saivism is a synthesis of various traditions, its texts, like the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra," distinguishes four different types of Saiva yoga. According to Somadev Vasudeva:Two of these have been assimilated from the Tantras of the Siddhanta [1.] the conquest of the reality-levels ("tattvajaya"), which has been transformed into a radically new type of yoga based on the fifteen levels of the apperceptive process, and, [2.] the yoga of six ancillaries ("ṣaḍaṅgayoga"), which is taken over with only minor variations. The third is [3.] Kaula yoga with its system of four immersions (pindastha, padastha, rupastha and rupatita) and as a fourth may be counted [4.] the three types of possession (avesa) taught in the Trika (anava, sakta and sambhava) which are innovatively presented as three meta-categories under which all yogic exercises can be subsumed.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: In Trika texts as well as those of other Saiva schools, it is common to formulate the process of yogic conquest of the realities (tattvas) as a series of Dhāraṇās. Dhāraṇās ("introspections") are "complex sequences of meditative practices" which focus on a series of contemplations on a "hierarchy of apperceptive states designed to bring him ever closer to the level of the highest perceiver, Shiva". This hierarchy of meditations and visualizations is based on the Shaiva schema of the 36 tattvas. According to Somadev Vasudeva, the procedure can be described thus:The Yogin starts by disengaging the mind from external stimuli and then fixes it upon a tattva [such as earth, water, etc] with ever deepening absorption. He attains an internalised vision of the reality, and compares it with his authoritative, scriptural knowledge of the highest level. By means of tarka [reasoning], an ontological value judgement, he discerns that it is different from Siva and thus transcends it. The Yogin’s ascension inevitably brings him to the reality which is Siva at the zenith of all paths.One example of the meditation on the tattva of buddhi (intellect) from the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra" is as follows:Contemplating in the heart a lotus with colour of the rising sun, with eight petals containing the [eight bhavas] of dharma etc., and a pericarp, [the Yogin’s] intellect becomes steady within a month. Within six he becomes a knower of the Sruti (scripture). Within three years he himself becomes an author of scriptures. Contemplating his own [physical] form there (in the heart), he perceives the principle of intellect.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Trika yoga generally uses a system of six "limbs" or ancillaries ("aṅgas") which are seen as subsidiary to the principle conquest of the tattvas. This system was adopted from the dualistic Saiva Siddhanta as well as in Pāñcarātra scriptures such as the "Jayakhyasamhita". According to Somadeva Vasudeva, in Trika, "ṣaḍaṅgayoga" "is to be understood as a collection of helpful or even indispensable yogic techniques which enable the prospective Yogin to achieve the required “coalescence” or “identification” ("tanmayata", lit. the “consisting-of-that-ness”) with the object of contemplation."


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: In the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra" (chapter 17)"," these are seen as six progressive steps leading to complete identification with the object of meditation. It is important to note that different Saiva tantras outline different forms of the six ancillaries, and "there is no consensus as to their order, their definition or even their subdivisions" among the different tantras.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: The practice of "utkranti", also called "yogic suicide", is also taught in nondual Saiva Tantras like the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra," which uses the vital energy rising through the central channel to end one's life and proceed to union with Siva. The text says that this abandonment of the body can be done at the end of one's life, after one has mastered all that one has set out to achieve.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: To attain "moksha", "sādhana" or spiritual practice is necessary. Trika texts describes four major methods ("upāya"-s) to reach total immersion (samāveśa) into the divine:


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: The philosophy of Trika Shaivism is called "Pratyabhijñā" (Recognition) and it is mainly a nondual idealistic and monistic theism. It is influenced by the works of the Saiva monist Vasugupta (c. 800–850 CE) and numerous Śaiva scriptures such as the Agamas, the Śaiva-Śakta Tantras and Kaula scriptures. The Trika philosophical system of "Pratyabhijñā" is presented in the works of Somānanda (c. 900–950 CE), Utpaladeva (c. 925–975 CE), Abhinavagupta (c. 975–1025 CE) and his disciple Kṣemarāja (c. 1000–1050).


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: According to Christopher Wallis, the philosophy of Trika Shaivism also adopted much of the ontological apparatus of Sāṅkhya school, such as its system of 25 "tattvas," expanding and reinterpreting it for its own system of 36 tattvas. Another important source for Trika is the idealistic and dualistic theism of Shaiva Siddhanta. The Saivas also were influenced by the work of Buddhist Vijñānavāda and Pramanavada philosophers, especially Dharmakirti, who was also taken as a primary non-Saiva opponent and whose doctrines were sometimes absorbed into the "Pratyabhijñā" system.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: The philosophy of Recognition, as outlined by thinkers like Utpaladeva, teaches that though the identity of all souls is one with God (Isvara) or Shiva (which is the single reality, Being and absolute consciousness), they have forgotten this due to Maya or ignorance. However, through knowledge one can recognize one's authentic divine nature and become a liberated being. Another important element of Trika theology is the active and dynamic nature of consciousness, which is described as the spontaneous vibration or pulsation ("spanda") of universal consciousness, which is an expression of its freedom ("svātāntrya") and power ("Śakti"). Because of this, though this philosophy is idealist, it affirms the reality of the world and everyday life, as a real transformation ("parinama"), manifestation or appearance ("ābhāsa") of the absolute consciousness. The Absolute is also explained through the metaphor of light ("prakasha") and reflective awareness ("vimarsha").


