title: Regulus

text: Babylonians called it "Sharru" ("the King"), and it marked the 15th ecliptic constellation. In India it was known as "Maghā" ("the Mighty"), in Sogdiana "Magh" ("the Great"), in Persia "Miyan" ("the Centre") and also as "Venant", one of the four 'royal stars' of the Persian monarchy. It was one of the fifteen Behenian stars known to medieval astrologers, associated with granite, mugwort, and the kabbalistic symbol .


title: Regulus

text: In the Babylonian MUL.APIN, Regulus is listed as Lugal, meaning king, with co-descriptor, "star of the Lion's breast".


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: Hypostasis (Greek: ὑπόστασις, "hypóstasis") is the underlying state or underlying substance and is the fundamental reality that supports all else. In Neoplatonism the hypostasis of the soul, the intellect ("nous") and "the one" was addressed by Plotinus. In Christian theology, the Holy Trinity consists of three hypostases: Hypostasis of the Father, Hypostasis of the Son, and Hypostasis of the Holy Spirit.


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: Neoplatonists argue that beneath the surface phenomena that present themselves to our senses are three higher spiritual principles, or hypostases, each one more sublime than the preceding. For Plotinus, these are the Soul, the Intellect, and the One.


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: The term hypostasis has a particular significance in Christian theology, particularly in Christian Triadology (study of the Holy Trinity), and also in Christology (study of Christ).


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: In Christian Triadology (study of the Holy Trinity) three specific theological concepts have emerged throughout history, in reference to number and mutual relations of divine hypostases:


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: Within Christology, two specific theological concepts have emerged throughout history, in reference to the Hypostasis of Christ:


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: In early Christian writings, hypostasis was used to denote "being" or "substantive reality" and was not always distinguished in meaning from terms like "ousia" ('essence'), substantia ('substance') or qnoma (specific term in Syriac Christianity). It was used in this way by Tatian and Origen and also in the anathemas appended to the Nicene Creed of 325.


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: It was mainly under the influence of the Cappadocian Fathers that the terminology was clarified and standardized so that the formula "three hypostases in one ousia" came to be accepted as an epitome of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. The first person to propose a difference in the meanings of hypostasis and ousía, and for using hypostasis as synonym of Person, was Basil of Caesarea, namely in his letters 214 (375 A.D.) and 236 (376 A.D.) Specifically, Basil of Caesarea argues that the two terms are not synonymous and that they, therefore, are not to be used indiscriminately in referring to the Godhead. He writes:


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: This consensus, however, was not achieved without some confusion at first in the minds of Western theologians since in the West the vocabulary was different. Many Latin-speaking theologians understood "hypo-stasis" as "sub-stantia" (substance); thus when speaking of three "hypostases" in the Godhead, they might suspect three "substances" or tritheism. However, from the middle of the fifth century onwards, marked by Council of Chalcedon, the word came to be contrasted with "ousia" and used to mean "individual reality," especially in the trinitarian and Christological contexts. The Christian concept of the Trinity is often described as being one God existing in three distinct "hypostases/personae/persons".


title: Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

text: "The word ὑπόστασις which, by following others, I have rendered substance, denotes not, as I think, the being or essence of the Father, but his person; for it would be strange to say that the essence of God is impressed on Christ, as the essence of both is simply the same. But it may truly and fitly be said that whatever peculiarly belongs to the Father is exhibited in Christ, so that he who knows him knows what is in the Father. And in this sense do the orthodox fathers take this term, hypostasis, considering it to be threefold in God, while the essence (οὐσία) is simply one. Hilary everywhere takes the Latin word substance for person. But though it be not the Apostle’s object in this place to speak of what Christ is in himself, but of what he is really to us, yet he sufficiently confutes the Asians and Sabellians; for he claims for Christ what belongs to God alone, and also refers to two distinct persons, as to the Father and the Son. For we hence learn that the Son is one God with the Father, and that he is yet in a sense distinct from him, so that a subsistence or person belongs to both."


title: Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi

text: Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi ( My love is only with you) is an Indian soap opera based on Emily Bronte's British novel "Wuthering Heights" and produced by Ekta Kapoor of Balaji Telefilms. The series aired from 24 June 2014 to 19 February 2016 on Colors TV and starred Shakti Arora and Radhika Madan.


title: Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi

text: Ishaani Joshi and Ranveer Vaghela have been childhood friends for twenty years as Ranveer's father Kailash is the driver of Ishaani's step-father Harshad Parekh. As they both grow up together, Ranveer loves Ishaani, but was hesitatant to confess it due to their parents' background difference, and thus remains only her best friend. Later they have a fallout and misunderstandings lead them to separate.


title: Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi

text: Ranveer is a successful businessman engaged to Ritika Zaveri, the daughter of a wealthy jeweller. Ishaani's family is now poor, facing financial crisis due to Harshad's death. To save her family's dignity, Ranveer who still loves Ishaani, leaves Ritika and marries her. Later he is falsely accused for Chirag murder. However Ishaani takes the blame instead but by doing this she breaks Ranveer's trust.


title: Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi

text: Ishaani is saved by Ranveer's friend, lawyer Shikhar Mehra who loves her. Ritika, posing as Ranveer's wife lives in Vaghela house. Ishaani gets shattered due to her mother Falguni's sudden death. As Ranveer learns the past truth he wants Ishaani back, who rejects him and decides to marry Shikhar. Ritika stabs Ishaani after revealing her true self that she killed Falguni. Ishaani recovers as Shikhar rescues her. Finally, Ritika gets exposed and jailed. Ranveer and Ishaani unite, clearing all misunderstandings.


title: Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi

text: It is revealed that Ranveer had a twin brother Milan whom Kailash gave up for adoption when they were in dire need of money after Ranveer had met with a serious accident during their childhood. Milan hates and vows to snatch everything from Ranveer. His motives are exposed later too as he commits suicide. Ritika is bailed and joins hands with Nirbhay Singh Ahlawat, who blames and wants revenge on Ranveer for his wife's death and sister Naina's paralysis.


title: Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi

text: Naina falls in love with Ranveer, who proves Nirbhay that he didn't kill his wife Pooja. Nirbhay apologizes to Ishaani and Ranveer. Ritika escapes. Ishaani and Ranveer finally unite.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Leo VI, called the Wise (, 19 September 866 – 11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), he was very well read, leading to his epithet. During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I, continued; but the Empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean. His reign also witnessed the formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the separate office of Roman consul.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Born on 19 September 866 to the empress Eudokia Ingerina, Leo was either the illegitimate son of Emperor Michael III or the second son of Michael's successor, Basil I the Macedonian. Eudokia was both Michael III's mistress and Basil's wife. In 867, Michael was assassinated by Basil, who succeeded him as emperor. As the second-eldest son of the Emperor, Leo was associated on the throne in 870 and became the direct heir on the death of his older half-brother Constantine in 879. However, Leo and Basil did not like each other; a relationship that only deteriorated after Eudokia's death, when Leo, unhappy with his marriage to Theophano, took up a mistress in the person of Zoe Zaoutzaina. Basil married Zoe off to an insignificant official, and later almost had Leo blinded when he was accused of conspiring against him. On 29 August 886, Basil died in a hunting accident, though he claimed on his deathbed that there was an assassination attempt in which Leo was possibly involved.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: One of the first actions of Leo VI after his succession was the reburial, with great ceremony, of the remains of Michael III in the imperial mausoleum within the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. This contributed to the suspicion that Leo was (or at least believed himself to be) in truth Michael's son. Seeking political reconciliation, the new emperor secured the support of the officials in the capital, and surrounded himself with bureaucrats like Stylianos Zaoutzes (the father of his mistress, Zoe Zaoutzaina) and the eunuch Samonas, an Arab defector whom Leo raised to the rank of "patrikios" and who stood in as godfather to Leo's son, Constantine VII. His attempts to control the great aristocratic families (e.g., the Phokadai and the Doukai) occasionally led to serious conflicts, the most significant being the revolt of Andronikos Doukas in 906.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Leo also attempted to involve himself in the church through his arbitrary interference with the patriarchate. Using his former tutor Patriarch Photios's excommunication by Pope John VIII as an excuse, Leo dismissed him and replaced him with his own 19-year-old brother Stephen in December 886. On Stephen's death in 893, Leo replaced him with Zaoutzes' nominee, Antony II Kauleas, who died in 901. Leo then promoted his own Imperial secretary ("mystikos") Nicholas, but suspicions that he was involved in the failed assassination attempt against Leo in 903 as well as his opposition to Leo's fourth marriage saw Nicholas replaced with Leo's spiritual father Euthymios in 907.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: The magnificent Church of Ayios Lazaros in Larnaca was constructed during the rule of Leo VI in the late 9th century, and it was built after the relics of St. Lazaros were transported from Crete to Constantinople. The church is one of the best examples of Byzantine architecture. Leo also completed work on the "Basilika", the Greek translation and update of the law code issued by Justinian I, which had been started during the reign of Basil.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Bishop Liutprand of Cremona gives an account similar to those about Caliph Harun al-Rashid, to the effect that Leo would sometimes disguise himself and go about Constantinople looking for injustice or corruption. According to one story, he was even captured by the city guards during one of his investigations. Late in the evening, he was walking alone and disguised. Though he bribed two patrols with 12 "nomismata" and moved on, a third city patrol arrested him. When a terrified guardian recognized the jailed ruler in the morning, the arresting officer was rewarded for doing his duty, while the other patrols were dismissed and punished severely.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Leo VI's fortune in war was more mixed than Basil's had been. In indulging his chief counselor Stylianos Zaoutzes, Leo provoked a war with Simeon I of Bulgaria in 894, but he was defeated. Bribing the Magyars to attack the Bulgarians from the north, Leo scored an indirect success in 895. However, deprived of his new allies, he lost the major Battle of Boulgarophygon in 896 and had to make the required commercial concessions and to pay annual tribute.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Although he won a victory in 900 against the Emirate of Tarsus, in which the Arab army was destroyed and the Emir himself captured, in the west the Emirate of Sicily took Taormina, the last Byzantine outpost on the island of Sicily, in 902. Nevertheless, Leo continued to apply pressure on his eastern frontier through the creation of the new "thema" of Mesopotamia, a Byzantine invasion of Armenia in 902, and the sacking of Theodosiopolis, as well as successful raids in the Arab "Thughur".


