title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Although groups from California and the Northwest region of the U.S. were heavily involved in the first Rainbow Gathering, the U.S. Southeast was strongly represented as well. At least 2,600 people from throughout that region attended and provided support for the 1972 Rainbow Gathering of the Tribes on Strawberry Lake, above Granby, Colorado. There was also strong representation from other regions of the U.S.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In 2017, the United States gathering was held near the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon. Between 10,000 and 18,000 attended the multi-day event, near Flagtail Meadow, with the largest crowds expected on July 4. The 50th Annual Rainbow Gathering took place in Taos County, New Mexico, in July 2021.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: The 50th anniversary gathering in July 2022 was held in Routt National Forest, Colorado, with over 10,000 in attendance.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: As Michael Niman notes, "Rainbow Gatherings, as a matter of principle, are free and non-commercial." Using money to buy or sell anything at Rainbow Gatherings is taboo. There are no paid organizers, although there are volunteers ("focalizers") who are crucial to setting up the gathering site. Participants are expected to contribute money, labor, and/or material. All labor is voluntary and never formally compensated; conversely, there is no monetary cost or prior obligation required to attend a Rainbow Gathering.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Aside from taking up collections (the "Magic Hat" in Rainbow parlance) for essential items purchased from the local community, there is little or no exchange of currency internally at a Gathering. The primary principle is that necessities should be freely shared, while luxuries can be traded. A designated trading area is a feature at most U.S. Gatherings. It is called "trading circle" if it is circular and "barter lane" if it is linear. Frequently traded items include items such as sweets (often referred to as "zuzus"), books, zines, crystals, rocks, gems, and handcrafts. In some rare cases people may even trade marijuana or smoking pipes (usually when no police are in the area). Snickers bars have emerged as a semi-standardized unit of exchange at some gatherings.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: There are no official leaders, no formal structure, no official spokespersons, and no membership. Some rainbow family participants make the claim that the family is the "largest non-organization of non-members in the world". In addition to referring to itself as a non-organization, the Rainbow Family of Living Light's "non-members" also playfully call the movement a "disorganization". However, there is a changing network of "focalizers" who take responsibility for passing on Rainbow information year-round, and serve as contacts if listed in the Rainbow Guide.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Gatherings are loosely maintained by open, free form counsel circles consisting of any "non-members" who wish to be part of a conversation, which use consensus process for making decisions. According to the Mini-manual, "Recognized Rainbow guidelines come from only one source, a main Counsel circle at the annual gatherings."


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Talking circles are also a feature of rainbow gatherings. Each participant in the circle talks in turn while all others present listen in silence. A ritual talking stick, feather or other object is passed around the circle to allow everyone the opportunity to speak without being interrupted; this is a custom appropriated from Indigenous peoples of North America.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: One of the central features of the annual U.S. gathering is silent meditation on the morning of the Fourth of July, with attendees gathering in a circle in the Main Meadow. At approximately noon the assembly begins a collective ""Om"" which is ended with whooping and a celebration. A parade of children comes from the Kiddie Village, singing and dancing into the middle of the circle.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Spiritually, there is a strong tradition of cultural appropriation. Native American leaders of several tribes have spoken out against the Rainbows' misappropriation of their religious ceremonies as well as their trespassing onto Native sacred sites.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Many spiritual traditions are represented, often with their own kitchen, from Hare Krishnas to Orthodox Jews to several denominations of Christianity and many others.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Creative events may include variety shows, campfire singing, fire-juggling, and large or small art projects. At one gathering, a cable car was rigged to carry groups of four quickly across a meadow. Faerie Camp was "alive with hundreds of bells and oddly illuminated objects". Musicians and music pervade all Gatherings, at kitchens, on the trails, and at campfires.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: The Rainbow Family has governed Gatherings of up to 30,000 people. Regional Rainbow gatherings can attract as many as 5,000. The U.S. annual rainbow gathering occurs around July 1-7th, but people come up to a month earlier to help set up (this is known as "Seed Camp") and remain on-site up to a month later to participate in cleanup and to perform site restorations.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Although each event is more or less anarchic, practical guidelines have been reached through the consensus process and are documented in a "Mini-manual". Items that are strongly discouraged, by some, at gatherings include firearms, alcohol, tobacco, and pets. Other items that tend to be discouraged include radios, tape players, sound amplifiers, and power tools.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Camps and kitchens are the basic community units of the Gathering. Camps may be based on regional, spiritual, or even dietary commonalities. For example, Kid Village attracts attendees with children, Tea Time specializes in serving herbal teas, Jesus Camp has a Christian foundation. Some kitchens such as the Turtle Soup Kitchen serve predominantly vegetarian meals. Lovin' Ovens is a kitchen that craft ovens out of metal drums, clay, and mud in the area and will cook food such as pizza (meat, vegetarian, and vegan) and different types of bread and snacks. Nic@Nite is a camp that focuses on the sharing of tobacco and tobacco-related products.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Not all camps are kitchens, but all kitchens are camps. In addition to feeding passers-by, kitchens send food to the one or two large communal, predominantly vegetarian meals served daily in the main meadow.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Drinking water is filtered at gatherings, both by small pump filters and large gravity-feed devices. Attendees are encouraged also to boil drinking water. Water is often tapped at a source (such as a spring or stream) and runs hundreds of yards to main kitchens in the gathering via plastic hosing.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Sanitation has historically been a major concern at Rainbow Gatherings. Human waste is deposited in latrine trenches (typically referred to as 'shitters') and treated with lime and ash from campfires. New latrines are dug and filled in daily. However sanitation may still be inadequate: the 1987 gathering in North Carolina experienced a large outbreak of highly contagious shigellosis (a.k.a. dysentery), and a smaller outbreak occurred in association with a 2018 gathering in Poland.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: C.A.L.M., or the Center for Alternative Living Medicine, is the primary group of doctors at Rainbow Gatherings who assist people with health and wellness and take responsibility for medical emergencies and sanitation of those who attend these large gatherings.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: It is an all volunteer, non-hierarchical group encompassing both mainstream, conventional medicine and alternative medicine, such as naturopathic healing modalities. It is common to find physicians working with herbalists, EMTs helping massage therapists and naturopaths coordinating with Registered Nurses on patient care. C.A.L.M. works closely with Shanti Sena, as they are often the first on the scene in a crisis. There is usually one main C.A.L.M. camp near the inner part of the gatherings and smaller first aid stations set up around the Gatherings. Even those without medical experience are encouraged to help with things such as procuring water and cooking for the healers, who are often too busy to attend main circle or visit other kitchens. In case of any emergency, CALM can be contacted on FRS Channel 3 (no tones, 462.6125 MHz UHF) and other site-specific radio frequencies.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Within the Rainbow Gathering, security, conflict resolution, and emergency situations are handled by "Shanti Sena" ("peace army" in Sanskrit), which includes anyone who is capable of helping at that time. Shanti Sena also sometimes act as liaisons to observers and law enforcement officers who patrol the Rainbow Gathering, often tracking the movements of police and park rangers through the gathering, and overseeing the interactions between officers and people attending the gathering to ensure that neither group instigates or takes part in illegal or inflammatory confrontations. This type of interference with police operations resulted in numerous arrests in the 1987 gathering in North Carolina, with state, federal and local officers being assaulted, blocked from patrol areas and threatened. The Shanti Sena at the '87 gathering were characterized by local, state, and federal officers as a criminal gang and were suspected to have collaborated in the assault on an Asheville "Citizen-Times" reporter. Several gathering members who reported they had been expelled from the gathering called the Shanti Sena "gestapo" and thugs. In some particularly serious situations, Shanti Sena have collaborated with law enforcement (although without violating the Gathering's principle of consensus). For example, a gathering regular and wanted murder suspect, Joseph Geibel, was peacefully approached by Shanti Sena and transferred to police custody at the 1998 gathering.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: The phrase is also used as a call for aid. If individuals find themselves in a dispute, they can shout "Shanti Sena". Everyone within earshot is expected to then approach the scene calmly, deescalate where possible, and eventually reach a consensus agreement to settle the dispute.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In recent years, there have been increasing reports of drifters and vagrants who attach themselves to gatherings where they engage in hard drug use, sexual assault, theft and violence. In 2014, Heber City, Utah police arrested Leilani Novak-Garcia, known as "Hitler", who repeatedly stabbed a man at the annual gathering after he tried to stop her honking her car horn. Novak-Garcia pleaded no contest to the charges and served 300 days in jail.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Jose Antonio Ramos, who was identified in 1985 and again in 2004 as the primary suspect in the disappearance of Etan Patz, attended and was removed from the Rainbow Gathering twice in the 1980s and was convicted of molesting an 8-year-old boy at a gathering in Pennsylvania. Rainbow elder Barry Adams helped to identify and convict Ramos. Ramos served a 20-year prison sentence in the State Correctional Institution in Dallas, Pennsylvania for child molestation. He was released from prison on November 7, 2012. Soon after his release he was arrested on a Megan's Law violation.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Costs local jurisdictions must bear. For example, the 2013 gathering in Beaverhead County, Montana experienced uncollectible patient charges for emergency room care and additional costs incurred at the county's hospital, which totaled an estimated $175,000.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Cost to federal government of $573,000 according to Tim Walther, assistant special agent in charge of law enforcement for the Forest Service. A total of 850 incident reports, written warnings and citations were recorded during the event. Of these, 405 incident reports were written up for Rainbow people not following the operational plan agreed upon by the Rainbows and the Forest Service.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In 2016, the American Civil Liberties Union in Vermont issued a report expressing concern over federal law enforcement activities which the ACLU describe as "overzealous" and "unconstitutional". The ACLU-VT sent letters to law enforcement officials calling for an end to the illegal targeting of Rainbow Gathering attendees expressing First Amendment rights on public land. In an October 2008 report the American Civil Liberties Union stated, "The U.S. Forest Service systematically harasses people who attend Rainbow Family gatherings on public lands."