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: The basic theology of the Trika's Recognition school is summed up by Utpaladeva in the "Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā" ("Verses on the Recognition of the Lord") as follows:There is only one Great Divinity, and it is the very inner Self of all creatures. It embodies itself as all things, full of unbroken awareness of three kinds: “I”, “this”, and “I am this.”The school's theology is expressed by Kshemaraja in his "Pratyabhijñā-hṛdayam" ("The Heart of Recognition") as follows:Awareness, free and independent, is the cause of the performance of everything. She unfolds the universe through Her own will and on Her own canvas. It becomes diverse by its division into mutually adapting subjects and objects. The individual conscious being, as a condensation of universal Awareness, embodies the entire universe in a microcosmic form.The modern scholar-practitioner of Shaiva Tantra, Christopher Wallis outlines the metaphysics and theology of non-dual Shaiva Tantra thus:


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: All that exists, throughout all time and beyond, is one infinite divine Consciousness, free and blissful, which projects within the field of its awareness a vast multiplicity of apparently differentiated subjects and objects: each object an actualization of a timeless potentiality inherent in the Light of Consciousness, and each subject the same plus a contracted locus of self-awareness. This creation, a divine play, is the result of the natural impulse within Consciousness to express the totality of its self-knowledge in action, an impulse arising from love. The unbounded Light of Consciousness contracts into finite embodied loci of awareness out of its own free will. When those finite subjects then identify with the limited and circumscribed cognitions and circumstances that make up this phase of their existence, instead of identifying with the transindividual overarching pulsation of pure Awareness that is their true nature, they experience what they call “suffering.” To rectify this, some feel an inner urge to take up the path of spiritual gnosis and yogic practice, the purpose of which is to undermine their misidentification and directly reveal within the immediacy of awareness the fact that the divine powers of Consciousness, Bliss, Willing, Knowing, and Acting comprise the totality of individual experience as well—thereby triggering a recognition that one’s real identity is that of the highest Divinity, the Whole in every part. This experiential gnosis is repeated and reinforced through various means until it becomes the nonconceptual ground of every moment of experience, and one’s contracted sense of self and separation from the Whole is finally annihilated in the incandescent radiance of the complete expansion into perfect wholeness. Then one’s perception fully encompasses the reality of a universe dancing ecstatically in the animation of its completely perfect divinity.This single supreme reality is also sometimes referred to as "Aham" (the heart). It is considered to be a non-dual interior space of Śiva, support for the entire manifestation, supreme mantra and identical to Śakti. In Kashmir Shivaism the highest form of Kali is Kalasankarshini who is nirguna, formless and is often show as a flame above the head of "Guhya Kali" the highest gross form of Kali. In Nepali Newar arts, both form and formless attributes of Kali is often envisioned in a single art form showing the hierarchy of goddesses in their tradition. In it Guhyakali image culminates in flame, with Kalasankarshini, the highest deity in the sequence, who consumes time within herself and is envisioned solely as a flame representing Para Brahman.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: An important element of Trika Shaivism's theology is the use of several triads (symbolized by the trident) in its theological explanation of the Absolute reality. There are several triads described in Trika theology of thinkers like Abhinavagupta, including:


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are both non-dual philosophies that give primacy to Universal Consciousness ("Chit" or "Brahman"). In Kashmir Shaivism, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness, but the phenomenal world ("Śakti") is real, existing and having its being in Consciousness ("Chit").


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: According to Mark S. G. Dyczkowski, Kashmiri Trika Shaivism looks to three scriptures "as its primary authorities", the "Mālinīvijayottara Tantra", the "Siddhayogeśvarīmata and the Anāmaka-tantra."


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: As a monistic tantric system, Trika Shaivism, as it is also known, draws teachings from shrutis, such as the monistic "Bhairava Tantras", Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta, and also a unique version of the "" which has a commentary by Abhinavagupta, known as the "Gitartha Samgraha". Teachings are also drawn from the "Tantrāloka" of Abhinavagupta, prominent among a vast body of "smritis" employed by Kashmir Shaivism.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: In general, the whole written tradition of Shaivism can be divided in three fundamental parts: "Āgama Śāstra", "Spanda Śāstra" and "Pratyabhijñā Śāstra".


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: 1. "Āgama Śāstra" are those writings that are considered as being a direct revelation from Siva. These writings were first communicated orally, from the master to the worthy disciple. They include essential works such as ', ', ', ', ', ', "" and others. There are also numerous commentaries to these works, " having most of them.