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Then, in 904 the renegade Leo of Tripolis sacked Thessalonica with his pirates—an event described in "The Capture of Thessalonica" by John Kaminiates—while a large-scale expedition to recover Crete under Himerios in 911–912 failed disastrously. Nevertheless, the same period also saw the establishment of the important frontier provinces ("kleisourai") of Lykandos and Leontokome on territory recently taken from the Arabs. In 907 Constantinople was attacked by the Kievan Rus' under Oleg of Novgorod, who was seeking favorable trading rights with the empire. Leo paid them off, but they attacked again in 911, and a trade treaty was finally signed.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Leo VI caused a major scandal with his numerous marriages which failed to produce a legitimate heir to the throne. His first wife Theophano, whom Basil had forced him to marry on account of her family connections to the Martinakioi, and whom Leo hated, died in 897, and Leo married Zoe Zaoutzaina, the daughter of his adviser Stylianos Zaoutzes, though she died as well in 899. Upon this marriage Leo created the title of "basileopatōr" ("father of the emperor") for his father-in-law.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: After Zoe's death a third marriage was technically illegal, but he married again, only to have his third wife Eudokia Baïana die in 901. Instead of marrying a fourth time, which would have been an even greater sin than a third marriage (according to the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos) Leo took as mistress Zoe Karbonopsina. He married her only after she had given birth to a son in 905, but incurred the opposition of the patriarch. Replacing Nicholas Mystikos with Euthymios, Leo got his marriage recognized by the church (albeit with a long penance attached, and with an assurance that Leo would outlaw all future fourth marriages).


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: The future Constantine VII was the illegitimate son born before Leo's uncanonical fourth marriage to Zoe Karbonopsina. To strengthen his son's position as heir, Leo had Constantine crowned as co-emperor on 15 May 908, when he was only two years old. Leo VI died on 11 May 912. He was succeeded by his younger brother Alexander, who had reigned as emperor alongside his father and brother since 879.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Leo VI was a prolific writer, and he produced works on many different topics and in many styles, including political orations, liturgical poems, and theological treatises. On many occasions he would personally deliver highly wrought and convoluted sermons in the churches of Constantinople.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: In the subject matter of legal works and treatises, he established a legal commission that carried out his father's original intent of codifying all of existing Byzantine law. The end result was a six-volume work consisting of 60 books, entitled the "Basilika". Written in Greek, the "Basilika" translated and systematically arranged practically all of the laws preserved in the "Corpus Juris Civilis", thereby providing a foundation upon which all later Byzantine laws could be built. Leo then began integrating new laws issued during his reign into the "Basilika". Called "Novels", or "New Laws", these were codes that dealt with current problems and issues, such as the prohibition on fourth marriages. Both the "Basilika" and the Novels were concerned with ecclesiastical law (canon law) as well as secular law. Most importantly, from a historical perspective, they finally did away with much of the remaining legal and constitutional architecture that the Byzantine Empire had inherited from the Roman Empire, and even from the days of the Roman Republic. Obsolete institutions such as the Curiae, the Roman Senate, even the Consulate, were finally removed from a legal perspective, even though these still continued in a lesser, decorative form.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: The supposed "Book of the Eparch" and the "Kletorologion" of Philotheos were also issued under Leo's name and testify to his government's interest in organization and the maintenance of public order. The "Book of the Eparch" described the rules and regulations for trade and trade organizations in Constantinople, while the "Kletorologion" was an attempt to standardize officials and ranks at the Byzantine court. Leo is also the author, or at least sponsor, of the "Tactica", a notable treatise on military operations.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Succeeding generations saw Leo as a prophet and a magician, and soon a collection of oracular poems and some short divinatory texts, the so-called "Oracles of Leo the Wise", at least in part based on earlier Greek sources, were attached to the Emperor's name in later centuries and were believed to foretell the future of the world.


title: Leo VI the Wise

text: Finally, Leo is credited with translating the relics of St. Lazarus to Constantinople in the year 890. There are several stichera (hymns) attributed to him that are chanted on Lazarus Saturday in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He also composed hymns that are sung on the Great Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross.


title: Cuisinart

text: Cuisinart ( ) is an American home appliance brand owned by Conair Corporation. The company was started in 1971 by Carl Sontheimer to bring an electric food processor to the U.S. market. The "Food Processor" was the first model, introduced at a food show in Chicago in 1973. The name "Cuisinart" became synonymous with "food processor." It is also a portmanteau of "cuisine" and "art."


title: Cuisinart

text: Cuisinart was founded in 1971 by Carl Sontheimer, a graduate of Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was inspired by his love of French food. This led to the creation of Cuisinart and its main product, the food processor. Cuisinart introduced its brand in January 1973 at a trade show in Chicago. The success of Cuisinart was limited at first, until a review in "Gourmet" magazine helped to lift sales.


title: Cuisinart

text: Throughout the mid-1970s, Cuisinart sales rose due to Cuisinart's association with celebrity chefs such as James Beard, a close friend of Carl Sontheimer. Cuisinart became an important product in universal design when it hired Marc Harrison to make Cuisinart's products accessible for everyone, including those with limited mobility or vision.


title: Cuisinart

text: By the mid-to-late 1980s, Cuisinart incurred financial troubles and suffered from falling sales. A group of investors bought Sontheimer's interest in the company in 1987 for $42 million. In August 1989, the company filed for bankruptcy. This led to Conair buying the company for $27 million.


title: Cuisinart

text: In the late 1970s a legal conflict between Robot-Coupe and Cuisinart developed when Robot-Coupe stopped distributing Cuisinart products and released the products under their own name. Robot-Coupe hired Alvin Fineman, Cuisinart's former marketing director in 1979, who engaged in competitive advertisements that resulted in a lawsuit. Robot-Coupe was ordered to stop insinuating that Cuisinart sold products manufactured by Robot-Coupe.


title: Cuisinart

text: The Cuisinart company's best-known product is the food processor. It also produced many other products. After Cuisinart hired industrial designer Marc Harrison in the 1970s to design many new products and improve other designs, many of the company's products became associated with universal design. Harrison made its products more functional for users with disabilities, designing larger fonts so that people with vision problems could see them.


title: Triforce

text: The is a fictional artifact and icon of Nintendo's "The Legend of Zelda" series of video games. It first appeared in the original 1986 action-adventure game "The Legend of Zelda" and is a focus of subsequent games in the series, including "", "", "", , "", "", and "". The Triforce consists of three equilateral triangles, which are joined to form a large equilateral triangle. In the lore of the series, it represents the essence of the Golden Goddesses who create the realm of Hyrule and is able to grant godlike power to the character who holds all three pieces. The Triforce also represents the three main characters of the series, Ganon, Zelda and Link, and their inherent qualities in the battle between good and evil. Due to its prominence and significance within the mythology of the "Zelda" series, the Triforce has received positive comments for being a widely recognisable symbol in gaming.


title: Triforce

text: Although the Triforce has become associated with "The Legend of Zelda" series, an identical symbol originated nearly 1000 years before in medieval Japan. The symbol takes historical reference from the Hōjō clan, a family that took control of Japan in the 13th Century. Its emblem ("mon") was the "mitsuuroko", or "three scales". Other prominent families' "mon" were based on this symbol in later years. In the 1800s, it was used as a publisher's seal and continues to be a prominent feature in Japanese graphic design. It has also been used in various company logos.


title: Triforce

text: Keiji Terui, who wrote the backstory in the manual of the original "The Legend of Zelda", stated that the legend of the Triforce was written with inspirations from the battles of medieval Europe and initially given the working title "Death Mountain". The Triforce has become a recognisable icon of "The Legend of Zelda" series since the release of the original game in 1986. It has appeared in every game in the series in some form, particularly as part of the heraldry of the Kingdom of Hyrule.


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce consists of three equilateral triangles that are joined together to create a large equilateral triangle. In the lore of the series, each of the three golden triangle pieces that make up the Triforce are individually referred to as a Triforce and consist of the Triforce of Power, the Triforce of Wisdom, and the Triforce of Courage. These three parts represent the qualities of the Golden Goddesses who create the land of Hyrule, named Din, the Goddess of Power, Nayru, the Goddess of Wisdom and Farore, the Goddess of Courage. In the backstory, they create the Triforce and entrust it to the Goddess Hylia. These three qualities are distributed amongst the three main characters in the series respectively, Ganon, Princess Zelda and Link. When the three pieces of the Triforce are combined, they create a divine artefact that has the power to grant any wish. For this reason, the combined Triforce has been the main source of struggle for control within the series, due to its limitless power.


title: Triforce

text: Within the "Zelda" game series, the Triforce has played a central role in the narrative. The three portions of the Triforce not only represent the three main characters, but are also used as moral symbols within the game. The trinity within the Triforce creates balance in the fictional kingdom of Hyrule, with evil seeking power, and wisdom and courage being the opposing forces for good. The Triforce has also been a fundamental mechanic of gameplay, having typically been the main objective within the "Zelda" games. It has been the driving force that motivates the player by its absence and is the incentive for the player to tackle the many tasks to complete each adventure.


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce of Power is positioned at the top of the Triforce and is defined as the most powerful of the three Triforce components. It is typically associated with the series' villains, particularly Ganon or Ganondorf. In the lore of the series, it bestows "True Power" upon its wielder and has special abilities, such as the prevention of death. In various "Zelda" titles, such as "", it is shown that the Triforce of Power can keep Ganon alive when he is in possession of it and can even bring him back to life, giving him immortality. The Triforce of Power also gives Ganondorf physical strength and the political power to take over Hyrule in "".


