title: Practical joke

text: One practical joke – recalled as his favorite by the playwright Charles MacArthur – concerns the American painter and bohemian character Waldo Peirce. While living in Paris in the 1920s, Peirce "made a gift of a very big turtle to the woman who was the concierge of his building". The woman doted on the turtle and lavished care on it. A few days later Peirce substituted a somewhat larger turtle for the original one. This continued for some time, with the surreptitious introduction of larger and larger turtles into the woman's apartment. The concierge, beside herself with happiness, displayed her miraculous turtle to the entire neighborhood. Peirce then began to sneak in and replace the turtle with smaller and smaller ones, to her bewildered distress. This prank became the storyline behind Roald Dahl's 1990 novel "Esio Trot".


title: Practical joke

text: Successful modern pranks often take advantage of the modernization of tools and techniques. In Canada, engineering students have a reputation for annual pranks; at the University of British Columbia these usually involve leaving a Volkswagen Beetle in an unexpected location (such as suspended from the Golden Gate Bridge or from the Lions Gate Bridge). In response, other students at that university often vandalize the engineering students' white and red concrete cairn. Engineering students at Cambridge University in England undertook a similar prank, placing an Austin 7 car on top of the University's Senate House building. Pranks can also adapt to the political context of their era. Students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have a particular reputation for their "hacks".


title: Practical joke

text: Not unlike the stone louse of Germany, the jackalope in the American West has become an institutionalized practical joke perennially perpetrated by ruralites (as a class) on tourists, most of whom have never heard of the decades-old myth.


title: Practical joke

text: In the 1993 film "Grumpy Old Men", two neighbors and former friends, John and Max, play cruel practical jokes on each other. It escalates when a beautiful new neighbor is involved as both set their sights on her.


title: Practical joke

text: In the 1995 film "Grumpier Old Men", John and Max have cooled off their feud. They later play cruel practical jokes on a beautiful, determined Italian owner who's trying to turn the former bait shop into a romantic restaurant.


title: Practical joke

text: The 2003 TV movie "Windy City Heat" consists of an elaborate practical joke on the film's star, Perry Caravallo, who is led to believe that he is starring in a faux action film, "Windy City Heat", where the filming (which is ostensibly for the film's DVD extras) actually documents a long chain of pranks and jokes performed at Caravallo's expense.


title: Practical joke

text: In the UK, a group that calls itself Trollstation, plays pranks on people, including police officers and government employees. They record their escapades and upload them to YouTube. In one such video, one of the groups actors poses as a palace guard. Some of the actors have been fined or charged.


title: Shameless (season 3)

text: The third season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 13, 2013, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 7, 2013. The show's season premiere brought in 2.00 million viewers, becoming the show's highest-rated episode ever to-date. The episode airing February 17, "The Sins of My Caretaker", received 1.31 million total viewers, its lowest-rated episode of the season. The season finale scored 1.82 million viewers.


title: Shameless (season 3)

text: Fiona struggles to adapt to life with Jimmy, as he officially moves in with the Gallaghers. Jimmy, however, has more pressing concerns when Estefania's drug lord father, Nando, returns to the United States. Nando kills Marco and forces Jimmy to dismember the body; he also tells Jimmy that he wants him to stay married to Estefania, so Estefania can become an American citizen. Out of fear for his life, Jimmy agrees, but he keeps it a secret from Fiona.


title: Shameless (season 3)

text: Frank calls Child Protective Services on his own family after being kicked out of his own house once again. When a CPS worker comes for a visitation at a particularly hectic time, the underage kids are forced into separate foster homes, many being less-than-adequate. Though Veronica and Kevin attempt to foster the kids, Fiona ultimately gets Frank to clean up for their foster worker. When Fiona finds out Frank is the one who called CPS, Fiona fights for custody of the children against Frank, and is declared their legal guardian. This is bad news for Jimmy, who had plans to go to medical school in Michigan. Though Fiona, albeit shocked, is initially supportive, she is enraged to find out Jimmy had applied for a studio apartment only. After she and Jimmy get into a nasty argument over their relationship, Fiona breaks up with him.


title: Shameless (season 3)

text: Ian continues his relationship with Mickey, and their relationship continues to grow in the first half of the season. After the Gallagher children are put into foster homes, Mickey invites Ian to stay with him while his father, Terry, is out of town. However, Terry comes home early and unexpectedly walks in on them having sex. Terry—who is abusive and homophobic—beats the two boys at gunpoint and forces Mickey to have sex with a Russian prostitute, Svetlana; Mickey is thereby damaged and refuses to communicate with Ian. To Ian's dismay, Mickey marries Svetlana, who has become pregnant with his child. Meanwhile, Mandy and Lip are together, though Lip begins feeling smothered by Mandy when she becomes more involved in his life. Worried that Lip will throw away his future, Mandy secretly applies Lip for several colleges, and a successful interview gives Lip a chance at MIT. Lip thanks Mandy for her help. Kevin and Veronica continue their quest to have a baby, but there is little chance of Veronica getting pregnant; Veronica asks her mother to be their surrogate.


title: Shameless (season 3)

text: Family troubles are not limited to the Gallaghers: Sheila is struggling to deal with parental life, and her problems are further compounded when Jody relapses in his sex addiction. Sheila desperately lets Frank offer his support with Hymie, which leaves him with a temporary home. When Timmy Wong's family want Hymie to live with them, Sheila reluctantly obliges, realizing that her home is an unsuitable environment to raise a baby. Later the next day, Karen returns home. Sheila is overjoyed by Karen's return, but after speaking with Timmy Wong's mother, Sheila discovers that Karen had previously called the Wong family to take Hymie away from her and Jody. Heartbroken by her daughter's actions, Sheila becomes depressed. Meanwhile, Karen briefly rekindles her sexual relationship with Lip, but Lip decides against pursuing their relationship in favor of Mandy. When Karen threatens Mandy through a phone call, Mandy vengefully runs over Karen with her car, which leaves Karen with possibly permanent deficiencies. Lip, upset over Karen's vegetative state, angrily breaks up with Mandy. To give Karen a better recovery, Jody and Sheila break up, and Jody leaves town with Karen and Hymie to Arizona.


title: Shameless (season 3)

text: The final episodes of the third season, while still comedic, begins to shift into a darker tone. Frank is diagnosed with liver failure and is advised to stop drinking or he will die. Fiona visits Frank in the hospital and tries to convince him to stop drinking for either himself or his kids, but he refuses. Depressed from Mickey's marriage, Ian enlists in the Army without the knowledge of his family, only revealing the news to a shocked Mickey. He leaves secretly the next morning, forging identification using Lip's ID. Meanwhile, Estefania is deported due to Jimmy's neglectfulness. Nando orders Jimmy to board a yacht to an unknown location, presumably for Jimmy to be murdered. Fiona begins a temp job at Worldwide Cup, and she sends a final voicemail to Jimmy's phone signalling that she is over him.


title: Shameless (season 3)

text: Noel Fisher, Emma Greenwell and Zach McGowan were promoted to series regulars for their roles as Mickey Milkovich, Mandy Milkovich and Jody Silverman respectively. Laura Slade Wiggins was demoted to a recurring character for her role as Karen Jackson, after her character left in the second season's finale. Wiggins' character returns mid-way through the third season, in the episode "A Long Way From Home". Stephanie Fantauzzi, Vanessa Bell Calloway, and Tyler Jacob Moore return as recurring characters for their roles as Estefania, Carol Fisher, and Tony Markovich.


title: Shameless (season 3)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the third season a 92%, based on 13 reviews. The critics consensus reads, ""Shameless" divvies up a spoil of riches among its impoverished ensemble, further fleshing out all members of the Gallagher clan in surprising ways."


