title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: Sunny and Lupe get lost on the road and are redirected by a helpful convenience store clerk, whom they inform of Sunny's situation. She suggests they visit her cousin, a drug dealer based in a nearby playground. The girls confront the dealer, who offers them fake IDs in exchange for oral sex, and manage to escape with the IDs and an unmarked "birth control pill" after Sunny accidentally damages his penis. After Sunny falls asleep, Lupe drives to a bowling alley where she hopes to meet Logen — a person whom she met online and has been communicating with frequently. Sunny, while initially reluctant, quickly accepts due to the prospect of meeting Logen and pleasantly surprised to find that Hunter and his friends are at the alley as well. The girls split up — Lupe goes off to meet Logen, and Hunter invites Sunny to a nearby diner. Logen, revealed to be a female drummer, has sex with Lupe in Sunny's car. Meanwhile, after learning that Hunter only left her party to get Emma home safely rather than to have sex with her, Sunny confides in Hunter about her situation. Hunter holds no judgement towards Sunny, sympathizing with her and reassuring her that everything will work out. After Hunter drives her back to the bowling alley, the two kiss.


title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: The girls reunite, but quickly discover Sunny's car (which Lupe left with Logen) to be missing. Despairing, Sunny takes the unmarked "birth control" pill they stole from the drug dealer — later revealed to be Amphetamine — and argues with Lupe, blaming her for their situation. Lupe realizes they can locate the car with a "Find My" app, which turns out to be parked at a nearby house party. Lupe finds and confronts Logen, who insists that the car wasn't taken by her, but by her band's lead singer, Xander. Lupe and Sunny find Xander to be extremely intoxicated. He attempts to attack the girls — they escape, but Sunny nearly runs Xander over. Xander is fine, but disoriented; Logen stays behind to take care of him, sharing a kiss with Lupe before the two part ways.


title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: Back in the car, a now sober Sunny confronts Lupe on why she never told her about her true sexuality. Lupe admits she was afraid it would affect their friendship, which Sunny instantly dismisses as nonsense. Shortly after, Lupe discovers the true nature of Sunny's sexual encounter through a phone call from Kyle. Sunny says she lied because of how much more sexually experienced Lupe seems, which Lupe says is just an act. They agree to stop lying to each other.


title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: Finally, Sunny and Lupe make it to Rapid City's Planned Parenthood, but are devastated to find it permanently shut down. Sunny breaks down emotionally and admits she needs her mother's help. The two drive home.


title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: When they get back, both face altercations with their parents. Lupe is surprised by her father's concern for her. After asking him if he would ever "kick her out," he reaffirms his unconditional love for her and the two embrace. Sunny's mom is initially angry, but her mood softens after a frustrated Sunny rants about feeling the need to be perfect all the time for her. Like Lupe and her dad, the two reconnect, and Sunny admits that she needs the morning after pill, which her mom quickly buys for her.


title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: In September 2020, it was announced Natalie Morales would direct the film, from a screenplay by Prathi Srinivasan and Joshua Levy, with LD Entertainment and American High set to produce, and Hulu to distribute. In October 2020, Victoria Moroles and Kuhoo Verma joined the cast of the film.


title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: Principal photography began on September 30, 2020 and concluded on November 10, 2020 in Syracuse, New York.


title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: It was released on May 28, 2021, by Hulu. Internationally, the film was released via Star content hub on Disney+, on Star+ in Latín America, and on Disney+ Hotstar in India and Southeast Asia.


title: Plan B (2021 film)

text: "Plan B" holds a 96% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 53 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.3/10. The site's consensus reads, ""Plan B" doesn't overplay its timely message -- and it doesn't have to, thanks to a sharp, funny script and the sparkling chemistry between its charming stars". On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 74 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Aras Bulut İynemli

text: Aras Bulut İynemli (born 25 August 1990) is a Turkish actor. He is best known for his performances in "As Time Goes by" (2010–2013), "Magnificent Century" (2013–2014)", Insider" (2016–2017)", Pit" (2017–2021) and "Miracle in Cell No.7" (2019). In 2017, İynemli earned the Golden Butterfly Award for Best Actor for his role in "Pit."


title: Aras Bulut İynemli

text: He has an older brother, actor Orçun İynemli and an older sister, television host and singer Yeşim İynemli. Other relatives who are actors are Miray Daner (cousin), Cengiz Daner (uncle) and İlhan Daner (great uncle).


title: Aras Bulut İynemli

text: After playing a role in 2–3 commercials, he got a role in the drama series "Öyle Bir Geçer Zaman ki" in 2010. This drama gained international success and İynemli received a reward as well. Before this he had also worked in the drama "Back Street", but he took a hiatus after the first part as he had to complete his education of aircraft engineering. He performed in the top 100 in the university entrance exam ÖSS in Turkey, which is similar to the (SAT) exam in the US. He continued his studies at the Istanbul Technical University. In 2011, while he was 20 he received the Antalya Television Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Aras Bulut İynemli

text: In 2013 he appeared in the Azerbaijani-Turkish movie "Mahmut and Meryem", based on a novel by Elçin Efendiyev. He played a disabled boy in "Tamam mıyız?" and portrayed Şehzade Bayezid on "Muhteşem Yüzyıl" in the same year.


title: Aras Bulut İynemli

text: In 2015, İynemli was selected to play the main male character in the series "Maral: En Güzel Hikayem" together with the actress Hazal Kaya. In 2016–17, he played the role of Umut Yılmaz / Mert Karadağ in "İçerde". In 2017, he began playing the role of Yamaç Koçovalı in "Çukur".


title: Aras Bulut İynemli

text: In 2019, İynemli portrayed a mentally ill father who was wrongly imprisoned for murder in "7. Koğuştaki Mucize", which broke viewing records in Turkey within a short period. After the movie was broadcast on Netflix, it was well received by audience in France and Latin America.


title: Aras Bulut İynemli

text: In addition to his acting career, İynemli has appeared in many advertising films and is the face of numerous brands.


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: Julie Dorne Brown, better known as Downtown Julie Brown, is an English-born actress, television personality, SiriusXM DJ and former MTV VJ. Brown is best known as the host of the television music show "Club MTV", which ran from 1987 until 1992.


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: Brown's father was Jamaican and her mother British. Brown has six siblings. Her father was in the Royal Air Force, and she grew up on air force bases all around the world, including Singapore and Cyprus, before returning to the United Kingdom, where they settled in Bridgend, Wales.


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: After winning the UK Disco Dancing Championships, she went on to win the World Disco Dancing Championship in 1979. Soon after, Brown began a career on British television as presenter and guest on a number of children's programmes, including the long-running show "Crackerjack". Brown also appeared as a dancer on "Top of the Pops" in the early 1980s as a member of the dance troupe Zoo.


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: Brown became a presenter on the pan-European music channel Music Box and, after moving to the United States, eventually became an MTV VJ and went on to host the "Club MTV" show in the late 1980s. That show had a format similar to "American Bandstand"'s but featured an exclusive lineup of dance music. From this came her catchphrase, "Wubba Wubba Wubba", after she accidentally read the T-shirt of a camera crewmember who was holding the cue cards while on live TV.


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: MTV capitalized on the confusion between Downtown Julie Brown and comic actress Julie Brown by sending the pair together as correspondents for MTV News as well as by their "facing" each other on both their shows ("Club MTV" and "Just Say Julie").


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: After leaving MTV, Brown went on to work for ESPN conducting on- and off-field interviews with football athletes. Brown then moved to Los Angeles to host the "E Entertainment" channel's gossip show. She also became the host of the syndicated radio program "American Dance Traxx" in March 1992 until its final broadcast in December 1993.


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: Brown has appeared in a number of movies and TV shows, including "Spy Hard"; "Spring Break '83"; "The Weird Al Show"; "B*A*P*S"; "Ride"; "Walker, Texas Ranger"; "Battle Dome"; "Hey Arnold!"; "I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here!"; "The Dog Whisperer"; "The Eric Andre Show"; and "RuPaul's Drag U".


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: Most recently, she appeared in television's "Wife Swap" on 21 July 2013. She also appeared on the cover and posed nude for the August 1998 edition of "Playboy". Brown is currently a host on the SiriusXM channel '90s on 9. In addition to hosting programmes, she also hosts "The Back in The Day Replay Countdown," on which are played the 30 biggest songs of the week from a particular year in the 1990s.


title: Downtown Julie Brown

text: Brown married film producer and former CEO of Intermedia Martin Schuermann in 2001. They live in Marina del Rey, California, with their daughter.


title: Mike Golic

text: Michael Louis Golic Sr. (; born December 12, 1962) is a former National Football League (NFL) defensive lineman and television host. Golic is well known for his 25-year association with ESPN, most notably co-hosting ESPN Radio's "Mike & Mike" from 2000 to 2017.


title: Mike Golic

text: Golic joined ESPN in 1995 as a reporter/analyst for "Sunday NFL Countdown". He was an original analyst for "NFL 2Night" (now known as "NFL Live"), the five-night-per-week news and information program on ESPN2. Golic also served as analyst for Arena Football League on ESPN. In 1997, Golic began serving as college football analyst for ESPN and ABC Sports, a role he continued until 2004 and resumed in 2020. He also hosted "Golic and Wingo" from 2017 until 2020.


title: Mike Golic

text: After leaving ESPN, in 2021 Golic joined Learfield as co-host and analyst of College Football Saturday Night, a new personality-driven streaming radio broadcast of college football games throughout the season. He currently serves as an analyst for Pro Football Talk, and as the analyst for Westwood One's broadcast of Thursday Night Football.


title: Mike Golic

text: Golic was also the host of the long-running syndicated sports highlights, bloopers, and gag show called "The Lighter Side of Sports".


title: Mike Golic

text: Golic was born and raised in Willowick, Ohio, and attended St. Joseph High School in Cleveland, Ohio. Golic graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1985 as a finance and management major. He served as captain of the football team during his senior season and also wrestled for the Irish.


title: Mike Golic

text: Golic was drafted by the Houston Oilers selected in the 10th round with the 255th overall pick in the 1985 NFL Draft.


title: Mike Golic

text: He was an eight-year NFL veteran, playing defensive tackle for the Houston Oilers, Philadelphia Eagles and Miami Dolphins.