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: 2. ', the main work of which is ' of Bhatta Kallata, a disciple of Vasugupta, with its many commentaries. Out of them, two are of major importance: ' (this commentary talks only about the first verses of '), and " (which is a commentary of the complete text).


title: Kashmir Shaivism

text: 3. "Pratyabhijñā Śāstra" are those writings which have mainly a metaphysical content. Due to their extremely high spiritual and intellectual level, this part of the written tradition of Shaivism is the least accessible for the uninitiated. Nevertheless, this corpus of writings refer to the simplest and most direct modality of spiritual realization. "Pratyabhijñā" means "recognition" and refers to the spontaneous recognition of the divine nature hidden in each human being (atman). The most important works in this category are: ', the fundamental work of Utpaladeva, and ', a commentary to '. ' means in fact the direct recognition of the Lord ("Īśvara") as identical to one's Heart. Before "Utpaladeva", his master "Somānanda" wrote "" ("The Vision of Siva"), a devotional poem written on multiple levels of meaning.


title: Clique (TV series)

text: Clique is a British thriller television series created by Jess Brittain, starring Synnøve Karlsen and Rachel Hurd-Wood. It was released as part of BBC Three's online-only schedule and later aired on BBC One. Series 1 premiered on 5 March 2017 and concluded on 9 April 2017. A second six-part series was ordered in January 2018. It premiered in November 2018 on BBC Three Online. The second series began airing on BBC One from 15 July 2019.


title: Clique (TV series)

text: Childhood friends Georgia and Holly are only a few weeks into the so-called best years of their lives at university in Edinburgh, when Georgia gets drawn into an elite clique of alpha girls (Fay, Phoebe, Louise, and Rachel) led by lecturer Jude McDermid. Jude's brand of feminism is alluring, just like the circle of bright students she surrounds herself with. Georgia's effortless entry into the clique leaves Holly out in the cold. However, this soon escalates to panic as Georgia begins acting erratically. Alarmed by this transformation in her best friend, Holly is compelled to follow her into Jude's closely guarded circle. What she discovers is a seductive world of lavish parties, populated by Edinburgh's highest-powered business men and women. But it's a world underpinned by sordid compromise, and as Holly exposes its deeply corrupt core, the danger mounts from all angles, for her and Georgia. Holly's own dark past also threatens to resurface.


title: Clique (TV series)

text: A year after the events of Season 1, Holly is now in her second year of university and living in a house share with Louise and student activists Rayna and Fraser. Holly's exposé of Solasta Finance has led to intense fascination from everyone around her. She encounters a close-knit group of young men, led by charismatic Jack Yorke and finds herself becoming immersed in a campus-wide scandal. Meanwhile, from within a secure unit, Rachel keeps obsessing over Holly.


title: Clique (TV series)