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: USS "Utah" (BB-31/AG-16) was the second and final member of the of dreadnought battleships. The first ship of the United States Navy named after the state of Utah, she had one sister ship, . "Utah" was built by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, laid down in March 1909 and launched in December of that year. She was completed in August 1911, and was armed with a main battery of ten guns in five twin gun turrets.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: "Utah" and "Florida" were the first ships to arrive during the United States occupation of Veracruz in 1914 during the Mexican Revolution. The two battleships sent ashore a landing party that began the occupation of the city. After the American entrance into World War I, "Utah" was stationed at Berehaven in Bantry Bay, Ireland, where she protected convoys from potential German surface raiders. Throughout the 1920s, the ship conducted numerous training cruises and fleet maneuvers, and carried dignitaries on tours of South America twice, in 1924 and 1928.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: In 1931, "Utah" was demilitarized and converted into a target ship and re-designated as AG-16, in accordance with the terms of the London Naval Treaty signed the previous year. She was also equipped with numerous anti-aircraft guns of different types to train gunners for the fleet. She served in these two roles for the rest of the decade, and late 1941 found the ship in Pearl Harbor. She was in port on the morning of 7 December, and in the first minutes of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, was hit by two torpedoes, which caused serious flooding. "Utah" quickly rolled over and sank; 58 men were killed, but the vast majority of her crew were able to escape. The wreck remains in the harbor, and in 1972, a memorial was erected near the ship.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: "Utah" was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of . She displaced as designed and up to at full load. The ship was powered by four-shaft Parsons steam turbines rated at and twelve coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers, generating a top speed of . The ship had a cruising range of at a speed of . She had a crew of 1,001 officers and men.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: The ship was armed with a main battery of ten 12-inch/45 Mark 5 guns in five twin gun turrets on the centerline, two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward. The other three turrets were placed aft of the superstructure. The secondary battery consisted of sixteen /51 guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull. As was standard for capital ships of the period, she carried a pair of torpedo tubes, submerged in her hull on the broadside. The main armored belt was thick, while the armored deck was thick. The gun turrets had thick faces and the conning tower had thick sides.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: "Utah" was laid down at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation on 15 March 1909. She was launched on 23 December 1909 and was commissioned into the United States Navy on 31 August 1911. She then conducted a shakedown cruise that stopped in Hampton Roads, Santa Rosa Island, Pensacola, Galveston, Kingston, Jamaica, and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. She was then assigned to the Atlantic Fleet in March 1912, after which time she participated in gunnery drills. She underwent an overhaul at the New York Navy Yard starting on 16 April. "Utah" left New York on 1 June and proceeded to Annapolis by way of Hampton Roads, arriving on 6 June. From there, she took a crew of naval cadets from the Naval Academy on a midshipman training cruise off the coast of New England, which lasted until 25 August.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: For the next two years, "Utah" followed a similar routine of training exercises and midshipman cruises in the Atlantic. During the period 8–30 November 1913, "Utah" made a goodwill cruise to European waters, which included a stop in Villefranche, France. In early 1914 during the Mexican Revolution, the United States decided to intervene in the fighting. While en route to Mexico on 16 April, "Utah" was ordered to intercept the German-flagged steamer , which was carrying arms to the Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta. "Ypiranga"s arrival in Veracruz prompted the US to occupy the city; "Utah" and her sister ship "Florida" were the first American vessels on the scene. The two ships landed a combined contingent of a thousand Marines and Bluejackets to begin the occupation of the city on 21 April. Over the next three days, the Marines battled rebels in the city and suffered 94 casualties, while killing hundreds of Mexicans in return.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: "Utah" remained off Veracruz for two months, before she returned to the New York Navy Yard for an overhaul in late June. She spent the next three years conducting the normal routine of training with the Atlantic Fleet. On 6 April 1917, the United States entered World War I, declaring war on Germany over its unrestricted submarine warfare campaign against Britain. "Utah" was stationed in Chesapeake Bay to train engine room personnel and gunners for the rapidly expanding fleet until 30 August 1918, when she departed for Bantry Bay, Ireland with Vice Admiral Henry T. Mayo, Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet aboard. After arriving in Ireland, "Utah" was assigned as the flagship of Battleship Division 6 (BatDiv 6), commanded by Rear Admiral Thomas S. Rodgers. BatDiv 6 was tasked with covering convoys in the Western Approaches against possible attacks from German surface raiders. "Utah" served in the division along with and .


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: Following the end of the war in November 1918, "Utah" visited the Isle of Portland in Britain, and escorted the liner in December, which carried President Woodrow Wilson to Brest, France, for the post-war peace negotiations at Versailles. "Utah" left Brest on 14 December, and arrived in New York on the 25th of the month. She remained there until 30 January 1919, after which time she returned to the normal peacetime routine of fleet exercises and training cruises. On 9 July 1921, "Utah" departed for Europe, stopping in Lisbon, Portugal, and Cherbourg, France. After arriving, she became the flagship of American warships in Europe. She carried on in this role until she was relieved by the armored cruiser in October 1922.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: "Utah" returned to the US on 21 October, where she returned to her old post as the flagship of BatDiv 6. In early 1924, "Utah" took part in the Fleet Problem III maneuvers, where she and her sister "Florida" acted as stand-ins for the new s. Later that year, "Utah" was chosen to carry the US diplomatic mission to the centennial celebration of the Battle of Ayacucho, which took place on 9 December 1924. She left New York on 22 November with General of the Armies John J. Pershing aboard for a goodwill tour of South America; "Utah" arrived at Callao, Peru, on 9 December. At the conclusion of Pershing's tour, "Utah" met him at Montevideo, Uruguay, and then carried him to other ports, including Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, La Guaira, Venezuela, and Havana, Cuba. The tour ultimately ended when "Utah" returned Pershing to New York on 13 March 1925. "Utah" conducted midshipman training cruises over the summer of 1925. She was decommissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 31 October 1925, and placed in drydock for modernization. The modernization replaced her coal-fired boilers with new oil-fired models, and her aft cage mast was replaced with a pole mast. She was reboilered with four White-Forster oil-fired models that had been removed from the battleships and battlecruisers scrapped as a result of the Washington Naval Treaty. "Utah" also had a catapult mounted on her Number 3 turret along with cranes for handling the floatplanes.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: "Utah" returned to active duty on 1 December, after which she served with the Scouting Fleet. She left Hampton Roads on 21 November 1928 for another South American cruise. This time, she picked up President-elect Herbert C. Hoover and his entourage in Montevideo, and transported them to Rio de Janeiro in December, and then carried them home to the United States, arriving in Hampton Roads on 6 January 1929. According to the terms of the London Naval Treaty of 1930, "Utah" was converted into a radio-controlled target ship, to replace the older . On 1 July 1931, "Utah" was accordingly redesignated "AG-16". All of her primary and secondary weapons were removed, though her turrets were still mounted. The plane handling equipment was removed along with the torpedo blisters that were added in 1925. Work was completed by 1 April 1932, when she was recommissioned.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: On 7 April, "Utah" left Norfolk for sea trials to train her engine room crew and to test the radio-control equipment. The ship could be controlled at varying rates of speed and changes of course: maneuvers that a ship would conduct in battle. Her electric motors, operated by signals from the controlling ship, opened and closed throttle valves, moved her steering gear, and regulated the supply of oil to her boilers. In addition, a Sperry gyro pilot kept the ship on course. She passed her radio control trials on 6 May, and on 1 June, the ship was operated for 3 hours under radio control. On 9 June, she again left Norfolk, bound for San Pedro, Los Angeles, where she joined Training Squadron 1, Base Force, United States Fleet. Starting in late July, the ship began her first round of target duty, first for the cruisers of the Pacific Fleet, and then for the battleship "Nevada". She continued in this role for the next nine years; she participated in Fleet Problem XVI in May 1935, during which she served as a transport for a contingent of Marines. In June, the ship was modified to train anti-aircraft gunners in addition to her target ship duties. To perform this task, she was equipped with a new /75 caliber anti-aircraft gun in a quadruple mount for experimental testing and development of the new type of weapon.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: "Utah" returned to the Atlantic to participate in Fleet Problem XX in January 1939, and at the end of the year, she trained with Submarine Squadron 6. She then returned to the Pacific, arriving in Pearl Harbor on 1 August 1940. There, she conducted anti-aircraft gunnery training until 14 December, when she departed for Long Beach, California, arriving on 21 December. There, she served as a bombing target for aircraft from the carriers , , and . She returned to Pearl Harbor on 1 April 1941, where she resumed anti-aircraft gunnery training. She cruised to Los Angeles on 20 May to carry a contingent of Marines from the Fleet Marine Force to Bremerton, Washington, after which she entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 31 May, where she was overhauled. She was equipped with new /38 cal dual-purpose guns in single mounts to improve her ability to train anti-aircraft gunners. She left Puget Sound on 14 September, bound for Pearl Harbor, where she resumed her normal duties through the rest of the year.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: In early December 1941, "Utah" was moored off Ford Island in berth F-11, after having completed another round of anti-aircraft gunnery training. Shortly before 08:00 on the morning of 7 December, some crewmen aboard "Utah" observed the first Japanese planes approaching to attack Pearl Harbor, but they assumed they were American aircraft. The Japanese began their attack shortly thereafter, the first bombs falling near a seaplane ramp on the southern tip of Ford Island. At the same time sixteen Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers from the Japanese aircraft carriers and flew over Pearl City approaching the west side of Ford Island. The torpedo bombers were looking for American aircraft carriers, which usually anchored where "Utah" was moored that morning. The flight leaders identified "Utah" and rejected her as a target, deciding instead to attack 1010 Dock. However six of the B5Ns from "Soryu" led by Lieutenant Nakajima Tatsumi broke off to attack "Utah", not recognizing that the shapes over the barbettes were not turrets, but boxes covering empty holes. Six torpedoes were launched against "Utah", two of them struck the battleship while another missed and hit the cruiser .


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: Serious flooding started to quickly overwhelm "Utah" and she began to list to port and settle by the stern. As the crew began to abandon ship, one man—Chief Watertender Peter Tomich—remained below decks to ensure as many men as possible could escape, and to keep vital machinery running as long as possible; he received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions. At 08:12, "Utah" rolled over onto her side, while those crew members who had managed to escape swam to shore. Almost immediately after reaching shore, the ship's senior officer on board, Commander Solomon Isquith, heard knocking from men trapped in the capsized ship. He called for volunteers to secure a cutting torch from the badly damaged cruiser "Raleigh" and attempt to free trapped men; they succeeded in rescuing four men. In total, 58 officers and men were killed, though 461 survived.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: The Navy declared "Utah" to be in ordinary on 29 December, and she was placed under the authority of the Pearl Harbor Base Force. Following the successful righting (rotation to upright) of the capsized "Oklahoma", an attempt was made to right the "Utah" by the same parbuckling method using 17 winches. As "Utah" was rotated, she did not grip the harbor bottom, and slid towards Ford Island. The "Utah" recovery effort was abandoned, with "Utah" rotated 38 degrees from horizontal.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: As abandoned, "Utah" cleared her berth. There was no further attempt to refloat her; unlike the battleships sunk at Battleship Row, she had no military value. She was formally placed out of commission on 5 September 1944, and then stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 13 November. "Utah" received one battle star for her brief service during World War II. Her rusting hulk remains in Pearl Harbor, partially above water; the men killed when "Utah" sank were never removed from the wreck, and as such, she is considered a war grave.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: Around 1950, two memorials were placed at the wreck dedicated to the men in the ship's crew who were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor. The first is a plaque on the wharf to the north of the ship, and the second is a plaque that was placed on the ship itself. In 1972, a larger memorial was erected just off Ford Island, near the sunken wreck, and is now part of Pearl Harbor National Memorial. The memorial consists of a walkway made of white concrete, which extends from Ford Island out to a platform in front of the ship, where a brass plaque and a flagpole are located. The memorial is on the northwest side of Ford Island and is accessible only to individuals with military identification. A color guard stands watch over the wreck. On 9 July 1988, "Utah" and , the other remaining wreck in the harbor, were nominated to be added to the National Historic Landmark registry. Both wrecks were added to the list on 5 May 1989. As of 2008, seven former crewmen who were aboard "Utah" at the time of her sinking have been cremated and had their ashes interred in the wreck.