title: Mike Golic

text: He played in 115 games (starting 49 games) and 5 playoff games during his 8 seasons in the NFL. He recorded 11.5 sacks and three interceptions in his career. Golic admitted to taking corticosteroids briefly while recovering from an injury.


title: Mike Golic

text: During his five years in Philadelphia, he decided to begin his television career with a weekly segment on the "Randall Cunningham Show". He received a Mid-Atlantic Region Emmy Award for his feature "Golic's Got It". Mike Golic began his fulltime broadcasting career in earnest when he moved to Phoenix, AZ, in 1995 to become the lead talkshow host at KGME radio. Paired with co-host Bruce Jacobs, the Golic-Jacobs morning show on KGME became the model for ESPN's "Mike & Mike" five years later. Golic served as the analyst for Jacksonville Jaguars pre-season games from 1995–98.


title: Mike Golic

text: From January 2, 2000 to November 17, 2017, he hosted "Mike & Mike" with Mike Greenberg on ESPN Radio and ESPN2. November 27, 2017, he began a show with Trey Wingo named "Golic and Wingo", which also featured Mike Jr. Prior to "Mike and Mike," Golic was co-host of ESPN Radio's first-morning show, "The Bruno-Golic Morning Show," with talk radio veteran Tony Bruno. The program started in 1998 and ended in 1999 with Bruno's resignation from ESPN Radio. Golic worked with a series of co-hosts for the remainder of 1999. On July 9, 2020, ESPN announced that they would be canceling Golic and Wingo. Their final program together aired on July 31, 2020. On July 18, 2020 Adam Schefter reported that Golic would return to his former role as a college football analyst for ESPN during the 2020 season.


title: Mike Golic

text: On April 27, 2008, it was announced Golic would appear alongside football's greatest players in the PS3 and Xbox 360 game, "All-Pro Football 2K8".


title: Mike Golic

text: Golic made an appearance on ESPN's mini-series "Tilt". He can be seen during the final episode eating a donut at the buffet table. Mike also appeared with Mike Greenberg on the TV series "Guiding Light" in 2008.


title: Mike Golic

text: In 2015, Golic was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame in the Outstanding American category, designated for those who have used wrestling as a stepping stone to success in other fields.


title: Mike Golic

text: Golic's older brother, Bob Golic, also played at University of Notre Dame. He earned multiple NFL All-Pro nose tackle honors and is currently a talk radio host Monday through Saturday on WNIR-FM in Akron, Ohio and co-hosts the Cleveland Browns television pre-game and post-game shows on Sundays on CBS affiliate WOIO-TV. Their father, Bob, also played football.


title: Mike Golic

text: Mike and Bob appeared with their father and their brother Greg on the May 28, 2009 of "Mike and Mike in the Morning" broadcast from Progressive Field in Cleveland. The three Golic brothers again appeared together on "Mike and Mike" on May 7, 2010, May 9, 2012, and May 31, 2017 when the show broadcast from Progressive Field. Golic has stated numerous times on "Mike and Mike" he is a Cleveland Guardians and a Cleveland Cavaliers fan.


title: Mike Golic

text: Golic resides in South Bend, Indiana and Scottsdale, Arizona with his wife Christine. All three of Golic's children attended Notre Dame. His sons, Mike Jr. and Jake played football (Jake played the 2014–15 season with Cincinnati), while his daughter Sydney was a swimmer for the Irish. Mike Jr. signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent following the 2013 NFL Draft.


title: Mike Golic

text: In 2010, Golic co-wrote the book "Mike and Mike's Rules for Sports and Life" with co-host Mike Greenberg.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The Temple of Athena Nike (Greek: Ναός Αθηνάς Νίκης, "Naós Athinás Níkis") is a temple on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddesses Athena and Nike. Built around 420 BC, the temple is the earliest fully Ionic temple on the Acropolis. It has a prominent position on a steep bastion at the south west corner of the Acropolis to the right of the entrance, the Propylaea. In contrast to the Acropolis proper, a walled sanctuary entered through the Propylaea, the Victory Sanctuary was open, entered from the Propylaea's southwest wing and from a narrow stair on the north. The sheer walls of its bastion were protected on the north, west, and south by the "Nike Parapet", named for its frieze of Nikai celebrating victory and sacrificing to their patroness, Athena and Nike.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: Nike was the goddess of victory in Greek mythology, and Athena was worshipped in this form, representative of being victorious in war. The citizens worshipped the goddesses in hopes of a successful outcome in the long Peloponnesian War fought against the Spartans and allies.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The cult of Athena Nike was operable in the early sixth century BCE. On the remains of a Mycenaean bastion, a cult image of Athena seated holding a pomegranate in her right hand and holding a helmet in her left was placed on top of a square limestone base. The Sanctuary of Athena Nike was demolished by the Persians in 480-479 BCE and a temple was built over the remains. The new temple construction was underway in 449 BCE and was finished around 420 BCE. The cult was supervised by the Priestess of Athena Nike, who was appointed through democratic allotment. If still in use by the 4th-century, the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: Greece, which was under the control of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 when they conquered Constantinople. The temple sat untouched until it was demolished in 1686 by the Ottomans who used the stones to build defenses. In 1834 the temple was reconstructed after the independence of Greece. In 1998 the temple was dismantled so that the crumbling concrete floor could be replaced and its frieze was removed and placed in the new Acropolis Museum that opened in 2009. The Temple of Athena Nike is often closed to visitors as work continues. The new museum exhibit consists of fragments of the site before the Persians were thought to have destroyed it in 480 BCE. Sculptures from the friezes have been salvaged such as: deeds of Hercules, statue of Moscophoros, a damaged sculpture of a goddess credited to Praxiteles and the Rampin horseman, as well as epigraphic dedications, decrees, and stelae.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The north side of the parapet of the Temple of Athena Nike depicts two Nikai setting up a trophy. This is in reference to Nike setting up trophies in Aristophanes' Lysistrata; first staged in 411 BCE. The pediment on the east side of the temple depicts a Gigantomachy and the pediment on the west side of the temple depicts an Amazonomachy. The akroteria on the east side of the Temple of Athena Nike depicts the Greek hero Bellerophon atop a group of Pegasus on his way to vanquish a Chimera.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The Temple of Athena Nike was finished around 420 BC, during the Peace of Nicias. It is a "tetrastyle" (four column) Ionic structure with a colonnaded portico at both front and rear facades ("amphiprostyle"), designed by the architect Kallikrates. The columns along the east and west fronts were monolithic columns. The temple ran 8 metres (27 ft) long by 5.5 metres (18.5 ft) wide and 7 metres (23 ft) tall. The total height from the stylobate to the acme of the pediment while the temple remained intact was a modest 7 metres (23 ft). The ratio of height to diameter of the columns is 7:1, rather than the more standard 9:1 or 10:1 ratio in Ionic buildings. Constructed from white Pentelic marble, it was built in stages as war-starved funding allowed.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The friezes of the building's entablature were decorated on all sides with relief sculpture in the idealized classical style of the 5th century BC. The orientation of the temple is set up so that the East Frieze sits above the entrance of the temple on the porch side. The north frieze depicted a battle between Greeks entailing cavalry. The south frieze showed the decisive victory over the Persians at the battle of Plataea. The east frieze showed an assembly of the gods Athena, Zeus and Poseidon, rendering Athenian religious beliefs and reverence for the gods bound up in the social and political climate of 5th Century Athens. The west frieze has a good amount of the original sculpting preserved. Similar to the east frieze it is most likely telling the story of a battle, or more specifically a victory. There are multiple corpses depicted (more than any of the other three friezes) and imagery of one about to be killed with some figures wearing helmets. This battle between armies most likely is depicting the massacre of the Corinthians by the Athenians.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: Some time after the temple was completed, around 410 BC a parapet was added around it to prevent people from falling from the steep bastion. The outside of the parapet was adorned by carved relief sculptures showing Nike in a variety of activities and all in procession.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: Architects Christian Hansen and Eduard Schaubert excavated the temple in the 1830s. The building had been totally dismantled in the 17th century and the stone built into the Turkish wall that surrounded the hill. A primitive anastylosis was carried out in 1836 when the temple was re-erected from remaining parts. A third restoration was completed in Summer 2010. The main structure, stylobate and columns are largely intact, minus the roof and most of the tympanae. Fragments of the sculpted frieze are exhibited in the Acropolis Museum and the British Museum; copies of these are fixed in their place on the temple.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: On the parapet, there would have stood a famous marble statue of a wingless Nike. The positioning of this statue has Nike leaning towards her right foot with her right arm stretching towards her sandal and her clothes slipping off her shoulder. For a while, there has been much debate over what the imagery of this statue is supposed to represent. There are many other uses of Greek sandal-related art found on cups, vases, and even on the friezes of the Parthenon. However, these versions all depict the subjects bending down with both arms stretched out to adjust or tie their sandals. The difference in imagery between one hand and two is what has caused discrepancy behind the meaning of the statue of a wingless Nike. It is most likely that Nike is instead removing or loosening her sandal as opposed to adjusting or putting it on. This use of imagery is thought to be used to demonstrate the action of removing footwear to those entering the temple to pay tribute to Athena, as this was a traditional action of worshiping in this space.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The famous parapet of Nike removing her sandal is an example of "Wet drapery". Wet drapery involves showing the form of the body but also concealing the body with the drapery of the clothing. Some friezes are from the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. The friezes contained a cavalry scene from the battle of Marathon and a Greek victory over the Persians at the battle of Plataea. The battles represent Greek and Athenian dominance through military power and historical events.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: A statue of Nike stood in the "cella", or otherwise referred to as a "naos". Nike was originally the "winged victory" goddess ("see" the winged Nike of Samothrace). The Athena Nike statue's absence of wings led Athenians in later centuries to call it "Apteros Nike" or wingless victory, and the story arose that the statue was deprived of wings so that it could never leave the city.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The cornice follows standard architectural design and sits immediately above the frieze and wraps around the entire structure. Many sections of the cornice that have been discovered are believed to be part of the Temple of Athena Nike, however, some archaeologists think that some of the pieces found near the temple might not be part it. These pieces of the cornice are lined on the inside with an array of holes, supporting the idea that the cornice was held in place by dowels, which connected it to the frieze. Many of these cornice pieces are so weathered and worn that the dowel holes are no longer visible.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The cornice stretches flat and with no moldings that would create a design. If there had been a design, it would not be sculptural. There is evidence that would suggest that the cornice would have at one point been painted. However, because the architecture has been worn for such a long time, any knowledge of what the design could have been is long lost.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: Just above the cornice, on the north and south sides of the temple, rests the cyma. They sit at an angle on both sides, creating the slope that makes up the roofing and the pediment. Stretching along the cyma is an order of lion heads that extend outward. At each end of the cyma, where the corners would turn into the east and west faces of the temple, there are cuttings just above the cyma where an akroteria would have been placed.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The main body of the central statue that made up the akroteria was composed of bronze, not marble. There is evidence of gold foiling and gold wiring through the main bronze core. Researchers have hypothesized on the form of the statue, but there is no trace of the original sculpture to indicate what the central akroteria really looked like. The same can be said for the statues that would make up the east and west akroteria. Both were made of bronze and it is impossible to know what the figures could have been. Theories around the figure of the central statue include a Chimera or a Pegasus that is rearing up. However, these theories may be unlikely as the proportions of these animals’ bodies would not match where their feet would be placed in the akroteria's base block.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: A possible theory for the central akroteria would be a bronze tripod, similar to the ones that would have been on the Temple of Zeus in Olympia. This hypothesis has not been discredited for a few reasons: 1) It would be a realistic answer for the shape of the statue since the tripods dimensions would fit in the cuttings of the supporting block (unlike the animal theories). 2) A tripod would have been a likely statue to have a bronze core when serving as an acroteria. 3) The Tripod is commonly used as a symbol of victory.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: A commemorative trophy is another theory for the central akroteria that has yet to be disproven for many of the same reasons as the tripod. There are also some sculptures on the surrounding parapets that depict Nike setting up a trophy.