text: "Clique" first aired on BBC Three week-by-week for its six-episode run in from 5 March to 9 April 2017. It then aired on BBC One from 20 May to 3 June 2017. As of 2018 "Clique" is broadcast in the United States on Pop; in Spain it is broadcast on HBO; in Greece by State ERT; and in Germany on ARD's channel one.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: Deportivo Toluca Fútbol Club S.A. de C.V. (), commonly known as Club Deportivo Toluca, is a Mexican football club, playing in the Primera División de México, the top-flight of Mexican football. Toluca's stadium, Estadio Nemesio Díez Riega is located in Toluca de Lerdo, State of Mexico in Mexico. The team was founded on February 12, 1917 by the brothers Manuel and Francisco Henkel Bros owners of the farm "La Huerta" located in Zinacantepec near of Toluca City.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: Toluca has won the Mexican Primera División 10 times, making it the third most winning team, behind América (13) and Guadalajara (12). Besides this, the team has also won two Copa MX and two CONCACAF Champions League. In addition, Toluca won the Mexiquense State Championship 14 times.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: Despite being one of the oldest teams in Mexico, with more than 100 years of history, the professional era for Toluca began in 1950, 33 years after its foundation, becoming one of the founding teams of the Segunda División de México and the third team with the most seasons in Mexican First Division. It is together with the Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional, one of the clubs of the current maximum circuit, which since their promotion or appearance, have not relegated or were absent from the maximum circuit.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: According to Mitofsky in 2022, Toluca is the seventh most popular team in Mexico with 3.0% preference with around 4.0 million fans.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: On 12 February 1917, the brothers Román Alday and Gerardo Ferrat alongside Filiberto Navas and Manuel Henkel created Deportivo Toluca Futbol Club.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: In 1950, the team joined the recently formed Segunda División de México advancing to Mexican Primera División in 1952-53 by having tied with Irapuato by three goals, two by Rubén Pichardo and one by that tournament's goal scorer Mateo de la Tijera having left one more match to play.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: The Teams first official First Division game was against Atlante F.C., and Toluca won this by two goals to one.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: In 1974-75 Toluca won the championship one more time after 23 years, coached by Uruguayan Ricardo de León, Toluca played a style of game that was consistently criticized as ultra-defensive but won the championship by defeating León in the final-four mini-tournament 1–0, with the lone goal being scored by Ecuadorian Ítalo Estupiñan. This is the only time the Mexican Championship has been decided by a round-robin, two-legged, mini-tournament.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: In 1997 Enrique "Ojitos" Meza became the coach of the team, after reaching the finals of the Mexican league with Toros Neza. Toluca resurged, its tactical scheme was very offensive, which was very characteristic of its coach. It was not atypical to see scores like 5–3. The offensive idea suited perfectly the Paraguayan José Saturnino Cardozo, who became the best scorer of the league in four occasions.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: On his second tournament with the team, Meza led Toluca to win the championship in the Verano 1998 tournament, the first one in twenty years. Finishing the regular season as leader of the tournament with 33 points, Toluca went on to beat Atlante and América in the quarterfinals and semifinals respectively. Toluca then faced Necaxa at the final.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: After losing with the "Hidrorrayos" in the first leg of the final 1–2 at the Estadio Azteca, Necaxa scored two goals in the first two minutes of the second leg match at the Estadio Nemesio Díez, losing 1–4 at the aggregate score. Toluca then scored five goals with no answer from Necaxa, Taboada at 3', Abundis at 35' and 52', and Cardozo at 58' and 89'. Toluca won the final with a 6–3 aggregate score, winning its fourth title and the first seven titles in the short tournaments era.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: For the Invierno 1998, Toluca finished second in the regular season behind Cruz Azul, but was eliminated in the Liguilla's first round, losing 2–3 in the aggregate score against Atlas, seeded 7th.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: The next tournament, Verano 1999, Toluca finished as leader of the tournament again with a record of 12 wins, 3 draws and losing only 2 matches, against Santos Laguna and Atlas. The team defeated Necaxa and Santos Laguna in the quarterfinals and semifinals, respectively. Toluca went on to play the final against Atlas, second best team of the regular season.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: After two thrilling matches, a 3–3 draw on the first leg at Estadio Jalisco and a 2–2 tie on the second leg at the Estadio Nemesio Díez, the championship was defined in penalties; Toluca won 5–4.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: With Enrique Meza as coach, Toluca won the championship three times in a period of three years. Meza left the team in October 2000 to manage Mexico national football team.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: In the Invierno 2001 tournament Ricardo La Volpe became the coach of Toluca. He, along with Cardozo and Vicente Sánchez had one of the most successful and exciting teams in years. However, La Volpe left Toluca with a few weeks left in the season, but without him, they still won their 7th title.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: At the end of the Apertura 2005 tournament, the team became champions again, beating Monterrey by an aggregate of 6–3, after the questionable decisions of Mexican referee Marco Rodriguez "El Chiquidracula", who expelled three players from Monterrey on their first foul committed.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: In Apertura 2006, they tied in the first leg (1-1) but suffered a loss in the Estadio Nemesio Díez (2-1) against Guadalajara.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: In the Clausura 2007 tournament, Toluca had one of their worst seasons, finishing in last place. In the Copa Libertadores 2007, they made it to the round of 16, where they were subsequently eliminated by Cúcuta Deportivo from Colombia. Following the elimination from both tournaments, Gallego resigned from his position stating the need for a year off as his reason for resigning from Club Toluca. José Pekerman, former coach of the Argentine national team, was appointed as head coach of Club Toluca on May 30, 2007.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: Club Toluca failed to qualify for the 2008 Copa Libertadores. On the Apertura 2008, Toluca had a weak start under their new coach, Jose Manuel "El Chepo" De La Torre, on one point going on a four-game streak of only draws. On the last five games of the regular season, they reversed the tying streak, making 13 points out of a possible 15, ending the regular season in 2nd place overall with 27 points and thus advancing to the playoffs. Their goalkeeper Hernan Cristante set a record by not allowing any goals for 773 minutes.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: Toluca would go on to win the Bicentenario 2010 tournament by beating Santos Laguna in a dramatic penalty shoot-out, earning them the tenth cup win, the same amount as Club América. Besides winning the domestic title ten times, Toluca has also been the Runner-Up of the Mexican domestic tournament six times. On the Apertura 2012, Toluca finished first place and therefore earned a place for the Copa Libertadores. On the Ligullia of the Apertura 2012, Toluca went all the way to the final and lose to Club Tijuana 4-1 aggregate. On the Cluasura 2013, Toluca finished 13th and did not qualify for the Ligullia. At the end of that season then coach Enrique Meza resigned his job. The next day Toluca contacted its top scorer former player José Cardozo as its new head coach.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: On May 31, 2016, José Luis Real is presented as director of sports development and a new project is presented as technical director, headed by Hernán Cristante, who would arrive with another reference of the club such as Enrique Alfaro together with Joaquín Velázquez as his technical assistants, during the process, Antonio Naelso was to end his successful career within the club, then he managed to bring the goalkeeper on loan Luis García as the only transfer, with a solid base within the club after the losses of Richard Ortiz, Christian Cueva, Heriberto Vidales and Lucas Lobos at the end of the contract, and Liborio Sánchez, Christian Pérez, Mari o Quezada, Nicolás Saucedo and Omar Arellano who ended their loan, other players were Daniel González and Héctor Acosta who were loaned to Chiapas and Alebrijes in the same order, were not incorporated into the current team and their loans to other teams were renewed Chivas and Venados F.C.respectively, while the team was in the preseason, David Rangel joined the coaching staff who will achieve as a player of the institution to be captain and champion in the years 1998, 1999, and 2000 with Enrique Alfaro and with Hernán Cristante in 1999 and 2000, while in 2005 he also won the title with Sinha.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: For the part of foreign player transfers for the Apertura 2016, an old acquaintance would arrive again, who was champion at the club in 2010, the Chilean Osvaldo González, plus the Brazilian Maikon Leite who previously in 2014 played in Mexico for Atlas FC; other transfers were Rodrigo Gómez , Pablo Barrientos, Antonio Pedroza, and Jesús Méndez.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: Deportivo Toluca found themselves playing at home at the Estadio Universitario Alberto "Chivo" Córdoba, because Estadio Nemesio Díez was undergoing remodeling work for the next celebration of 100 years. Starting Clausura 2017, Estadio Nemesio Díez fully ready, Rodrigo Salinas, Gabriel Hauche, Efraín Velarde, and Rubens Sambueza arrived as transfers. In that tournament they reached the semifinals where they were eliminated by Club Deportivo Guadalajara, which ultimately became the champion. Later in the Apertura 2017 tournament they reached the quarterfinals as fifth place, being defeated by Monarcas Morelia. By 2018, there were surprising transfers of Luis Quiñones, Leonel Lopez and Angel Reyna. They reached the final of the Copa MX, being defeated by Club Necaxa. While in the league tournament Toluca was the general leader, dramatically eliminating Morelia in the quarterfinals, in the semifinals they beat Club Tijuana and in the final they faced Santos Laguna, a team they had already beaten in the late years 2000 and 2010. This time the "laguneros" were the champions with an aggregate score of 3–2.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: For Apertura 2018, Toluca signed William da Silva, Adolfo Dominguez, Amaury Escoto, Richard Ruiz, Luis Ángel Mendoza, Héctor Acosta, Fernando Tobio and the return of Enrique Triverio, during the tournament he spent all 17 days in Liguilla positions, to culminate 7th. In the quarterfinals they faced America, who would ultimately be champion, being eliminated by a 5-4 aggregate. In the following tournament Cristante is kept, in his first two matches the team remains as Super Leader, but then there was a streak of 6 games without a win, 5 losses and a draw. In which Cristante was dismissed and his replacement was Ricardo La Volpe who began his second stage, during the La Volpe stage there was improvement, but it was not possible to qualify for the league.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: During the 2019 Apertura, La Volpe remained in the technical direction, but his results did not improve, having his worst results since 2001. La Volpe resigned in the absence of a day to complete and the team finished in third to last position with 17 points.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: For the 2020 Clausura, the tournament was temporarily suspended as of March 15, and after having decided to play the matches on matchday 10 behind closed doors, all as a consequence of the health contingency due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. The postponement of the contest reached a critical point, until on May 22, 2020, the Liga MX Extraordinary Assembly decreed the end of the tournament before its regular date, leaving the competition without a champion. Toluca finished the tournament in the 15th position, product of 2 wins, 4 draws and 4 losses, obtaining 10 points.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: For the Guardianes 2020 and 2021 tournaments, Toluca finished in the 11th position, so it had to play reclassification to a single game, facing Tigres, losing 2-1 in Monterrey, with this result, Toluca ended its participation in the tournament. For the next tournament, Toluca finished again in the eleventh position, again playing reclassification to a single match, this time they faced the current champion León, being a complicated match, again visitor due to their position in the table, they won in a round of penalties, after drawing 2-2 in regular time, winning on penalties 2-4, accessing the quarterfinals, facing Cruz Azul, In a fairly disputed match, round trip ended in the Aztec stadium, losing 4-3 in favor of Cruz Azul and in this way Toluca culminated its participation in the tournament, highlighting the individual scoring championship of Toluqueño player Alexis Canelo with 11 annotations .