title: USS Utah (BB-31)

text: Relics from the ship are also preserved in the Utah State Capitol building; among the items on display are pieces from the ship's silver service and the captain's clock. The ship's bell was on display at the University of Utah near the entrance of the Naval Science Building from the 1960s until 2016, when it was loaned to the Naval War College. It was then sent to the Naval History and Heritage Command in Richmond, Virginia for conservation work. With the bell restored, it was returned to the University of Utah on 7 December 2017 and is currently on display inside the Naval Science Building.


title: Jim Leyland

text: James Richard Leyland (born December 15, 1944) is an American former professional baseball player, coach and manager. He serves as a special assistant to the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB).


title: Jim Leyland

text: Leyland led the Florida Marlins to the 1997 World Series championship over the Cleveland Indians, and previously won three straight division titles (1990, 1991, and 1992) with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He is one of eleven managers to lead three different teams to the postseason. With the Tigers' victory in the 2006 American League Championship Series, Leyland became the seventh manager in history to win pennants in both the National and American Leagues. He is a three-time Manager of the Year Award winner, twice in the National League (1990 and 1992), and once in the American League (2006).


title: Jim Leyland

text: Jim Leyland graduated from Perrysburg High School in 1962. Leyland began his baseball career with the Tigers when they signed him as a catcher on September 21, 1963. He spent seven seasons as a minor leaguer in the Tigers organization (1964–1970), but mainly served as a coach with the Montgomery Rebels in 1970 while playing in just two games for the team. Leyland was a career .222 hitter in the minor leagues.


title: Jim Leyland

text: In 1972, Leyland became a minor league manager in the Tigers organization; beginning with the Clinton Pilots of the Midwest League; from 1979–1981, he was the manager of the Evansville Triplets winning two divisions (1979, 1981) in the American Association.


title: Jim Leyland

text: Leyland left the Tigers organization for the first time in 1982 when he became Tony La Russa's third base coach for four seasons (1982–85) with the Chicago White Sox, including the team's 1983 AL West division title, before being named the 33rd manager in Pittsburgh Pirates history on November 20, 1985.


title: Jim Leyland

text: Leyland was the manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1986 to 1996. He won two Manager of the Year trophies with the Pirates in 1990 and 1992, and finished as runner-up in 1988 and 1991. Leyland helped develop such All-Stars as Barry Bonds, Jay Bell, Tim Wakefield, Andy Van Slyke and Bobby Bonilla in Pittsburgh before a fire sale in the mid-1990s soured him with new ownership. Under Leyland, the Pirates captured the National League Eastern Division title and went to the National League Championship Series in three straight seasons (1990, 1991, and 1992). Pittsburgh averaged 96 regular season victories those three years, but lost all three times in the NLCS with the latter two going the full seven games against the Atlanta Braves. The Pirates lost to the Cincinnati Reds (four games to two) in the 1990 NLCS.


title: Jim Leyland

text: Although he has moved on in his career, Leyland still keeps his home in the Pittsburgh suburb of Thornburg, Pennsylvania, where he has raised two children, Patrick and Kellie with his wife Katie. Patrick was a minor league catcher-first baseman in the Detroit (2010-2014) and Seattle (2015) organizations.


title: Jim Leyland

text: Leyland decided to quit after 11 seasons spent with the Pirates in order to manage a contender despite a contract that ran to 2000 with a salary of $1 million, stating that it was not a tough decision but a sad one, noting his dissatisfaction with owner Kevin McClatchy on trades and salary cutting.


title: Jim Leyland

text: One member of Leyland's coaching staff while with the Pirates, Terry Collins, who was most recently the manager of the New York Mets, wore number 10 to honor Leyland.


title: Jim Leyland

text: In 1997, Leyland was hired by Wayne Huizenga to manage the Florida Marlins and promptly led them to the franchise's first World Championship that year, defeating the Cleveland Indians—four games to three—in the Fall Classic. The Marlins, in only their fifth year of existence, became the fastest expansion franchise to win a World Series. The Arizona Diamondbacks surpassed the Marlins when they won the World Series in 2001, their fourth season.


title: Jim Leyland

text: In the offseason, Huizenga dismantled the team in what became known as "the fire sale." After Game 7, when asked about rumors that he might retire if Huizenga sold the franchise, Leyland quipped, "My wife doesn't like me that much. I can't retire." Leyland indeed remained as the manager, but resigned after the 1998 season, when the Marlins went 54–108. Due to the details of his contract (alongside the team finding itself in the process of being sold), he received a $500,000 buyout for the remaining three years of his five-year contract. Leyland was subsequently hired by the Colorado Rockies for the 1999 season. Leyland reached 1,000 wins on April 15, leading the Rockies to a 6-4 win over the San Diego Padres at Coors Field. He achieved the feat in his 2,048th game as manager. Leyland ultimately came to regret the decision to manage in Colorado, saying that while he was treated well by the team, he felt he could not manage well with Coors Field in regards to pitching, as he described himself as "pitcher's manager." He walked away from the final two years of his contract after one season. It was the fifth time in Leyland's 14 seasons that he skippered a team that finished last in its division. After this, he became a Pittsburgh-based scout for the St. Louis Cardinals.


title: Jim Leyland

text: Following the release of Alan Trammell as the manager of the Tigers, Leyland was hired as new Tigers manager, returning to the franchise with which he spent the first 18 years of his professional baseball career. It marked the first time Leyland managed in the American League.


title: Jim Leyland

text: In the 2006 regular season, Leyland guided the Tigers to a 95–67 record, the Tigers best season since 1987. The Tigers entered the playoffs as a wild card, and went on to defeat the New York Yankees and sweep the Oakland Athletics to win the American League pennant before falling to the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2006 World Series. In leading the team to the AL pennant, he became the seventh manager to win pennants in both major leagues, joining Joe McCarthy, Yogi Berra, Alvin Dark, Sparky Anderson, Dick Williams, and Tony La Russa. After the 2006 season ended, Leyland was recognized with the Manager of the Year award for the third time in his career. He became the third person to win the award in both leagues, joining La Russa and Bobby Cox. Leyland also won The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award for the American League in 2006.


title: Jim Leyland

text: The Tigers had heightened expectations after the pennant, but they muddled through the next four seasons, which included a last place finish in 2008 (the sixth and last time Leyland had skippered a last place team). Leyland would reach 1,500 wins on April 15, 2011 with a win over the Oakland Athletics, becoming the 19th manager to do so. That year, he would lead the Tigers to another 95–67 regular season record (an improvement of 14 wins), winning the American League Central Division. They went on to defeat the New York Yankees in the American League Division Series before losing to the Texas Rangers in the American League Championship Series.


title: Jim Leyland

text: On May 1, 2012, Leyland gained his 1,600th victory as a major league manager, passing Tommy Lasorda on the all-time wins list. In 2012, Leyland led the Tigers to an 88–74 regular season record, winning the American League Central Division. On that team, Tigers third baseman Miguel Cabrera was the American League Triple Crown winner that season. This was the first Triple Crown winner in Major League Baseball since Carl Yastrzemski in 1967. When the Tigers won the AL Central for the second consecutive season, Leyland became the only Tigers manager besides Hughie Jennings to lead Detroit to the postseason three times.


title: Jim Leyland

text: In the 2012 postseason, Detroit defeated the Athletics in a five-game ALDS and returned to the World Series following a sweep of the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series. Detroit was swept in the 2012 World Series by the San Francisco Giants. They were shut out twice, the same number as in the entire 162-game regular season, and had a team batting average of .159.


title: Jim Leyland

text: On September 25, 2013, Leyland won his 700th game with the Tigers. With the 1–0 victory over the Minnesota Twins, the Tigers clinched their third consecutive American League Central Division title. Leyland joined former coach Tony La Russa as the only managers who have led two different MLB franchises to three consecutive division titles. Of the eleven managers to have won three pennants, seven did so in the divisional era, and Leyland has the second most playoff appearances to have won three pennants with eight, with only Terry Francona having more appearances. His 44 postseason wins are tied for fourth most in MLB history with Bruce Bochy, while his 40 losses are fourth most. He retired from managing following the 2013 season, remaining with the Tigers organization as a special assistant. He was replaced by Brad Ausmus.


title: Jim Leyland

text: On April 15, 2016, Leyland was named the manager of Team USA at the 2017 World Baseball Classic. The United States won the 2017 tournament under his leadership, making Leyland the only manager to win a World Series and a WBC title.


title: Jim Leyland

text: His son, Pat Leyland, was drafted by the Tigers in 2010 and has also played in the Seattle Mariners and Baltimore Orioles organizations.