title: Temple of Athena Nike

text: The last theory that has yet to be discredited is a central akroteria of a flying Nike. The idea is that a statue of a winged Nike would have been set just above a shield and on either side of her would have stood a Nikai holding weapons dedicated to the goddess. The akroteria at the temple of Zeus in Olympia would be a good statue for comparison with the exception of the two Nikai. This shape for the central akroteria would explain the cuttings in the supporting block that would not have matched with some of the other forms.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: Shakuntala Devi is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language biographical drama film tracing the life of mathematician Shakuntala Devi, who was also known as the "human computer". It is written and directed by Anu Menon and produced by Sony Pictures Networks India, Abundantia Entertainment and Genius Films. The film stars Vidya Balan in a titular role as Shakuntala Devi, along with Sanya Malhotra, Amit Sadh and Jisshu Sengupta in supporting roles while child artist Spandan Chaturvedi in her film debut gives a cameo appearance as young Shakuntala.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: Principal photography took place from September 2019 to November 2019. Originally planned for cinema release in May 2020, it was delayed owing to COVID-19 pandemic in India. Later, the film was directly streamed on Amazon Prime Video online on 31 July 2020 coinciding with Eid-al-Adha. Vidya Balan was also nominated for the 2021 Filmfare Award for Best Actress.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: In 2001, Anupama Banerjee arrives in London with her husband Ajay, and reveals that she is suing her mother, Shakuntala Devi.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: The film shifts to Shakuntala Devi's childhood in Bengaluru in the 1930s, where her family discovers her incredible talent for quickly solving complex mathematical problems in her head. Her father, Bishaw, decides to use Shakuntala's talent and have her do "math shows," where she would entertain people with her problem solving prowess. Shakuntala continues to do math shows and earn for the family as she grows up, but blames her father for not letting her live a normal childhood. She also blames her mother for not standing up to him, especially in the wake of her sister's death. In 1954, she leaves for London after a violent altercation with her boyfriend, Dhiraj, after she learns that he had been pretending to love her even though he had a marriage fixed and even the invites printed out.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: In London, Shakuntala lives with Tarabai in her home with three other Indian men, but struggles to find opportunities for her shows. But, she eventually manages to impress Javier, a Spanish mathematician when she shows off her skills at the Royal Mathematical Society in London. He helps improve Shakuntala's English and helps her get shows, and the pair begin a relationship as well. Shakuntala's popularity rapidly grows, and is given the nickname "The Human Computer" after she proves a computer wrong on a TV show. She expands her global influence by performing in other countries, and becomes a worldwide celebrity. Amidst all of this, Javier ends his relationship with Shakuntala, stating that he needs to return to Spain.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: In 1968, Shakuntala meets Paritosh Banerji in Mumbai, and the two quickly fall in love. The couple eventually get married and settle in Kolkata, with the aspirations of starting a family. In 1970, Shakuntala gives birth to Anupama, nicknamed Anu, and devotes her life to being a mother. However, she realizes how much she misses doing shows and decides to resume her career, leaving Anu with Paritosh. Shakuntala continues to amaze people, and even makes it into "The Guinness Book of Records", but she worries about being an uncaring mother. Ultimately, she decides to take Anu with her on her travels, much to Paritosh's dismay. They soon divorce.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: While growing up, Anu travels around the world with her mother. As Shakuntala is constantly exploring new career avenues, Anu finds herself constantly ignored and disenchanted with her life. Even after enrolling Anu in a boarding school, Shakuntala uses every opportunity she can to have Anu accompany her. This reaches a breaking point when a teenage Anu lashes out at her mother for building her career at the expense of her childhood. In response, Shakuntala takes a break and settles with Anu in London, even supporting her business aspirations. This helps the two become close. Their relationship sours again when an adult Anu decides to marry Ajay Abhaya Kumar, a businessman. Shakuntala informs Ajay of her expectation of him moving with them to London, despite him being settled in Bengaluru. Anu accuses her mother of constantly holding her back and not letting her live her own life. Shakuntala, unwilling to let her daughter go, threatens to shut down Anu's business. Anu cuts off all contact with Shakuntala, and marries Ajay. She decides to not have children, fearing that she won't be a good mother. Despite this, Anu gives birth to a daughter, Amritha.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: Anu and Ajay receive a shock when they are informed that Shakuntala used her power of attorney to sell Anu's business properties, while giving her zero percent of the profit share. Furthermore, she passed the payment of the capital gains tax on to Anu, leaving her family in massive debt. Anu and Ajay decide to take legal action against Shakuntala, and travel to London for the proceedings. Upon their arrival, they discover that Shakuntala's actions were a stunt, done so she could force her daughter to come see her. Shakuntala gives Anu the profit received from the sale of her properties, and asks for her forgiveness. Anu forgives her mother, and the two have an emotional reunion.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film was not released theatrically and streamed on Amazon Prime Video worldwide on 31 July 2020. Vidya Balan expressed her delight on social media platforms regarding the release of the film on over-the-top media services.


title: Shakuntala Devi (film)

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. Sreeparna Sengupta of "Times of India" gave the film three and half stars out of five and said, "A joy to watch simply to soak in the fascinating life and times of the maths whiz – a human computer faster than an actual computer, the free-spirit, who was all that and so much more!" Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" rated the movie 3/5, calling it "a Vidya Balan show". Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" opined "the numbers add up nicely with a feisty Vidya Balan", giving the movie 3/5. Mike McCahill of "The Guardian" gave it three stars out of five and said, "The movie finds funny ways of dramatising the process whereby one generation of women squares its frustrations with another – but it adds up to spirited, intelligent, authentically feminist entertainment."


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: The Kayı or Kayi tribe (Middle Turkic: قَيِغْ "qayïγ" or simply "qayig"; , ) were an Oghuz Turkic people and a sub-branch of the Bozok tribal federation. In his "Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk," the 11th century Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari cited as of one of 22 Oghuz tribes, saying that Oghuz were also called Turkomans. The name "Kayı" means ""the one who has might and power by relationship"" and the Turkmen proverb says that ""people shall be led by Kayi and Bayat tribes" ()".


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: In his history work "Shajara-i Tarākima", the Khan of Khiva and historian, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, mentions among the 24 ancient Turkmen (Oghuz Turkic) tribes, direct descendants of Oghuz Khagan. Oghuz Khagan is a semi-legendary figure thought to be the ancient progenitor of Oghuz Turks. translates as "strong". In his extensive history work “Jami' al-tawarikh” (Collection of Chronicles), the statesman and historian of the Ilkhanate Rashid-al-Din Hamadani also says that the tribe comes from the oldest of Oghuz Khan's 24 grandchildren who were the patriarchs of the ancient Oghuz tribes, and the name "Kayı" means "powerful".


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: Soviet Sinologist and Turkologist Yury Zuev based on the analysis of tribal names and tamgas from Tang Huiyao, identifies a number of ancient Central Asian Turkic tribes as Oghuz-Turkmen tribes, one of them is the Kay tribe, whom Chinese knew as Xí 奚 (< MC *"γiei"). After examining Chinese sources & consulting the works of other scholars (Pelliot, Minorsky), Zuev proposes that the Kay had belonged to the proto-Mongolic Xianbei tribal union Yuwen Xiongnu and that Kay had been ethnic and linguistic relatives of the Mongolic-speaking Khitans, prior to being known as an Oghuz-Turkmen tribe by the 9th century. Likewise, Hungarian scholar Gyula Németh (1969) links "Kayı(ğ)" to the (para-)Mongolic "Qay"/"Xí", whom Tibetans knew as "Dad-pyi" and Göktürks knew as "Tatabï"; however, Németh's thesis is rejected by Mehmet Fuat Köprülü among others. Later on, Németh (1991) proposes that Mg. "Qay" is derived from Tk. root "qað-" "snowstorm, blizzard"; nevertheless, Golden points out that "Qay" has several Mongolic etymologies: "ɣai" "misfortune", "χai" "interjection of grief", "χai" "to seek", "χai" "to hew".


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: Even so, Köprülü rejects scholarly attempts to link the formerly Mongolic Qay/Xi to the Oghuz Turkic tribe Qayı(ğ); he points out that Kashgari's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk distinguished the Qay tribe from the Qayığ branch/sub-tribe of the Oghuz-Turkmen tribe.


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: According to Ottoman tradition, Osman I, the founder of Ottoman Empire, was a descendant of the Kayı tribe. This claim has, however, been called into serious question by many modern historians. The only evidence for the Ottomans' Kayı descent came from genealogies written during the fifteenth century, several centuries after the life of Osman. More significantly, the earliest genealogies written by the Ottomans did not include any reference to Kayı descent at all, indicating that it may have been fabricated at a later date.