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce of Wisdom is positioned on the left alongside the Triforce of Courage in the lower half of the Triforce and is associated with Princess Zelda, representing her intelligence and wisdom. She usually holds the Triforce of Wisdom in her possession in most "Zelda" titles and is responsible for preventing Ganon from claiming it. In the original "The Legend of Zelda" game it is the main focus of the storyline, as Link must defeat Ganon by tracking down its pieces. The Triforce of Wisdom is the source of Zelda's power and gives her the ability to conjure light arrows, which she uses against Ganondorf in "" and "Twilight Princess".


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce of Courage is positioned on the right next to the Triforce of Wisdom and is associated with Link. He acquires it in "" from the Great Palace to save Zelda after she is placed in a magical sleep. It is unknown what abilities the Triforce of Courage bestows on Link, as he is not always in possession of it, however it is most closely associated with combat, strength and endurance.


title: Triforce

text: According to the storyline of "The Legend of Zelda" series, the three Triforce parts can be split into several pieces. In the original "The Legend of Zelda" video game, the Triforce of Wisdom is divided into eight pieces, which are scattered across the land by Princess Zelda. In "The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker", the Triforce of Courage is split into eight irregularly shaped shards and the Triforce of Wisdom into two.


title: Triforce

text: In some "Zelda" games, the Triforce manifests itself as a symbol on the hand of its bearer. In "", Zelda fights against Calamity Ganon by unlocking her powers and displays the Triforce symbol on the back of her hand.


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce has also been shown to have limited sentience and the ability to communicate, despite typically being an inanimate object. In "" and , it communicates with Link as the "essence of the Triforce".


title: Triforce

text: In 2016, "Zelda" series producer Eiji Aonuma referred to the Triforce in an interview to justify the reason for not creating a female Link character: "You know there's the idea of the Triforce in the "Zelda" games we make... The Triforce is made up of Princess Zelda, Ganon and Link. Princess Zelda is obviously female. If we made Link a female we thought that would mess with the balance of the Triforce. That's why we decided not to do it".


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce is a common symbol found in various "Zelda" titles. In the lore of the series, it is connected with the Royal Family of Hyrule and is displayed as part of the Hyrule Royal Family's signature crest, which combines the Triforce with a fictional bird called a Crimson Loftwing. It is also found on various objects within the games such as the Ocarina of Time, the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield. The Triforce also appears on Hyrulean temples and other sacred sites within the games, such as the Temple of Time.


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce was first introduced in 1986 with the release of the original "The Legend of Zelda" video game. In the game only the Triforce of Power and Triforce of Wisdom exist in the story. The storyline is set out in "The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet", which describes the Triforce as "golden triangles possessing mystical powers" and explains that the main antagonist Ganon has attacked the Kingdom of Hyrule and stolen the Triforce of Power. After Princess Zelda splits the Triforce of Wisdom into eight pieces and hides them across the land, Link is sent by her nursemaid, Impa to search for the pieces and reassemble them to destroy Ganon.


title: Triforce

text: In "" (1987) the Triforce is again the main objective of gameplay. The sequel to the original game introduces the Triforce of Courage as the third piece of the three-triangle imagery that has been used in all game depictions ever since. The storyline is set out in "The Adventure of Link Instruction Booklet", which begins with Link discovering a strange mark on his hand as he approaches his 16th birthday. When he discovers that Zelda has been placed in a magical sleep, Impa tells him about the legend of Zelda and gives him a scroll that reveals the secrets of the Triforce. The scroll states, "There are three kinds of Triforce - Power, Wisdom and Courage. When these three are brought together, the Triforce will show its maximum power" and "If it is misused, it will produce many evils". Link is sent by Impa to save the princess by retrieving the hidden Triforce of Courage and reuniting the pieces of the Triforce to "bring back peace to Hyrule".


title: Triforce

text: "" (1991) introduces a detailed lore for the Triforce. In the game's instruction booklet, the lore is laid out in the introduction titled "The Legends of Hyrule". The booklet relates the "Triforce myth" recorded in Hylian scrolls. It explains that the mythical gods (the God of Power, the God of Wisdom and the God of Courage) descended to create life. Before they left the world, they created "a symbol of their strength, a golden triangle known as the Triforce" which is the "essence of the gods". It explains that the Triforce has the power to bestow three titles on its bearers - "The Forger of Strength", The Keeper of Knowledge" and "The Juror of Courage". In the lore, the gods hid the Triforce in the Golden Land and its location is lost in time, but many seek it due to its power to make "mortal dreams come true". The storyline further explains that this lust for power is the cause of war and bloodshed. The gate to the Golden Land is opened by a gang of thieves led by Ganondorf who uses its power for evil to attack the castle of Hyrule. He is eventually sealed in the Golden Land by Seven Wise Men. With the impending threat of Ganon's return, Link is tasked with entering the Golden Land (now known as the Dark World) to defeat Ganon and restore peace to Hyrule.


title: Triforce

text: In "" (1998), Ganondorf's primary goal is to obtain the Triforce in order to take control of Hyrule. Although he reaches the Triforce in the Sacred Realm, his heart is imbalanced, which causes the Triforce to split into its three components, leaving Ganondorf with the Triforce of Power. The remaining pieces are sealed in "those chosen by destiny" - the Triforce of Courage in Link and the Triforce of Wisdom in Zelda. Each of the three characters receive the mark of the Triforce on the back of one hand. Although Ganon suffers defeat at the hands of Link and is banished to the Sacred Realm by the power of the Seven Sages, he retains the Triforce of Power, while Link and Zelda retain their Triforce pieces.


title: Triforce

text: In "" (2002), the Triforce again makes a prominent appearance in the game. Link must collect all the pieces of the Triforce of Courage before he is ready to face Ganondorf. At the end of the game, Ganondorf successfully unites the pieces into the completed Triforce at the top of Ganon's tower. However, before he can touch it and make his wish to rule Hyrule, the King of Hyrule's spirit touches it and wishes for Hyrule to be completely destroyed. The game ends in a final battle between Ganondorf, Link and Zelda.


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce plays a lesser role in "" (2006). At the beginning of the game, each of the three main characters is shown to be in possession of their individual component by the glowing triangles that appear on their hands.


title: Triforce

text: "" (2011) again focuses on the creation of the Triforce by the Three Goddesses, who leave it behind upon departing for the heavens. In the storyline demonic creatures rise from cracks in the earth led by Demonic King Demise with the intention of claiming the Triforce. However, to protect the Triforce from evil, the goddess Hylia commands an army of the world's people to fight Demise. She seals him away and after becoming mortal, sends the humans to live in the clouds above the surface world in Skyloft. She also hides the Triforce in the sky to await the hero, Link who is capable of using its powers for good to defeat Demise.


title: Triforce

text: In "" (2013), the Triforce makes a prominent appearance in the storyline. In the game, Link pursues the main villain, a wizard named Yuga, who turns his victims into paintings. When Link arrives in Lorule, he meets Princess Hilda, who appears to help him. The story reveals that the Lorulean desire for the Triforce nearly destroyed Lorule, so they attempted to destroy it. However, instead of trying to rebuild their crumbling kingdom, Hilda and Yuga plan to steal the Triforce from Hyrule and resurrect Ganon.


title: Triforce

text: Despite its prominence in the "Zelda" series, the Triforce plays no part in the storyline of "" (2017). As the game's main antagonist is Calamity Ganon, a more primal version of Ganon, the storyline has no need for the divine artifact in the game's plot. "Breath of the Wild" takes place thousands of years after the previous Zelda titles, so the Triforce is no longer shown to be a prominent concept for the people of Hyrule. However, the symbol appears in various places within the game and manifests itself on the hand of Zelda in the battle against the Calamity.


title: Triforce

text: In the series spin-off hack and slash video game "Hyrule Warriors" (2014), the Triforce is the objective for one of the main antagonists, Cia. Her role begins as a guardian of the Triforce, until she is corrupted by Ganon after displaying affections for Link. She builds a huge army to try to obtain the Triforce. Her character splits into two, with Lana being the good side and Cia being the dark side. At the end of the game she is defeated with the understanding that her affections for Link are not returned.


title: Triforce

text: In "The Legend of Zelda" animated series the Triforce is introduced within the introduction and consists of two pieces. While Ganon has the Triforce of Power in his possession, Zelda possesses the Triforce of Wisdom. The Triforce of Courage does not feature in the series. The basic plot of each episode revolves around Ganon's attempts to gain control of both Triforce pieces so that he can become the ruler of Hyrule.


title: Triforce

text: In the animated television series "", the Triforce appears in the episode titled "Having a Ball". The episode begins in the kingdom of Hyrule after the defeat of Ganon. The storyline centres on Eggplant Wizard and King Hippo attempting to steal the pieces of the Triforce while Zelda and Link are attending Lana's royal ball.


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce has appeared in various other video games. It appeared in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS" and "Wii U" and "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate". The "Triforce Slash" appears on Toon Link's, Link’s and Young Link's "Final Smash" attack, as he emits a beam of light from the Triforce of Courage on his left hand in order to trap the enemy between two Triforce-shaped force fields before relentlessly slashing them. In "" and "", the Triforce has appeared as a furniture item. In "Kirby Super Star", The Great Cave Offensive requires Kirby to collect treasures while escaping from a vast cave. The final treasure is the distinctively "Zelda"-like Triforce. In the "3DS StreetPass Mii Plaza", the Triforce appears as one of the unlockable outfits for the player's Mii appearing on top of the Mii's head when worn. In "Nintendo Land", there is a mini-game based on "The Legend of Zelda" in which the player's Mii can play in the role of Link through various stages. The goal of the mini-game is to defeat enemies and reach the Triforce at the end of each stage. In "Sonic Lost World"s "The Legend of Zelda" DLC stage, the Triforce appears at the end when Sonic the Hedgehog clears the level. In "Mario Kart 8"s "The Legend of Zelda × Mario Kart 8" expansion pack and its enhanced Nintendo Switch port, one of the grand prix cups is known as the "Triforce Cup". It also appears on some vehicle parts that are bundled with the expansion pack.


title: Triforce

text: "Triforce" is also a name given to an arcade board system that was a joint venture from three companies; Namco, Nintendo and Sega using a combination of Nintendo GameCube and Sega GD-ROM hardware inside a Namco cabinet.


title: Triforce

text: The three-triangle shape is also found outside "The Legend of Zelda" series (and predates the game series in all cases). The Austrian ski maker Fischer Sports, the power equipment corporation Delta Machinery, British Army division 3rd Division and the Japanese Energy company Mitsuuroko (三つ鱗, three scales) use it in their logo, as did the Later Hōjō clan for its emblem ("mon").


title: Triforce

text: The design of the Triforce in the "Zelda" series came from the Hōjō clan, and the incorporation of the symbol was similar to how Western games used crossed swords. Another theory holds that the Triforce was based on Gunpei Yokoi's family crest. Other theories include the Triforce drawing inspiration from the Divine Trinity, with the early "Zelda" games incorporating Christianity with depictions of crosses, bibles, and art of a crucifix.