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: All major gatherings in the United States are held on National Forest land, which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Forest Service, a federal agency with its own federal law enforcement officers. County sheriffs have concurrent jurisdiction on all forest lands, as do county police and local police depending on location, community boundaries and locals laws. So too do state law enforcement agencies, namely state wildlife wardens, state troopers and state police or bureaus of investigation. Many local gatherings occur in remote areas, with county sheriffs being the primary response. They often request deputies from neighboring counties and officers from area police departments. Additionally, it is common for state conservation and wildlife officers and state troopers to deploy. The Forest Service has often received assistance from the FBI, US Marshalls for fugitives, DEA for drug trafficking and other federal agencies. The USFS has tried to prevent these gatherings from taking place because it denies all others access to the forest and the surrounding area for the duration of the gathering or insisted that a group-use permit be signed, contending that this is standard practice for large groups wishing to camp on public land and that it is necessary to protect public safety and the local environment. Gathering organizers generally contend that the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights give them the right to peaceably assemble on public land and that requiring a permit would violate that basic right by turning it into a privilege to be regulated.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In 1984, the Forest Service enacted a regulation requiring a permit for any expressive assembly of ten or more people on Forest Service lands. This was unenforced for a year and a half before the Service attempted to apply it to the gathering in Arizona in 1986. Judge Bilby called attention to the selective enforcement of the regulation, and in any case ruled it unconstitutional, in part because it required expressive assemblies, but not non-expressive ones, to obtain permits.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: The U.S. government has in the past pressured individuals to be representatives of the Gathering (e.g., to sign a permit), however, this is in violation of the well-established Rainbow principle that "no individual may officially represent the Family as a whole." A number of court cases have resulted from both Forest Service prosecutions and Rainbow Family-inspired legal actions against enforcement activities; the Forest Service found itself rebuffed by the judge in a defendant class suit originating from the 1987 North Carolina gathering, among other defeats.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: A notable account of Gathering relations with law enforcement, "Judge Dave and the Rainbow People", was written by U.S. Federal Judge David Sentelle. The book provides a firsthand account of Sentelle's role in presiding over the 1987 case brought by the State of North Carolina in an attempt to stop the Gathering, including site visits to the Gathering and related legal actions. Garrick Beck, a Rainbow Family member involved in the 1987 case, wrote an afterword to the book in which he expresses agreement with Sentelle's characterizations. In that particular gathering, numerous state arrests were made for breaches of the peace, alcohol and traffic violations and interfering with officers. The federal court allowed the NC gathering to continue, but when members overstayed their time allocation, they were forcibly removed and arrested by state and federal officers. Damage to the Slick Rock area of Nantaha National Forest was estimated to be in the tens of thousands of dollars. An outbreak of bloody diarrhea occurred and at least two kidnapped minors were rescued from the camp in two separate incidents.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: The Forest Service has dealt with the scale of the US Annual Rainbow Gathering in the past by assigning a Type 2 National Incident Management Team (NIMT). Around 40 personnel from the NIMT have been assigned in the past, including NIMT members, Forest Service law enforcement officers (LEOs) and resource advisors. Because the Rainbow Gathering has utilized the land in the past without required consent from the Forest Service, the gatherings have been given special attention, as under current Forestry rules and regulations they may occur illegally.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In 1999 and again in 2000, the NIMT selected three gathering participants who were charged with "use or occupancy of National Forest System lands without authorization." The citation carried a maximum penalty of six months and a $5,000 fine; the charges originally could have been cleared by paying a $100 fine. Instead, they all chose to fight it in court, but lost their appeals. The three 1999 cases were later turned down by the Supreme Court.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: At the 2008 National Gathering in Wyoming, an incident occurred whereby Forest Service officers tried to arrest a member of the group. A spokeswoman for the U.S. Forest Service said that about 400 participants in the Gathering began to advance, throwing sticks and rocks at the officers, although this was disputed by Gathering participants and video evidence. Pepper balls were then fired to control the crowd. Witnesses reported that officers pointed weapons at children and fired rubber bullets at gathering participants. The ACLU produced a report following their investigation of the incident in which they were critical of the officers for a pattern of harassment and using overzealous enforcement techniques, using small violations as a pretense for larger searches.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: According to the guidelines, or Raps of the Rainbow Gathering, open and public consumption of alcohol is discouraged by many people at the gatherings with respect for others being the primary reason. A distinguishing characteristic of the U.S. annual gatherings is "A-Camp," (commonly, and mistakenly, thought to mean "alcohol camp") typically located near the front gate, where some of those who want to openly drink alcohol usually stay, yet public drinking is generally accepted in most camps close to the road. Gatherings in Europe do not have "A-Camps." Some gatherings in Canada have "A-Camps" and some do not. Wine is tolerated in moderation at some European gatherings, particularly in France, where it is customary to drink wine with the evening meal.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: There has been a longstanding Rainbow rumor that the Gathering is recognized by the elders of the Hopi people as the fulfillment of an ancient Hopi prophecy (some versions substitute Hopi with the Ojibwe people). Sometimes referred to as the Legend of the Rainbow Warriors, it was debunked as fakelore by writer Michael Niman in the 1997 book "People of the Rainbow: A Nomadic Utopia". While researching the legend, Niman interviewed Thomas Banyaca, a Hopi selected by elders in the 1950s to interpret and pass on Hopi prophecies. According to Niman, Banyaca was "puzzled about the supposed Hopi prophecy" and said, "It's not right...We hope they will stop it".


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Although Banyaca was unfamiliar with the Rainbow Family, he was aware of the Rainbow Warrior myth and said it was invented by two non-Native, Evangelical Christians, William Willoya and Vinson Brown. Willoya and Brown had briefly met with Banyaca before publishing "Warriors of the Rainbow" in 1962, a Christian tract in which they fabricated the Rainbow Warrior concept, claiming it was an ancient Native American legend and a prophecy about the Second Coming of Christ. According to Niman, the rainbow in Willoya and Brown's version was a reference to the rainbow in the Book of Genesis. Niman described the source as purveying "covert anti-Semitism throughout" and that, "If anything, it was an attack on Native culture...an attempt to evangelize within the Native American community". He said Rainbows who likely don't recognize the Biblical overtones continue to cite "Warriors of the Rainbow" and mischaracterize it as containing a message that aligns with the Rainbow ideology, often inventing entirely new versions of the myth that they still attribute to Willoya and Brown's 1962 tract.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In 2015, a group of Native American academics and writers issued a statement against the Rainbow Family members who are "appropriating and practicing faux Native ceremonies and beliefs. These actions, although Rainbows may not realize, dehumanize us as an indigenous Nation because they imply our culture and humanity, like our land, is anyone's for the taking." The signatories specifically named this misappropriation as "cultural exploitation".


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In 1980, the bodies of two women were found after the gathering at Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia and members were questioned about possible involvement. They had been shot dead during the gathering. There had been tension between local residents and the "hippies", and police concluded local men led by Greenbrier County resident Jacob Beard were responsible. Beard was convicted in 1999, but exonerated on appeal in 2000 and received a $2 million settlement for wrongful conviction. White supremacist Joseph Paul Franklin confessed to the murders but later revealed he had just read about them. The killers remain at large and filmmaker Julia Huffman is working on a documentary, "The Rainbow Murders", hoping to bring more facts to light. Emma Copley Eisenberg wrote about the murders and their impact in the 2020 book "The Third Rainbow Girl".


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In July 2011, a woman named Marie Hanson, from South Lake Tahoe, California went missing in Skookum Meadow, Washington state while attending the 2011 Rainbow Gathering at Gifford Pinchot National Forest. The local Sheriff's office reportedly initially refused to use tracking dogs at the site, stating they were not certain a crime had taken place. After pleas by the Hanson family and the Rainbow Family, a series of four searches by Rainbow Family members, law enforcement and the Hanson Family took place during late summer and fall of 2011. In October 2011, human remains and jewelry were found near the woman's campsite. It was later confirmed that the remains were those of Marie Hanson.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In 2011, three unrelated fatalities occurred at Rainbow Gatherings, including two deaths at the 2011 Washington State national Rainbow Gathering. The Washington State deaths were those of Amber Kellar, a 28-year-old Californian who died of a preexisting medical condition, and Steve Pierce, a 50-year-old Californian who died of a heart attack. In February 2011, a man drowned in a Farles Prairie pond during a regional Rainbow Gathering in Ocala National Forest, Florida.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In 2015, at a regional gathering at Apalachicola National Forest in Florida, 24-year-old Rainbow member Wesley "Dice" Jones was shot and paralyzed by Clark Mayers, 39, of Milledgeville, Georgia. Another member, Jacob Cardwell, known as "Smiley", threw himself over Dice and was himself shot and killed. Other Family members then beat and stabbed Mayers, who spent two weeks in the hospital before being moved to jail, where he was charged with first-degree murder. Authorities ordered the encampment vacated. The group complied after holding a prayer meeting.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In July 2018, Joseph Bryan Capstraw, 20, was arrested in Elizabethtown, Kentucky after confessing to the murder of a woman he met at a Rainbow Gathering in Lumpkin County, Georgia the week before. Police say the woman, identified as 18-year-old Amber Robinson of Florida, hitchhiked with Capstraw after leaving the Gathering and was beaten to death by him after an altercation.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: In February 2021, Larry "Frank" Dugger, who was attending a Rainbow Gathering at the Ocala National Forest, was shot and killed by an unknown assailant.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: There is an annual European gathering and many European countries host their own national or regional gatherings. The first European Rainbow Gathering was organized in 1983 in Val Campo, Ticino, Switzerland. The 2007 European gathering, the 25th recurrence of that annual event, took place in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The subsequent European Gatherings took place in Serbia (2008), Ukraine (2009) and Finland (2010). In 2010, there were also two Rainbow Gatherings in the Canary Islands, Spain. The first was held near the northern coast of La Palma and the second was held on Gran Canaria. The 2011 Gathering was in Portugal, 2012 in Slovakia, 2013 in Greece, the 2014 gathering in Romania, the 2015 gathering in Lithuania, 2016 in the Alps, 2017 in Italy, 2018 in Poland, 2019 in Sweden. The 2020 European Gathering took place in Estonia. In 2021 the gathering was held in France.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Note that the 2017 gathering in Italy was connected to several typhoid cases in France, Germany, and Slovenia.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: World Gatherings have been held in Australia, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Costa Rica, Canada, Turkey, Thailand, China, New Zealand, Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico, Hungary, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Taiwan, and Colombia. Approximately 3,000 people attended the 2000 World Gathering in Australia, held on farmland in Boonoo Boonoo State Forest, in northern New South Wales. The 2009 World Gathering was held outside Murchison, New Zealand, 2011 in Argentina, 2012 it began in Brazil, where the gatherers caravaned to Guatemala and completed the second half of the WRG, carrying their vision counsel finally to Palenque, Mexico. In 2013, it was once again held in Canada, on Vancouver Island in the western province of British Columbia. 2014 WRG was in Hungary. 2015 WRG was in Egypt, Sinai. 2016 in Ethiopia. World Rainbow Gathering May 2017 was at Jengglungharjo, Indonesia. 2018 World Rainbow Gathering was in Hualien county in Taiwan. 2019 World Rainbow Gathering was in Chimila, in the Sierra Nevadas of Colombia. The 2020 World Rainbow Gathering was to be in Siberia, Russia, but was postponed to 2021. In 2021 due to travel restrictions upon entering Russia the vision council decided to make it in December in Mexico. The October 2022 World Rainbow Gathering was held in the southwest of Turkey.