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: The famous Oghuz-Turkic folk narrator, soothsayer and bard Gorkut-ata (Dede Korkut) belonged to the Kayı tribe. In the 10th century, the Central Asian Oghuz Yabgu State was headed by supreme leaders (or Yabghu) who belonged to the Kayi tribe.


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: According to Soviet archaeologist and ethnographer Sergey Tolstov, part of the Kayi tribe moved in the Middle Ages from Central Asia to modern day Ukraine, they are known in the Old Russian Chronicles as "kovuy" and "kaepichi" as one of the tribes that formed the Turkic tribal confederation called Chorni Klobuky (lit. "Black Hats") who were allies of the Rurikid khaganate of Kievan Rus; Golden however considers the Kaepichi to be descendants of the Mongolic or para-Mongolic Qay instead. According to the famous Soviet and Russian linguist and turkologist A. V. Superanskaya, the origin of the name of the city of Kiev is associated with the Kayı tribe: "As ethnographers testify, ethnically “pure” peoples do not and cannot exist. On the contrary, new peoples arise from ethnic mixes of two or more peoples, usually assimilating the best features of each. There are many folk legends that the beginning of a nation was laid by two (or several) brothers ... Apparently, something similar lies behind the legend of Kiy, Schek, Horev and Lybed. The tribal name Kyy (Kiy) belonged to the ancient Turkic peoples. It is still present in the names of tribal structures of modern Turkic peoples ”.


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: In Turkmenistan, the tribe is one of the main divisions of the Gekleng Turkmens living in the Balkan velayat and consists of the following clans: and others. The are also a subtribe of the Bayat Turkmens of the Lebap velayat.


title: Kayı (tribe)

text: The name and logo of the İyi Party ("İyi" means "Good" in Turkish) of Meral Akşener is inspired by the seal of the Kayı tribe.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: Heaven Knows What is a 2014 psychological drama film directed by Ben and Joshua Safdie and written by Ronald Bronstein and Joshua Safdie. The film stars Arielle Holmes, Buddy Duress, Ron Braunstein, Eleonore Hendricks, Caleb Landry Jones and Yuri Pleskun. The film was released on May 29, 2015, by RADiUS-TWC. It is based on "Mad Love in New York City", Holmes' unpublished memoir of her life as a homeless heroin addict living on the streets of New York City, where she was discovered by director Josh Safdie, who encouraged her to write the memoir.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: The film is dedicated to Ilya Leontyev, Arielle Holmes' former boyfriend (portrayed the film by Caleb Landry Jones) who was found dead after a drug overdose in Central Park in April 2015.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: Harley, a homeless heroin addict in New York City, has just been dumped by another homeless addict named Ilya for a recent infidelity, and he refuses to have anything to do with her. Desperate to win him back, Harley asks Ilya if he would love her if she died, and he coldly says yes. After buying razor blades with money earned from begging and being encouraged by Ilya, Harley slits one wrist before Ilya panics and calls an ambulance. Harley is admitted to a psychiatric hospital.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: After her release, Harley meets up with her friend, Mike, a low-level drug dealer, and another man she met earlier named Skully. However, annoyed at Skully's harassment, Harley soon drives him away. She spends her time crashing with Mike and using him as a source for heroin. Eventually, Ilya and Mike get into a fight at a park with Harley watching, and Ilya injures Mike's hand. While he recovers from his wound, Harley admits to Mike that she still loves Ilya, which causes Mike to leave her in frustration.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: One night, Harley receives a phone call; Ilya is unconscious at a fast food restaurant from a drug overdose. Harley rushes there and revives Ilya, causing them to passionately reconcile. They then board a bus for Miami. While Harley is sleeping, Ilya gets off the bus alone and enters a vacant house. At night, the candle near his bed causes a fire, and Ilya dies after being enveloped in flames.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: Harley wakes up on the bus and notices Ilya is not there. Devastated, she gets off the bus and goes back to New York. She goes to another fast food restaurant, where Mike is recounting the story of a fight he was in. Harley silently sits with Mike and his friends as he tells his story.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: The film premiered at the 71st Venice International Film Festival on August 29, 2014. On October 1, 2014, RADiUS-TWC acquired the film.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: "Heaven Knows What" received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 87%, based on 68 reviews, with a rating of 7.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grueling and rewarding in equal measure, "Heaven Knows What" hits hard -- and serves as a powerful calling card for its captivating star, Arielle Holmes." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Heaven Knows What

text: Kenji Fujishima of "Slant Magazine" described the film as "one of the most harrowing cinematic depictions of drug addiction in recent memory, reliant less on formal gimmickry than on close observation of behavior." Jordan Hoffman of "The Guardian" gave it 5 stars out of 5 and praised Arielle Holmes' performance, saying: "While her accent is reminiscent of Linda Manz, her energy recalls Gena Rowlands in the best of Cassavetes' films." The Film Poster designed by Sarah Holmes and Shiri Eshel for Market Reactive, was named by IndieWire as one of the 15 best Indie Movie Posters of 2015. It was called by IndieWire one of the best 25 movies of that year.


title: Heaven Knows What

text: David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" noted that "[among] the film's most impressive qualities is the Safdie brothers' boldly textural use of music — predominantly Isao Tomita's electronica versions of Debussy, but also a little Tangerine Dream and James Dashow as well as some hardstyle and black metal." Nicolas Rapold of "The New York Times" commented that "[the] director of photography, Sean Price Williams, skillfully orchestrates lingering close-ups and up-the-street long shots, which are beautifully interwoven in the editing by Ronald Bronstein and Benny Safdie."


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: Sylvia Robinson (née Vanderpool; May 29, 1935 – September 29, 2011) was an American singer, record producer, and record label executive. Robinson achieved success as a performer on two R&B chart toppers: as half of Mickey & Sylvia with the 1957 single "Love Is Strange", and her solo record "Pillow Talk" in 1973. She later became known for her work as founder and CEO of the hip hop label Sugar Hill Records.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: Robinson is credited as the driving force behind two landmark singles in the hip hop genre: "Rapper's Delight" (1979) by the Sugarhill Gang, and "The Message" (1982) by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, both of which she produced. Several publications have dubbed her as "The Mother of Hip Hop". At the 11th Annual Rhythm and Blues Awards Gala in 2000, she received a Pioneer Award for her career in singing and for founding Sugarhill Records and in 2022, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the Ahmet Ertegun Award category for being a major influence on the creative development of hip-hop's early successes and is the second woman to receive the honor, after Cynthia Weil.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: Robinson was born as Sylvia Vanderpool on May 29, 1935, in Harlem, New York, United States, to Herbert, an immigrant from the Virgin Islands who worked for General Motors, and Ida Vanterpool. Robinson attended Washington Irving High School until dropping out at the age of 14, and began recording music in 1950 for Columbia Records under the alias "Little Sylvia".


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: In 1954, she began teaming up with Kentucky guitarist Mickey Baker, who taught her how to play guitar. In 1956, the duo now known as Mickey & Sylvia, recorded the Bo Diddley and Jody Williams-penned rock single, "Love Is Strange", which topped the R&B chart and reached number eleven on the "Billboard" pop chart in early 1957. After several more releases including the modestly successful "There Oughta Be a Law", Mickey & Sylvia split up in 1958 and she later married Joseph Robinson. Sylvia restarted her solo career shortly after her initial split from Baker, first under the name Sylvia Robbins. In 1960, Robinson produced the record "You Talk Too Much" by Joe Jones, but she did not receive credit.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: In 1961, Mickey & Sylvia recorded more songs together for various labels including their own. Their label was called Willow Records and was distributed by King Records of Cincinnati. That year, Baker provided vocals and Robinson played guitar on Ike & Tina Turner's hit single "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" which earned Ike & Tina their first Grammy nomination. "I paid for the session, taught Tina the song; that's me playing guitar," Robinson said in a 1981 interview with "Black Radio Exclusive".


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: In 1966, the Robinsons moved to New Jersey where they formed a soul music label, All Platinum Records, the following year, with artist Lezli Valentine, formerly of the Jaynetts, bringing the label its first hit with "I Won't Do Anything". In 1968, the duo signed a Washington, D.C. act named The Moments, who immediately found success with "Not on the Outside". Within a couple of years and with a new lineup, the group scored their biggest hit with "Love on a Two-Way Street" (1970), which Sylvia co-wrote and produced with Bert Keyes and (uncredited) lyrics by Lezli Valentine. Other hits on the label and its subsidiaries, including Stang and Vibration, included Shirley & Company's "Shame, Shame, Shame" (1975), The Moments' "Sexy Mama" and "Look at Me (I'm in Love)", Retta Young's "(Sending Out An) S.O.S." (1975), and the Whatnauts/Moments collaboration, "Girls". Robinson co-wrote and produced many of the tracks, although later she was supported by two members of The Moments, Al Goodman and Harry Ray, as well as locally based producers, George Kerr and Nate Edmonds.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: In 1972, Robinson sent a demo of a song she had written called "Pillow Talk" to Al Green. When Green passed on it due to his religious beliefs, Robinson decided to record it herself, returning to her own musical career. Billed simply as Sylvia, the record became a major hit, reaching number-one on the R&B chart and crossing over to reach the US "Billboard" Hot 100 (#3), while also reaching #14 on the UK Singles Chart in the summer of 1973. She was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in May 1973, and earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 1974 Grammy Awards. "Pillow Talk"'s subtly orgasmic gasps and moans predated those of the 1975 Donna Summer song "Love to Love You Baby". Reviewing Robinson's 1973 debut LP (also titled "Pillow Talk"), Robert Christgau wrote in "" (1981) that it is ""Let's Get It On" without production values. Call it underdeveloped if you want; I'll mention that it's unaffected. Including the best peace lyric heard lately, entitled 'Had Any Lately?'"


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: Robinson recorded four solo albums on the Vibration subsidiary and had other R&B hits including "Sweet Stuff" and "Pussy Cat". "Pillow Talk" was a soulful medium dance number.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: In the 1970s, the Robinsons founded Sugar Hill Records. The company was named after the culturally rich Sugar Hill area of Harlem, an affluent African-American neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City, known as a hub for artists and performers in the early and mid-1900s. The song "Rapper's Delight" (1979), performed by The Sugar Hill Gang, brought rap into the public music arena by attaining one of the first commercially successful hip hop songs and revolutionized the music industry by introducing rap, scratch, and breakdance. Later acts signed to Sugar Hill Records included all-female rap/funk group The Sequence, featuring a teenage Angie Stone (recording as "Angie B"), who had a million-selling hit in early 1980 with "Funk U Up".