title: Jim Leyland

text: On May 30, 2017, Leyland was one of eight new inductees announced for the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame in Detroit. The ceremony took place on September 15, 2017.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: Shafilea Iftikhar Ahmed (Punjabi and ; 14 July 1986 – 11 September 2003) was a British-Pakistani girl who was murdered by her parents in a suspected honour killing at the age of 17, due to their belief that she had become too Westernised.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: Ahmed's parents were each subsequently imprisoned for a minimum of 25 years for her murder in August 2012. The possibility of other individuals having helped her parents to dispose of their daughter's body has been raised; after the parents' trial, the chief executive of the Bradford Council for Mosques encouraged anybody with information about the case to come forward with information to assist police.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: Shafilea Ahmed was born on 14 July 1986 in Bradford, West Yorkshire, the daughter of Pakistani immigrant parents. She had the nickname "Shaf". Her parents, who are of the Sunni branch of Islam and native Punjabi speakers, originated from the village of Uttam in the Gujrat District. The family lived in the Great Sankey area of Warrington, Cheshire. Ahmed attended Great Sankey High School, its sixth form centre Barrowhall College, and Priestley College from September 2003. She was an A-Level student and hoped to become a solicitor.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: During a trip to Pakistan earlier in 2003, Ahmed had swallowed bleach in what was reported to be a suicide attempt. Her parents claimed this had been a simple mistake and that she had drunk the bleach during a power cut because she thought it was mouth wash, a claim prosecutors called "a stupid and obvious lie". Ahmed suffered extensive damage to her throat for which she was having regular ongoing care at the time of her disappearance. According to media reports, she had turned down a suitor in a forced marriage during this trip, although her parents denied there being any attempts made to pressure her into agreeing to the prospective marriage.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: Ahmed disappeared 11 September 2003, and had been missing for a week before her teachers informed the police. Subsequently, a major campaign urged anyone with information to come forward. Actress Shobna Gulati fronted the media campaign and read some of her poems on television. A nationwide hunt was launched, but when Ahmed failed to seek treatment for her damaged throat, detectives became convinced she had been murdered in a possible "honour killing" connected to her rejection of her Pakistani suitor. Superintendent Geraint Jones told the "Daily Mirror" that "her family say a suitor had been found for her in Pakistan but she was free to make her own decisions".


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: In February 2004, Ahmed's dismembered remains were found after heavy flooding in the River Kent near Sedgwick, Cumbria, away from Warrington. Police said the corpse was deliberately hidden, and a gold "zigzag" bracelet and blue topaz ring found with the body were identified by her parents. Due to the advanced decomposition of her remains, the cause of death could not be determined by coroner Alison Armer. Detective Sergeant Mike Foster stated at a hearing, "The pathologist could not determine the cause of death, but did say the body was that of a young female. Obviously, because of the condition of the body, she was unable to give any further findings." Police believe the body had probably been there since the day she disappeared or not long after. A second post mortem ordered by South Lakeland coroner Cyril Prickett failed to add anything further.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: Inspector Mike Forrester of Cumbria Constabulary stated at an inquest hearing that "it was unclear whether all of Ahmed's body parts had been found" and that DNA tests "made it a one in a billion chance that the remains were those of anyone other than Shafilea". Ahmed's dentist said he was 90% sure that the lower jaw found was hers after examining the dental work carried out on it.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: Ahmed's parents, 51-year-old taxi driver Iftikhar Ahmed and 48-year-old housewife Farzana Ahmed, were released without charge after briefly having been arrested along with five other members of her extended family. Several of Ahmed's poems interested the police, notably "I Feel Trapped", which is said to reflect Ahmed's despairing emotional state and describe a hopeless life with a family that ignored her, and that she had run away from home several times. Ahmed's friend Sarah Bennett recalled an occasion when Ahmed had been branded a "slut" by her mother for dying her hair and wearing false nails. Neighbour Sheila Costello said, "She has been reported missing twice before and been found staying with friends. We heard they had an argument over an arranged/forced marriage and that Shafi had run away. I hope nothing terrible has happened to her."


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: After three years, Cheshire Constabulary had not established a suspect, although eight members of Ahmed's extended family were arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to pervert the course of justice. Proceedings against them were dropped. An unidentified human hair not from members of her immediate family was reportedly found on Ahmed's foot.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: In January 2008, the coroner's inquest held that Ahmed was the victim of a "very vile murder", having been taken from her home on Liverpool Road in Warrington; the verdict was unlawful killing. Her family left the inquest without making any comment. After the inquest, her parents attempted unsuccessfully to have the verdict of unlawful killing overturned and replaced by an open verdict; her father argued that the coroner's view was "biased".


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: Ahmed's younger sister Alesha arranged a robbery that took place at her parents' house on 25 August 2010, during which she, her brother, sisters, and parents were in the house. She was arrested and told police that her parents had killed Ahmed. She told police that after trying to force Ahmed to accept the arranged marriage, her parents were afraid her refusal would bring shame on the family, so her father put a plastic bag in Ahmed's mouth and suffocated her to death.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: On 7 September 2011, Cheshire Police announced that Ahmed's parents had been charged with her murder. Their trial began in May 2012, and they were both found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 25 years on 3 August 2012. Mr Justice Roderick Evans said, "An expectation that she live in a sealed cultural environment separate from the culture of the country in which she lived was unrealistic, destructive and cruel." Cheshire Police purposefully did not refer to events as an "honour killing", clarifying they do not legally recognise the term and that what had happened was simply murder.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: After the trial, police were said to be looking into the possibility that Ahmed's parents had help when they dumped her body in 2003, and that they were looking into new information revealed during the trial. In August 2012, the chief executive of Bradford Council for Mosques encouraged anybody knowing about the case to come forward and said his group would help police.


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: Following the conviction of Ahmed's parents for her murder, Ahmed's close friend Melissa Powner read a statement outside the court:


title: Murder of Shafilea Ahmed

text: On 14 July 2015, the first National Day of Memory for Victims of Honour Killings was held. Organised by the Leeds-based charity Karma Nirvana, it is held annually on Ahmed's birthday.


title: Baseball field

text: A baseball field, also called a ball field or baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park. The term sandlot is sometimes used, although this usually refers to less organized venues for activities like sandlot ball.


title: Baseball field

text: The starting point for much of the action on the field is home plate (officially "home base"), a five-sided slab of white rubber. One side is long, the two adjacent sides are . The remaining two sides are approximately and set at a right angle. The plate is set into the ground so that its surface is level with the field. The corner of home plate where the two 11-inch sides meet at a right angle is at one corner of a square. The other three corners of the square, in counterclockwise order from home plate, are called first, second, and third base. These bases are marked by canvas or rubber cushions, square and thick. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8.5-inch sides is a batter's box.


title: Baseball field

text: All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory. Thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be ruled a fair ball. While the first and third base bags are placed so that they lie inside the 90-foot square formed by the bases, the second base bag is placed so that its center (unlike first, third and home) coincides exactly with the "point" of the ninety-foot square. Thus, although the "points" of the bases are 90 feet apart, the physical distance between each successive pair of base markers is closer to .


title: Baseball field

text: Near the center of the square is an artificial hill known as the pitcher's mound, atop which is a white rubber slab known as the pitcher's plate, colloquially the "rubber". The specifications for the pitcher's mound are described below.


title: Baseball field

text: The lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the playing field between (and including) the foul lines is fair territory; the rest is "foul territory". The area within the square formed by the bases is officially called the infield, though colloquially this term also includes fair territory in the vicinity of the square; fair territory outside the infield is known as the outfield. Most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is usually set at a distance ranging from from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole which are about apart. These poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a batted ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball and the batter is awarded a home run.


title: Baseball field

text: A baseball infield is the square area within the four 90-foot baselines (60-foot baselines in Little League Baseball for youths 12 years old and under). The four bases are integral parts of the infield; a ball that touches any part of a base is considered a fair ball.


title: Baseball field

text: First base is the first of the four bases that must be touched by a runner in order to score a run for the batting team. The runner may continue running past first base in a straight line without being in jeopardy of being put out, so long as they make contact with first base and make no move or attempt to advance to second base.


title: Baseball field

text: The first baseman is the defensive player mainly responsible for the area near first base. A first baseman is often tall. A tall first baseman has a larger range for reaching and catching errant throws.


title: Baseball field

text: In some youth leagues and adult recreational leagues, a "double first base" or "safety first base" is used. A double first base is rectangular (rather than square), measuring 30 by 15 inches. It is normally colored white and orange (two 15 by 15 inches squares). It is placed with the white half in fair territory and the orange half in foul territory. The white half is used by the first baseman to make plays while the orange half is used by the runner. This creates a separation between the first baseman and runner, reducing the chance of injury on plays at first base.


title: Baseball field

text: Second base is the second of the four bases a runner must touch in order to score a run. Second base is mainly defended by the second baseman and the shortstop. The second baseman and shortstop ideally possess quick feet and the ability to release the ball rapidly and accurately. One player will usually cover second base while the other attempts to field the ball. Both players must communicate well to be able to make a double play. Particular agility is required of the second baseman in double play situations, which usually force the player to throw towards first base while their momentum carries them in the opposite direction.


title: Baseball field

text: A runner on second base is said to be in "scoring position", since there is a higher likelihood of scoring a run from second base on a single. Since second base is the farthest from home plate, it is the most commonly stolen base in baseball.


title: Baseball field

text: In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the second baseman is assigned the number 4, and the shortstop 6.


title: Baseball field

text: Third base is the third of the four bases a runner must touch in order to score a run. The third baseman is the defensive player mainly responsible for the area nearest third base. A third baseman ideally possesses quick reaction to batted balls and a strong arm to make the long throw to first base. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the third baseman is assigned the number 5.


title: Baseball field

text: Like a runner on second base, a runner on third base is said to be in "scoring position", since there is a higher likelihood of scoring a run on a single or sacrifice fly provided that the third and final out is not recorded before they can reach home plate.