title: Malik

text: Malik, Mallik, Melik, Malka, Malek, Maleek, Malick, Mallick, or Melekh (; ; ) is the Semitic term translating to "king", recorded in East Semitic and Arabic, and as mlk in Northwest Semitic during the Late Bronze Age (e.g. Aramaic, Canaanite, Hebrew).


title: Malik

text: Although the early forms of the name were to be found among the pre-Arab and pre-Islamic Semites of the Levant, Canaan, and Mesopotamia, it has since been adopted in various other, mainly but not exclusively Islamized or Arabized non-Semitic Asian languages for their ruling princes and to render kings elsewhere.


title: Malik

text: The female version of Malik is Malikah (; or its various spellings such as Malekeh or Melike), meaning "queen".


title: Malik

text: The name Malik was originally found among various pre-Arab and non-Muslim Semitic peoples such as the indigenous ethnic Assyrians of Iraq, Amorites, Jews, Arameans, Mandeans, Syriacs, and pre-Islamic Arabs. It has since been spread among various predominantly Muslim and non-Semitic peoples in Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia. Malik is also an angel in the Quran, who never smiled since the day the hellfire was created.


title: Malik

text: The last name "Malik" also refers to people belonging to the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana region in India and Pakistan.


title: Malik

text: The earliest form of the name "Maloka" was used to denote a prince or chieftain in the East Semitic Akkadian language of the Mesopotamian states of Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia and Chaldea. The Northwest Semitic "mlk" was the title of the rulers of the primarily Amorite, Sutean, Canaanite, Phoenician and Aramean city-states of the Levant and Canaan from the Late Bronze Age.


title: Malik

text: Eventual derivatives include the Aramaic, Neo-Assyrian, Mandic and Arabic forms: "Malik", "Malek", "Mallick", "Malkh"a, "Malka", "Malkai" and the Hebrew form "Melek".


title: Malik

text: "Moloch" has traditionally been interpreted as the epithet of a god, known as "the king" like Baal was an epithet "the master" and Adon an epithet "the lord", but in the case of Moloch purposely mispronounced as "Moleḵ" instead of "Meleḵ" using the vowels of Hebrew "bosheth" "shame".


title: Malik

text: Primarily a "malik" is the ruling monarch of a kingdom, called "mamlaka"; that term is however also used in a broader sense, like realm, for rulers with another, generally lower titles, as in Sahib al-Mamlaka. Malik is also used for tribal leaders, e.g. among the Pashtuns.


title: Malik

text: The title Malik has also been used in languages which adopted Arabic loanwords (mainly, not exclusively, in Muslim cultures), for various princely or lower ranks and functions.


title: Malik

text: The word Malik is sometimes used in Arabic to render roughly equivalent titles of foreign rulers, for instance the chronicler Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad refers to King Richard I of England as "Malik al-Inkitar".


title: Malik

text: The following components are frequently part of titles, notably in Persian (also used elsewhere, e.g. in India's Moghol tradition):


title: Malik

text: In the great Indian Muslim salute state of Hyderabad, a first rank- vassal of the Mughal padshah (emperor) imitating his lofty Persian court protocol, the word Molk became on itself one of the titles used for ennobled Muslim retainers of the ruling Nizam's court, in fact the third in rank, only below Jah (the highest) and Umara, but above Daula, Jang, Nawab, Khan Bahadur and Khan; for the Nizam's Hindu retainers different titles were used, the equivalent of Molk being Vant.


title: Malik

text: The Arabic term came to be adopted as a term for "tribal chieftain" in the tribal areas of northwestern Pakistan. In tribal Pashtun society in Pakistan the Maliks serve as "de facto" arbiters in local conflicts, interlocutors in state policy-making, tax-collectors, heads of village and town councils and delegates to provincial and national "jirgas" as well as to Parliament.


title: Malik

text: In the Punjab, "Malik", literally meaning "King" or "tribal chieftain" is a title used by some well-reputed specific Punjabi aristocrat bloodlines with special lineage, more formally known as Zamindars. The Actual clan to hold and originate this esteemed title is the "Awan" Tribe, a Martial Warrior Tribe which is also associated with different aspects throughout different generations and periods of history, It is believed that they originated as a clan of warriors who later on settled as wealthy landlords. Malik Awans in Punjabi Ethnology are considered to be Honourable Warriors.


title: Malik

text: Some Maliks (Urdu: ملک) belong to a clan of Hindu Jat, Muslim and a few Sikh Jat, found primarily in India. (There also exist Hindu Punjabi Maliks that are part of the Khukhrain or Arora communities. The Muslim Malik community is settled all over Pakistan and the Sikh Malik in India. The Malik are also known as the Gathwala. The Gathwala are now designating themselves as Maliks. Due to popularity of the Malik title many Punjabi sub-castes such as Gujarati Punjabis and many others have adapted the title to gain acceptance in the Punjabi caste system.


title: Malik

text: Malik or Malek is a common element in first and family names, usually without any aristocratic meaning.


title: United Democratic Alliance (Kenya)

text: The United Democratic Alliance (UDA) is the current ruling political party in Kenya. Their slogan is "Kazi ni Kazi" (Work is work) and their symbol is a wheelbarrow .The party, initially called the Party of Development and Reforms, officially changed its name to UDA in December 2020. The party became notable in January 2021, and is linked to politicians allied to Dr. William Ruto, the President of Kenya.


title: United Democratic Alliance (Kenya)

text: The party fielded candidates in various by-elections for elective positions slated for March 2021. UDA nominated Ruto in the 2022 Kenyan general election, after he announced that he would leave the Jubilee Party in late 2021. Ruto picked Rigathi Gachagua as his running mate for the elections.


title: United Democratic Alliance (Kenya)

text: In the 2022 general elections, out of 47 elected senate seats, UDA was able to garner 22 seats, while the Orange Democratic Movement(ODM), Jubilee party, Wiper and the United Democratic Movement(UDM) got 13,4,3 and 2 seats respectively. Ford Kenya, DP, and NRM each got 1 seat in senate. Based on the 2022 general election, UDA is the single party with the largest number of elected members of the National assembly, with 138 members. ODM, Jubilee and Wiper each managed 85, 28 and 24 seats respectively. ANC, managed 7 seats, Ford Kenya 6 and lastly UDM and DAP- Kenya with 5 seats each.


title: United Democratic Alliance (Kenya)

text: The party uses wheelbarrow as the party's symbol which stands for "the worth, respect, and dignity of work in pursuit of an unbiased society. The party is founded based on principles of good governance, including; love, unity, freedom, peace, accountability, diversity, justice and equity. The party also has received great support from the Kenyan population, boasting over 6,942,397 votes from registered members.


title: United Democratic Alliance (Kenya)

text: To facilitate the fundamental rights, needs and potential of the Kenyan people through a democratic, devolved and accountable government anchored on a bottoms-up economic model that promotes equal opportunities, shared prosperity and improved economic welfare.


title: United Democratic Alliance (Kenya)

text: UDA is a member of Kenya Kwanza which is known for it recently launched flagship project called the Hustler Fund. The Hustler Fund is a savings and loan scheme aimed to ensure digital financial inclusion.


title: Josh Richardson

text: Joshua Michael Richardson (born September 15, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Tennessee Volunteers, earning first-team all-conference honors in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) as a senior in 2015. He was selected in the second round of the 2015 NBA draft by the Miami Heat and has also played for the Philadelphia 76ers, Dallas Mavericks, and Boston Celtics.


title: Josh Richardson

text: Richardson averaged 16.5 points, 6.2 rebounds and 3.6 assists as a point guard in his senior year at Santa Fe High School in Edmond, Oklahoma. That year, he was named to the Oklahoma Coaches Association "Large West" All-State Team and "The Oklahoman"'s Super 5 first team.


title: Josh Richardson

text: Richardson played all four seasons at University of Tennessee, appearing in 136 career games for the Volunteers and averaged 9.2 points, 3.2 rebounds, 1.8 assists, 1.08 steals and 28.2 minutes while shooting 45.6 percent from the field, 31.8 percent from three-point range and 75.8 percent from the foul line. He finished his career ranking third in school history in games played, ninth in minutes (3,802), ninth in starts, 10th in steals (147), 16th in blocks (88) and 28th in points (1,252).


title: Josh Richardson

text: As a junior with the Volunteers, he averaged 10.3 points and 2.8 rebounds per game. In his senior season, Richardson averaged 16.0 points and 4.5 rebounds per game and was named to the First Team All SEC, the SEC All-Defensive Team and the Defensive All-American Team.