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: In 1982 Sylvia Robinson with Grandmaster Melle Mel, produced the record "The Message", which was performed by Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five. The record discussed life in the ghetto and became one of the most influential tracks of the hip-hop genre. On December 5, 2012, "Rolling Stone" selected "The Message" as one of the "50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time". In order for "Rolling Stone" to compose this list, the business asked 33 different artists and experts from every genre of music including Busta Rhymes, Boots Riley, The coup, Mike Diamond, from the Beastie Boys and Talib Kweli. Once the votes were in, "The Message" was placed in the number 1 spot on the list. Grandmaster Flash stated "And when that project was on the slate to be done-The message; I'm talking about-she would ask us for a period of time about doing a record having to do with the real life things that happen in the 'hood. And we kind of ducked it for a minute." Without Sylvia Robinson's insistence and pressure there would be no "The Message". This was the first record of its kind, where the DJ who was the cornerstone of Hip hop at the time (1980s) was not involved in creating a track that they performed.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: Sugar Hill Records folded in 1985, due to changes in the music industry, the competition of other hip-hop labels, such as Profile and Def Jam and also financial pressures. Robinson, who had by now divorced Joe Robinson, continued her efforts as a music executive, forming Bon Ami Records in 1987. The label was noted for signing the act The New Style, who later left and found success as Naughty by Nature.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: Robinson was married to businessman Joseph Robinson Sr. (1932–2000) from May 1959 until his death in 2000. Together they had three children, sons Joseph "Joey" Robinson Jr. (1962–2015), Leland Robinson (b. 1965 or 1966) and Rhondo "Scutchie" Robinson (1970–2014). Robinson owned a bar in Harlem, New York named "Joey's Place" after her husband in the 1960s. Robinson also owned another New York bar and nightclub named the Blue Morocco during the mid-1960s.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: Robinson died on the morning of September 29, 2011, at the age of 76, at Meadowlands Hospital in Secaucus, New Jersey due to congestive heart failure.


title: Sylvia Robinson

text: In 2014, producer Paula Wagner acquired the film rights to Robinson's life story from her son, Joey Robinson, an executive at Sugar Hill Records. Joey (who died in July 2015) was scheduled to executive produce and serve as a consultant on the project, along with rapper Grandmaster Melle Mel, while music executive Robert Kraft was to co-produce the film along with Stephanie Allain. In October 2015, Warner Bros. announced that it would be the studio producing the film, and that Malcolm Spellman and Carlito Rodriguez, two of the writers on "Empire", were writing the script. In October 2018, it was announced that Wagner and Warner Bros. were still moving forward with the film, Spellman and Rodriguez had been joined by Tracy Oliver in completing the script, Justin Simien had been attached as the director, and that Oliver would join Robinson's son Leland as executive producers.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: Zagreb Franjo Tuđman Airport () or Zagreb Airport () () is an international airport serving Zagreb, Croatia. It is the largest and busiest airport in Croatia except in 2021, when it handled 1.4 million passengers and was surpassed for the first time by Split Airport, which handled 1.57 million passengers. In 2019, however, Zagreb handled 3.45 million passengers and some 13,000 tons of cargo while Split handled 3.1 million.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: Named after Franjo Tuđman, the first President of Croatia, the airport is located some southeast of Zagreb Central Station in Velika Gorica. It is the hub of the Croatian flag carrier Croatia Airlines and a focus city for Trade Air. The main base of the Croatian Air Force is also located at the airport's premises. Moreover, the Croatian Air Traffic Control has its administration situated on the grounds of the airport.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: The airport was awarded to the ZAIC consortium (Zagreb Airport International Company) in a 30-year concession under the terms of a contract signed by the Government of Croatia with the aforementioned. The contract includes the financing, designing and construction of a new passenger terminal which was opened in March 2017. For the purpose of managing the airport ZAIC registered a company called MZLZ d.d. (Međunarodna zračna luka Zagreb d.d.) that is now the operator of the Airport.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: The history of Zagreb civil aviation began in 1909 when the first airfield was built close to the western city neighbourhood (city district) of Črnomerec.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: With the creation of the first Yugoslav flag carrier Aeroput in 1927, the airport was relocated to the Borongaj airfield in 1928 which began serving the ever-growing number of passengers on 15 February of that year. Although several European airliners connected the city it was mostly Aeroput which connected Zagreb to major destinations across Europe and thus significantly increased traffic at Zagreb in the period preceding the Second World War.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: Following World War II, commercial services were moved to a former military airbase near the village of Lučko south-west of the city in 1947. JAT Yugoslav Airlines took the role of Aeroput and made Zagreb its second hub. At its peak in 1959, Lučko served 167,000 passengers.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: The current location of the airport at Pleso in the south-east of Lučko opened in 1962 with a long runway and terminal. By 1966, Zagreb Airport got a new state-of-the-art passenger terminal. The runway capacity was lengthened to its current in 1974.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: In the 1980s Zagreb Airport was the second largest in Yugoslavia by passenger and aircraft movements. Yugoslav flag-carrier JAT maintained a hub in Zagreb and connected the city to numerous destinations including New York City, Chicago, Toronto aboard its McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft. These long haul services inevitably had a major impact on air traffic at Zagreb during that period.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: On 31 August 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence, the airport became the scene of fighting between Croatian armed forces and the Yugoslav military (JNA) when a Boeing 707 chartered by Anton Kikaš carrying weapons for the Croatians was forced to land there by Yugoslav MiGs. Croatian forces attacked the control tower and blocked roads in and out of the airport, however the JNA successfully seized the 707 and flew it out of the airport. The airport later became a UN hub for getting Medical & food supplies to war-ridden Croatia and Bosnia . The British 24th Field Ambulance were stationed in a former Yugoslav People's Army camp at the airport.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: Following an increase in passenger numbers and the necessity to upgrade its infrastructure, the airport installed a CAT-IIIb instrument landing system (ILS) in 2004.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: In 2008, a new VIP terminal was added and the terminal extended for extra amenities, restaurants and bars. The terminal was expanded to .


title: Zagreb Airport

text: By 2010, the old terminal was nearing its maximum annual capacity. That year the passenger terminal received a major facelift in the course of which a viewing platform with a bar was added.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: On 12 April 2012, the ZAIC consortium received a 30-year concession for the airport from the Government of Croatia. Cosortium consist of Groupe ADP (21%), Bouygues Bâtiment International (21%), Marguerite Fund (21%), International Finance Corporation (17%), TAV Airports (15%) and Viadukt (5%). The concession includes financing, designing and constructing a new passenger terminal. The construction of a brand new terminal facility designed by Neidhardt architects of Zagreb and carried out by Bouygues Bâtiment International in partnership with Viadukt began on 18 December 2013 with the aim to replace the old terminal. It now has an initial annual capacity of 5.5 million passengers in the first phase and was officially completed in October 2016. The official inauguration of the terminal was on 28 March 2017. ZAIC now operates the entire airport for 30 years including the runways, the current passenger terminal, the cargo terminal, car parks and all future property developments. The concession contract involves a total investment of around €324m (£259m): €236 million for the design and construction of the new terminal and €88 million for operation of all airport infrastructure for the entire period of the concession.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: On 27 February 2020, the runway, formerly designated as 05/23, was redesignated to 04/22 due to the change in magnetic declination.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: On 30 March 2021, Irish low-cost airline Ryanair announced the opening of a new base in Zagreb commencing July 2021. The airline will be basing three Airbus A320-200 aircraft and start flights to 26 previously unserved destinations.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: The current terminal building was opened to the public on 28 March 2017. It stretches over on three levels featuring four baggage carousels, 8 air bridges, 9 security checkpoints, 45 check-in desks, 23 passport control booths and a car park with the capacity of 1,250 vehicles. Furthermore, the new apron has three remote stands next to the terminal, while 23 stands at the old passenger building are also used during the peak season. Each of the aircraft parking positions at the facility includes a visual docking guidance system which gives information to a pilot on how to park their aircraft. The terminal itself features a large 600 square metre duty-free shop operated by Aelia, 16 cafés, bars, restaurants and snack bars as well as 12 retail stores.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: Enough space has been left for 30 additional check-in counters and 2 baggage carousels to be added once the new terminal reaches its current maximum capacity of 5 million passengers. Further extensions envisaged along the thirty-year concession period will potentially see expanding current apron from present and terminal capacity increased to 8 million through gradual expansion of the terminal in four Phase 2 expansions.


title: Zagreb Airport

text: ZAG can be reached from the city centre by scheduled local bus services (No. 290) operated by ZET or scheduled coach services operated by Croatia Airlines' subsidiary Pleso Prijevoz.


title: The Buried Giant

text: The Buried Giant is a fantasy novel by the Nobel Prize-winning British writer Kazuo Ishiguro, published in March 2015.


title: The Buried Giant

text: The novel follows an elderly Briton couple, Axl and Beatrice, living in a fictional post-Arthurian England in which no-one is able to retain long-term memories. After dimly recalling that they might years earlier have had a son, the couple decide to travel to a neighbouring village to seek him out.


title: The Buried Giant

text: The book was nominated for the 2016 World Fantasy Award for best novel, and the 2016 Mythopoeic Award for Adult Literature. It was also placed sixth in the 2016 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel.


title: The Buried Giant

text: Following the death of King Arthur, Saxons and Britons live in harmony. Along with everyone else in their community, Axl and Beatrice, an elderly Briton couple, suffer from severe selective amnesia that they call the 'mist'. Although barely able to remember, they feel sure that they once had a son, and they decide to travel to a village several days' walk away to seek him out. They stay at a Saxon village where two ogres have dragged off a boy named Edwin. A visiting Saxon warrior, Wistan, kills the ogres and rescues Edwin who is discovered to have a wound, believed to be an ogre-bite. The superstitious villagers attempt to kill the boy, but Wistan rescues him and joins Axl and Beatrice on their journey, hoping to leave Edwin at the son's village.