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce has been used as a shibboleth and a meme to embarrass newer users of the imageboard website 4chan. Experienced users write it using Unicode characters, but copying and pasting the Triforce results in the symbol becoming misaligned.


title: Triforce

text: Since its introduction, the Triforce has become a recognisable icon of "The Legend of Zelda" series. It has been recreated in various works of fan art. Josh Tyler for "Screen Rant" commented on its legacy by stating that "the Triforce is perhaps "The Legend of Zelda"'s most iconic weapon". Luke Plunkett of "Kotaku" opined: "It's one of the most iconic designs in the history of video games: three golden triangles combined to form a single larger one. The Triforce. The object that lies at the heart of "The Legend of Zelda"". Renan Fontes for "TheGamer" commented that "the Triforce's presence has only grown (even when it's absent for entire titles). It's far and away the most important image to come out of "The Legend of Zelda"". Cian Maher for "TheGamer" opined that the Triforce is "the most ubiquitous, beloved, and globally recognizable theme, symbol, and concept of "The Legend of Zelda"".


title: Triforce

text: The Triforce has also been the subject of interpretation with regards to its significance within the "Zelda" series. Luke Cuddy considered that the three Triforce pieces are all neutral and equal, stating that "although we haven't seen it yet, in the hands of Link and Zelda, they could use the Triforce of Courage and Wisdom just as negatively as Ganondorf used the Triforce of Power" but "they act from a sense of duty and are following their good will". Anthony Bean opined that the Triforce is a symbol of the self in Jungian psychology, because it "serves as a connection between Hyrule (the conscious, mortal realm) and the goddesses (the unconscious, divine realm) just as the self serves as a meeting point for the ego and the unconscious". "Edge" staff described the Triforce as "gaming's most famous object", noting the significance of its use within the "Zelda" mythology.The triangle also contains all of the other trinities through which we filter the world. Human, beast and earth. White, black and gray. Yes, no and maybe. Birth, life and death. Maiden, mother and crone. Father, mother and child. Mind, body and soul. Three primary colours. Three chances. Three Fates. We can intuit all of this in the shape itself, unadorned with the game's fiction. And it's still a thrill to see Link raise it above his head in triumph – a glowing three-sided mystery, inscrutable yet brimming with meaning.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: "The Chinese Restaurant" is the 11th episode of the sitcom "Seinfeld"s second season on NBC, and is the show's 16th episode overall. The episode revolves around protagonist Jerry (Jerry Seinfeld) and his friends Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) and George Costanza (Jason Alexander) waiting for a table at a Chinese restaurant, on their way to see a special one-night showing of Ed Wood's infamous science fiction feature "Plan 9 from Outer Space". George tries to use the phone but it is constantly occupied, and Jerry recognizes a woman, but he is unsure where he has seen her before.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: Co-written by the series' creators Seinfeld and head writer Larry David, the episode is set in real time, without any scene breaks. It was the first of two episodes in which Jerry's neighbor Kramer (Michael Richards) did not appear (the other being "The Pen"). It is considered a "bottle episode", and NBC executives objected to its production and broadcast due to its lack of an involved storyline, thinking that audiences would be uninterested. It was not until David threatened to quit if the network forced any major changes upon the script that NBC allowed the episode to be produced, though the network postponed broadcast to near the end of season two.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: First broadcast in the United States on May 23, 1991, the episode gained a Nielsen rating of 11.7/21. Television critics reacted positively to "The Chinese Restaurant", widely considering it one of the show's "classic episodes". In 1998, a "South Florida Sun-Sentinel" critic wrote that the episode, along with season four's "The Contest", "broke new sitcom ground".


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: Jerry, George, and Elaine decide to eat dinner without a reservation at a Chinese restaurant before seeing a one-night showing of "Plan 9 from Outer Space". The maître d'hôtel repeatedly tells the party they will receive a table in "5, 10 minutes". Besides having only a short time until the movie begins, they have other worries.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: Jerry previously lied to his uncle, saying he could not join him for dinner; he prefers to see the movie, yet feels guilty. He notices a woman at the restaurant he has seen before, but cannot remember who she is. When the mysterious woman greets Jerry, he remembers that she is his uncle's receptionist and becomes upset, knowing that she'll tell his uncle, who will spread the story on the family grapevine.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: George is anxious because the previous night he left his girlfriend Tatiana during sex because he needed to use a bathroom and thought hers was too close to her bedroom to provide enough privacy. He wants to call Tatiana to invite her to join them, but the restaurant's payphone is first occupied by a man who ignores George, and then by a woman who is rude to him. By the time George gets the phone, Tatiana has left, so he leaves a message. Tatiana calls the restaurant to reach George, but the maître d' calls out "Cartwright"; George does not recognize this as a mispronunciation of his surname, so he tells her that George is not there.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: Elaine is extremely hungry. Jerry dares her to take an egg roll from someone's plate and eat it, offering her fifty dollars to do so. Elaine approaches a table and offers to split the fifty dollars 50/50 with the party. As she softly speaks the offer, they fail to comprehend her. She awkwardly walks away, then laughs off her attempt.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: Elaine tries bribing the maître d'hôtel to give them a table immediately, but he manages to pocket the money while failing to pick up on her hints. Elaine is still ravenous, but refuses to eat concession-stand food at the movie theater. After missing Tatiana's call, George decides he's no longer in the mood for the movie, Elaine wants to leave and get a hamburger, and Jerry decides that he might as well have dinner with his uncle. As soon as they leave, the maître d’hôtel calls their party.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: "The Chinese Restaurant" was written by series co-creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld and directed by Tom Cherones, who directed all of the episodes in season two. David came up with the idea of the real-time episode while he and Seinfeld were waiting for a table at a Chinese restaurant in Los Angeles. When David presented the episode to NBC executives, he received a negative reaction. The network felt that there was no real story and viewers would not be interested. Executive Warren Littlefield commented that he thought there were pages missing from the script he had received. David argued that each character had a storyline: Jerry's story was he recognized a woman but did not know from where; Elaine's story was that she was very hungry; and George's story was that he was unable to use the phone. NBC disagreed and objected to the broadcast of the episode. To satisfy the executives, staff writer Larry Charles suggested the group's storyline to be on their way to a one-night screening of "Plan 9 from Outer Space", and thus introducing a "ticking clock" scenario to the story. When the NBC executives still objected, David threatened to quit the show if the network would force any major changes upon the script. Seinfeld supported David and NBC eventually allowed them to produce "The Chinese Restaurant" without any significant alterations, although they strongly advised them not go through with it, and postponed the broadcast until near the end of the season.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: ‘’Seinfeld’’ writer Spike Feresten said the host's calling "Cartwright" instead of "Costanza" referenced the classic western show "Bonanza". "Bonanza" rhymes with "Costanza" and the show's main characters are the "Cartwright" family.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: "The Chinese Restaurant" was first read by its cast on December 5, 1990, and it was filmed on December 11. Filming took place at CBS Studio Center in Studio City, Los Angeles, California, where all filming for the second season took place. As only one location was used, it took roughly half of the time it usually took for an episode to be filmed. Cast members have remarked that the filming was shorter than on any other episode. A few changes were made; in the first draft of the script, George, Jerry, and Elaine entered the restaurant talking about their least favorite holiday. In the version that aired, they talk about combining the jobs of policemen and garbagemen into a single job. In the original draft, the three friends also discussed how to spend the long waiting period in the future, with George suggesting they bring a deck of cards and that Jerry bring a jigsaw puzzle with nothing but penguins. One scene was cut before broadcast, featuring George explaining to Jerry that he pulled his hamstring while trying to untuck the covers of a hotel bed during his recent stay in Boston. George can be seen grabbing his hamstring as he walks to the phone. The scene was later included on the "Seinfeld" seasons one and two DVD boxset. George makes the same claim about his hamstring in "The Limo".


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: At one point in the episode, Jerry mentions having a sister; however, she is never mentioned again in the series.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: "The Chinese Restaurant" was the first episode that did not feature regular character Kramer (Michael Richards), Jerry's neighbor. David explained that the reason for Kramer's absence was because—during "Seinfeld"s early seasons—the character never left his apartment and did not go out with the other three. Richards was still displeased with the absence of his character, as he felt the episode was a breakthrough and—as such—essential for the series' development. In an interview for the "Seinfeld" first- and second-season DVD box set, he commented: "The Chinese restaurant episode was so unique, and I just wanted to be a part of that because it was cutting edge. I knew that was a very important episode; it was so odd."