title: Josh Richardson

text: On June 25, 2015, Richardson was selected with the 40th pick of the 2015 NBA draft by the Miami Heat. On August 3, 2015, he signed with the Heat after averaging 11.8 points and 2.8 rebounds in 10 summer league games. He failed to appear in the Heat's first four games of the season before making his NBA debut on November 5 against the Minnesota Timberwolves, playing in just under seven minutes of action. On November 12, in just his third NBA game, Richardson started at shooting guard in place of the absent Dwyane Wade. He subsequently recorded eight points and three rebounds in 20 minutes of action, as the Heat defeated the Utah Jazz 92–91. On December 30, he was assigned to the Sioux Falls Skyforce, the Heat's D-League affiliate. He was recalled by the Heat on January 3, reassigned on January 5, and recalled again on January 11. On February 24, he recorded his first double-digit game in the NBA, scoring 15 points on 5-of-6 shooting off the bench in a 118–111 loss to the Golden State Warriors. On March 11, he scored a career-high 22 points in a 118–96 win over the Chicago Bulls. On April 5, he was named Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for March, becoming just the third player in Heat franchise history to win the monthly rookie award; the other two being Caron Butler (four-time recipient in 2002–03) and Michael Beasley (April 2009).


title: Josh Richardson

text: In July 2016, Richardson re-joined the Heat for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 9, 2016, he sustained a partially torn medial collateral ligament in his right knee, that sidelined him for six to eight weeks. On December 27, 2016, he tied a career high with 22 points in a 106–94 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder.


title: Josh Richardson

text: On September 18, 2017, Richardson signed a four-year, $42 million contract extension with the Heat. On December 1, 2017, he scored a career-high 27 points in a 105–100 win over the Charlotte Hornets. On December 16, 2017, he set a new career high with 28 points in a 90–85 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On February 7, 2018, he had a 30-point effort in a 109–101 loss to the Houston Rockets.


title: Josh Richardson

text: On October 29, he scored a career-high 31 points in a 123–113 loss to the Sacramento Kings. On November 3, he set a new career high with 32 points in a 123–118 loss to the Atlanta Hawks. On February 10, 2019, he scored a career-high 37 points and made eight 3-pointers in a 120–118 loss to the Golden State Warriors. He missed games at the end of the season with heel and groin injuries. Richardson's per-game averages of 16.6 points and 4.1 assists were the highest of his NBA career.


title: Josh Richardson

text: On July 6, 2019, Miami traded Richardson to the Philadelphia 76ers as part of a package for Jimmy Butler. On December 12, Richardson scored 14 points in a 115–109 win against the Boston Celtics. Coach Brett Brown called him a "dot connector" and "bridge builder".


title: Josh Richardson

text: On November 18, 2020, Richardson, along with the draft rights to Tyler Bey, were traded to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for Seth Curry. His season was characterized by Sports Illustrated as "disappointing" as Richardson's production dropped significantly in the playoffs. In 7 games against the Los Angeles Clippers, he scored only 4.9 points, 1.6 rebounds, and 0.7 assists in 13.4 minutes per game.


title: Josh Richardson

text: On July 31, 2021, Richardson was acquired by the Boston Celtics using the remainder of the Gordon Hayward traded player exception in exchange for young center Moses Brown. On August 24, 2021, the Boston Celtics announced that they had signed Richardson to contract extension. He had a 27 point outing in a win against the New York Knicks.


title: Josh Richardson

text: On February 10, 2022, Richardson was traded along with Romeo Langford to the San Antonio Spurs in exchange for Derrick White.


title: Josh Richardson

text: Richardson's father, Mike, is a retired Oklahoma City firefighter, and his mother, Alice, is an ordained Baptist minister and retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force Reserve. His older sister, Alex, played college basketball for the Oklahoma State Cowgirls. Richardson received his degree in Psychology in May 2015, and enjoys playing classical piano. He is a fan of Arsenal F.C.


title: Mett

text: Mett is a preparation of minced (ground) raw pork seasoned with salt and black pepper that is popular in Germany and Poland. It is frequently spread on halves of a bread roll, with raw onion optionally on top. Since the 1950s Mett has also been offered as a buffet dish decoratively formed into the shape of a hedgehog, with raw onion "spines". German law forbids mett being sold with a fat content exceeding 35%.


title: Mett

text: The name is derived from Low German "mett" for "chopped pork meat without bacon", or Old Saxon "meti" for "food". It is also known as Hackepeter (Northern Germany, Eastern Germany, Bavaria and Berlin). It consists of minced pork meat, normally seasoned with salt and black pepper, regionally also with garlic or caraway, and eaten raw. It is also permitted to add chopped onion, in which case and it is known as "Zwiebelmett" (onion Mett). Legally, German Mett is not allowed to contain more than 35% fat. Unless pre-packaged, the German "Lebensmittelhygiene-Verordnung" ("food hygiene/health directive") permits mett to be sold only on the day of production. Mett is similar to tatare, a preparation of minced raw beef.


title: Mett

text: In contrast to the normally available locally minced Mett, coarse pork Mett ("Grobes Schweinemett") is produced in an industrial meat grinder. To preserve its structure, the pork meat is normally processed in a semi-frozen state. Food and health Regulations do not permit temperatures over ; ice may not be used for cooling.


title: Mett

text: Mett is normally eaten on a bread roll ("Mettbrötchen") or sliced bread, frequently with a garnish of raw onion rings or diced raw onion.


title: Mett

text: At buffets, Mett is occasionally served as a "Mettigel" (Mett hedgehog, also "Hackepeterigel" or "Hackepeterschwein"). This form of serving Mett has been popular since the 1950s. To serve it, a large amount of Mett is shaped as a hedgehog, quartered onion rings or pretzel sticks are used as spikes, olives as eyes and nose.


title: Mett

text: In parts of Southern Germany Mett ("Mettstange") can be served on a lye bun instead of a regular bun.


title: Mett

text: In southern Brazil, influenced by German immigrants, it is known as "Hackepeter" or "Carne de Onça" in Curitiba where this dish is very common and served covered with chives.


title: Mett

text: In Wisconsin, The "cannibal sandwich" or "wildcat" (seasoned raw beef and sliced onions on rye bread) is sometimes consumed during holidays or family gatherings. Midwest historians typically agree that the continuing culinary practice is a result of 19th century German immigration to the area.


title: Athmiya Rajan

text: Athmiya was born in Kannur, Kerala. She completed her graduation in Nursing from Shree Devi College of Nursing, Mangalore. She married Sanoop K Nambiar on 25 January 2021 at Kannur.


title: Athmiya Rajan

text: Athmiya's first film as the lead actress came in Tamil film "Manam Kothi Paravai" in which she played a village belle opposite Sivakarthikeyan. She then played the lead in Ranjan Pramod's "Rose Guitarinaal" were she essayed the role of an airline trainee, an innocent girl caught between two lovers. Malathi Rangarajan of "The Hindu" in a film review of "Manam Kothi Paravai" stated that "New-find Athmiya conveys a lot with her expressive eyes. Her role has substance, and she carries it off well". In 2014, she appeared in "Pongadi Neengalum Unga Kadhalum" followed by "Amoeba" in 2016 were she played one of the victims. Her next movie was in Tamil titled "Kaaviyyan". She then portrayed lead roles "Joseph" (2018) and "Maarconi Mathaai" (2019).


title: Palinopsia

text: Palinopsia (Greek: "palin" for "again" and "opsia" for "seeing") is the persistent recurrence of a visual image after the stimulus has been removed. Palinopsia is not a diagnosis; it is a diverse group of pathological visual symptoms with a wide variety of causes. Visual perseveration is synonymous with palinopsia.


title: Palinopsia

text: In 2014, Gersztenkorn and Lee comprehensively reviewed all cases of palinopsia in the literature and subdivided it into two clinically relevant groups: illusory palinopsia and hallucinatory palinopsia. Hallucinatory palinopsia, usually due to seizures or posterior cortical lesions, describes afterimages that are formed, long-lasting, and high resolution. Illusory palinopsia, usually due to migraines, head trauma, prescription drugs, visual snow or hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), describes afterimages that are affected by ambient light and motion and are unformed, indistinct, or low resolution.


title: Palinopsia

text: People with palinopsia frequently report other visual illusions and hallucinations such as photopsias, dysmetropsia i.e. Alice in Wonderland syndrome (micropsia, macropsia, teleopsia, and pelopsia), visual snow, oscillopsia, entoptic phenomena, and cerebral polyopia.


title: Palinopsia

text: Posterior visual pathway cortical lesions (tumor, abscess, hemorrhage, infarction, arteriovenous malformation, cortical dysplasia, aneurysm) and various seizure causes (hyperglycemia, ion channel mutations, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, idiopathic seizures, etc.) cause focal cortical hyperactivity or hyperexcitability, resulting in inappropriate, persistent activation of a visual memory circuit.


title: Palinopsia

text: Illusory palinopsia is a dysfunction of visual perception, resulting from diffuse, persistent alterations in neuronal excitability that affect physiological mechanisms of light or motion perception. Illusory palinopsia is caused by migraines, visual snow, HPPD, prescription drugs, head trauma, or may be idiopathic. Trazodone, nefazodone, mirtazapine, topiramate, clomiphene, oral contraceptives, and risperidone have been reported to cause illusory palinopsia. A patient frequently has multiple types of illusory palinopsia, which represent dysfunctions in both light and motion perception. Light and motion are processed via different pathways, suggesting diffuse or global excitability alterations.


title: Palinopsia

text: Palinopsia is a pathological symptom and should be distinguished from physiological afterimages, a common and benign phenomenon. Physiological afterimages appear when viewing a bright stimulus and shifting visual focus. For example, after staring at a computer screen and looking away, a vague afterimage of the screen remains in the visual field. A stimulus consistently produces the same afterimage, which is dependent on the stimulus intensity and contrast, the time of fixation, and the retinal adaptation state. Physiological afterimages are usually the complementary color of the original stimulus (negative afterimage), while palinoptic afterimages are usually the same color as the original stimulus (positive afterimage). There is some ambiguity between illusory palinopsia and physiological afterimages since there are not concrete symptomatic criteria which determines if an afterimage is pathological.


title: Palinopsia

text: Illusory palinopsia is due to an abnormality in the original perception of a stimulus and is similar to a visual illusion: the distorted perception of a real external stimulus. Hallucinatory palinopsia is due to an abnormality after a stimulus has been encoded in visual memory and is similar to a complex visual hallucination: the creation of a formed visual image where none exists.