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: For the Apertura 2021 tournament, Toluca made a more remarkable performance than the previous tournaments, culminating in position number 6, playing reclassification again, but this time locally, although it did not help much, since Toluca was defeated by Pumas with a score 1-2 in the match at the Nemesio Diez, culminating again in a reclassification match.


title: Deportivo Toluca F.C.

text: The following players have represented their country at the Summer Olympic Games whilst playing for Toluca:


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: The geography of Middle-earth encompasses the physical, political, and moral geography of J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth, strictly a continent on the planet of Arda but widely taken to mean the physical world, and "Eä", all of creation, as well as all of his writings about it. Arda was created as a flat world, incorporating a Western continent, Aman, which became the home of the godlike Valar, as well as Middle-earth. At the end of the First Age, the Western part of Middle-earth, Beleriand, was drowned in the War of Wrath. In the Second Age, a large island, Númenor, was created in the Great Sea, Belegaer, between Aman and Middle-earth; it was destroyed in a cataclysm near the end of the Second Age, in which Arda was remade as a spherical world, and Aman was removed so that Men could not reach it.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: In "The Lord of the Rings", Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age is described as having free peoples, namely Men, Hobbits, Elves, and Dwarves in the West, opposed to peoples under the control of the Dark Lord Sauron in the East. Some commentators have seen this as implying a moral geography of Middle-earth. Tolkien scholars have traced many features of Middle-earth to literary sources such as "Beowulf", the "Poetic Edda", or the mythical "Myrkviðr". They have in addition suggested real-world places such as Venice, Rome, and Constantinople/Byzantium as analogues of places in Middle-earth. The cartographer Karen Wynn Fonstad has created detailed thematic maps for Tolkien's major Middle-earth books, "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings", and "The Silmarillion".