title: The Buried Giant

text: The group heads to a monastery to consult with Jonus, a wise monk, about a pain in Beatrice's side. They meet the elderly Sir Gawain, nephew of King Arthur, who – as is well known – was tasked decades ago with slaying the she-dragon Querig, but who has never succeeded. Wistan reveals that he was sent by the Saxon king to slay Querig out of concern that she would be used by Lord Brennus, king of the Britons, to kill Saxons. The travellers are treated with hospitality at the monastery, but are informed by Jonus that most of the monks are corrupt. Sir Gawain has spoken to the abbot, believing he will protect the four. Instead, the abbot informs Lord Brennus, who sends soldiers to murder them. As an experienced warrior, Wistan realises that the monastery was originally built as a fort, and he makes use of its structure to trap and kill the soldiers.


title: The Buried Giant

text: Sir Gawain, riding on alone, recalls how, years earlier, King Arthur had ordered the extermination of many Saxon villages. The massacre had been a betrayal of the peace treaties brokered by Axl, who had at the time been Arthur's envoy (although he has now forgotten it). Arthur also ordered that Querig be brought to the lair where she now lives, and that a spell be cast, turning her breath into an oblivion-inducing mist, causing the Saxons to forget about the massacres.


title: The Buried Giant

text: Axl and Beatrice become separated from Wistan and Edwin, and they travel on alone. They are persuaded by a girl to take a poisoned goat to Querig's lair. Sir Gawain joins them and shows the way. Travelling with Wistan, Edwin has been hearing a voice that he identifies as his lost mother, calling him to her. Wistan realises that Edwin's wound has been caused by a baby dragon, and that Edwin can lead him to Querig. As they approach, Edwin becomes increasingly crazed and has to be restrained.


title: The Buried Giant

text: Sir Gawain reveals that his duty was not in fact to slay Querig, but to protect her in order to maintain the mist. Wistan challenges Gawain to a duel and kills him. He proceeds to slay Querig, causing Edwin's madness to depart and the mist to dissipate, restoring the people's memories. He declares that "the giant, once well buried, now stirs": his action will cause the old animosities between Saxon and Briton to return, leading to a new war.


title: The Buried Giant

text: Axl and Beatrice are finally able to recall that their son had died many years ago of the plague. They meet a ferryman who offers to row the old couple over to an island where they can be close to him in perpetuity. Normally, he says, married couples have to dwell on the island separately and always apart, but in rare cases couples whose love is deep and profound may remain together. The ferryman tells Axl and Beatrice that they qualify, but as they are about to be rowed over, the waves increase and he informs them that he can carry only one person at a time. Axl is suspicious that the ferryman intends to trick them into separating forever, but Beatrice believes the man to be truthful and asks Axl to wait on the shore while she is taken over. Axl reluctantly agrees.


title: The Buried Giant

text: "The Buried Giant" took ten years to write, longer than Ishiguro had anticipated. Speaking at the Cheltenham Book Festival in 2014, he recalled that his wife, Lorna MacDougall, had rejected an early draft of the book, saying "this won't do ... there's no way you can carry on with this, you'll have to start again from the beginning". Ishiguro added that, at the time, he had been surprised by her comments because he had been pleased with his progress so far. He shelved the novel and wrote a short story collection, "Nocturnes" (2009). It was six years before Ishiguro returned to "The Buried Giant", and, following his wife's advice, he proceeded to "start from scratch and rebuild it from the beginning".


title: The Buried Giant

text: Ishiguro's inspiration for "The Buried Giant" came from the Dark Ages in Britain. He told the "New York Times" that he had wanted to write about collective memory and the way warrior societies cope with traumatic events by forgetting. He ruled out modern historic settings because they would be too realistic and interpreted too literally. The Dark Ages setting solved Ishiguro's problem: "this kind of barren, weird England, with no civilization ... could be quite interesting". He proceeded to research life in England around that time, and discovered, "[t]o my delight ... nobody knows what the hell was going on. It's a blank period of British history". Ishiguro filled in the blanks himself, creating the novel's fantasy setting. For the book's title, he sought his wife's help. After many discarded ideas they found it near the end of the novel's text. Ishiguro explained, "The giant well buried is now beginning to stir. And when it wakes up, there's going to be mayhem".


title: The Buried Giant

text: "The Buried Giant" received generally positive reviews. In "The Guardian," British author and journalist Alex Preston wrote:


title: The Buried Giant

text: Focusing on one single reading of its story of mists and monsters, swords and sorcery, reduces it to mere parable; it is much more than that. It is a profound examination of memory and guilt, of the way we recall past trauma en masse. It is also an extraordinarily atmospheric and compulsively readable tale, to be devoured in a single gulp. "The Buried Giant" is "Game of Thrones" with a conscience, "The Sword in the Stone" for the age of the trauma industry, a beautiful, heartbreaking book about the duty to remember and the urge to forget.Not all critics praised the novel, however. James Wood in "The New Yorker" criticized the work, saying that "Ishiguro is always breaking his own rules, and fudging limited but conveniently lucid recollections."


title: The Buried Giant

text: I respect what I think he was trying to do, but for me it didn't work. It couldn't work. No writer can successfully use the 'surface elements' of a literary genre — far less its profound capacities — for a serious purpose, while despising it to the point of fearing identification with it. I found reading the book painful. It was like watching a man falling from a high wire while he shouts to the audience, "Are they going say I'm a tight-rope walker?"


title: The Buried Giant

text: Ishiguro responded to Le Guin's comments, saying "Le Guin's entitled to like my book or not like my book, but as far as I am concerned, she's got the wrong person. I am on the side of the pixies and the dragons." Le Guin in turn responded, writing, in part, "I am delighted to let Mr Ishiguro make his own case, and to say I am sorry for anything that was hurtful in my evidently over-hasty response to his question 'Will they think this is fantasy?'"


title: The Buried Giant

text: The book has been translated into French, German, Spanish and Italian as "Le géant enfoui", "Der begrabene Riese", "El gigante enterrado" and "Il gigante sepolto" respectively.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: Skiptrace is a 2016 Hong Kong-Chinese-American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Renny Harlin, produced, starring and based on a story by Jackie Chan. The film co-stars Johnny Knoxville and Fan Bingbing. It was released in China on July 21, 2016 and in the United States on September 2, 2016.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: in Hong Kong 2007 detective Bennie Chan (Jackie Chan) has been tracking notorious crime boss "Matador" – whom he believes to be businessman Victor Wong (Winston Chao). While tracking him, Chan's partner Yung (Eric Tsang) is captured. Yung sacrifices himself and gives his watch to Chan to remember him by. 9 years later Yung's daughter Samantha (Fan Bingbing) gets into trouble with Wong's crime syndicate, Chan must track down an American conman, Connor Watts (Johnny Knoxville), who gambles his way through Chinese casinos after being banned in America and who witnessed the murder of a woman named Esther Yee in Wong's Macau casino. However, before Chan can find him, Connor is kidnapped by the men of a Russian kingpin to answer for getting his daughter pregnant.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: After intercepting several Russians, Chan rescues Connor. Chan races against the clock to bring Connor back from Russia to Hong Kong. However, Connor steals Chan's passport and burns it, forcing the pair to travel on foot to Inner Mongolia. In Mongolia, Chan helps an injured Mongolian boy and then they stumble onto a Mongolian village's wrestling match. Chan is unable to defeat the Mongolian wrestler until the injured boy intervenes which stops the match. The villagers hold a celebration for Chan and Connor for their help in which Chan speaks of his motivation and reasons for what he is doing. Connor subsequently reveals that before she died Esther gave a phone to him which belongs to the "Matador". While crossing into China, Connor make a fuss leading to both of them being arrested by the police for various offenses as Connor would rather be imprisoned than being killed by "Matador" and his gang. They are broken out of police custody by a Siberian hitwoman and her gang, who wish to capture Connor and bring him back to the Russian kingpin but they manage to escape her pursuit.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: Connor sees Wong on the news and recognizes him as Esther's murderer. Chan learns that Samantha is already taken by Wong's right-hand man Willie and his men, who threaten to kill her if Chan refuses to bring the phone back to Hong Kong. Connor parts ways with Chan, giving him the phone which will implicate Wong as the "Matador". While attempting to prove Wong as the "Matador", Wong's thumbprint does not matches the phone's security thumbprint and Chan is arrested by the Hong Kong police instead. Connor helps to break out Chan and with the assistance of Leslie, Chan's co-worker, bypasses the phone's security and finds a clue to the "Matador" identity.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: Leslie informs Chan that their police captain, Tang (Michael Wong), is now working with Wong and helps Chan and Connor leave the police station. Chan and Conner sneak to the shipyard where Matador's criminal organization is located. They witness Wong talking to "Matador" and Wong is then killed for his failure to bring back the phone. Attempting to rescue Samantha, the two are eventually held captive by the criminal gang. "Matador" reveals himself to Chan as the supposedly deceased Yung. Yung confesses to Chan about faking his death and then reunites with his daughter Samantha. Yung leaves Samantha locked up in a room after she expresses her disappointment and anger on his fake death and his criminal activities. After a boat hits the cargo ship, the ship starts to slowly flood and sinks. The Siberian hitwoman arrives with help to rescue Chan and Connor with police arriving eventually also. Chan and Yung work together to save Samantha from drowning inside the cargo ship with Yung committing suicide by drowning himself. The authorities then arrest Tang and Willie.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: Connor goes back to Russia, fulfilling his honor, to witness the birth of his child with the kingpin's daughter. After the baby is born, it was evident that the baby is not his and Connor leaves the hospital. Later, Connor and Samantha surprise Chan back at his farm, providing him with alpacas to help fulfill his earlier-confessed lifelong dream of running an alpaca farm. Connor leaves with Samantha after attempting to knock out Chan via a technique taught by Chan himself. Chan is successfully knocked out after attempting to stay awake until Connor is out of sight.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: The film was first announced in May 2013 as Sino-American co-production to be directed by Sam Fell and starring Jackie Chan and Fan Bingbing with Chan playing a Hong Kong detective who allies with a gambling conman to find a criminal mastermind. Exclusive Media is the agent for the international sales rights. On 22 October 2013, it was announced that actor Seann William Scott has been added to the cast as the previously uncast gambler. On September 3, 2014, Johnny Knoxville replaced Scott for the co-starring role.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: Production was due to begin on January 13, 2014 and will be filmed in Hong Kong and China. Filming began on September 3, 2014, in China, and was due to end on December 15, 2014.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: The film was number-one on its opening in China, grossing . The film has grossed a total of at the Chinese box office.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: , the film holds an approval rating of 38% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 32 with an average rating of 4.53/10. On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 50% based on reviews from 9 critics.