title: Baseball field

text: Home base, usually called "home plate", is the final base that a player must touch to score a run. Unlike the other bases, home plate is a five-sided slab of white rubber that is set at ground level.


title: Baseball field

text: In most MLB stadiums, the backstop is at least 60 feet behind home plate and is composed of a lower solid wall and upper netting that protects spectators behind home plate from wild pitches, passed balls, and foul balls.


title: Baseball field

text: In recreational fields, there is usually a tall chain-link fence that surrounds the infield and the players' bench for player safety.


title: Baseball field

text: Baselines are straight lines between two adjacent bases. Physical baselines are not drawn between first and second or second and third bases; the foul lines serve to mark the baseline between home plate and first base, and between third base and home.


title: Baseball field

text: Generally, baserunners are not required to follow the baseline. A baserunner seeking to advance more than one base typically "rounds" the base, following a more circular path. However, a runner's left-right motion is constrained when the defense tries to tag him. At the moment the defense begins the attempt, the baserunner's running baseline is established as a direct line from their current position to the base they are trying for. A runner straying more than away from this baseline to avoid a tag may be called out.


title: Baseball field

text: Beginning halfway between home and first base, and ending at first base, there is a second chalk line to the right of the foul line. This second line and the part of the foul line it runs parallel to, form the running lane that defines the path in which a batter-runner must run as they are advancing to first base. Rule 6.05(k) of the Official Baseball Rules states that if a batter-runner running to first base runs outside the running lane, and "in doing so" interferes with the fielder taking the throw at first, then the batter-runner is automatically out. First base itself is not located in the running lane, but Rule 6.05 lets the batter-runner leave the running lane "by means of a step, stride or slide in the immediate vicinity of first base" to step on first base.


title: Baseball field

text: The batter's box is the place where the batter stands when ready to receive a pitch from the pitcher. It is usually drawn in chalk on the dirt surrounding home plate, and the insides of the boxes are watered down before each game.


title: Baseball field

text: The chalk lines delineating the two foul lines are rarely extended through the batter's boxes. However, those lines exist conceptually for the purpose of judging a batted ball fair or foul. In addition, inside edges of the batter's boxes are often not laid-in with chalk. Similarly, though not marked, those lines continue to exist for the purpose of the rules pertaining to the batter's box and the batter's position relative thereto.


title: Baseball field

text: There are two batter's boxes, one on each side of home plate. The batter's boxes are wide and long. The batter's boxes are centered lengthwise at the center of home plate with the inside line of each batter's box from the near edge of home plate. A right-handed batter would stand in the batter's box on the right side of home plate from the perspective of the pitcher. A left-handed batter would stand in the batter's box to their left. A batter may only occupy one batter's box at a time and may not legally leave the batter's box after the pitcher has come set or has started their windup. Should the batter wish to leave the batter's box once the pitcher has engaged the rubber, they must first ask the umpire for time-out. Time will not be granted if the pitcher has already started their pitching motion. For playing rules relating to the batter's box, see Rules 6.05 and 6.06 of the Official Baseball Rules.


title: Baseball field

text: The catcher's box is an area of the field behind home plate which the catcher occupy to avoid committing a balk when a pitch is thrown.


title: Baseball field

text: In roughly the middle of the square, equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base, is a low artificial hill called the pitcher's mound. This is where the pitcher stands when throwing the pitch. Atop the mound is a white rubber slab, called the pitcher's plate or pitcher's rubber. It measures front-to-back and across, the front of which is exactly from the rear point of home plate. This peculiar distance was set by the rule makers in 1893, not due to a clerical or surveying error as popular myth has it, but intentionally (further details under "History").


title: Baseball field

text: In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is in diameter, with the center from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the "pitcher's plate" or "rubber" is behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The top of the rubber is to be no higher than ten inches (25 cm) above home plate. From 1903 through 1968, this height limit was set at , but was often slightly higher, sometimes as high as , especially for teams that emphasized pitching, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were reputed to have the highest mound in the majors.


title: Baseball field

text: A pitcher will push off the rubber with their foot in order to gain velocity toward home plate when pitching. In addition, a higher mound generally favors the pitcher. With the height advantage, the pitcher gains more leverage and can put more downward velocity on the ball, making it more difficult for the batter to strike the ball squarely with the bat. The lowering of the mound in 1969 was intended to "increase the batting" once again, as pitching had become increasingly dominant, reaching its peak the prior year; 1968 is known among baseball historians as "The Year of the Pitcher". This restrictive rule apparently did its job, contributing to the hitting surge of modern baseball.


title: Baseball field

text: A pitcher's mound is difficult for groundskeepers to maintain. Usually before every game it is watered down to keep the dust from spreading. On youth and amateur baseball fields, the mound may be much different from the rule book definition due to erosion and repair attempts. Even in the major leagues, each mound gains its own character, as pitchers are allowed to kick away pieces of dirt in their way, thereby sculpting the mound a bit to their preference.


title: Baseball field

text: The pitcher may keep a rosin bag on the rear of the mound to dry off their hands. Major League Baseball teams are also permitted cleat cleaners on the back of the mound. This may be a flat grate-style plate, or simply a hand tool such as a piece of wood used to remove mud and dirt from cleats. These items are allowed to remain on the backside of the mound at the discretion of the umpire, thus reducing the probability that they will affect a live play.


title: Baseball field

text: The grass line, where the dirt of the infield ends and the grass of the outfield begins, has no special significance to the rules of the game (except in Double-A Minor League Baseball where all infielders must be on the infield dirt when the pitch is thrown as part of an experimental rule for the 2021 season), but it can influence the outcome of a game. Dirt running paths between the bases (and, at one time and still in some parks, between the pitcher and the catcher) have existed since the beginning of the game, although they were not mentioned in the rule books until around 1950, and their specifications are flexible. In addition to providing a running path, the grass lines act as a visual aid so that players, umpires and fans may better judge distance from the center of the diamond. Occasionally the ball may take a tricky bounce off the dirt area or the edge between the dirt and the grass. Multiple World Series championships (including 1924, 1960 and 1986) have been decided or heavily influenced by erratic hops of ground balls.


title: Baseball field

text: In artificial turf stadiums, infield dirt was originally only placed in three five-sided areas around the bases and in two circles around the pitcher's and batting areas, which are referred to as "sliding pits". In this configuration, the "grass line" is usually designated with a white arc. This setup first appeared at Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium upon its opening in 1970. Among Major League Baseball fields, Rogers Centre was the last stadium to maintain this type of configuration and was reconfigured with a full dirt infield starting in the 2016 MLB season.


title: Baseball field

text: In some college baseball parks with artificial turf fields, the entire field (along with possibly the pitcher's mound) is made up of turf, with parts of the field mainly containing dirt instead merely being clay-colored turf.


title: Baseball field

text: The outfield is made from thick grass or artificial turf. It is where the outfielders play. The positions to play in the outfield are left, center, and right field (named in relation to the batter's position; thus left field is beyond third base and right field is beyond first base). Outfields vary in size and shape depending on the overall size and shape of the playing field. The outfield stretches from the infield to the outfield wall and it contains the warning track. Outfields especially vary from Little League to major league fields. Little League outfields vary more in size than Major League outfields. Outfields often differ from infields in the specific type of grass used, but most major league outfields are grass.


title: Baseball field

text: The warning track is the strip of dirt at the edges of the baseball field (especially in front of the home run fence and along the left and right sides of a field). Because the warning track's color and feel differ from the grass field, a fielder can remain focused on a fly ball near the fence and measure their proximity to the fence while attempting to catch the ball safely.


title: Baseball field

text: A warning track's width is not specified in the rules. It is generally designed to give about three steps of warning to the highest-level players using the field. Typical widths run from about six feet for Little League fields to about for college- or professional-level play. A warning track this wide also lets groundskeepers avoid driving maintenance vehicles on the grass.


title: Baseball field

text: The track can be composed of finely ground rock particles such as cinders, which is why announcer Bob Wolff called it the "cinder path" rather than the "warning track".


title: Baseball field

text: The idea of a warning track originated in Yankee Stadium, where an actual running track was built for use in track and field events. When ballpark designers saw how the track helped fielders, it soon became a feature of every ballpark.


title: Baseball field

text: Single-minded fielders often crash into a wall trying to make a catch despite the warning track. For this reason, outfield walls are typically padded for extra safety. Wrigley Field's brick wall is covered only by ivy, which is not especially soft. However, there are pads on the walls of the tight left and right field corners in foul ground.


title: Baseball field

text: "Warning-track power" is a derogatory term for a batter who seems to have just enough power to hit the ball to the warning track for an out, but not enough to hit a home run. The term more generally refers to someone or something that is almost but not quite good enough for something.


title: Baseball field

text: The outfield wall or fence is the outer boundary of the outfield. A ball passing over the wall is dead. If it passes over the wall in fair territory, without touching the ground, it is a home run. The official rules do not specify the shape, height, or composition of the wall, or a specific mandatory distance from home plate (though Major League Baseball mandates a minimum distance of and recommends a minimum distance of at the foul poles and at center field). As a result, baseball fields can vary greatly along those lines. The wall has numbers affixed or painted on it that denote the distance from that point on the wall to home plate. In most modern major league ballparks, the wall is made of some hard material (e.g., concrete, plywood, sheet metal) with padding on the field side to protect players who may collide with the wall at high speed while trying to make a play. Chain link fencing may also be incorporated into the wall in areas where the wall needs to be transparent, e.g., an outfield bullpen, a spectator area behind the wall, or to protect a scoreboard incorporated into the wall. Many ballparks feature a yellow line denoting the top of the wall to aid umpires in judging whether the ball passed over the wall or if the ball is fair or foul.