title: Palinopsia

text: External conditions such as stimulus intensity, background contrast, fixation, and movement typically affect the generation and severity of illusory palinopsia but not hallucinatory palinopsia. Illusory palinopsia consists of afterimages that are short-lived or unformed, occur in the same location in the visual field as the original stimulus, and are continuous or predictable. Hallucinatory palinopsia describes formed afterimages and scenes that are lifelike, high-resolution, long-lasting, occur anywhere in the visual field, and are unpredictable. Illusory palinopsia are caused by diffuse neuronal pathology such as global alterations in neurotransmitter receptors, while hallucinatory palinopsia is typically caused by focal cortical pathology.


title: Palinopsia

text: The clinical characteristics that separate illusory from hallucinatory palinopsia also help differentiate and assess risk in visual illusions and hallucinations. Complex (formed) visual hallucinations are more worrisome than simple visual hallucinations or visual illusions.


title: Palinopsia

text: Research needs to be performed on the efficacy of the various pharmaceuticals for treating illusory palinopsia. It is unclear if the symptoms' natural history and treatment are influenced by the cause. It is also not clear if there is treatment efficacy overlap for illusory palinopsia and the other co-existing diffuse persistent illusory phenomenon such as visual snow, oscillopsia, dysmetropsia, and halos.


title: Palinopsia

text: Future advancements in fMRI could potentially further our understanding of hallucinatory palinopsia and visual memory. Increased accuracy in fMRI might also allow for the observation of subtle metabolic or perfusional changes in illusory palinopsia, without the use of ionizing radiation present in CT scans and radioactive isotopes. Studying the psychophysics of light and motion perception could advance our understanding of illusory palinopsia, and vice versa. For example, incorporating patients with visual trailing into motion perception studies could advance our understanding of the mechanisms of visual stability and motion suppression during eye movements (e.g. saccadic suppression).


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: Delfino Pescara 1936, commonly referred to as Pescara, is a professional Italian football club based in Pescara, Abruzzo.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: The club was formed in 1936 and currently plays in Serie C. Pescara has competed in seven seasons in Serie A, 1977–78, 1979–80, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1992–93, 2012–13 and last participated in 2016–17. The team's official colors are white and light blue varied between either azure or sky blue, manifested in striped shirts with white socks and shorts.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: Aside from a spell in Serie B in the 1940s, Pescara had a relatively undistinguished history until promotion to Serie B in 1974. With players like Giorgio Repetto and Bruno Nobili in the midfield, they managed to win their first promotion to Serie A in 1977 after winning the promotion play-off, but ultimately finished their first season in Serie A in last place. A second promotion after a play-off followed, but once more they would be relegated from the top flight and then descended to Serie C1 within two years.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: Nonetheless, after returning to Serie B after a year, Pescara would enjoy a revival after the appointment of Giovanni Galeone as coach in 1986. His philosophy of attacking football saw the "Biancazzurri" promoted to Serie A as champions in 1987, where they lasted two years with players such as Júnior and Blaž Slišković among the club's star players. Galeone would return during the 1990–91 season and oversaw another promotion the following year.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: After relegation, Pescara remained in Serie B side throughout the 1990s, narrowly missing promotion in 1999. Relegation to C1 followed in 2001, with promotion in 2003 being followed by two revoked relegations in a row due to bankruptcy and scandals affecting other clubs. Pescara was ultimately relegated in the 2006–07 season, with three presidential and managerial changes during the season. In December 2008, the debt-ridden club was legally declared out of business and its control passed to a bankruptcy trustee appointed by the Court of Pescara. In February 2009, a takeover from a group named Delfino Pescara 1936 was finalized with Deborah Caldora becoming the first woman to serve as chairman of the club. In the meantime, results did not improve significantly and in March, Giuseppe Galderisi was dismissed from the head coaching post with Antonello Cuccureddu being appointed as the new boss.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: At the beginning of the 2009–10 season, Eusebio Di Francesco was appointed as the new coach. Pescara finished second in Girone B of Lega Pro Prima Divisione and qualified for the promotional play-offs. They defeated Reggiana in the semi-final and Verona in the final and subsequently returned to Serie B after a three-year absence. The following season started with the appointment of Zdeněk Zeman as new head coach; the Czech manager immediately brought Pescara back into national coverage thanks to his well-known all-attacking playing style that turned out to match perfectly with promising youngsters such as Marco Verratti with loanees Ciro Immobile and Lorenzo Insigne, who guided the squad to promotion to Serie A. Pescara secured promotion to the top-level after a 19-year absence after defeating Sampdoria with a 3–1 score in an away match on 20 May 2012. In the last minute of the final game of the regular season, Pescara striker Riccardo Maniero netted the winner in a match against Nocerina to claim Pescara's second Serie B title after Torino's draw away to AlbinoLeffe.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: Pescara's 2012–13 campaign in Serie A – after losing Zeman, Verratti, Immobile and Insigne – ended with relegation back to the second tier. Three years later, under World Cup winner Massimo Oddo, the team returned to Serie A with a 3–1 aggregate win over Trapani in the playoff final. Zeman returned in February 2017 to the team, who again lasted just one year at the top before being relegated in last place.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: In August 2018, Pescara launched a public mini-bond investment opportunity via sports investment platform Tifosy to raise a minimum of €2,000,000. The investment scheme raised a total of €2,300,000 to develop the club's youth sector and facilities.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: Following an online competition to ease children's boredom during the coronavirus lockdown, the team adopted six-year-old Luigi D'Agostino's shirt design for the 2020 season.


title: Delfino Pescara 1936

text: After a poor 2020-21 campaign, the side were relegated to Serie C, the third tier of Italian football.


title: Roti canai

text: Roti canai (pronunciation: /tʃanaɪ/) or roti prata, also known as roti chenai and roti cane (/tʃane/), is an Indian flatbread dish found in several countries in Southeast Asia, especially in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. It is usually served with "dal" or other types of curry, but can also be cooked in a range of sweet or savoury variations made with a variety of ingredients such as meat, eggs, or cheese.


title: Roti canai

text: Introduced around the 19th century, roti canai has become a popular breakfast and snack dish especially in the Southeast Asian countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, and is one of the most famous examples of South Indian cuisine in the region. It is said that the dish was brought by Indians during the era of British Malaya, the Dutch East Indies and the Straits Settlements. They are also colloquially known as "mamak", and are served in street mamak stalls located in both rural and urban Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand as well as within hawker centres in Singapore.


title: Roti canai

text: It has also been theorized that the dish had also been introduced much earlier in the 17th century in Aceh and North Sumatra by Indian traders under the name "roti cane". In Indonesia, the dish is particularly found in Sumatra, where the Indian Indonesian community is more prominent compared to the rest of the country.


title: Roti canai

text: "Roti" means bread in Sanskrit, and most other Indian languages. There are different suggestions for the origin of "canai": it has been claimed that "canai" refers to Chennai (the bread can be written as "roti chennai"), the South Indian city formerly known as Madras; or from "channa", a Northern Indian dish made with boiled chickpeas in a spicy gravy, with which this type of bread was traditionally served. The "Oxford English Dictionary", however, states that it came from the Malay word "canai", meaning "to roll (dough) thinly".


title: Roti canai

text: In Singapore, the dish is known as "roti prata", similar to the Indian "paratha" or "parotta". The Hindi word "paratha" means "flat".


title: Roti canai

text: Roti canai is made from dough which is usually composed of fat (usually ghee), flour and water; some recipes also include sweetened condensed milk. The dough is repeatedly kneaded, flattened, oiled, and folded before proofing, creating layers. The dough ball is then flattened, spread out until paper thin (usually by "tossing" it on a flat surface), and gathered into a long rope-like mass. This "rope" is then wound into a knot or spiral and flattened, so that it consists of thin flakes of dough when cooked.


title: Roti canai

text: Up until the 1970s, it was common for cooks to form a spiral with the "rope" (much like the modern "roti bomb"), but this is no longer the case, probably because the amount of dough used per roti is about half of what it used to be. When making varieties with fillings, however, the fillings (eggs, chopped onions, etc.) are spread or sprinkled on the thin sheet of dough, which is then folded with the fillings inside.


title: Roti canai

text: Traditionally, roti canai is served with "dal" (lentil) curry. It may also be served with the following curries:


title: Roti canai

text: "Roti cane" came into Indonesia via the influx of Muslim Indian migration to Aceh Sultanate in northern parts of Sumatra around the 17th century, and later to the rest of Dutch East Indies in the early 19th century. Roti canai is more prevalent in Sumatra, especially in Aceh, North and West Sumatra. "Roti cane" has been adopted by the Malay cuisine of Sumatra, Acehnese cuisine and Minangkabau cuisine. Consequently, there are Malay, Aceh, and Minangkabau restaurants that serve roti canai with mutton curry in Indonesia that are operated by ethnic groups other than Indians.


title: Roti canai

text: In Ampel, an Arab quarter in Surabaya, it is known as "roti maryam", while common Javanese called it "roti konde" after its similar shape to a hairbun (Javanese: "konde"). Despite having different names, each variant is derivative of the Indian "paratha" and are similar in preparation. Indian-influence "roti" is typically served with "kari kambing" (mutton curry).


title: Roti canai

text: Roti prata in Singapore is a fried flatbread that is cooked over a flat grilling pan. It is usually served with sugar or a vegetable- or meat-based curry and is also commonly cooked with cheese, onions, bananas, red beans, chocolate, mushrooms or eggs.


title: Roti canai

text: Roti prata is prepared by flipping the dough into a large thin layer before folding the outside edges inwards. The dough is cooked on a flat round iron pan measuring about three feet in diameter. The cooking process lasts two to five minutes.


title: Roti canai

text: In Thailand, "roti" (with variations on spelling such as "ro tee") is commonly sold from street carts, usually halal sold by Thai Muslims. Roti thitchu (Thai for "tissue") is Thai roti canai that is fluffed up by clapping it between two hands inside a dry cloth after frying, served with a Thai-Muslim style beef curry.


title: Roti canai

text: Unlike in Malaysia, Singapore or Indonesia, variations in Thailand tend towards the sweet rather than the spicy or savoury. Popular variations include mango, banana, sugar, condensed milk, jam, peanut butter and Nutella roti, although egg roti (often with sweetened condensed milk spread over the top) is also available.