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: Michael Mitz—who portrayed one of the payphone occupants—would return in season five as a photographer in "The Puffy Shirt". The maître d' was portrayed by actor James Hong; it is one of the actor's notable roles in the United States. (In fact, he had a small part in a season one episode of "The Bob Newhart Show" in 1972, portraying a man who is mistaken for a maître d'. He also played a similar maitre d' role in the 1961 movie "Flower Drum Song".) Judy Kain—known for a recurring role on "Married... with Children"—guest-starred as Lorraine Catalano, the receptionist of Jerry's uncle. David Tress guest-starred as Mr. Cohen, a guest who enters the restaurant and receives a table without reservation, as he is good friends with the maître d'. Larry David's voice can be heard among the group of elderly people Elaine offers money to for one of their egg-rolls. Norman Brenner—who worked as Richards' stand-in on the show for all its nine seasons—appears as an extra; he is sitting by the door of the restaurant when George, Jerry, and Elaine enter, and is still at the same spot when they leave.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: The episode is widely considered to encapsulate "Seinfeld"s "show about nothing" concept, with "The Tampa Tribune" critic Walt Belcher calling it "the ultimate episode about nothing", and Lavery and Dunne describing it as "existential". Critics had a similar reaction to season three's "The Parking Garage", in which the four central characters spent the whole episode looking for their car. The structure of "The Chinese Restaurant"—described as "elongation"—drags a small event out over the course of an entire episode. Lavery and Dunne suggest that this structure critiques sitcoms with implied moral lessons (such as those found in so-called "very special episodes"). Vincent Brook—as part of his analysis regarding the influence of Jewish culture on "Seinfeld"—has said that the episode also conveys the theme of entrapment and confinement in a small space, a recurring theme on the show. The relationship between the characters and food is another recurring theme of the series. In "Seinfeld", specific food items are associated with individual characters and food itself is a "signifier of social contracts".


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: Linda S. Ghent, Professor in the Department of Economics at Eastern Illinois University, discusses some economic issues in this episode. Just before Jerry's dare about the egg roll, Elaine says, "You know, it's not fair people are seated first come first served. It should be based on who's hungriest. I feel like just going over there and taking some food off somebody's plate." Ghent discusses the history and reasoning behind rationing mechanisms and economic efficiency, which are the basis behind how tables are seated at restaurants, rationales which are perhaps invisible to hungry or impatient customers. Elaine's attempt at bribery is an example of opportunity cost: the trio are willing to pay more than usual to get a table, if it means Elaine can eat sooner and Jerry makes it to the movie on time. Ghent also gives Jerry's willingness to lie to his uncle as another example of opportunity cost: "Did I do a bad thing by lying to my uncle and saying I couldn't go to dinner? "Plan 9 from Outer Space" – one night only, the big screen! My hands are tied!"


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: When the episode initially aired in the United States on NBC on May 23, 1991, it received a Nielsen rating of 11.7 and an audience share of 21—this meant that 11.7% of American households watched the episode, and that 21% of televisions in use at the time were tuned to it. "Seinfeld" was the eighteenth most-watched show of the week, and the sixth most-watched show on NBC. It was believed that NBC executives held a meeting after the broadcast to determine the fate of the show, and decided it would receive a third season order if the writers would put more effort into episode storylines. However, the 1991 fall schedule had already been announced on May 21 and the show was on the schedule.


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: "The Chinese Restaurant" received very positive responses from critics and is considered one of "Seinfeld"s first "classic episodes". Kit Boss, a critic for the "Ocala Star-Banner", wrote that the episode was "like real life, but with better dialogue". Various critics and news sources have praised how the episode defines the show's "show about nothing" concept. Critics have also noted that aside from being a turning point for the show, the episode also became a turning point for television sitcoms; one "South Florida Sun-Sentinel" critic commented that the episode, along with the season four episode "The Contest", " broke new sitcom ground and expanded the lexicon of the '90s." Vance Durgin of the "Orange County Register" praised how the show "wrung" so much comedy "out of a simple premise". The episode was also included in a list compiled by "The Star-Ledger" called "50 events that shaped TV – and our lives" between 1900 and 1999. "The Charlotte Observer" has called "The Chinese Restaurant" the best "Seinfeld" episode, referring to it as "the very epitome of the classic "Seinfeld" format".


title: The Chinese Restaurant

text: Critics also praised Louis-Dreyfus's and Alexander's performances; "The Age" critic Kenneth Nguyen stated that they "characteristically, rock[ed] their line readings". Michael Flaherty and Mary Kaye Schilling of "Entertainment Weekly", who graded the episode with an A−, commented: "George is at his pressure-cooker best, but it's Elaine—famished and in high dudgeon—who is the centerpiece." David Sims of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode an A+, saying "it's a deftly-plotted, extremely funny example of the 'show about nothing' label that "Seinfeld" assigned itself".


title: Andrej Karpathy

text: Andrej Karpathy (born 23 October 1986) is a Slovakian-Canadian computer scientist who served as the director of artificial intelligence and Autopilot Vision at Tesla. He specializes in deep learning and computer vision.


title: Andrej Karpathy

text: Andrej Karpathy was born in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia) and moved with his family to Toronto when he was 15. He completed his Computer Science and Physics bachelor's degree at University of Toronto in 2009 and completed his master's degree at University of British Columbia in 2011, where he worked on physically-simulated figures.


title: Andrej Karpathy

text: Karpathy graduated with a PhD from Stanford University in 2015 under the supervision of Fei-Fei Li, focusing on the intersection of natural language processing and computer vision, and deep learning models suited for this task. He authored and was the primary instructor of the first deep learning course at Stanford, "CS 231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition". This class became one of the largest at Stanford and has grown from 150 enrolled students in 2015 to 750 in 2017.


title: Andrej Karpathy

text: Karpathy is a founding member of the artificial intelligence research group OpenAI, where he worked from 2015 to 2017 as a research scientist. In June 2017 he became Tesla's director of artificial intelligence. Karpathy was named one of MIT Technology Review's Innovators Under 35 for the year 2020. After taking a several months-long sabbatical from Tesla, Karpathy announced he was leaving the company in July 2022.


title: Andrej Karpathy

text: Karpathy ran the YouTube channel "'badmephisto"' which focused on speedcubing from 2007 to 2011. His tutorials were some of the first videos documenting how to improve with the CFOP method which several aspiring top speedcubers learned from, such as Feliks Zemdegs.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Lake of the Woods (, ) is a lake occupying parts of the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba and the U.S. state of Minnesota. Lake of the Woods is over long and wide, containing more than 14,552 islands and of shoreline. It is fed by the Rainy River, Shoal Lake, Kakagi Lake and other smaller rivers. The lake drains into the Winnipeg River and then into Lake Winnipeg. Ultimately, its outflow goes north through the Nelson River to Hudson Bay.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Lake of the Woods is also the sixth largest freshwater lake located (at least partially) in the United States, after the five Great Lakes, and the 36th largest lake in the world by area. It separates a small land area of Minnesota from the rest of the United States. The Northwest Angle and the town of Angle Township can be reached from the rest of Minnesota only by crossing the lake or by traveling through Canada. The Northwest Angle is the northernmost part of the contiguous United States. Its "northwesternmost point" served as a problematic landmark in treaties defining the international border.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: The lake's islands provide nesting habitats for the piping plover and large numbers of American white pelicans and as recently as the early 20th century also provided calving habitat to boreal woodland caribou. There are also several hundred nesting pairs of bald eagles in this area.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Lake of the Woods, a translation of the original French name , was so named from its wooded setting. However, it may have been a mistranslation of the Ojibwe name. "The earliest name we find the lake known by is that given by Verendrye in his journey in 1731. He says it was called Lake Minitic (Cree: ; Ojibwe: ) or Des Bois. (1) The former of these names, Minitic, seems to be Ojibwe, and to mean "Islands in a River", probably referring to the many islands found in the northern half of the lake. The other name (2) Lac des Bois, or Lake of the Woods, seems to have been a mistranslation of the Indian [sic] name (Ojibwe) by which the Lake was known." One of the names currently used in Ojibwe for this lake is meaning "Lake with Uneven Sand" referring to the lake's sand dunes.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: The construction of dams at the Lake of the Woods outlets in present-day Kenora in the late 19th century led to concerns over high and low water levels on the lake early in the 20th century. The federal governments of Canada and the United States referred the matter to the International Joint Commission (IJC) in 1912. In 1917 the IJC recommended the creation of control boards and the operating conditions they would apply to lake level management. The first of these boards, the Lake of the Woods Control Board (LWCB), was established by Canadian Order-in-Council in 1919. Two additional acts provided statutory establishment of the LWCB, defined its jurisdiction and powers, and provided for board members appointed by Canada and Ontario: the Lake of the Woods Control Board Act, Canada, 1921, the Lake of the Woods Control Board Act, Ontario, 1922. In 1922 the Canada-Ontario-Manitoba Tripartite Agreement was signed by the respective governments. Initially, only Canada and Ontario appointed members to the board as, at that time, natural resources in Manitoba were administered by Canada. In 1958, having gained control over its natural resources, Manitoba passed its own Lake of the Woods Control Board Act. That same year, Canada and Ontario amended their original versions of the acts. As a result of these legislative changes, the LWCB now has one member appointed by Canada, two appointed by Ontario, and one appointed by Manitoba.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Following the IJC recommendations of 1917, discussions between the federal governments of Canada and the United States resulted in the 1925 Canada/USA Convention and Protocol regarding Lake of the Woods. This treaty established the water level operating range on Lake of the Woods, defined the purpose and general mode of operation, and provided for two boards to control regulation. The previously established Canadian LWCB was to regulate the lake on an ongoing basis, but its decisions were to be subject to approval by an International Lake of the Woods Control Board (ILWCB) whenever lake levels rose above or fell below certain limits. In cases where agreement could not be reached between Canadian and American members of the international board, the disputed matter would be referred to the IJC for the final decision. The International Lake of the Woods Control Board, however, is not a board created by the IJC. The board's members (one American and one Canadian) are appointed by the respective federal governments. Notably, at no point in this process were local Ojibwe populations consulted, despite the environmental impacts of the dams on nearby communities on the Winnipeg River, such as the Dalles 38C reserve.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Shoal Lake is adjacent to the Lake of the Woods and is the source for the City of Winnipeg drinking water via the Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, so the administration of the lake is a continuing interest of the governments of Winnipeg and Manitoba.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: The largest land feature in Lake of the Woods is the Aulneau Peninsula. It is connected to the mainland with a tiny neck of land at its southeast corner, but a canal (Turtle Portage ) was cut through at this point, effectively making the Aulneau an island. The canal has now been filled back in. A manually run portage for small- to medium-sized boats is in its place. The Aulneau is approximately twenty miles long (32 km) and wide. It contains within it over eighty lakes, the largest of which is Arrow Lake, with thirteen islands in it.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: The Aulneau Peninsula was named after the Jesuit Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau, a French Catholic priest, who was killed by natives on 8 June 1736 on Lake of the Woods. The Catholic Church in Warroad, Minnesota, is named Father Aulneau Memorial Church in his honour.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Tourism is a large part of the local economy of Lake of the Woods, and there are many recreational opportunities available on the lake and in the surrounding countryside. Much of the lake is fairly remote, but resorts and equipment outfitters offer options for those who do not have access to their own boats and equipment.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Minnesota's Zippel Bay State Park offers a wide variety of services including campsites, toilet facilities, a marina with access to the Zippel River, and a beach. Minnesota and Ontario both offer state-sanctioned parks and campsites, which can be located through the respective governments. Backcountry campers can locate a prospective campsite on Lake of the Woods by boat, landing and examine the site in person. There is abundant wildlife even on the small islands on the lake.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Numerous marinas and resorts on the lake provide accommodation and dining, houseboat rentals, nautical charts, camping and fishing advice, and knowledge on how to most enjoy the lake.