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Tolkien's Middle-earth was part of his created world of Arda. It was a flat world surrounded by ocean. It included the Undying Lands of Aman and Eressëa, which were all part of the wider creation, Eä. Aman and Middle-earth were separated from each other by the Great Sea Belegaer, analogous to the Atlantic Ocean. The western continent, Aman, was the home of the Valar, and the Elves called the Eldar.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Initially, the western part of Middle-earth was the subcontinent Beleriand; it was engulfed by the ocean at the end of the First Age.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: After the destruction of Númenor near the end of the Second Age, Arda was remade as a round world, and the Undying Lands were removed from Arda so that Men could not reach them. The Elves could go there only by the Straight Road and in ships capable of passing out of the sphere of the earth. Tolkien then equated Arda, consisting of both Middle-earth's planet and the heavenly Aman, with the Solar System, the Sun and Moon being celestial objects in their own right, no longer orbiting the Earth.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: The extreme west of Middle-earth in the First Age was Beleriand. It and Eriador were separated from much of the south of Middle-earth by the Great Gulf. Beleriand was largely destroyed in the cataclysm of the War of Wrath, leaving only a remnant coastal plain, Lindon, just to the west of the Ered Luin (also called Ered Lindon or Blue Mountains). The cataclysm divided Ered Luin and Lindon by the newly-created Gulf of Lune; the northern part was Forlindon, the southern Harlindon.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: In the northwest of Middle-earth, Eriador was the region between the Ered Luin and the Misty Mountains. Early in the Third Age, the northern kingdom of Arnor founded by Elendil occupied much of the region. After its collapse, much of Eriador became wild. A small part of the region was occupied by hobbits to form the Shire. To the northwest lay Lake Evendim, once called Nenuial by the Elves. A remnant of the ancient forest of Eriador survived throughout the Third Age just to the east of the Shire as the Old Forest, the domain of Tom Bombadil. Northeast of there is Bree, the only place where hobbits and Men live in the same villages. Further east from there is the hill of Weathertop, the hill with the ancient fortress of Amon Sûl, and then Rivendell, the home of Elrond. South from there is the ancient land of Hollin, once the elvish land of Eregion, where the Rings of Power were forged.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: At the Grey Havens (Mithlond), on the Gulf of Lune, Cirdan built the ships in which the Elves departed from Middle-earth to Valinor.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: The Misty Mountains were thrown up by the Dark Lord Melkor in the First Age to impede Oromë, one of the Valar who often rode across Middle-earth hunting. The Dwarf-realm of Moria was built in the First Age beneath the midpoint of the mountain range. The two major passes across the mountains were the High Pass or Pass of Imladris near Rivendell, with a higher and a lower route, and the all-year Redhorn Pass further south near Moria.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: East of the Misty Mountains, Anduin, the Great River, flows southwards, with the forest of Mirkwood to its east. On its west bank opposite the southern end of Mirkwood is the elvish land of Lothlorien. Further south, backing on to the Misty Mountains, lies the forest of Fangorn, home of the tree-giants, the ents. In a valley at the southern end of the Misty Mountains is Isengard, home to the wizard Saruman.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Just to the South of both Fangorn and Isengard is the wide grassy land of the Riders of Rohan, who provide cavalry to its southerly neighbour, Gondor. The River Anduin passes the hills of Emyn Muil and the enormous rock statues of the Argonath and flows through the dangerous rapids of Sarn Gebir and over the Falls of Rauros into Gondor. Gondor's border with Rohan is the Ered Nimrais, the White Mountains, which run east-west from the sea to a point near the Anduin; at that point is Gondor's capital city, Minas Tirith.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Across the river to the East is the land of Mordor. It is bordered to the north by the Ered Lithui, the Ash Mountains; to the west by the Ephel Duath, the Mountains of Shadow. Between those two ranges, at Mordor's northwest tip, are the Black Gates of the Morannon. In the angle between the two ranges is the volcanic Plateau of Gorgoroth, with the tall volcano of Orodruin or Mount Doom, where the Dark Lord Sauron forged the One Ring, at its centre. To the mountain's east is Sauron's Dark Tower, Barad-dur.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: To the east of Rhovanion and to the north of Mordor lies the Sea of Rhûn, home to the Easterlings. North of that lie the Iron Hills of Dain's dwarves; between those and Mirkwood is Erebor, the Lonely Mountain, once home to Smaug the dragon, and afterwards to Thorin's dwarves.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: The large lands to the east of Rhûn and to the south and east of Harad are not described in the stories, which take place in the north-western part of Middle-earth.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: The events of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" take place in the north-west of the continent of Middle-earth. Both quests begin in The Shire, travel east through the wilds of Eriador to Rivendell and then across the Misty Mountains, involve further travels in the lands of Rhovanion or Wilderland to the east of those mountains, and return home to The Shire. The cartographer Karen Wynn Fonstad prepared "The Atlas of Middle-earth" to clarify and map the two journeys – of Bilbo Baggins in "The Hobbit", and of Frodo Baggins in "The Lord of the Rings" – as well as the events described in "The Silmarillion". The editor of "Tolkien Studies", David Bratman, notes that the atlas provides historical, geological, and battle maps, with a detailed commentary and explanation of how Fonstad approached the mapping task from the available evidence. Michael Brisbois, also in "Tolkien Studies", describes the atlas as "authorized", while the cartographers Ina Habermann and Nikolaus Kuhn take Fonstad's maps as defining Middle-earth's geography.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Stentor Danielson, a Tolkien scholar, notes that Tolkien did not provide the same "elaborate textual history" to contextualise his maps as he did for his writings. Danielson suggests that this has assisted the tendency among Tolkien's fans to treat his maps as "geographical fact" He calls Fonstad's atlas "magisterial", and comments that like Tolkien, Fonstad worked from the assumption that the maps, like the texts, "are objective facts" which the cartographer must fully reconcile. He gives as an instance the work that she did to make the journey of Thorin's company in "The Hobbit" consistent with the map, something that Tolkien found himself unable to do. Danielson writes that in addition, Fonstad created "the most comprehensive set" of thematic maps of Middle-earth, presenting geographic data including political boundaries, climate, population density, and the routes of characters or armies.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: At the end of the Third Age, much of the northwest of Middle-earth is wild, with traces here and there of ruined cities and fortresses from earlier civilisations among the mountains, rivers, forests, hills, plains and marshes. The major nations that appear in "The Lord of the Rings" are Rohan and Gondor on the side of the Free Peoples, and Mordor and its allies Harad (Southrons) and Rhûn (Easterlings) on the side of the Dark Lord. Gondor, once extremely powerful, is by that time much reduced in its reach, and has lost control of Ithilien (bordering Mordor) and South Gondor (bordering Harad).