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: Earl Stephen Bishop (born November 14, 1951) is an American singer-songwriter, actor, and guitarist. His biggest hits include "On and On", "It Might Be You" and "Save It for a Rainy Day". He has appeared in and contributed musically to many motion pictures, including "National Lampoon's Animal House".


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: Bishop was born and raised in San Diego, California, and attended Will C. Crawford High School. Originally a clarinetist, he persuaded his brother to buy him a guitar after seeing the Beatles on "The Ed Sullivan Show". In 1967, he formed his first group, the Weeds, a British Invasion-styled band.


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: After the Weeds folded, Bishop moved to Los Angeles in search of a solo recording contract. During a lean eight-year period, where he was rejected "by nearly every label and producer," he continued to write songs, eventually landing a $50-a-week job with a publishing house.


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: Bishop's break came when a friend, Leah Kunkel, gave Art Garfunkel one of Bishop's demo tapes. Garfunkel chose two of his songs, "Looking for the Right One" and "The Same Old Tears on a New Background", to record for the platinum album "Breakaway". Via Garfunkel's patronage, Bishop finally secured a recording contract with ABC Records in 1976.


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: Bishop's first album, "Careless", included two of his biggest hits. The first single released, "Save It for a Rainy Day", introduced Bishop to the listening public and went to number 22 on the "Billboard" singles chart. The next single, Bishop's highest charting to date, "On and On", peaked at No. 11. The album itself rose to number 34 on the "Billboard" albums chart. Eric Clapton, Art Garfunkel and Chaka Khan all contributed their talents to the album.


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: "Careless" went gold, as did Bishop's subsequent album "Bish", released in 1978. "Bish" included one charting single, "Everybody Needs Love", which made it to number 32. The album also includes a smooth classic called "A Fool At Heart" that features Chaka Khan and Natalie Cole on background vocals. Bishop's third album, "Red Cab to Manhattan", released in 1980, failed to chart and was his last released in North America for nine years.


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: Bishop has written and performed music for many motion pictures. In 1978, he contributed the original song "Dream Girl" and theme to "National Lampoon's Animal House", which he sang in falsetto. In 1980, Bishop contributed backing vocals to "This Must Be Love", from Phil Collins' debut solo album "Face Value". Bishop's next hit, charting at number 25 in 1982, was "It Might Be You", the theme from the movie "Tootsie", unusual in that it was not penned by Bishop. Written by Dave Grusin, Alan Bergman, and Marilyn Bergman, it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: Bishop's composition "Separate Lives", sung by Phil Collins and Marilyn Martin, from the 1985 movie "White Nights", was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song, losing to "Say You, Say Me" from the same film. Bishop wrote the song about his breakup with actress Karen Allen, who also appeared in "Animal House". Bishop said: "I write much better when I'm heartbroken and sad or melancholy."


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: Other movie music includes: "Somewhere in Between" (written and performed) from "The China Syndrome" (1979), "Your Precious Love" (performed with Yvonne Elliman) from "Roadie" (1980), "If Love Takes You Away" (written and performed) from "Summer Lovers" (1982), "Unfaithfully Yours (One Love)" (written and performed) from "Unfaithfully Yours" (1984), "Something New in My Life" (performed) from "Micki & Maude" (1984), "The Heart Is So Willing" (performed) from "The Money Pit" (1986), "All I Want" (performed) from "All I Want for Christmas" (1991), and "You Can Do Anything" (written and performed by Bishop and Jeff Jones) from "Barney's Great Adventure" (1998). In addition, the original version of "Walkin' on Air" (written and performed by Bishop) was featured in the 1986 film "The Boy Who Could Fly".


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: In 1989, Bishop released the album "Bowling in Paris" with Phil Collins (co-producer on some songs), Eric Clapton and Sting contributing. The album included a revamped version of "Walkin' on Air", this time featuring drumming, production, and additional vocals from Collins. This version became a #13 hit on the Adult Contemporary chart. In 1987, the Norwegian swing/pop duo Bobbysocks! had recorded their own version of "Walking on Air" (as "Walkin' on Air") as the title track to their album "Walkin' on Air".


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: Bishop has appeared in several motion pictures as a "charming" character, including four directed by John Landis. He had a cameo role, billed as "Charming Guy", in "The Kentucky Fried Movie" (1977), appearing as a hustler in the infamous "Catholic High School Girls in Trouble" segment. In addition to singing the theme song off-screen, Bishop had a cameo, billed as "Charming Guy with Guitar", in "National Lampoon's Animal House" (1978), as the aspiring folk singer whose guitar John Belushi smashes. Bishop still keeps the smashed guitar as a memento.


title: Stephen Bishop (singer)

text: He appeared in "The Blues Brothers" (1980), billed as "Charming Trooper", who breaks his watch during the mall chase. He appeared, very briefly, in "" (1983), billed as "Charming G.I.", in the Vietnam War scene. Bishop also appeared, as "Blue London", in Harry Jaglom's "Someone to Love" (1987).