title: Lake of the Woods

text: Lake of the Woods is home to walleye, northern pike, perch, sauger, crappie, panfish, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, lake trout, lake sturgeon, and muskellunge.


title: Martin Terrier

text: Martin Albert Frédéric Terrier (born 4 March 1997) is a French professional footballer who plays as winger or forward for Ligue 1 club Rennes.


title: Martin Terrier

text: He has played over 170 games and scored over 50 goals in Ligue 1 for Lille, Strasbourg, Lyon and Rennes. He joined the last two clubs for €11 million and €12 million, respectively.


title: Martin Terrier

text: Born in Armentières in 1997, Terrier started his football career with SC Bailleul youth team. He moved to Lille in 2004.


title: Martin Terrier

text: In 2016, Terrier was called up for the Lille first team. On 22 October, he made his Ligue 1 debut against Bastia at Stade Pierre-Mauroy, replacing Yves Bissouma in the 84th minute. On 14 December, he played the full match in the round of 16 of the Coupe de la Ligue in a 3–1 away defeat against PSG. On 7 January 2017, he scored his first professional goal in the 90th minute of a 4–1 home win in the round of 64 of Coupe de France, against Excelsior. On 29 April, he scored his first goal in Ligue 1, as a substitute, in the 75th minute of a 3–0 away win over Montpellier.


title: Martin Terrier

text: On 18 August 2017, Terrier was signed by fellow Ligue 1 side Strasbourg on a season-long loan deal. On 27 August, he made his debut in a 2–0 away defeat against Guingamp, playing the full match. On 30 September, he scored his first goal as a substitute in the second minute of added time, in a 1–1 away draw against Dijon.


title: Martin Terrier

text: On 26 January 2018, Terrier was sold by Lille to Lyon for €11 million, with a potential €4 million addition, with Lille keeping 10% of a future fee. He signed until the summer of 2022. Lyon loaned him straight back to Strasbourg so that he would finish his deal there. He scored on his debut for Lyon, opening a 2–0 home win over Strasbourg on 24 August.


title: Martin Terrier

text: He scored his first European goal on 2 October 2019 in a 2–0 win at RB Leipzig in the UEFA Champions League group stage, starting ahead of Moussa Dembélé and Jeff Reine-Adélaïde.


title: Martin Terrier

text: On 6 July 2020, Rennes announced that Terrier had signed a five-year contract with the club, for a reported €12 million plus bonus fees. He made his debut on 22 August, playing the full 90 minutes of the season opener away to his former club Lille; a week later he was sent off in a 2–1 home win over Montpellier. He opened his account on 16 October with the first goal of a 1–1 draw at Dijon, eventually finishing the season with nine goals, including two at home to the same opponents in a 5–1 win on 25 April 2021.


title: Martin Terrier

text: In 2021–22, Terrier scored his first goal in the third match on 22 August, the only one of a "Derby Breton" win over Nantes at Roazhon Park. On 5 December, he scored his first hat-trick in a 5–0 win at Saint-Étienne. The season was the most prolific of his career with 21 goals, joint third in the league behind Kylian Mbappé and Wissam Ben Yedder and equal to Moussa Dembélé. He was the UNFP Player of the Month for March and made the Team of the Year.


title: Martin Terrier

text: Uncapped, Terrier was chosen by France under-20 for the 2017 FIFA World Cup in South Korea. On his debut on 22 May in the first group game, he came on as a 66th-minute substitute for Jean-Kévin Augustin, and 15 minutes later scored the final goal of a 3–0 win over Honduras. He played each other game of a run to the last 16, including the entirety of the final group game in which the French won 2–0 against New Zealand.


title: Martin Terrier

text: Terrier made his under-21 debut on 5 September 2017, in a 4–1 win over Kazakhstan in Le Mans, in 2019 UEFA European Championship qualification. On in the 57th minute for Adama Diakhaby, he scored a hat-trick. In his next three games, he scored once against Montenegro from the bench, twice as a starter against Luxembourg and again at home to Bulgaria, thereby scoring all seven of his under-21 goals in the first four of his 13 games.


title: Wiphala

text: The Wiphala (, ) is a square emblem commonly used as a flag to represent some native peoples of the Andes that include today's Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, northwestern Argentina and southern Colombia.


title: Wiphala

text: Regional "suyu" wiphalas are composed of a 7 × 7 square patchwork in seven colors, arranged diagonally. The precise configuration varies based on the particular "suyu" represented by the emblem. The color of the longest diagonal line (seven squares) corresponds to one of four regions the flag represents: white for Qullasuyu, yellow for Kuntisuyu, red for Chinchaysuyu, and green for Antisuyu. Indigenous rebel Túpac Katari is sometimes associated with other variants.


title: Wiphala

text: The 2009 Constitution of Bolivia (Article 6, section II) established the southern Qullasuyu Wiphala as the dual flag of Bolivia, along with the red-yellow-green tricolor.


title: Wiphala

text: In modern times the Wiphala has been confused with a seven-striped rainbow flag which is wrongly associated with the Tawantinsuyu (Incan Empire). There is debate as to whether there was an Inca or Tawantisuyu flag.


title: Wiphala

text: The oldest surviving example of a wiphala-type design corresponds to a chuspa or bag for coca corresponding to the Tiwanaku culture (1580 BC - AD 1187) 3. The chuspa is currently in the Brooklyn Museum, and its use of wiphala design is mixed with several others, so it is not possible to establish its meaning or use within the Andean cosmogony of the time.


title: Wiphala

text: The Museum of World Culture in Gothenburg, Sweden, holds a Wiphala that is dated through a C-14 test to the 11th century. It originates from the Tiwanaku region, and is part of a collection based on a "kallawaya" medicine man's grave.


title: Wiphala

text: There are 16th and 17th-century chronicles and references that support the idea of a banner attributable to the Inca. However, it represented the Incan people, not the empire. Also its origins are from symbols and mural designs found in several civilizations of the Andes with thousands of years of history.


title: Wiphala

text: Guaman Poma's 1615 book "El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno" shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags.


title: Wiphala

text: The seven colors of the actual Wiphala reflect those of the rainbow. According to the Katarista movement (whose interpretation is promoted by the Bolivian authorities), the significance and meaning for each color are as follows:


title: Wiphala

text: In modern Ecuador, the Wiphala is identified with the Indigenous social movement mainly represented by CONAIE (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador). This organization has had an important role in massive protests in the late 1990s and 2000s. The flag of CONAIE is a wiphala with a mask in the middle from a pre-Inca Ecuadorian coastal peoples known as La Tolita.


title: Wiphala

text: The flag is displayed by marches of the CONAIE movement and also it is used by its political faction, the Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik - Nuevo País (a Pachakutik-inspired Movement), which participates in elections and has a considerable legislative representation. "Pachakutik" is a Quechua word related with the vision and the hope of a better future for the Andean people. The MUPP was formed in the 1990s mainly by an alliance of the CONAIE with peasant organizations and urban social movements. It also finds sympathy in local LGBT, feminist and Afro-Ecuadorian circles and activists.


title: Wiphala

text: The Aimara "wiphala" is a square flag divided into 7 × 7 (49) squares. The seven rainbow colors are placed in diagonal squares. The exact arrangement and colors varies with the different versions, corresponding to the suyus or Tupac Katari. It is very prominent in marches of indigenous and peasant movements in Bolivia.


title: Wiphala

text: This "rainbow squares" flag is used as the pan-indigenous flag of Andean peoples in Bolivia and has recently occasionally been adopted by Amazonian groups in political alliance.


title: Wiphala

text: Bolivian president Evo Morales established the Qullasuyu wiphala as the nation's dual flag, along with the previous red, yellow, and green banner in the newly ratified constitution. The Wiphala has been included into the national colors of the Bolivian Air Force such as the executive jet (currently a Dassault Falcon 900EX). The Wiphala is also officially flown on governmental buildings such as the Palacio Quemado and parliament alongside the tricolor since the introduction of the revised 2009 constitution.


title: Wiphala

text: During the 2019 Bolivian political conflicts, videos emerged of Bolivian police cutting the wiphala off of their uniforms. It was also removed from some government buildings and burned by protesters, who chanted "Bolivia belongs to Christ!" This was later condemned by the acting president, Jeanine Áñez as a destruction of indigenous heritage.


title: Wiphala

text: The Wiphala has been confused with the seven-striped rainbow design flag, the current official banner of the Peruvian city of Cusco, where it is commonly displayed in government buildings and in the main square. This rainbow flag is sometimes displayed as a symbol of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), although Peruvian historiographers and the Peruvian Congress have stated that the empire never had a flag. While the wiphala is an emblem related principally to the Aymara people, the Inca had their origins with the Quechua people.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: Haunted is a 2005 novel by Chuck Palahniuk. The plot is a frame story for a series of 23 short stories, most preceded by a free verse poem. Each story is followed by a chapter of the main narrative, is told by a character in main narrative, and ties back into the main story in some way. Typical of Palahniuk's work, the dominant motifs in "Haunted" are sexual deviance, sexual identity, desperation, social distastefulness, disease, murder, death, and existentialism.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: The synopsis on the dustjacket describes "Haunted" as a satire of reality television, but according to Palahniuk, the novel is actually about "the battle for credibility" that has resulted from the ease with which one can publish through the use of modern technology.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: Each of the book's chapters contains three sections: a story chapter, which acts as a framing device for the otherwise unconnected short stories; a poem about a particular writer on the tour, its author being unspecified; and the short story written by that writer.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: The main story centers on a group of seventeen individuals (all of whom go by nicknames based on the story they tell) who have decided to participate in a secret writers' retreat, frequently compared by characters to the Villa Diodati retreat of 1816. After having noticed an invitation to the retreat posted on the bulletin board of a cafe in Oregon, the characters follow instructions on the invitation to meet Mr. Whittier, the retreat's organizer. Whittier tells them to each wait for a bus to pick them up the next morning and bring only what they can fit into one piece of luggage (in particular, only what they feel they need most).