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Forgotten by most of the rest of the world is the Shire, a small region in the northwest of Middle-earth inhabited by hobbits amidst the abandoned lands of Eriador.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: With his "Southrons" from Harad, Tolkien had – in the view of John Magoun, writing in the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia" – constructed a "fully expressed moral geography", from the hobbits' home in the Northwest, evil in the East, and "imperial sophistication and decadence" in the South. Magoun explains that Gondor is both virtuous, being West, and has problems, being South; Mordor in the Southeast is hellish, while Harad in the extreme South "regresses into hot savagery".


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Other scholars such as Walter Scheps and Isabel G. MacCaffrey have noted Middle-earth's "spatial cum moral dimensions", though not identically with Magoun's interpretation. In their view, North and West are generally good, South and East evil. That places the Shire and the elves' Grey Havens in the Northwest as certainly good, and Mordor in the Southeast as certainly Evil; Gondor in the Southwest is in their view morally ambivalent, matching the characters of both Boromir and Denethor. They observe further that the Shire's four quadrants or "Farthings" serve as a "microcosm" of the moral geography of Middle-earth as a whole: thus, the evil Black Riders appear first in the Eastfarthing, while the once good but corrupted Saruman's men arrive in the Southfarthing.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: In his article "Westwards, Utopia; Eastwards, Decline: The Reception of Classical Occidentalism and Orientalism in Tolkien's Atlantic Paradise", Hamish Williams writes that the seven gates of the city of Gondolin in Beleriand in the First Age may be based on Herodotus's description of the Medean city of Ecbatana with its multi-layered defence on a hill. Williams identifies this as a "perfect space" in the "Utopian" West of Middle-earth.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Tolkien scholars including John Garth have traced many features of Middle-earth to literary sources or real-world places. Some places in Middle-earth can be more or less firmly associated with a single place in the real world, while other locations have had two or more real-world origins proposed for them. Other elements relate to Old English poetry: several of the customs of Rohan in particular can be traced to "Beowulf", on which Tolkien was an expert.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Some Middle-earth placenames were based on the sound of places named in literature; thus, Beleriand was borrowed from the Broceliand of medieval romance. Tolkien tried out many invented names in search of the right sound, in Beleriand's case including Golodhinand, Noldórinan ("valley of the Noldor"), Geleriand, Bladorinand, Belaurien, Arsiriand, Lassiriand, and Ossiriand (later used as a name for the easternmost part of Beleriand). The Elves have been linked to Celtic mythology. The Battle of the Pelennor Fields has parallels with the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields. The Misty Mountains derive from the "Poetic Edda", where the protagonist in the "Skírnismál" notes that his quest will involve misty mountains peopled with orcs and giants, while the mountains' character was partly inspired by Tolkien's travels in the Swiss Alps in 1911. Mirkwood is based on "Myrkviðr", the romantic vision of the dark forests of the North.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Scholars have likened Gondor to Byzantium (medieval Istanbul), while Tolkien connected it to Venice. The Corsairs of Umbar have been linked to the Barbary corsairs of the late Middle Ages. Númenor echoes the mythical Atlantis described by Plato.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: About the origins of his storytelling and the place of cartography within it, Tolkien stated in a letter:


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: Writing in "Mythlore", Jefferson P. Swycaffer suggested that the political and strategic situations of Gondor and Mordor in the Siege of Gondor were "analogous to Constantinople facing the boxshape of Asia Minor"; that "Dol Amroth makes a fine Venice"; that the Rohirrim and their grasslands are comparable to "Hungary of the Magyars, who were weak allies of Byzantine Constantinople"; and that the Corsairs of Umbar resembled the Barbary pirates who served Mehmed the Conqueror.


title: Geography of Middle-earth

text: The linguist David Salo writes that Gondor recalls "a kind of decaying Byzantium"; its piratical enemy Umbar like the seagoing Carthage; the Southrons (of Harad) "Arab-like"; and the Easterlings "suggesting Sarmatians, Huns and Avars".


title: Bharadvaja

text: (maharishi) in Ancient India. He was a renowned scholar, economist, grammarian and physician. He is one of the Saptarishis (seven great sages or Maharṣis).


title: Bharadvaja

text: His contributions to ancient Indian literature, specifically the "Rigveda", provide significant insight into ancient Indian society. He and his family of students were the authors of the sixth book of the "Rigveda". In the epic "Mahabharata", Bharadwaja was the father of the teacher (guru) Droṇācārya, the instructor to Pandava and Kaurava princes. Bharadwaja is also mentioned in "Charaka Samhita", an authoritative ancient Indian medical text.