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze Studios AB is a Swedish video game developer and publisher based in Stockholm. The studios's notable games developed include "", "Payday 2" and "". Founded by members of the demogroup Triton, the company was merged with O3 Games in 2002 wherein the Starbreeze name was retained. The company produced titles including "Enclave" and "". In the early 2000s, cancellations of their projects due to conflicts with publishers and a failed acquisition led to a severe financial crisis, resulting in staff lay-offs during the development of Starbreeze's fourth game, "The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay". This game received critical acclaim and helped Starbreeze establish a reputation for producing high-quality games. The company worked on "The Darkness", whose sales were considered satisfactory.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze partnered with Electronic Arts to develop a reboot to the "Syndicate" series, but it ended up being a commercial failure, and many staff members moved to rival company MachineGames, established by Starbreeze's founders. As a result, the company shifted part of its focus to developing smaller games, such as "Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons". Starbreeze began expanding the company in 2012 with its acquisition of Overkill Software. Overkill's first title after the acquisition, "Payday 2", helped Starbreeze make a record profit after suffering an accumulated loss of $14.4 million since its inception. In 2015, the company announced that it would start publishing video games from independent developers and that it had begun development of a virtual reality headset named Project Star VR.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze had acquired a license to develop "Overkill's The Walking Dead" from Skybound Entertainment, but the project fell into development hell and once released in 2018, was poorly reviewed and had poor sales; the title was ultimately pulled and Skybound revoked Starbreeze's license. Having expected a financial boon from this game, Starbreeze spent a year in restructuring from December 2018 to December 2019 to regain financial footing, but had to sell off many of its publishing deals and other steps to be able to move forward.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze Studios was founded by Swedish programmer Magnus Högdahl. Högdahl was a former member of the PC demoscene group Triton, and specialized in making tech demos. He decided to form Starbreeze after his project, an action role-playing game named "Into the Shadows", was canceled. He then decided to found his own studio and began crafting his own game engine. He actively recruited staff among his acquaintances and the studio was established in 1998 in Härnösand, Sweden.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Högdahl serving as the company's head and tech lead, was responsible for creating a new game engine for future games, and looking for publishers willing to help publish its games. At that time, the company had only about five employees, and had created a prototype for a video game and pitched it to publishers at E3 1998. Gremlin Interactive agreed to publish the game, and the deal was finalized in late 1998. The company grew to have roughly eleven staff members. The game was a first-person action role-playing game named "Sorcery". With a high fantasy setting, the game featured 3D visuals and its gameplay was similar to that of "Diablo" and "Quake". However, Gremlin Interactive was acquired by Infogrames in 2000 and the partnership with Starbreeze dissolved, resulting in the game's cancellation.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: O3 Games was founded by Lars Johansson, who also was active in the demoscene. Its first game was "The Outforce", a real-time strategy space game that was released in 2000 and subsequently became a success for the company. O3 needed to expand so that it could continue video game development. After "Sorcery" cancellation, Starbreeze ran into financial difficulties. Unable to support itself financially, Starbreeze needed to merge with another developer to continue in business. The two companies discussed a merger in Uppsala and merged shortly afterwards, retaining the name Starbreeze Studios.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: After the merger, the company began working on "Enclave", a medieval fantasy, multiplayer-only video game inspired by "Team Fortress". The game also became the company's first project with international appeal, enabling Starbreeze to partner with various publishers including Swing Entertainment, Conspiracy Entertainment, and Vivendi. However, Swing Entertainment faced bankruptcy at that time, and decided to turn the game into a single-player action-adventure video game with the goal of sending it to market as soon as possible. The game was released in 2002, and Starbreeze had to lay off staff after its release. "Enclave II" was also in development. The sequel was said to feature a more elaborate story, 28 different maps, 10 playable characters, and an improved fighting system. However, these features were axed when Starbreeze got into legal troubles with the publisher, resulting in the game's cancellation. Another game, "", was successfully released with help from publisher TDK Mediactive. However its sequel was shifted to another developer. Starbreeze attempted to acquire another studio, Rock Solid Games, but the agreement between the two fell apart and brought both companies financial problems.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Another project being worked on by Starbreeze at that time was "". Set in "The Chronicles of Riddick" movie universe, the game was published by Vivendi. The team took inspiration from films such as "Escape from Alcatraz" and video games such as "GoldenEye 007" and the "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell" series. However, the company was downsizing due to its financial problems and the number of employees dropped from 80 to 25, and the entire development team moved away from the main Starbreeze floor to prevent it from being affected by low morale, and to allow it to focus on the game's development. The game enjoyed an 18-month development cycle, which was significantly longer than typical licensed games. A PlayStation 2 version of the game was also in development, but was ultimately canceled as the then head of Vivendi's publishing division, Michael Pole, ordered its cancellation to "make his mark". Universal Motion Pictures intervened and kept the game's Xbox version. "Escape from Butcher Bay" received critical acclaim upon its launch, with many critics regarding it as one of the best licensed games ever made. Its gameplay element including the puzzle-solving mechanics, the stealth segment, and its ahead-of-its-time visuals, also received praise from critics. Despite receiving critical acclaim, it was not a commercial success for Starbreeze.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: After the release of "Escape from Butcher Bay", Starbreeze again encountered financial difficulties after having not received a significant royalty payment from Vivendi. It sold part of its motion capture and animation department to a British company, Centroid. However, the game helped set Starbreeze's reputation as a studio capable of making good licensed titles. With the help of Union Entertainment, an intermediary company, Starbreeze signed an agreement with Majesco Entertainment for a new title set within "The Darkness" universe owned by Top Cow Comics on July 16, 2004. Midway through the game's development, Majesco underwent restructuring because of financial difficulties, shifted its focus, and dropped the game. 2K Games stepped up and acquired the publishing rights. 2K extended the game's development cycle, and asked Starbreeze to develop a multiplayer mode for the game. "The Darkness" was released in 2007. It fared worse than the team expected critically, but its commercial performance was satisfactory, selling more than 1 million copies worldwide.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: After working on two different licensed games, the team intended to develop its own games. A game named "Kano", involving mind-reading, was started but was never completed. After the release of "The Darkness", the company signed a two-project contract with Vivendi. One of the games was a new property known as "Polaris". The game was set in a post-apocalyptic environment. Players were tasked to overcome snowstorms, and defeat terrorists and monsters cooperatively with other players. Vivendi was not convinced the game would succeed and adjusted the contract to a remake of "Escape from Butcher Bay", "". Vivendi originally named the game "Riddick 2" but Starbreeze disagreed claiming the name would raise expectations among gamers that the remake might not be able to deliver. Vivendi's subsidiary Sierra Entertainment was set to publish the game. After the merger between Activision and Vivendi, the new company began streamlining Vivendi and put the game, along with "Brütal Legend", and "" up for sale. Atari eventually acquired the publishing rights and the game was released in 2009.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze then partnered with Electronic Arts for two different games, one was known as "Project Redlime", while the other was an action-adventure video game set within the "Bourne" universe. The "Bourne" game was canceled as a direct result of Matt Damon and director Paul Greengrass not participating in the fourth "Bourne" film. "Project Redlime" had a larger scale than the "Bourne" game. It was said to be a reinvention of one of Electronic Arts' franchises. The company shifted from a technology-orientated company to focus more on the core gameplay mechanics of their new project. "Syndicate" was announced in September 2011. The game suffered from a troubled development, with Starbreeze completely reworking the game one year after its initial development. There were also many creative differences between the developer and the publisher, and the two companies suffered from an inharmonious relationship. During the game's development, seven senior members of the company, including Högdahl, left to form their own smaller studio. Some of them formed MachineGames to work on their own original games. With a budget that was less than other typical AAA video games, "Syndicate" received average reviews and was a commercial failure. Grefberg left the company after the game's completion, and 25 employees were laid off.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Many employees left Starbreeze when MachineGames recruited. Then CEO Johan Kristiansson also stepped down, and was replaced by Mikael Nemark. Nemark took the studio in a new direction. Besides focusing on AAA video games, it would also allocate resources to develop smaller, downloadable games in order to broaden the company's portfolio. These new games would no longer use the engine created by Högdahl. In 2011, Starbreeze announced that it was partnering with Epic Games to use their engine, Unreal Engine, for their first small titles. In 2012, Starbreeze announced "Cold Mercury", a free-to-play video game and a project codenamed "P13". Prior to that, Josef Fares, an award-winning Swedish director, had been unsuccessfully pitching game ideas to several Swedish developers. Starbreeze was in need of new, original properties, and accepted Fares' pitch. "P13" later became "". Focusing on creating an emotional and "personal" experience, Starbreeze partnered with publisher 505 Games to publish the game. It was released in 2013 to critical acclaim and received numerous awards and accolades. The rights to the "Brothers" intellectual property was later acquired by 505 Games in 2015. After the success of "Brothers", Fares announced that he had established a new studio named Hazelight and is working on a project with Electronic Arts.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: In 2012, Starbreeze also announced that they had acquired Overkill Software, the developer of "", granting them rights to all of Overkill's proprietary technology and intellectual properties. At the time, Overkill was working on the sequel, "Payday 2", a game that was set to "broaden the "Payday" template". While officially, Starbreeze became Overkill's parent company, those close to the situation, speaking to "Eurogamer", stated that it was more that Overkill's investors, which including Overkill's founders, brothers Bo and Ulf Andersson, became Starbreeze's majority shareholders; this deal had been made to help infuse cash into both the struggling Starbreeze and to provide funds for Overkill to pursue "Payday 2". "Payday 2" was a massive commercial success, and was profitable from pre-order sales alone. "Payday 2" also became Starbreeze's best selling game of all time, and helped the company to make a record profit for the first time after suffering an accumulated loss of $14.4 million between 1998 and June 2013. The game's success also prompted publisher 505 Games to invest $5 million in Starbreeze in March 2015 to continue to improve and develop additional content for "Payday 2" over twenty months. The game was ported to PlayStation 4 and Xbox One under the title "Payday 2: Crimewave Edition". Starbreeze moved its offices from Uppsala to Overkill's offices in Stockholm, and Bo Andersson was named CEO of Starbreeze in 2013 following the acquisition of Overkill.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starting in 2014 Starbreeze began broadening its business as a publisher. On September 25, 2014, Starbreeze Studios announced that they had acquired a Los Angeles-based studio called Geminose for $7 million. The studio is currently working on a toys-to-life game. It also announced that it had gained the license for Overkill to make "Overkill's The Walking Dead" ("OTWD"), a game set in "The Walking Dead" universe using gameplay concepts of "Payday", with a planned release in 2016. In May 2015, Starbreeze announced that the company would start publishing video games from independent developers. The first independent title set to be published by Starbreeze is "Raid: World War II", an upcoming four-player, World War II shooter, being developed by Lion Game Lion. During E3 2015, Starbreeze Studios announced Project StarVR, a virtual reality (VR) headset, which is currently under development by InfinitEye, a firm acquired by Starbreeze. They also partnered with IMAX with the creation of IMAX VR "experience centres." The company also acquired Payday Productions and the film rights to "Payday" in July 2015. The company acquired the under-development Valhalla game engine, a VR-ready platform, in 2015 for around , which was planned to be used for all of its subsequent games.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: In February 2016, Starbreeze announced that it would be publishing "Dead by Daylight", an asymmetrical, multiplayer, survival horror game developed by Behaviour Interactive. On May that year, 505 Games announced that it had sold the "Payday" franchise and intellectual property to Starbreeze in exchange for US$30 million worth of stock. Starbreeze also announced that they had acquired the name and the franchises of Cinemaware a day later. On December 16, 2016, the company acquired a 90.5% controlling stake in Indian-based Dhruva Interactive at a price worth $8.5 million


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: The core Starbreeze team also received investment from Korean publisher Smilegate to develop a new first-person cooperative game set within the "Crossfire" universe. The studio has engaged in two separate "publishing-only" investments to help publish "Psychonauts 2" and "System Shock 3" for $8 and $12 million, respectively. In both cases, the respective developers, Double Fine Productions and OtherSide Entertainment, retain all intellectual property rights, while Starbreeze seeks full recovery of their investment and a small amount more from revenues, after which they share further revenues with the developers.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze also published "John Wick Chronicles", a "John Wick" game developed by WEVR and Grab for virtual reality platforms, released in February 2017. In October 2017, Starbeeze sold a 66.7% majority stake in StarVR Corporation to Acer Inc.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Following its announcement in 2015, Starbreeze had placed high emphasis on "OTWD" to financially support the company alongside "Storm", which was merged from Starbreeze's own "Cold Mercury". However, "OTWD" development suffered from several delays. With the acquisition of the Valhalla engine, "OTWD" was switched from the Diesel to the Valhalla engine, which proved extremely troublesome to work with and pushed back the release window from 2016 to 2017. By early 2017, the developers were still struggling with Valhalla, and the decision was made to scrap the previous two years of work and restart development anew on the Unreal Engine, while further delaying the game into 2018. Issues related to micromanagement, "crunch time" to get the game out without further delay, and struggles by a significant portion of the Starbreeze and Overkill staff to learn Unreal led to the game being rushed to completion. "OTWD" release to personal computers in November 2018 received mixed reviews from critics and underperformed commercially, with only about 100,000 units sold. By February 2019, Skybound Entertainment pulled its licensing contract for "OTWD" for the game's failure to meet expected standards and quality requirements, officially halting further development of the Windows version and canceling the console ports.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: The failure of "OTWD" prompted Starbreeze to file for reconstruction due to shortage of liquidity in December 2018. Starbreeze also halted ongoing development work for "Payday 2" during this period.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: CEO Bo Andersson stepped down after filing for reconstruction, with Mikael Nermark replacing as Acting CEO. Bo Andersson together with Kristofer Arwin also resigned from the Board of Directors. Starbreeze's financial crisis drew the attention of the Swedish Economic Crime Authority, as in mid-November 2018, Bo Andersson had sold his shares of Starbreeze for about , before Starbreeze's announcement of financial difficulty. Following Starbreeze's reconstruction announcement, the Economic Crime Authority raided several locations, including Starbreeze Headquarters related to insider trading. Andersson was taken into custody, but was later released and cleared of any charges, as it was found that his bank Carnegie Investment Bank had pressed Andersson into selling the shares. Sebastian Ahlskog, the company's former CFO, was convicted with insider trading charges in February 2020, and was fined approximately . However, Ahlskog was later acquitted of this conviction in appeals by September 2021.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: In the wake of this investigation, Starbreeze's financial situation became dire, and by May 2019 the studio's own estimates were that it lacked sufficient funds to continue operating for the next year. During this period, the studio requested two separate three-month extensions to complete its corporate restructuring. Starbreeze divested itself of several studios and games. OtherSide Entertainment bought out the publication rights for their "System Shock 3" in February 2019, while Mohawk Games reacquired publishing rights for "10 Crowns" in April. In May 2019, Starbreeze sold its share of Dhruva Interactive to Rockstar Games for , who subsequently merged Dhurva into its Rockstar India studio. Starbreeze laid off about 60 positions, roughly 25% of its staff, as additional cost-saving measures in June 2019. The same month, Starbreeze sold the publishing rights for "Psychonauts 2" to Microsoft for . A third extension was filed and approved in September 2019, which expired by December 3, 2019.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze announced in October 2019 that to resolve their financial situation, they will split off into two new companies: New Starbreeze Publishing AB and New Starbreeze Studios AB. Most of Starbreeze's assets, principally the IP rights to "Payday", will reside with the publishing arm. On the assumption that the financial settlement is accepted, the company plans on focusing on release of "Payday 3" by 2022-2023 which will be its primary revenue driver. The company also began renewed development on "Payday 2" to create new downloadable content, but stated that this would be for purchase, apologizing for reneging on its "forever-free-content" assurance they had made some years prior, with plans to use the revenues to help the company's finances.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze's restructuring was completed and approved by the courts by December 2019, about a year after the first financial concerns were raised. Net losses for the year of restructuring were estimated to be about . In its financial report released in February 2020 covering this restructuring, Starbreeze stated that they currently were primarily dependent on "Payday 2" content sales for revenue and re-stated their intent to release a "Payday 3" in the near future for further growth.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: The Italian publisher Digital Bros (which also owns "Payday 2" publisher 505 Games), announced its intent in January 2020 to acquire the Starbreeze assets at the time held by Smilegate for about . While Digital Bros was the majority shareholder in Starbreeze, the acquisition of Smilegate's share of Starbreeze would give Digital Bros more control of Starbreeze's development strategy. In March 2020, Mats Juhl was appointed as Starbreeze's chief financial officer, replacing Claes Wenthzel.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze announced in October 2020 that Mikael Nermark had resigned as CEO of Starbreeze AB with immediate effect due to personal reasons. Starbreeze's Board of Directors appointed Tobias Sjögren as acting CEO and initiated a search process. In March 2021, Tobias Sjögren was appointed permanent CEO of Starbreeze.