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: The next day, the seventeen characters, Whittier, and his assistant Mrs. Clark are driven to an abandoned theatre. Whittier locks all of them inside the theatre, telling them they have three months to each write a magnum opus before he will allow them to leave. In the meantime, they will have enough food and water to survive, as well as heat, electricity, bedrooms, bathrooms, and a clothes washing and drying machine provided.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: The characters live under harmless conditions at first. However, the group (not including Whittier or Clark) eventually decide that they could make a better story of their own suffering inside the theatre, and thereby become rich after the public discovers their fate. They then begin to individually sabotage the food and utilities provided to them, with each character trying to only destroy one food or utility to slightly increase the drama of their stay. Since the characters are not co-ordinating their plans, they end up destroying all their food and utilities, forcing all of them to struggle to survive starvation, cold, and darkness.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: With Whittier accidentally dying from a stomach rupture, the writers find themselves trapped without him. Believing a great increase in their suffering will provide a better story for when they're rescued, several writers start to willingly engage in self-mutilation and cannibalism, doing so to give the pretense Whittier tortured them. With numerous characters committing suicide, killing one another, or succumbing to their ailments, they continue to formulate their story whilst the theatre somehow repairs its broken utilities.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: With numerous people dead, Mrs. Clark included, the writers continue to sabotage themselves, such as destroying the lighting and wasting any additional food supplies they find. The eleven remaining writers eventually group in the main theatre, only for Whittier to appear and reveal he faked his death (with Clark's help) and has been observing the writers through hidden cameras. Informing the writers their three months have passed and that they are free to leave, Whittier notes that, by continuing to blame him for everything and playing the victim to extreme extents, they haven't acted any differently from the other groups. Whittier unlocks the exit and leaves with Miss Sneezy, choosing her as the person he saves and offering her a new life. Mother Nature, objecting that they need to wait a little longer for other writers to die and for someone to rescue them, stabs Miss Sneezy. To prevent Whittier from leaving with her, they drag Miss Sneezy back inside and break the lock, and continue to wait for rescue.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: The book is best known for the short story "Guts", which had been published before the book in the March 2004 issue of "Playboy" magazine as well as on Palahniuk's website. It is a tale of violent accidents involving masturbation, in which the reader is instructed to hold their breath in the very first line.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: A New York City public school 11th grade teacher was suspended for letting his English class read "Guts".


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: "Guts" begins with the narrator, aptly named "Saint Gut-Free", telling the reader to hold their breath for the duration of the story.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: The narrator then describes three stories of male masturbation gone horribly awry. In the first story, an adolescent boy inserts a Vaseline-lubricated carrot into his rectum to stimulate his prostate, then, in haste, stashes it in a pile of laundry when he is called to dinner. Later, his mother takes the laundry away and presumably discovers the used carrot, but never mentions the incident. Next, the narrator tells the tale of a young boy who, having heard that it enhances masturbatory pleasure, inserts a thin stick of candle wax into his urethra. The wax unexpectedly slips back into the boy's bladder, thereby blocking his urine flow and causing blood to seep from his penis. Because he requires expensive surgery, his parents are forced to pay to repair his bladder with the boy's college savings. Finally, the narrator explains how he himself suffered a sexual injury, when sitting on the water-intake valve at the bottom of his home swimming pool while masturbating. While swimming down to the bottom of the pool to stimulate his prostate before coming up for air—a repetitive process he refers to as "pearl diving"—the suction from the valve causes his rectum and lower intestines to prolapse and become tangled in the filter. Ultimately, he finds himself stuck on the bottom of the pool and must gnaw through his own innards to free himself and avoid drowning. When Saint Gut-Free's sister later becomes pregnant, he falsely believes that he is the father of an incestuous child, since he thinks his sister has encountered the semen he leaves in their family swimming pool on that fateful day (she is actually pregnant by her boyfriend and decided to have an abortion).


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: In between the main stories, Saint Gut-Free muses over families who cover up their loved ones' accidental deaths by autoerotic asphyxiation. In doing so, he highlights the theme of sexual repression throughout the tale. For example, in all three cases of sexual trauma, the parents are aware of the erotic nature of their son's accidents, but never discuss them afterwards. As a result, their sons are forced figuratively to "hold their breath" in the silence that lingers. Saint Gut-Free refers to these moments of sexual repression as the "invisible carrot," referring to both the mother in the first story and to the total denial of all the parents involved. At the end, the narrator tells the reader they can now take a breath, as he still has not taken one himself.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: Purportedly all three of these incidents are based on true stories. According to Palahniuk, the first two tales came from his friends' experiences and the third he heard while shadowing sexual addiction support groups as research for "Choke". In one of these groups, he met an extremely thin man. When Palahniuk asked him how he stayed so thin, he told him "I had a massive bowel resectioning." When Palahniuk asked what he meant, he told him the story which was the basis for the third episode in "Guts".


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: "Haunted" received mixed to favorable reviews from critics upon its release. "Haunted" received a negative review from "The New York Times" columnist Tom Shone who noted that despite being referred to as a horror novel it is "...stubbornly unscary. It burps up its shock moments with so little ceremony that the Gothic virtue of stealthily sidewinding suspense -- the art of allowing a story to steal up on you before you even knew it was there -- is left whistling in the wind." Shone additionally noted the repetitive nature of many of the stories within the novel noting that every single story regardless of which character was narrating all utilized Palahniuk's distinctive style.


title: Haunted (Palahniuk novel)

text: Tasha Robinson of "The A.V. Club" reviewed the novel soon after its release giving it a positive review, stating "...Palahniuk is as unique and colorful as ever, with his predilection for odd factoids and weird twists. But none of this makes the arbitrary deaths, the ludicrous behavior, or the pages upon pages about corpse-rot and vivisection any easier to deal with. Like his characters, Palahniuk sometimes seems to be operating under the presumption that he can never sink too low, or vomit up too much. Here's hoping he's wrong, for everyone's sake."


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: The Kraków Ghetto was one of five major metropolitan Nazi ghettos created by Germany in the new General Government territory during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It was established for the purpose of exploitation, terror, and persecution of local Polish Jews. The ghetto was later used as a staging area for separating the "able workers" from those to be deported to extermination camps in Operation Reinhard. The Ghetto was liquidated between June 1942 and March 1943, with most of its inhabitants deported to the Belzec extermination camp as well as to Płaszów slave-labor camp, and Auschwitz concentration camp, rail distance.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Before the German-Soviet invasion of 1939, Kraków was an influential centre for the Polish Jews who had lived there since the 13th century. Persecution of the Jewish population of Kraków began immediately after the German troops entered the city on 6 September 1939 in the course of the German aggression against Poland. Jews were ordered to report for forced labour beginning in September 1939. In November, all Jews twelve years or older were required to wear identifying armbands. Throughout Kraków, synagogues were closed and all their relics and valuables confiscated by the Nazi authorities.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Kraków was made the capital of the General Government (the part of occupied Poland not directly incorporated into Germany), and by May 1940 the German occupation authority headed by the Governor-General Hans Frank announced that Kraków should become the “racially cleanest" city in the General Government. Massive deportations of Jews from the city ensued. Of the more than 68,000 Jews in Kraków at the time of the German invasion, only 15,000 workers and their families were permitted to remain. All other Jews were ordered out of the city, to be resettled into surrounding rural areas of the General Government.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: In April 1940, Hans Frank proposed the removal of 50,000 Jews from the city of Kraków. Frank's reason for removing Jews from the Jewish quarter was that the area "...will be cleansed and it will be possible to establish pure German neighborhoods..." within Kraków. From May 1940 to 15 August 1940, a voluntary expulsion program was enacted. Jews that chose to leave Kraków were allowed to take all of their belongings and relocate throughout the General-Government (Generalgouvernement). By 15 August 1940, 23,000 Jews had left Kraków. After this date, mandatory expulsions were enforced. On 25 November 1940, the Order for the Deportation of Jews from the Municipal District of Kraków was announced. This order declared that no more Jews were allowed into the city of Kraków, Jews residing in Kraków required a special permit, and locations outside of Kraków that Jews were forced to move to were chosen by authorities. Jews forced to leave were also only allowed to bring along 25 kg (62½ lbs.) of their belongings when they left. By 4 December 1940, 43,000 Jews were removed from Kraków, both voluntarily and involuntarily. Jews that were still residing in Kraków at this time were deemed "...economically useful..." and they had to obtain a residence permit that "...had to be renewed each month."