title: Baseball field

text: Foul poles, if present, help umpires judge whether a fly ball hit above the fence line is foul (out of play) or fair (a home run). The poles are a vertical extension of the foul lines at the edge of the field of play. The outer edge of the foul lines and foul poles define foul territory. Both the lines and the poles are in fair territory, in contrast to American football and basketball, where the lines marking the playing boundaries are out of bounds. The minimum distance to hit a home run (along either foul line) is set by baseball rules, generally at .


title: Baseball field

text: Before 1931 (with the exception of a couple months in 1920) the foul lines extended indefinitely; a batter was awarded a home run only if a fly ball out of the field was fair where it landed. Now, a batted ball that leaves the field in flight is judged fair or foul at the point it leaves the field. Thus, such a fly ball passing on the fair side of a foul pole, or hitting a foul pole, is a home run regardless of where the ball goes thereafter.


title: Baseball field

text: Foul poles are typically much higher than the top of the outfield fence or wall, and often have a narrow screen running along the fair side of the pole. This further aids the umpires' judgment, as a ball that bounces off this screen is a home run. It can still be a difficult call, especially in ballparks with no outfield stands behind the poles to provide perspective. Wrigley Field is notorious for arguments over long, curving flies down a foul line (most notably in left field) that sail higher than the foul pole.


title: Baseball field

text: At Major League Baseball fields, foul poles are usually yellow. Those at Citi Field are orange. At Petco Park, there is no foul pole in left field; the pole's function is served by a yellow metal strip along the corner of the Western Metal Supply Co. building. Several parks featuring advertising along the length of the foul pole, with the most prominent example being the advertising from Chick-fil-A at both Citi Field and Minute Maid Park (serving as a pun, with "fowl" being another term for a chicken, the primary meat featured by that restaurant chain).


title: Baseball field

text: The bullpen (sometimes referred to as simply "the 'pen") is the area where pitchers warm up before entering a game. Depending on the ballpark, it may be situated in foul territory along the baselines or just beyond the outfield fence. Relief pitchers usually wait in the bullpen when they have yet to play in a game, rather than in the dugout with the rest of the team. The starting pitcher also makes their final pregame warmups in the bullpen. Managers can call coaches in the bullpen on an in-house telephone from the dugout to tell a certain pitcher to begin their warmup tosses.


title: Baseball field

text: There are two on-deck circles in the field, one for each team, positioned in foul ground between home plate and the respective teams' benches. The on-deck circle is where the next scheduled batter, or "on-deck" batter, warms up while waiting for the current batter to finish their turn. The on-deck circle is either an area composed of bare dirt; a plain circle painted onto artificial turf; or often, especially at the professional level, a mat made from artificial material, with the team or league logo painted onto it.


title: Baseball field

text: The coach's boxes, located behind first and third base, are where the first and third base coaches are supposed to stand, although coaches often stand outside the box. This is permissible as long as the coach does not interfere with play and the opposing team does not object (in which case the umpire shall ensure that all coaches on both teams must abide by the boundaries of the coach's boxes). The coach's boxes are marked with chalk or paint. In the early days of baseball, the term "coacher's box" was used, as "coach" was taken to be a verb. As the term "coach" evolved into a noun, the name of the box also changed.


title: Baseball field

text: The basic layout of the field has been little changed since the Knickerbocker Rules of the 1840s. Those rules specified the distance from home to second as 42 "paces". The dictionary definition of a "pace" at the time was 30 inches, yielding base paths of approximately 75 feet; however, if a "pace" of three feet was meant then the distance would have been 89 feet. It is not implausible that the early clubs simply stepped off the distance. 30 yards (90 feet) between the bases was first explicitly prescribed by the NABBP Convention of 1857. Through trial and error, 90 feet had been settled upon as the optimal distance. 100 feet would have given too much advantage to the defense, and 80 feet too much to the offense.


title: Baseball field

text: The original Knickerbocker Rules did not specify the pitching distance explicitly; the 1854 Unified Rules stated "from Home to pitcher not less than fifteen paces". By the time major league baseball began in the 1870s, the pitcher was compelled to pitch from within a "box" whose front edge was from the "point" of home plate. Although they had to release the ball before crossing the line, as with bowlers in cricket, they also had to start their delivery from within the box; they could not run in from the field as bowlers do. Furthermore, the pitcher had to throw underhand. By the 1880s, pitchers had mastered the underhand delivery—in fact, in 1880, there were two perfect games within a week of each other.


title: Baseball field

text: In an attempt to "increase the batting", the front edge of the pitcher's box was moved back 5 feet in 1881, to from home plate. The size of the box was altered over the following few years. Pitchers were allowed to throw overhand starting in 1884, and that tilted the balance of power again. In 1887, the box was set at wide and deep, with the front edge still 50 feet from the plate. However, the pitcher was compelled to deliver the ball with their back foot at the line of the box, thus somewhat restricting their ability to "power" the ball with their overhand delivery.


title: Baseball field

text: In 1893, the box was replaced by the pitcher's plate, although "the box" is still used today as a slang term for the pitcher's location on the field. Exactly 5 feet was added to the point the pitcher had to toe, again "to increase the batting" (and hopefully to increase attendance, as fan interest had flagged somewhat), resulting in the seemingly peculiar pitching distance of .


title: Baseball field

text: Many sources suggest that the pitching distance evolved from 45 to 50 to 60.5 feet. However, the first two were the "release point" and the third is the "pushoff point", so the 1893 increase was not quite as dramatic as is often implied; that is, the 1893 rule change added only 5 feet to the release point, not 10.5 feet.


title: Baseball field

text: Originally the pitcher threw from flat ground, but over time the raised mound was developed, somewhat returning the advantage to the pitchers. Before the mid-20th century, it was common for baseball fields to include a dirt pathway between the pitcher's mound and home plate. This feature is sometimes known as the "keyhole" due to the shape that it makes together with the mound. The keyhole was once as wide as the pitcher's box and resembled a cricket pitch. Sometimes this path extended through the batting area and all the way to the backstop. Once the rounded pitcher's mound was developed, the path became more ornamental than practical, and was gradually thinned before being largely abandoned by the 1950s. In recent years some ballparks, such as Comerica Park and Chase Field in the major leagues, have revived the feature for nostalgic reasons.


title: Baseball field

text: From 1857 to 1867 home plate was a circular iron plate, painted or enameled white, covering "a space equal to one square foot of surface", i.e. with a diameter of ~13-1/2 inches. In 1868 the plate was changed to a square, 12" on a side, originally set with the flat sides toward the pitcher and catcher; the new professional National Association rotated it 45 degrees in 1871. In 1872 the rules required it to be made of white marble or stone set flush with the ground. For the rest of the century materials varied between stone, iron and wood, but at all times it was a white twelve-inch square. The pentagonal shape and the mandatory use of rubber were developed by Robert Keating, who had pitched one game for the 1887 Baltimore Orioles; the new plate was adopted by the National League in 1900. From 1861 to 1874 the center, not the back, of the plate was situated on the intersection of the foul lines, and in 1875-76 was moved entirely into foul ground with the "pitcher's point" at the intersection. In 1877 it was moved forward to its modern location, wholly in fair territory.


title: Baseball field

text: There were no batters' boxes before 1874. Up until that time, the batter was required to hit with their front foot on a line passing through the center of the plate. The 1874 batters' boxes were 6 feet by 3 feet, 12 inches from the plate; the modern dimensions (6' x 4') were instituted in 1885 by the National League and the following year by the American Association


title: Baseball field

text: The Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) presents various awards each year. Starting in 2001, its Sports Turf Manager of the Year Awards have been presented annually in the Triple-A, Double-A, Class A, and Short-Season/Rookie divisions of Minor League Baseball and are chosen from the 16 league winners. STMA also presents the Baseball Field of the Year Award, which includes Schools and Parks, College/University and Professional categories.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: George Carroll, better known as Slaine, is an American rapper and actor. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, where he spent his childhood and teenage years. Carroll moved to New York City in the mid-1990s, where he adopted the moniker of Slaine and started to rap and record hip-hop. In the early 2000s, Carroll became a growing figure in the Boston hip-hop scene, releasing several mixtapes, and the LP "Stereotypez" (2007) with his group Special Teamz. Later, "A Brand You Can Trust" (2009) was released, by the rap supergroup La Coka Nostra, where Carroll is joined by Ill Bill, and House of Pain. Carroll’s first solo album "A World With No Skies 2.0." (2011) peaked at 33 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums it, 22 on the Top Rap Albums, 29 on US Independent Albums, and 4 on Top Heatseekers.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: Carroll’s subsequent albums with La Coka Nostra were "Masters of the Dark Arts" (2012) and "To Thine Own Self Be True" (2016). On his own he followed up with "The Boston Project" (2013), "The King of Everything Else" (2014), "Anti-Hero" (2017), "One Day" (2019), and "The Things We Can't Forgive" (2021).