title: Bharadvaja

text: The word Bharadvaja is a compound Sanskrit from ""bhara(d) and vaja(m)"", which together mean "bringing about nourishment". the name also lends itself to more than one yoga asana called Bharadvajasana (“nourishing pose”) named after the sage.


title: Bharadvaja

text: His full name in Vedic texts is "Bharadvaja Barhaspatya", the last name referring to his father and Vedic deity-sage Brihaspati. His mother was Mamata, wife of Utathya Rishi who was the elder brother of Barhaspati. In the Bhagavata Purana, he is named as Vitatha He is one of the seven rishis mentioned four times in the "Rigveda" as well as in the "Shatapatha Brahmana", thereafter revered in the "Mahabharata" and the "Puranas". In some later Puranic legends, he is stated to be the son of Vedic sage Atri.


title: Bharadvaja

text: In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as "Digha Nikaya", Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The Buddha names ten rishis, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Bharadvaja.


title: Bharadvaja

text: The ancient Hindu medical treatise "Charaka Samhita" attributes Bharadvaja learning medical sciences from god Indra, after pleading that "poor health was disrupting the ability of human beings from pursuing their spiritual journey", and then Indra provides both the method and specifics of medical knowledge.


title: Bharadvaja

text: Bharadvaja is considered to be the initiator of the "Bharadvāja" gotra of the Brahmin,Khatris, Kayastha and Bhumihar caste. "Bharadvaja" is the third in the row of the Pravara Rishis ("Aangirasa", "Barhaspatya, Bharadvaja)" and is the first in the "Bharadvaja Gotris", with the other two rishis also being initiators of Gotras with their respective names.


title: Bharadvaja

text: Bharadvaja and his family of students are 55. Bharadvaja and his family of students were the traditional poets of king Marutta of the Vedic era, in the Hindu texts.


title: Bharadvaja

text: Bharadvaja is a revered sage in the Hindu traditions, and like other revered sages, numerous treatises composed in the ancient and medieval eras are reverentially named after him. Some treatises named after him or attributed to him include:


title: Bharadvaja

text: According to one legend, Bharadvaja married Susheela and had a son named Garga and a daughter named Devavarshini. According to some other legends, Bharadvaja had two daughters named Ilavida and Katyayani, who married Vishrava and Yajnavalkya respectively. According to "Vishnu Purana", Bharadwaja had a brief liaison with an apsara named Ghritachi, and together they had a child who grew up into a warrior-Brahmin named Droṇācārya. While in Mahabharata, Drona is born when Bharadwaja ejaculated his semen in a pot. Bharadwaja is therefore directly linked to two important characters of the epic Mahabharata — Dronacharya and Aśvatthāma, the son of Dronacharya. According to the Mahabharata, Bharadvaja trained Drona in the use of weapons. Bharadwaja had two disciples: Agnivesa and Drupada. Agnivesa taught Drona the mastery of the weapon Agneya, while Drupad became the king of Panchala kingdom.


title: Bharadvaja

text: One legend in the Mahabharata states that King Bharata adopted Bharadvaja as his son when he was delivered to the king by the Marutas. Bharadvaja married a kshatriya woman named Susheela. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Bharadvaja beget a son named Manyu also known as Bhumanyu while in the Mahabharata Bhumanyu is born to him by yagnas.


title: Bharadvaja

text: In the epic "Ramayana", Rama, Sita and Lakshmana meet Bharadvaja at his "asrama" (hermitage) at the start of their fourteen-year exile. The sage asks them to stay with him through the exile, but they insist on going deeper into the forest to Chitrakuta which is three kosa away from the ashram. Bharadvaja gives them directions. Also, Bharatha along with Sumanth received at Ashram by Bharadvaja while Bharath went on to the forest in search of Lord Ram for a re-union and to bring Lord Rama, Sita and Laxmana back to Ayodhya. He reappears at various times in the epic. According to James Lochtefeld, the Bharadvaja in the "Ramayana" is different from the Vedic sage mentioned in Panini's "Ashtadhyayi".


title: Chota Nagpur Plateau

text: The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar. The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi river lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately .


title: Chota Nagpur Plateau

text: The name "Nagpur" is probably taken from Nagavanshis, who ruled in this part of the country. "Chhota" ("small" in Hindi) is the misunderstood name of "Chuita" village in the outskirts of Ranchi, which has the remains of an old fort belonging to the Nagavanshis.


title: Chota Nagpur Plateau

text: The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau—an extensive area of land thrust above the general land. The plateau has been formed by continental uplift from forces acting deep inside the earth. The Gondwana substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the Deccan Plate, which broke free from the southern continent during the Cretaceous to embark on a 50-million-year journey that was interrupted by the collision with the Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the Deccan Plateau, where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia.


title: Chota Nagpur Plateau

text: The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau, where "pats" as a plateau is locally called, are above sea level. The highest point is . The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units. The general height is . The topography in undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around . It covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section – Parasnath Hills rise to a height of and Dalma Hills to . The large plateau is subdivided into several small plateaus or sub-plateaus.


title: Chota Nagpur Plateau

text: The western plateau with an average elevation of above mean sea level merges into the plateau of the Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. The flat topped plateau, locally known as "pats" are characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large plateau. Examples include Netarhat Pat, Jamira Pat, Khamar Pat, Rudni Pat and others. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of Deccan basalt lava.