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: The following year, on 3 March 1941, the establishment of the Kraków Ghetto was ordered by Otto Wächter. The ghetto was to be set up in the Podgórze District of Kraków. Podgórze was chosen as the site of the ghetto instead of the traditional Jewish quarter, Kazimierz, because Hans Frank believed Kazimierz was more significant to the history of Kraków. Podgórze was a suburb of Kraków at the time. Wächter claimed that formation of the ghetto was necessary for public health and order. The Kraków ghetto was officially established on 20 March 1941. When relocating to the ghetto, Jews were only allowed to bring 25 kg of their belongings. The rest of their possessions were taken by the German Trust Office (Treuhandstelle). Some Jews were resettled to the nearby ghetto of Brzesko. All non-Jewish residents of the area were required to relocate in other districts by 20 March 1941.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: The ghetto was guarded by the German police (Schutzpolizei), the Polish police (Blue Police), and the Jewish police (J"üdischer Ordnungsdienst" – OD), but the only police force inside the ghetto was the Jewish police. With the formation of the ghetto, the OD had an office established at Józefińska Street 37 in Podgórze. In April 1941, the ghetto was enclosed by a wall made of barbed wire and stone; the stones used were designed to look like tombstones, but also included "...Jewish monuments and tombstones from the cemetery." The ghetto wall was constructed using Jewish forced labor. The ghetto was accessible by three entrances: one near the Podgórze Market, Limanowskiego Street, and the Plac Zgody. The Kraków Ghetto was a closed ghetto meaning that it was physically closed off from the surrounding area and access was restricted. Within other German-occupied areas, open ghettos and destruction ghettos existed. Movement in and out of the ghetto was restricted and Jews working outside of the ghetto had to have the proper documentation. Jews had to "...obtain the appropriate stamps for the Kennkarten [identification cards]..." from the Labor Office (Arbeitsamt).


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: The ghetto was populated by approximately 16,000 Jews when it was first formed. Before the ghetto was cordoned off, it was home to around 3,500 residents. The ghetto consisted of 320 buildings. To accommodate the density, apartments within the ghetto were divided on a 2m² per person basis or by a standard of three people to one window. The Jewish Council (Judenrat) was responsible for determining the new housing assignments. Within the Kraków ghetto, Yiddish was the official language, not Polish. On 1 December 1939, an order was announced mandating that all Jews within the General Government wear an armband identifying them as Jewish. The white armbands with the blue Star of David were still required once Jews were moved into the ghetto.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: On 15 October 1941, the Third Decree of the General Governor's was enacted. This decree stated that Jews found outside "...their designated residential area will be punished with death." The punishment also applied to anyone found aiding Jews. The decree applied to all residents within the General Government.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: On 28 November 1941, the area that encompassed the ghetto was reduced. The population of the Kraków Ghetto increased because Nazis required the Jewish residents of 29 nearby villages to move to the ghetto. The size of the ghetto was reduced again in June 1942. The reductions in the size of the ghetto were associated with the deportation of Jews, including deportations to the Bełżec extermination camp. When apartments that were no longer included in the ghetto were vacated, possessions were stolen and the units were reassigned. The Municipal Housing Office was responsible for these apartments.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: In December 1942. the Kraków ghetto was divided into two parts: Ghetto "A" and Ghetto "B." Ghetto "A" was intended for people that were working and Ghetto "B" was for everyone else. This division was planned with future liquidations of the ghetto in mind.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: The Kraków Ghetto was formally established on 3 March 1941 in the Podgórze district and not, as often believed, in the historic Jewish district of Kazimierz. Displaced Polish families from Podgórze took up residences in the former Jewish dwellings outside the newly established Ghetto. Meanwhile, 15,000 Jews were crammed into an area previously inhabited by 3,000 people who used to live in a district consisting of 30 streets, 320 residential buildings, and 3,167 rooms. As a result, one apartment was allocated to every four Jewish families, and many less fortunate lived on the street.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: The Ghetto was surrounded by the newly built walls that kept it separated from the rest of the city. In a grim foreshadowing of the near future, these walls contained brick panels in the shape of tombstones. All windows and doors that opened onto the "Aryan" side were ordered to be bricked up. Only four guarded entrances allowed traffic to pass in or out. Small sections of the wall still remain today, one part is fitted with a memorial plaque, which reads "Here they lived, suffered and perished at the hands of Hitler's executioners. From here they began their final journey to the death camps."


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Young people of the Akiva youth movement, who had undertaken the publication of an underground newsletter, "HeHaluc HaLohem" ("The Fighting Pioneer"), joined forces with other Zionists to form a local branch of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ŻOB, Polish: Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa), and organize resistance in the ghetto, supported by the Polish underground Armia Krajowa. The group carried out a variety of resistance activities including the bombing of the Cyganeria cafe – a gathering place of Nazi officers. Unlike in Warsaw, their efforts did not lead to a general uprising before the ghetto was liquidated.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: From 30 May 1942 onward, the Nazis began systematic deportations from the Ghetto to surrounding concentration camps. Thousands of Jews were transported in the succeeding months as part of the Aktion Krakau headed by SS-Oberführer Julian Scherner. Jews were assembled on Zgody Square first and then escorted to the railway station in Prokocim. The first transport consisted of 7,000 people, the second, of additional 4,000 Jews deported to Bełżec death camp on 5 June 1942. On 13–14 March 1943, the final 'liquidation' of the ghetto was carried out under the command of SS-Untersturmführer Amon Göth. Two thousand Jews deemed able to work were transported to the Płaszów labor camp. Those deemed unfit for work – some 2,000 Jews – were killed in the streets of the ghetto on those days with the use of "Trawniki men" police auxiliaries. The remaining 3,000 were sent to Auschwitz.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: A 24-person Jewish board was formed in the city of Kraków and later in the Krakow Ghetto, when the ghetto was formed on March 3, 1941. This Jewish Council was in charge of the inhabitants of the ghetto but received many orders from local Nazi officials, even though it retained some degree of autonomy. Some of its functions included overseeing labor and welfare, conducting a census and taxing the population.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Cultural life in the Kraków Ghetto was bleak and dangerous for the Jewish population. Each day dragged on, consistently becoming harder and harder to tolerate and survive. There was not much for the Jewish individuals to live for. The mood was somber, spirits were low, and the majority of the ghetto's inhabitants remained hopeless.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Jewish individuals in the Kraków ghetto were required to wear a Star of David on their arm, identifying them as being Jewish, which led to the revoking of most rights. A curfew was implemented that stripped Jews of many opportunities to participate in the cultural life. As time went on, Jews needed to obtain permits in order to enter and exit the ghetto, robbing them of any freedom they felt they had left at this point. Even though the Jewish individuals were unable to participate in certain areas of cultural life in the Kraków ghetto, “various cultural and religious activities continued within the ghetto." Although the practice of religion was banned, that did not stop the individuals in the Kraków ghetto from praying and staying true to Judaism. At least three synagogues or other religious facilities were still in use that served as a place for the Jews to go to and pray. There was also a café where artists played live music within the ghetto, which proved to be instrumental in keeping Jewish individuals' spirits up. Finally, there was a ghetto pharmacy, which was a place where people could go to discuss problems, read underground and official newspapers and learn the realities of what was happening and what atrocities they were living through. Numerous songs were created by individuals living the ghetto, serving three major purposes: “documentation of ghetto life, a diversion from reality, and the upholding of tradition.” These songs portrayed their immense suffering coupled with their dedication and determination to survive. Some of the most popular lyrics are “Me hot zey in dr’erd, me vet zey iberlebn, me vet noch derlebn” (“To hell with them, we will survive them, we will yet survive”), conveying and sharing the feelings of the Jewish people through music. Laughter, which was a rarity in the Kraków ghetto, was another way numerous victims attempted to cope with their strong hatred for the enemy. Sometimes individuals performed ghetto songs, while other times small groups performed them with various instruments. Street songs are a sub-genre of ghetto music with four dominant themes: hunger, corrupt administration, hope for freedom and a call for revolt. Music has always been a traditional and important aspect of both Jewish holidays and Jewish home life more generally. The individuals in the Kraków Ghetto did their best to keep this tradition alive, especially during Passover and Yom Kippur. Although music brought some comfort to many individuals, suicide rates were significantly higher among the musicians than other camp workers. Many of the musicians were forced to watch the murder of their families and friends due to the Nazi's insistence that the prisoner-musicians play music while the other prisoners were marched to the gas chambers.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Aleksander Kulisiewicz was an aspiring musician who did his best to “collect, compose, and perform songs” while living in the ghetto even though it was illegal to do so. Individuals in the Kraków ghetto worked 12-hour days that left them more exhausted than imaginable. In order to pass the time, songs were sung throughout the work day.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Mordechai Gebirtig, who is “known for his beautiful and prescient songs and poems” in Yiddish emerged from the Kraków ghetto. His song “Our Town Is Burning” which was written in 1938 became “one of the most popular songs in the ghettos and concentration camps." Unfortunately, Gebirtig was shot and killed in the Kraków ghetto.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Another individual who was in the Kraków ghetto was Roman Polanski, who became a famous film director upon his survival of the Holocaust. Polanski eventually directed a film that told the story of the musician Władysław Szpilman who survived the Holocaust.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: In order to pass time while trapped in these horrendous conditions, a lot of Jewish children in the Kraków ghetto played the violin and any other instruments they had access to.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: Music proved to be an instrumental aspect of cultural life in the Kraków ghetto that aided in keeping the spirits of Jewish individuals up as much as possible during such low and awful times.


title: Kraków Ghetto

text: The Kraków Jewish underground resistance existed from 1942 to late 1943, and stemmed from youth groups such as Akiva. The two groups that formed were Iskra and Hahalutz Halochem, or the Fighting Organization of the Jewish youth. Despite ultimately focusing on more classical armed resistance actions, they originally focused on providing support for education and welfare organizations within the ghetto. Eventually establishing a magazine, the groups initially focused on working with the Polish Underground and the "Communist Partia Robotnicza" "("PPR")". They ultimately planned for action against the Nazis. The Resistance conducted demonstrations against several Nazi-frequented institutions, including café Cyganeria, café Esplanada, and a theater. Additionally, the Polish Underground group also aided the Jews with a program called Żegota.