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: While rising on the hip-hop scene, Carroll became an actor. For his directorial film debut, "Gone Baby Gone" (2007), actor Ben Affleck thought he had the right look for a part and auditioned him successfully. However before Carroll was completely onboard, Affleck had to do some additional convincing, since the producers were reluctant to hire a first time actor. A few years later, Affleck rehired Carroll for the movie "The Town" (2010). Together with the rest of the cast, they won Best ensemble cast at the 2010 National Board of Review, and Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards. Carroll continued acting in motion pictures with roles in "Killing Them Softly" (2012), "Girl House" (2014), "Central Intelligence" (2016), "Wheelman" (2017), etc.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: George Carroll was born in the Boston, Massachusetts. His family often moved between the neighbourhoods of South Boston, Dorchester, and Roslindale. He started writing rap lyrics in 1986, being influenced by the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, and Kool Moe Dee. However, his first goal was to become a filmmaker. Carroll said that he moved to New York City in 1996. During this time he studied film at the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan, but was let go after getting into an altercation with a staff member. Carroll turned his direction toward hip-hop performing his raps at open-mike sessions and street corners. Eventually while recording a demo in the studio of the rap group Lordz of Brooklyn, Carroll said that member Kaves nicknamed him Slaine after an Irish comic book character. Afterward, Carroll lived between Boston and New-York.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In late 2004, the creation of the rap supergroup La Coka Nostra started when hip-hop artist Danny Boy O'Connor was mentoring two up and coming artists which included Carroll. O'Connor brought them to meet his former DJ Leor Diamant (DJ Lethal) from his previous group House of Pain. They decided to make a group, however O'Connor felt that there was a void and asked experienced rapper William Braunstein (Ill Bill) to join. The group's name came about, when O'Connor teased other members after they had a night out. The group started releasing music on MySpace, and went viral. Eventually, another former House of Pain member Erik Schrody (Everlast) showed interest to join the group. By 2006, the group consisted of O'Connor, Carroll, Diamant, Braunstein, and Schrody (who left some time after the first album was released).


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: During this time, Carroll was getting noticed as a talented rapper in the Boston underground hip-hop scene. He was part of a group named Special Teamz alongside artists Jayshaun and Ed O.G. In a 2005 Boston Globe article, he is described as “one of the city’s most talented hip-hop artist, who exudes mass appeal”.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2007, Carroll had his first acting role in Ben Affleck's "Gone Baby Gone." Reading a newspaper article about his music triggered Affleck's initial interest in casting him. At 9 am the next day, Affleck started to phone Carroll, who had gone to bed two hours earlier and missed all his calls. Carroll said "My picture was in the "Boston Herald" talking about what I was doing with my music. I woke up one afternoon, and I had 66 missed phone calls. They called me in to do an audition -- turned out I had to do five auditions." Originally Carroll was sought after for the role of Cheese, but Affleck changed his mind and wanted him for the bigger part of the gangster Bubba Rogowski. Carroll explained "I thought I wasn't going to get (the role) because they took so long to get back to me, but it turns out Ben was just convincing the studio to take a chance on me despite my lack of acting experience. I was in L.A. recording with La Coka Nostra when I got the call and was obviously ecstatic." Affleck explained his reasoning by saying “it’s really great to hire people with whom an audience isn’t overly familiar, because audiences have developed expectations and kind of anticipate what an actor might do if they’ve seen them a bunch". Released on October 19, 2007, the film grossed $20.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $14.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $34.6 million against its $19 million budget.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2009, La Coka Nostra released "A Brand You Can Trust" was released on July 14, 2009, on Suburban Noize Records. It sold over 500,000 units. "AllMusic" gave four out of five stars. Andrew Kameka of "HipHopDX" wrote that "the album is a mostly solid effort and exactly what someone would expect from a supergroup of like-minded members known for high-energy music". Adam Kennedy of the "BBC" while praising some the moments of the album said "it’s a tantalising parting taste of potential capabilities". Steve Juon of "RapReviews" gave it a seven out of ten saying "there's definitely brutal beauty in the worlds that have collided on La Coka Nostra's "A Brand You Can Trust"". Thomas Quinlan of "Exclaim!" said "La Coka Nostra are an interesting collection of collaborators that live up to the hype".


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2010, Carroll reunited with director Affleck for the film "The Town." The film is about a gang of bank robbers which includes Carroll, Affleck, Jeremy Renner, and Owen Burke. For their performances they won Best ensemble cast at the 2010 National Board of Review, and Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards. The film took #1 at the box office during its opening weekend, taking in $23.8 million. "The Town" grossed $92.1 million in the United States and Canada with an additional $61.8 million in other territories for a total of $154 million worldwide on a production budget of $37 million.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2011, Carroll released his first solo album "A World With No Skies 2.0". The addition of the "2.0" is due to the fact that an earlier version of the album had been leaked online. On the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums it peaked at 33, on Top Rap Albums at 22, on US Independent Albums at 29, and on Top Heatseekers at 4. David Jeffries of "AllMusic" gave it three and a half stars out of five, saying <nowiki>"</nowiki>this is a solid outing from the Irish-American MC<nowiki>"</nowiki>. Steve Juon of "Rapreviews" gave it eight out of ten and said "It's that self-effacing humor and penchant for punchlines that keep Slaine's album from going so dark". Luke Gibson of "HipHopDX" gave it four out of five stars, praised it to be Carroll best lyrical effort to date, and said <nowiki>"a national album that portrays him as more than just Boston’s boy, but a voice that resonates with struggle, perseverance and the tender balance between good and evil everywhere"</nowiki>. For his music accomplishments, Carroll won "Hip Hop Artist Of The Year" at the Boston Music Awards.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: That same year on television, on 11 February, Carroll acted in "Razer" the ninth instalment of the first season of "The Cape". On 4 October, he played a part in "Missing" an episode of "Body of Proof".


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2012, La Coka Nostra released their second album, "Masters of the Dark Arts". It reached 176 on "Billboard" Top Current Albums, 40 on Independent Albums, and 31 on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Adam Fleischer of "XXL" magazine noted that "La Coka Nostra remain decidedly true to their core with their new album" and "that they are indeed masters of the dark arts". "HipHopDX" gave the album a positive review and noted that the album was a "sinister, happily violent detour from the pop-centric". Peter Marrack of "Exclaim!" also gave the album a positive review and noted that the album was "more or less a one-way ticket to hell". Nathan G. O'Brien of "Scene Point Blank" gave it four out five star and said "with Master of the Dark Arts La Coka Nostra’s pluperfect union of bombastic boom-bap, record scratching, and realism-based hardcore rhyming". Also that year, Carroll acted in Andrew Dominik's "Killing Them Softly."


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2013, Carroll released his second solo album "The Boston Project". Where all the songs have featured guest from the Boston hip hop local scenes, including the likes of Esoteric, Ed O.G., Millyz, etc. Of this record Carroll explained his intent: “I wanted to create a record that highlights what this city has to offer musically and show how diverse the talent is. This record embodies something much larger than just a Slaine record.” On the Top Rap Albums it peaked at the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums it peaked at 40, and on Top Heatseekers at 10. Matt Jost of Rapreview gave it a seven point five out of ten saying: "Slaine makes for a formidable tour guide, relying on his own experience but also knowing that, as he puts it at one point, “I speak for more of us.”" Andres Tardio of HipHopDx gave it three point five stars out of five and stated that. ""The Boston Project" is a solid album with versatility that does what Slaine set out to do: represent Boston Hip Hop in a positive light." Martìn Cabellero of The Boston Globe liked the album calling it ambitious and a strong showing of his talent.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2014, Carroll released his third album "The King of Everything Else." On the Billboard 200 it peaked at 189, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums at 26, on Top Rap Albums at 15, on US Independent Albums at 30, and on Top Heatseekers at 4.


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: Acting credits for that year are the gangster film "By the Gun," and Trevor Matthews's horror film "Girl House", where he plays the main antagonist. The second is described as a good slasher film with good performances. Mike Wilson of Bloody Disgusting said "Slaine hits the right notes when it comes to expressions and emotions, while evoking a bit of sympathy for the sob". Scott Hallam of Dread Central praised Carroll "one of the true strengths of the film is Slaine’s portrayal of the killer, Loverboy".


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2016, La Coka Nostra released "To Thine Own Self Be True". The album reached 38 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Steve Juon of "RapReviews" gave eight point five out of ten and wrote "for a blissful 45 minutes it's an uncut dose of that nostalgia straight through the ear canals to the dopamine centers of my brain". Also that year, Carroll acted in Rawson Marshall Thurber's "Central Intelligence," John Swab's "Let Me Make You a Martyr", and "Dead Draw".


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2017, Carroll and rapper Termanology, as a duo called Slaine Vs Termanology, released the album "Anti-Hero."


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2019, he acted in John Swab's "Run with the Hunted". That year he also released the album "One Day."


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2021, Carroll acted in the suspense film "Ida Red" by John Swab. That year he also released the album "The Things We Can't Forgive."


title: Slaine (rapper)

text: In 2022, in addition to his music and acting career, Carroll opened up Charles River Recovery with a group of professionals whose mission is to give treatment to people who suffer from addiction. Carroll found sobriety in March 2014 after a long battle with alcoholism and addiction and became increasingly involved in helping others after losing his best friend to an overdose. Charles River Recovery is a 110 bed inpatient medical detox and clinical stabilization facility in the Boston area.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: The Social War (from Latin , properly 'war of the allies'), also called the Italian War or the Marsic War, was fought from 91 to 87 BC between the Roman Republic and several of its autonomous allies () in Italy. The Italian allies wanted Roman citizenship, not only for the status and influence that came with it, but also for the right to vote in Roman elections and laws. They believed that they should be treated equally to the Romans, given that they had formed cultural and linguistic connections with the Roman civilization, and had been their loyal allies for over two centuries. The Romans strongly opposed their demands, and refused to grant them citizenship, thus leaving the "socii" with fewer rights and privileges.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: The situation escalated in 91 BC, leading to the outbreak of a devastating war, in which many of the Italian allies, headed by the Samnites and the Marsi, staged a four-year revolt against Roman rule. Most of the Etruscan, Umbrian and Latin allies did not join the rebellion. In order to end the conflict, and to avoid future conflict of the same kind, the Romans decreed several laws by which the peoples and cities who remained loyal or surrendered to Rome would be awarded Roman citizenship. By 87 BC, Roman victory was complete, and citizenship had been extended to all of peninsular Italy.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: The Social War led to a complete Romanization of Italy. The Etruscans and the Italic peoples quickly integrated themselves into the Roman world after gaining Roman citizenship. Their own languages and cultures became extinct in the process, and the term "Roman" came to refer to all inhabitants of Italy. The Romans did not consider Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica part of Italy during this period. Cisalpine Gaul was also not legally considered Italian territory until 42 BC, when it had been merged into Roman Italy, as indicated in Caesar's unpublished acts ("Acta Caesaris").