title: Skiptrace (film)

text: Dennis Harvey of "Variety" magazine wrote: ""Skiptrace" remains lively, diverting, and essentially good-natured even when it's cheerfully dumb, exploiting its diverse locations for every last drop of local color." Neil Genzlinger of "The New York Times" gave a negative review and wrote: ""Skiptrace" settles for a warmed-over plot, tedious fight sequences and humor that's heavy on crotch jokes and pratfalls."


title: Grain (unit)

text: A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and in the troy weight, avoirdupois, and apothecaries' systems, equal to exactly milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a single ideal seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance, the average masses of wheat and barley grains were part of the legal definitions of units of mass. Expressions such as "thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear" appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate. Another source states that it was defined such that 252.458 units would balance of distilled water at an ambient air-water pressure and temperature of and respectively. Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, arrived at this value experimentally.


title: Grain (unit)

text: The grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries' systems of mass. The unit was based on the weight of a single grain of barley, considered equivalent to grains of wheat. The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of grain known as the "wheat grain". The Tower wheat grain was defined as exactly .


title: Grain (unit)

text: Since the implementation of the international yard and pound agreement of 1 July 1959, the grain or "troy grain" (symbol: "gr") measure has been defined in terms of units of mass in the International System of Units as precisely . One gram is thus approximately equivalent to . The unit formerly used by jewellers to measure pearls, diamonds, and other precious stones, called the "jeweller's grain" or "pearl grain", is equal to . The grain was also the name of a traditional French unit equal to .


title: Grain (unit)

text: In both British Imperial units and United States customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, and 5,760 grains per troy pound or apothecaries' pound. It is obsolete in the United Kingdom and, like most other non-SI units, it has no basis in law and cannot be used in commerce.


title: Grain (unit)

text: Grains are commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants. In archery, the grain is the standard unit used to weigh arrows.


title: Grain (unit)

text: In North America, the hardness of water is often measured in grains per US gallon (gpg) of calcium carbonate equivalents. Otherwise, water hardness is measured in the dimensionless unit of parts per million (ppm), numerically equivalent to density measured in milligrams per litre. One grain per US gallon is approximately . Soft water contains 1–4 gpg of calcium carbonate equivalents, while hard water contains 11–20 gpg.


title: Grain (unit)

text: Though no longer recommended, in the U.S., grains are still used occasionally in medicine as part of the apothecaries' system, especially in prescriptions for older medicines such as aspirin or phenobarbital. For example, the dosage of a standard tablet of aspirin is sometimes given as . In that example the grain is approximated to , though the grain can also be approximated to , depending on the medication and manufacturer. The apothecaries' system has its own system of notation, in which the unit's symbol or abbreviation is followed by the quantity in lower case Roman numerals. For amounts less than one, the quantity is written as a fraction, or for one half, ss (or variations such as ss., ṡṡ, or s̅s̅). Therefore, a prescription for tablets containing 325 mg of aspirin and 30 mg of codeine can be written "ASA gr. v c̄ cod. gr. ss tablets" (using the medical abbreviations ASA for aspirin, c̄ for "with", and cod. for codeine). The apothecaries' system has gradually been replaced by the metric system, and the use of the grain in prescriptions is now rare.


title: Grain (unit)

text: In the U.S., particulate emission levels, used to monitor and regulate pollution, are sometimes measured in grains per cubic foot instead of the more usual ppm by volume. This is the same unit commonly used to measure the amount of moisture in the air, also known as the absolute humidity. The SI unit used to measure particulate emissions and absolute humidity is mg/m. One grain per cubic foot is approximately .


title: Grain (unit)

text: At least since antiquity, grains of wheat or barley were used by Mediterranean traders to define units of mass; along with other seeds, especially those of the carob tree. According to a longstanding tradition, one carat (the mass of a carob seed) was equivalent to the weight of four wheat grains or three barleycorns. Since the weights of these seeds are highly variable, especially that of the cereals as a function of moisture, this is a convention more than an absolute law.


title: Grain (unit)

text: The history of the modern British grain can be traced back to a royal decree in thirteenth century England, re-iterating decrees that go back as far as King Offa (eighth century). The Tower pound was one of many monetary pounds of 240 silver pennies.


title: Grain (unit)

text: The pound in question is the Tower pound. The Tower pound, abolished in 1527, consisted of 12 ounces like the troy pound, but was (≈6%) lighter. The weight of the original sterling pennies was 22½ troy grains, or 32 "Tower grains".


title: Grain (unit)

text: Physical grain weights were made and sold commercially at least as late as the early 1900s, and took various forms, from squares of sheet metal to manufactured wire shapes and coin-like weights.


title: Grain (unit)

text: The troy pound was only "the pound of Pence, Spices, Confections, as of Electuaries", as such goods might be measured by a "troi" or small balance. The old troy standard was set by King Offa's currency reform, and was in full use in 1284 (Assize of Weights and Measures, King Edward I), but was restricted to currency (the pound of pennies) until it was abolished in 1527. This pound was progressively replaced by a new pound, based on the weight of 120 silver dirhems of 48 grains. The new pound used a barley-corn grain, rather than a wheat grain.


title: Grain (unit)

text: Avoirdupois (goods of weight) refers to those things measured by the lesser but quicker balances: the bismar or auncel, the Roman balance, and the steelyard. The original mercantile pound of 25 shillings or 15 (Tower) ounces was displaced by, variously, the pound of the Hanseatic League (16 tower ounces) and by the pound of the then-important wool trade (16 ounces of 437 grains). A new pound of grains was inadvertently created as 16 troy ounces, referring to the new troy rather than the old troy. Eventually, the wool pound won out.


title: Grain (unit)

text: The avoirdupois pound was defined in prototype, rated as to grains. In the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, the avoirdupois pound was defined as grains exactly. The act of 1855 authorised Miller's new standards to replace those lost in the fire that destroyed the Houses of Parliament. The standard was an avoirdupois pound, the grain being defined as of it.


title: Grain (unit)

text: The division of the carat into four grains survives in both senses well into the early twentieth century. For pearls and diamonds, weight is quoted in carats, divided into four grains. The carat was eventually set to 205 milligrams (1877), and later 200 milligrams. For touch or fineness of gold, the fraction of gold was given as a weight, the total being a solidus of 24 carats or 96 grains.


title: Twinings

text: Twinings () is a British marketer of tea and other beverages, including coffee, hot chocolate and malt drinks, based in Andover, Hampshire. The brand is owned by Associated British Foods. It holds the world's oldest continually used company logo, and is London's longest-standing ratepayer, having occupied the same premises on the Strand since 1706. Twinings tea varieties include black tea, green tea and herbal teas, along with fruit-based cold infusions.


title: Twinings

text: Twinings was founded by Thomas Twining, of Painswick, Gloucestershire, England, who opened Britain's first known tea room, at No. 216 Strand, London, in 1706; it still operates today. The firm's logo, created in 1787, is the world's oldest in continuous use.


title: Twinings

text: Holder of a royal warrant, Twinings was acquired by Associated British Foods in 1964. The company is associated with Earl Grey tea, a tea infused with bergamot, though it is unclear when this association began, and how important the company's involvement with the tea has been. Competitor Jacksons of Piccadilly– acquired by Twinings during the 1990s –also had associations with the bergamot blend.


title: Twinings

text: In April 2008, Twinings announced their decision to close its Belfast Nambarrie plant, a tea company in trade for over 140 years. Citing an "efficiency drive", Twinings moved most of its production to China and Poland in late 2011, while retaining its Andover, Hampshire factory with a reduced workforce.


title: Twinings

text: Twinings' ethical tea programme, Sourced with Care, aims to improve the quality of life in the communities from which it buys tea. The company is a founding member of the Ethical Tea Partnership, a not-for-profit membership organisation of tea-packing companies which undertake monitoring and improving conditions on tea estates in all major tea-growing regions. Twinings has an Ethical Code of Conduct and works with all its packaging and raw material suppliers to ensure decent working conditions in the supply chain.


title: Twinings

text: In August 2018, Twinings published a list of all its tea suppliers in India on its Sourced with Care website. This came after Traidcraft Exchange called on all the major UK tea brands to show the public which tea plantations they buy from and crack down on modern slavery in the supply chain. Traidcraft Exchange welcomed the move, their policy adviser, Fiona Gooch, saying that it would put "pressure on the other big tea brands ... to follow suit".


title: Kyzyl

text: Kyzyl (; Tuvan and ; , ) is the capital city of the republic of Tuva, Russia. The name of the city means "red" or "crimson" in Tuvan (and in many other Turkic languages). Its population was


title: Kyzyl

text: The city was founded in 1914 as Belotsarsk (, ; "White Tsar's town"). In 1918, it was renamed Hem-Beldir (, ). In 1926 it was given its present name. When the city was the capital of Tannu Tuva, it was named Kizil Khoto. In September 2014, Kyzyl celebrated its 100th anniversary as a city.


title: Kyzyl

text: The settlement was founded in 1914 by Russian settlers immediately after the entry of the then Uryanhai Territory under the protectorate of the Russian Empire called " Belotsarsk ".


title: Kyzyl

text: In 1918, in connection with the revolution and the antimonarchist movement, it was renamed to Khem-Beldyr, and in 1926 to Kyzyl (Tuv .: "red").


title: Kyzyl

text: In 1921–1944, the city was the capital of Tuvan People's Republic, from 1944 to 1961 the capital of the RSFSR’s Tuva Autonomous Oblast, from 1961 to 1991 of the Tuva ASSR and since 1991 of the Republic of Tyva.


title: Kyzyl

text: They began to lay a new city in the village of Vilany, in Tuvan – Khem-Beldyr, which means "confluence of rivers". Technological engineer K.V. Goguntsov and topographer M. Ya. Kryuchkov arrived here in February 1914. Kryuchkov drew a general plan of the city of Belotsarsk (fund 123, opis, 2, delo 21), which basically coincides with the plan of the central part of the city of Kyzyl. The city plan shows the numbers of the land plots and gives an explanation of who owns these plots. In May 1914, the head of the Russian population in Uryankhai approved the draft rules on the allotment of land plots and the organization of a committee for the improvement of the future city. The very first plots were allocated for houses of officials, administration, for honorary Uryankhs, treasury, post and telegraph office, state fire shed.