title: Starbreeze Studios

text: Starbreeze signed a publishing deal with Koch Media in March 2021 that fully financed the remaining development, publishing, and post-launch support of "Payday 3", with the game targeted for a 2023 release.


title: Best Sellers (film)

text: Best Sellers is a 2021 comedy-drama film directed by Lina Roessler and written by Anthony Grieco. It stars Michael Caine, Aubrey Plaza, Scott Speedman, Ellen Wong, Veronica Ferres, and Cary Elwes.


title: Best Sellers (film)

text: The film was an official selection at the Berlin International Film Festival. It was released in the United States and Canada on September 17, 2021, by Screen Media Films and Mongrel Media, respectively.


title: Best Sellers (film)

text: Lucy Stanbridge (Aubrey Plaza) is a young publisher who inherited her late father's once successful publishing house. To keep it afloat in face of a recent streak of disastrous releases, she seeks the help of cantankerous old writer Harris Shaw (Michael Caine), a legendary author who hasn't published a book in 50 years. Lucy has a contract that stipulates Shaw still owes the publishing house a book and is required to do a book tour for it. Reluctantly, Harris agrees to gives his unpublished manuscript to Lucy and to go on tour with her, but his wild antics prove to be hard to handle.


title: Best Sellers (film)

text: The project was announced in May 2019 while it was being sold during the Cannes Film Festival. Michael Caine was cast to star, with Lina Roessler set to make her directorial debut. Filming was originally set to begin in July that year. However no additional news was announced until November, when Aubrey Plaza and Scott Speedman were added to the cast. In December, Ellen Wong and Cary Elwes joined the cast of the film.


title: Best Sellers (film)

text: Filming began in November 2019 in Montreal, Quebec, with filming expected to continue until December 12.


title: Best Sellers (film)

text: The film was selected but did not have its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival in March due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In July 2021, Screen Media Films acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. It was released in the United States and Canada on September 17, 2021.


title: Jimmy McShane

text: James Harry McShane (23 May 1957 – 29 March 1995) was a singer from Northern Ireland, best known as the front-man of Italian band Baltimora, with the hit song "Tarzan Boy".


title: Jimmy McShane

text: McShane was born in Derry, Northern Ireland. Hired as a stage dancer and backing singer, he soon went around Europe with Dee D. Jackson and her band. During a visit to Italy with the band, McShane was attracted to the country's underground dance scene, which led to his settling in Milan in 1984. He told Dick Clark on "American Bandstand" in 1986 that he fell in love with Italy from that moment. He also learned to speak Italian and acquired Italian citizenship.


title: Jimmy McShane

text: He made his debut playing in small clubs in his hometown without success. In view of this, McShane decided to work as an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) for the Red Cross until he met Italian record producer & keyboardist Maurizio Bassi, with whom he created Baltimora. The act found success with its most popular single, "Tarzan Boy", released in 1985.


title: Jimmy McShane

text: In America, he was overwhelmed with the success of "Tarzan Boy". Some sources state lead vocals were performed by Maurizio Bassi, the group's keyboardist, with McShane actually providing the backing vocals. This still remains uncertain, and McShane lip synced while appearing in the "Tarzan Boy" music video, and not Bassi.


title: Jimmy McShane

text: McShane was diagnosed with AIDS in Milan during 1994. A few months later he returned to Northern Ireland to spend his final year, and died in his native Derry on 29 March 1995 at the age of 37. A family spokesman issued the following statement after his death: "He faced his illness with courage and died with great dignity." In the centre of Derry, a commemorative plaque was bestowed upon the grave of McShane and his father, who had died three years prior.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Australia

text: Australian vehicle registration plates or number plates are issued by state, territory, and Commonwealth governments, and the armed forces of Australia. The plates are associated with a vehicle and are generally intended to last for the time the vehicle remains registered in the state, though as they become unreadable (or for other reasons) they may be remade with like for like replacement. Motor vehicle registration in Australia are either renewed quarterly, half yearly or annually.


text: From 1910 onwards, vehicle registration plates for each state started at number 1 and were manufactured in enamel.


text: Starting in 1936, it was decided that Australian plates were to be uniform in size and embossed using standard Australian dies, beginning with New South Wales, the Federal Capital Territory (now ACT) and Victoria. By 1956, the other states and territories had moved to standard Australian embossing using painted or enamelled metal, with dimensions of × .


text: In the early 1950s, a uniform scheme for vehicle registration plates was developed, which was to apply across all states and territories. Previously, both New South Wales and Victoria had issued plates with two letters and three digits, in white on a black background. However, that was not entirely popular, and some states and territories preferred to have their own identity reflected on their registration plates.


text: Western Australia deemed itself too large to fit into the proposed scheme and devised its own. Plates in the Iaa-nnn series were to be skipped, because as a capital I was believed to be easily mistaken for the number 1. That allowed the two populous states, with a greater number of registered vehicles, to be allocated a series of six letters series: New South Wales had A to F, Victoria had G to H, and J to M. Three other states had a series of three letters: Queensland N, P and Q, South Australia R to T, Western Australia U to V. Due to its small size, Tasmania was only given one letter, W, the Australian Capital Territory was given Y and the Northern Territory was given the letter X. The letter Z was for Commonwealth government departmental use Australia-wide, the second letter reflecting the department. The letters I and O were deemed to be too similar to 1 and 0 and weren't part of the original scheme.


text: The system, introduced in 1951–52, was not as popular as expected. The Northern Territory declined to participate and continued its previous all-number system. Western Australia did adopt the scheme, taking XAA-000 to XZZ-999, previously allocated to the NT. WAG-000 to WAG-999 was reserved for WA Government vehicles, later extended to XZZ-999. However, many WA rural shires chose to issue their own plates, in the WA colour scheme, with the initial letters being the shire abbreviations, followed by digits.


text: All the other states and territories stuck to their initial allocations, until the number of registrations became too large for each state's allocation, so state authorities allowed their registration numbers to "overflow" into series allocated to another state. In 1972, NSW extended its numbering from FZZ-999 to GAA-000, which had been originally issued to Victoria. In 1974, Victoria, having reserved the Maa-nnn series for state government vehicle registrations, extended its numbering from LZZ-999 to IAA-000, with the letter I no longer being avoided. In 1977,it began using IZZ-999 to AAA-000, the latter originally allocated to NSW. South Australia did similar, extending from SZZ-999 to UAA-000, having reserved the Taa-nnn series for trailer registrations.


text: All states and territories have now adopted their own series, given that the grouped allocations from the 1950s have long since run out. Various combinations of letters and numbers are now used in each state.


text: FIRS plates are issued by state authorities on behalf of the Commonwealth, and carry the format as specified by the "Interstate Road Transport Regulations 1986 – Reg 21". Federal Interstate-registered vehicles are prohibited from undertaking intrastate journeys and can only be used for cross-border work.


text: The remaining characters are allocated by the issuing authorities. As most interstate transport companies are based on the East Coast, the majority of FIRS plates are registered in NSW and VIC. Some issues originate in QLD or SA, with the remaining states appearing relatively rarely.


text: A typical plate which might be found on a semi-trailer, registered to a company in QLD would be QT·88MW.


text: Starting 1 July 2018, a new system was implemented in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. Victoria joined the scheme on 1 October 2018.


text: Northern Territory started using National Heavy Vehicle Plates and abolished the rego stickers effective 1 August 2019


text: FB-12AA in Black on white reflection base, and blue band legend with the words NATIONAL HEAVY VEHICLE imprinted on it.


text: XQ-12AA is for Trucks while YQ-12AA is for Trailers. In this example the prefix denotes X for Trucks and Y for Trailers and the last prefix letter is for home states/territory:


text: It replaced the state based general series, however not mandatory and owners can request state based personalised plates if they wish to have them. It applies to new heavy vehicles or heavy vehicle requiring replacement of state based general series plates. 4.5 GVM minimum must qualify for the new plates.


text: Plates tend to bear the State or Territory name and perhaps a state motto or slogan at the top and/or bottom of the plate. Recent issues of plates (since the 1980s) also often use the state's colours and may include some imagery related to the state (such as the state's logo as the sequence separator).


text: Under Part 10 of the Australian Light Vehicle Standards Rules 2015, vehicles powered by fuels other than petrol or diesel (collectively alternative fuel systems) must always display a specific plate that is affixed to both the front and rear number plates. These labels exist to assist emergency services personnel in responding to potential hazards involving such vehicles. Generally, such labels are applied permanently to the registration plate by way of pop rivets or other mechanical fixtures.


text: The standards were updated in March 2019, to add standards for Hydrogen and electric powered vehicles.