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: Roman victory in the Samnite Wars (343–290 BC) resulted in effective Roman dominance of the Italian peninsula. This dominance was expressed in a collection of alliances between Rome and the cities and communities of Italy, on more or less favorable terms depending on whether a given city had voluntarily allied with Rome or been defeated in war. These cities were theoretically independent, but in practice Rome had the right to demand from them tribute money and a certain number of soldiers: by the 2nd century BC the Italian allies contributed between one half and two-thirds of the soldiers in Roman armies. Rome also had virtual control over the allies' foreign policy, including their interaction with one another. Aside from the Second Punic War, where Hannibal had limited success in turning some Italian communities against Rome, for the most part the Italian communities were content to remain as client states of Rome in return for local autonomy.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: The Romans' policy of land distribution had led to great inequality of land-ownership and wealth. This led to the "Italic people declining little by little into pauperism and paucity of numbers without any hope of remedy" (Appian).


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: A number of political proposals had attempted to address the growing discrepancy whereby Italians made a significant contribution to Rome's military force, while receiving disproportionately small shares of land and citizenship rights. These efforts came to a head under the impetus of Marcus Livius Drusus in 91 BC. His reforms would have granted the Italian allies Roman citizenship, giving them a greater say in the external policy of the Roman Republic. Most local affairs came under local governance and were not as important to the Romans as, for example, when the alliance would go to war or how they would divide the plunder. The response of the Roman senatorial elite to Drusus' proposals was to reject his ideas and assassinate him. This brusque dismissal of the granting of rights that the Italians considered to be long overdue greatly angered them, and communities throughout Italy attempted to declare independence from Rome in response, sparking a war.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: The Social War began in 91 BC when the Italian allies revolted. The Latins as a whole remained largely loyal to Rome, with the one exception of Venusia. The Etruscans and Umbrians, who were the most powerful people amongst Socii, mostly stayed neutral at the beginning. They were soon offered citizenship by Rome to prevent them from joining the rebellion. The rebellious allies not only planned a formal separation from Rome, but also the re-organisation of "Italia" (the Roman term for the peninsula) as its own independent federation, with its own capital at Corfinium (in modern Abruzzo) that was renamed "Italica". To pay for the troops, they created their own coinage that was used as propaganda against Rome. The coins depict eight warriors taking an oath, probably representing the Marsi, Picentines, Paeligni, Marrucini, Vestini, Frentani, Samnites and Hirpini.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: The Italian soldiers were battle-hardened, most of them having served in the Roman armies. The allies of Italia were originally able to field 120,000 men. The Italians divided this force according to their positions within Italy.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: The Roman strategy focused on surviving the first onslaught, while simultaneously trying to entice other Italian clients to remain loyal or refrain from defection, and then meet the threat of the revolt with troops raised from provinces as well as from client kingdoms. One of the two separate theatres of war was assigned to each of the consuls of 90 BC. In the north, the consul Publius Rutilius Lupus was advised by Gaius Marius and Pompeius Strabo; in the south the consul Lucius Julius Caesar had Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Titus Didius.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: By the end of 89 BC most of the rebel leaders were dead. In the north the last pockets of resistance were being mopped up by Pompeius Strabo and in the south only the Samnites remained a threat.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: At the beginning of 88 BC, the war was largely over except for the Samnites, the old rivals of Rome, who still held out. It is likely that the war would have continued for some time had Rome not made concessions to their allies. Rome could now return their focus on the rest of their republic. In the East a new threat loomed; Mithridates, the king of Pontus, invaded the Roman province of Asia and slaughtered Romans and Italians alike. Rome's generals contended for the honour (and profit) of commanding the war against the eastern king. This led to Sulla's march on Rome. The Samnites would become major players in the civil strife that followed.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: The Samnites and Lucanians held out at Nola and Bruttium until 87 BC, when the conflict subsumed into the Roman civil war that broke out that year.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: Lucius Julius Caesar sponsored the "Lex Julia" during his consulship, which he carried out before his office ended. The law offered full citizenship to all Latin and Italian communities who had not revolted. This was mainly done to prevent the Etruscans and Umbrians from joining the rebellion.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: However, the law offered the option of citizenship to whole communities and not to individuals. This meant that each individual community had to pass the law, most likely by a vote in assembly, before it could take effect. It was also possible under the "Lex Julia" for citizenship to be granted as a reward for distinguished military service in the field.


title: Social War (91–87 BC)

text: It is assumed that the "Lex Julia" was closely followed by a supplementary statute, the "Lex Plautia Papiria", which stated that a registered male of an allied Italian state could obtain Roman citizenship by presenting himself to a Roman praetor within 60 days of the passing of the law. This law granted Roman citizenship to fellow Italians who had rebelled against Rome.


title: Chief of police

text: A chief of police is the title given to an appointed official or an elected one in the chain of command of a police department, particularly in North America. A chief of police may also be known as a police chief or sometimes just a chief, while some countries favour other titles such as commissioner or chief constable. A police chief is appointed by and answerable to a national or local government.


title: Chief of police

text: The precise role of a chief of police varies by country and sometimes within a country. The larger a police force or department, the more likely that some duties will be delegated to mid-ranked officers. The following list is a general sense of the actions and responsibilities held by any chief of police.


title: Chief of police

text: Police chiefs are usually sworn police officers, and therefore wear police uniforms and have the power of arrest, though there are exceptions. In practice, their work is administrative in all but the smallest police departments. The rare occasions when police chiefs make arrests have drawn media coverage. In 2014, Bernard Hogan-Howe chased a group of fare evaders and made an arrest. A taxi driver had approached Hogan-Howe for help, unaware that he was London's police commissioner. In 2017, Los Angeles Police Department Chief Charlie Beck arrested a police officer on suspicion of a sexual offence.


title: Chief of police

text: "Chief of police" (French: "directeur") is the most common title for the highest-ranked officer in a Canadian police service. The exceptions are: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (commissioner), Ontario Provincial Police (commissioner), South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service (chief officer), Vancouver Police Department (chief constable), West Vancouver Police Department (chief constable), Nelson Police Department (chief constable), Quebec City (director) and the Sûreté du Québec (director general).


title: Chief of police

text: In the province of Ontario, a chief of police must be a sworn police officer and therefore have completed training at the Ontario Police College or have served a probationary period with another recognized police force (such as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's academy known as "Depot"). This requirement is legislated in the Police Services Act of Ontario. The legislation states in section two that a chief of police is a police officer. Section 44.2 of the PSA defines the training requirements. There was a case in the police department of Guelph, Ontario, where a human resource manager was promoted to the position of deputy chief but was required to complete training at the OPC. The candidate is selected by a police services board.


title: Chief of police

text: Ranks below the chief are stylized as deputy chief, deputy chief constable (BC) and deputy commissioner or associate director (Quebec).


title: Chief of police

text: In Indonesia, the chief of the National Police of Indonesia is often colloquially dubbed: ""Kapolri"", an acronym of "Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia" meaning "Head of the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia". He is also a four-star ranking officer in the national police. The National Police Chief is elected by the president based on the approval of the House of Representatives and is directly responsible to the president. Since Indonesia adopts the system of a unified "national police", the chief of the Indonesian National Police holds strong responsibility in policing authorities nationally across Indonesia. The police chief usually conducts strong relations and work together with the Commander of the National Armed Forces. In line with the general features of unified structure of local governments, all chiefs of the Indonesian police, at district level (""kapolsek"", "kepala kepolisian sektor""), municipal level (""kapolres"", "kepala kepolisian resor""), and provincial level (""kapolda"", "kepala kepolisian daerah") in Indonesia, are subordinates of "Kapolri", the national police chief.


title: Chief of police

text: In the United Kingdom, the chief police officer for 43 of the 45 territorial police forces and the three special police forces holds the rank of chief constable. The exceptions are the Metropolitan Police Service and City of London Police, where the chief police officer instead holds the rank of commissioner. The umbrella term for the chief constables and commissioners is "chief police officer". The term "chief officer", by contrast, includes the chief police officers and their deputies and assistants. The National Police Chiefs Council is the association for chief officers.


title: Chief of police

text: The rank of commissioner should not be confused with the police and crime commissioners. They are elected officials who oversee a police force and how its funds are spent, rather than being police officers.


title: Chief of police

text: Chief of police is the most common title for the head of a local police department. Alternate titles for a chief of police include police commissioner, colonel, police superintendent, police president or police director. In large urban areas, some departments are led by an overseer who is not a sworn officer, usually referred to as a commissioner. The New York City Police Department is one such case, where the police chief (full title: Chief of department) is the most senior sworn officer. A sheriff is the chief of a county law enforcement agency.


title: Chief of police

text: Although sheriffs are not usually counted as police chiefs, their agencies usually have the powers and role of a police department. Some sheriffs' agencies are limited to non-policing matters such as courtroom security. The usual difference between a sheriff and a police chief is that sheriffs are elected (except in New York City, Rhode Island and Hawaii) and responsible for a county whereas a police chief manages law enforcement in a city or town and is appointed by its local government. The fraternal organization International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) is an organization that many chiefs of police are associated with.