title: Kyzyl

text: The city was built by recruited workers from Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Tomsk and other cities of Siberia, Tuvan farm laborers, Russian workers who fled from gold mines because of difficult working and living conditions.


title: Kyzyl

text: On July 4, 1915, the Commissioner for the Uryankhai Territory V. Yu. Grigoriev wrote a letter to the Head of the Russian population in the Uryankhai Territory, where the very important issue of creating a museum in the city of Belotsarsk was raised (fund 123, inventory 2, file 53, sheets 25–26).


title: Kyzyl

text: At the IV Uryankhai regional congress on March 11, 1918, a decree was issued to rename Belottsarsk to Uryankhaisk. However, this name did not stick to the city, it was still called White Tsarsky.


title: Kyzyl

text: The revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia did not pass by the new capital of Tuva. During a major battle (the White Tsarsky battle) between the red partisans of the detachment of P.E.Schetinkin and A.D. Kravchenko and the Kolchak men under the command of the captain G.K.Bologov at the end of August 1919, the city was almost completely burned down. The 10th congress of representatives of the Russian population of Tuva (September 16–20, 1920) gathered in the village of Turan, Uryankhai region. At this congress it was decided to restore the city and rename it the Red City.


title: Kyzyl

text: On August 13, 1921, in the town of Sug-Bazhy (the village of Kochetovo), the Vsetuvinsky Constituent Khural of representatives of all khoshuns (khoshun was an administrative-territorial unit of that time) of Tuva gathered. Khural proclaimed the creation of an independent state – the Tuvan People's Republic. In March 1922, the Tuvan government, the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (Central Committee of the TNRP), and the executive committee of the Russian Self-Governing Labor Colony (RSTK) were transferred to the restored Kyzyl. In the spring of 1922, the city of Kyzyl became the capital of the Tuva People's Republic (TNR).


title: Kyzyl

text: In 1924, the Tuvan Central Cooperative (Tuvintsenkoop, TCC) was formed, which played a significant role in the development of industrial production, domestic and foreign trade. In 1925, the Tuvan National Bank (Tuvinbank) began its activity, which contributed to the development of all sectors of the national economy. In Kyzyl, enterprises for the processing of agricultural raw materials were organized, in 1928 a shoemaker's workshop was opened, in 1930-1931 – a sausage workshop, a pimokatny and tailoring workshop. In the early 1940s, a mill, a sawmill, a power station and a brick factory operated in Kyzyl, and sheepskin and fur production was organized. In 1929 the Kyzyl printing house was opened, the transport organization "Soyuztrans" was created. From that moment, the beginning of the development of the transport of the Tuvan People's Republic was laid. Two years later, the truck fleet consisted of 31 vehicles. In 1931, a telephone exchange for 30 subscribers was opened in the city of Kyzyl.


title: Kyzyl

text: Kyzyl claims to be located exactly in the geographical center of Asia. Whether these coordinates are in fact the center of Asia is disputed (e.g., Ürümqi in China makes a similar claim). However, there is a monument labelled "Center of Asia" in English, Russian, and Tuvan which asserts this claim. Tos-Bulak is the area of open fields and mineral springs which lies immediately south of Kyzyl.


title: Kyzyl

text: Kyzyl stands at the point where the Yenisei River meets the Maly Yenisey River to form the (Улуг-Хем). Most development takes place south of the river and follows the curves of the river, with the highest development centered where the two headstreams of the Yenisei, the Bii-Khem (), and the Kaa-Khem (), meet. A monument was built in 1964 on the river bank to mark this.


title: Kyzyl

text: The climate of Kyzyl is an extreme continental cool semi-arid variety (Köppen climate classification "BSk"), with average highs around in the summer and in the winter and only of precipitation annually. Located far from any moderating bodies of water and at a relatively high latitude, temperatures can be extreme, though less so than the Sakha Republic. Nevertheless, the temperature has never risen above freezing from 22 November to 19 February, inclusive. On 20 February 2021 the temperature got above freezing in winter for the first time in recorded history. Temperature swings can be rapid. The transitional seasons of spring and autumn are short: only April and October average close to the annual mean of .


title: Kyzyl

text: Kyzyl is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as a city under republic jurisdiction (urban okrug, an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts), as Kyzyl Urban Okrug.


title: Kyzyl

text: Manufacturing plants include brickyards, sawmills, furniture manufacturing, and food-processing plants.


title: Kyzyl

text: The city is served by the Kyzyl Airport. The airport provides regular flights to Moscow, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, as well as to remote localities of the republic. The airport is included in the list of reference airports in Russia.


title: Kyzyl

text: There is a project of the Tuvan Railway with a railway terminal in Kyzyl. Kuragino–Kyzyl railway line is still being designed. The construction of the road started in 2011, but only of track was built near Kyzyl.


title: Kyzyl

text: The obelisk, symbolizing the center of Asia, is located on the bank of the Yenisei River, in the city of Kyzyl of the Republic of Tuva. It was built three times — in 1964, 1984 and 2014. Today's monument is a whole sculptural ensemble.


title: Kyzyl

text: The new obelisk was built according to the project of the Buryat artist Dashi Namdakov. It is represented by an ensemble of three lions holding a globe topped with a spire. Externally, the monument is very similar to the previous obelisk. It depicts grandiose figures of oriental dragons and a high stele, the decor of which is made in the form of symbolic animals intertwined in a rush of ascent to the sky. In addition, people see twelve cosmogonic animalistic images that make up the Buddhist horoscope.


title: Kyzyl

text: It occupies the coastal zone of the Yenisei, to Kyzyl-45 km. It is built as a kind of model of the universe, where the roles of stars and luminaries are assigned to yurts of different sizes and purposes. Although the yurts are decorated as authentic as possible, Aldyn-Bulak has all the amenities, including places to stay, a restaurant, a sauna, a parking lot.


title: Kyzyl

text: One of the most important Buddhist attractions of Kyzyl. Built in 1998, it consists of two floors: the first – as a residence, the second – for prayings. The corners of the building look more worn out, this is due to the tradition of walking around the temple in a circle and touching the corners. Classes on spiritual practices and languages are held inside, admission is free.


title: Kyzyl

text: It was officially opened in 2006. It is considered the largest prayer wheel in Russia. It came from an Indian monastery, where the monks worked on the wheel for several years. Millions of scrolls with mantras are stacked inside.


title: Kyzyl

text: It was installed in 1997 in front of the Kyzyl airport. The monument is a shepherd with a staff in traditional Tuvan clothing. After the sculpture took its place on the hill, the locals considered that the hero did not have enough liverstock, so "sheep" were placed nearby in the form of boulders painted white.


title: Kyzyl

text: It is located from Kyzyl. The name is translated as "beavers": according to legend, people learned about the spring from these animals who came there to drink. There are more than 20 streams and springs, the water is collected in small natural and handmade bowls or spreads. According to legend, each of the streams treats different diseases, so tourists try the water from all of them.


title: Kyzyl

text: It was founded in 1929 in Kyzyl. Unique collections presented in the museum are: Archaeological collections of the Scythian mounds "Arzhaan" and "Arzhaan-2"; Tuvan ethnographic collections; Tuvan women's and men's silver jewelry; cult collections of Shamanism, Buddhism and Orthodoxy.


title: Kyzyl

text: A salty spring in the Republic of Tuva. In the Tuvan dialect, the name of the reservoir means “salt lake”. Dus-Khol is a natural monument and is under state protection. The water in this spring has healing properties. Throughout the summer season, tourists and locals come to the reservoir.


title: Kyzyl

text: The festival, which shows all the magnificence of indigenous cultures, has been held in the Republic of Tyva since 1999. The festival arose in line with the idea of restoring the ruins of a once majestic Buddhist temple in Chadan. The motto of the festival was live music and following the universal spiritual postulates of living faith (kindness, tolerance, unpretentiousness to the benefits of life).The simplicity of the living conditions of the tent city, the proximity to nature, the special atmosphere of the ruins of a Buddhist temple, the constant joint music playing of the participants — all these components created a unique image of the festival. Traditionally, the Ustuu-Khuree festival takes place in July.


title: Kyzyl

text: The festival program traditionally includes competitions among throat singing performers, the consecration ceremony "Ovaa khoomei". It is held every two years. During the festival, the number of participants reached more than 600 people, including 31 foreign citizens from different countries, such as the US, China, Mongolia, Sweden, Germany, Japan, Brazil.


title: Kyzyl

text: Naadym is a Tuvan national holiday of shepherds, held annually in mid-August. It necessarily includes the national wrestling "khuresh", horse racing, archery, competitions for the best national yurt, the best national costume and equipment of a horse.


title: Kyzyl

text: In the late 1980s, Kyzyl was visited by Ralph Leighton, who had made it a quest to reach Tuva with his friend, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman. Though Feynman died before they reached Tuva, the journey is chronicled in the book "Tuva or Bust!"


title: Kyzyl

text: The film "Genghis Blues" chronicles the pilgrimage of a blind blues performer, Paul Pena, who learned Tuvan throat singing by listening to his shortwave radio, to compete in the Tuvan throat singing competition.


title: Amish Paradise

text: "Amish Paradise" is a 1996 single by satirist "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of the hip hop song "Gangsta's Paradise" by Coolio featuring L.V. (which itself is a reworking of the Stevie Wonder song "Pastime Paradise"). Featured on the album "Bad Hair Day", it turns the original "Gangsta's Paradise", in which the narrator laments his dangerous way of life, on its head by presenting an Amish man praising his relatively plain and uncomplicated existence.


title: Amish Paradise

text: Yankovic sought permission from Coolio before making "Amish Paradise", offering a percentage of the revenues. Yankovic was given rights to use the song by the record company (non-exclusive rights holders), but not by Coolio himself, who, when presented with Weird Al's offer, declined.


title: Amish Paradise

text: Yankovic later stated on VH1's "Behind the Music" that he had written a sincere letter of apology to Coolio, which was never returned, and that Coolio never complained when he received his royalty check from proceeds of the song. A series of photos taken at the XM Satellite Radio booth at the 2006 Consumer Electronics Show suggests that Yankovic and Coolio had made amends. Coolio stated in a 2014 interview that the decision to refuse the parody at the time was "stupid" and he wished that someone on his management had stopped him, and then considered the final parody to be "funny".