title: Foul Play (1978 film)

text: Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" wrote ""Foul Play" never begins to make sense as a mystery story, and it's not incidentally amusing or stylish. At best, the film can be accepted as a harmless assortment of fake-outs and distractions, alternating in tone from innocuous to vicious, from disarming to offensive."


title: Foul Play (1978 film)

text: "Time Out London" stated "Unsatisfactory as a whole, the film is hilarious and tense in bits" and noted "while writer/director Higgins uses almost every stock thriller device...he approaches this semi-parody with more zest and originality than is common."


title: Foul Play (1978 film)

text: Channel 4 called the film "a finely tuned and fast-paced offering which is chock-full of black comic twists and perfect casting."


title: Rayveness

text: Gina-Raye Carter (born 1972), known professionally as Rayveness, is an American pornographic and mainstream film actress. She is an inductee of both the AVN Hall of Fame and the XRCO Hall of Fame.


title: Rayveness

text: Rayveness's first appearance in a pornographic film was a homemade tape she made with her then-husband at the age of 18, after seeing an episode of "The Sally Jessy Raphael Show" about amateur pornography. Rather than becoming a full-time pornographic performer right away, she sold flowers in nightclubs and worked as a waitress and a stripper.


title: Rayveness

text: In 2000, she took a break from the adult film business to pursue acting in mainstream films. She dyed her hair red and wore brown contact lenses to minimize the chance of someone recognizing her. She appeared in a speaking role on "NYPD Blue" and was in "Path to War" as President Lyndon B. Johnson's eldest daughter, Lynda. She returned to the adult industry in 2003 after the death of John Frankenheimer, who was her primary connection to the mainstream industry.


title: Rayveness

text: In July 2009, Rayveness became the first contract star for the all-female studio Girlfriends Films, although the contract allowed her to continue boy-girl work elsewhere.


title: Rayveness

text: In 2019, she appeared alongside fellow pornographic actresses Lisa Ann and Cory Chase in an episode of the Showtime series "Billions" titled "Infinite Game".


title: Rayveness

text: By 2000, she had divorced and remarried, this time to porn actor Tod Alexander. They divorced in 2003.


title: Rayveness

text: In 2004, she filed a petition with Congressman Brad Sherman requesting that the age requirement for pornography performers be raised from 18 to 21, saying that "People right out of high school in this country don't seem to have the foresight to make such life-altering decisions."


title: Cariñosa

text: The cariñosa (, meaning loving or affectionate) is a Philippine dance of colonial-era origin from the Maria Clara suite of Philippine folk dances, where the fan or handkerchief plays an instrumental role as it places the couple in a romance scenario.


title: Cariñosa

text: The "cariñosa" originated in Panay Island and was introduced by the Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines. It is related to some of the Spanish dances like the bolero and the Mexican dance "jarabe tapatio" or the Mexican hat dance.


title: Cariñosa

text: According to the book of Francisca Reyes-Aquino, "Philippine Folk Dances", Volume 2, there is a different version of the "cariñosa" in the region of Bicol. Reyes-Aquino is a Filipino folk dancer and cultural researcher who discovered and documented Philippine Traditional dances such as the Cariñosa. In the Bicol Region "cariñosa", hide and seek movement in different ways. In the original version, the dancers used the fan and handkerchief as the way to do the hide and seek movement, in Bicol they used two handkerchiefs holding the two corners of the handkerchief and doing the hide and seek movement as they point their foot forward and their hands go upward together with their handkerchiefs following the movement. It is a complicated step however it is still used in the Bicol Region during festivals and social gatherings.


title: Cariñosa

text: Originally, the "cariñosa" was danced with María Clara gown and Barong Tagalog for it is a Spanish dance. In addition, Filipino wore the "patadyong kimona" and "camisa de chino" to reveal nationalism. (a native dress of the Tagalog regions), camisa (a white sleeve) or patadyong kimona (a dress of the Visayan people) and for boys, a barong Tagalog and colored pants.


title: Cariñosa

text: Neither the "cariñosa" nor the "tinikling" is considered to be an official national dance of the Philippines, as no law has designated them as such. In 2014, House Representative Rene Relampagos introduced a bill in the House of Representatives to grant the "cariñosa" such a status, which did not become law.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: William Murray "Trip" Hawkins III (born December 28, 1953) is an American entrepreneur and founder of Electronic Arts, The 3DO Company, and Digital Chocolate.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: A fan of the Strat-O-Matic Football pen and paper games, Hawkins started his first business as a teenager trying to create a knockoff version. He borrowed $5,000 from his father to start up the venture and advertised his game in NFL Game Programs, but the business failed. Eventually, he received his first computer and became interested in creating a digital football game, because it would allow players to avoid the challenging math of the game were all handled internally.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: Around this time, in 1975, Hawkins estimated that it would take home computer saturation seven years to make a viable career out of game design. He was the Director of Strategy and Marketing at Apple Computer in 1982 when he left to found Electronic Arts (EA), a video game publisher. EA was successful for many years under his leadership. He has been credited with spearheading the games industry's evolution from simple one-person creations to complex team projects during this time. One of his first big wins was to sign John Madden on as a spokesperson and a consultant to his company's football game which would eventually lead to the popular "Madden NFL" series of video games.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: At this point, Electronic Arts was a computer software company which did not want to deal with Nintendo's strict licensing policies. He saw his opportunity when Sega released the Genesis. Not wanting to pay licensing fees, he hired a team to reverse engineer the system for his company to make unlicensed games on it. Hawkins eventually revealed his intentions to Sega, while offering a partnership to combat Nintendo telling them, "You can sue, but we did the tech fair and square and have great lawyers. So make us an official licensee. And give us a reduced rate." Sega, anticipating that Hawkins would sell his research to other third-party companies, agreed and made them a partner.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: Though he remained chair of the board, he transitioned from EA in 1991 to form 3DO, a video game console company. He resigned from the board of EA in July, 1994. Meanwhile, 3DO was formed in partnership with several other companies including EA. Upon its release in 1993, the 3DO was the most powerful video game console at the time. It launched at an expensive , compared to other major systems under $200. Sales were poor due to its exorbitant price and weak games that relied excessively on full motion video sequences (which were state-of-the-art for the time) at the expense of gameplay. Hopes for the system were further damaged in 1994 with the arrival of the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, both of which were more expensive than the 3DO but had more modern hardware and stronger first party support. While acknowledging the 3DO's failure in the marketplace, "Next Generation" listed Hawkins in their "75 Most Important People in the Games Industry of 1995", calling him "one of the game market's visionaries".


title: Trip Hawkins

text: In 1996, 3DO stopped developing the system and transitioned into a video game developer, making games for the PlayStation, PC, and other consoles. While remaining chairman and CEO of the company, Hawkins took on the additional role of creative director. Hawkins focused on branding and 6–to–9–month production timetables for games. As a result, quality and sales suffered. Hawkins had used cash reserves to bail out the failing company before, but declined to do so a final time. Due to poor sales of its titles, it went bankrupt in May 2003. The defunct company sold most of its intellectual property, including the "Might and Magic" franchise, to publisher Ubisoft, while Trip Hawkins retained ownership of the 3DO console hardware and software.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: In late 2003, Hawkins launched a new video game development company called Digital Chocolate. The company focused on developing games for handheld devices. He stepped down from the CEO position at Digital Chocolate in May, 2012.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: In 2012, Hawkins joined the board of directors of Israeli technology company Extreme Reality, which is working on developing motion control software that can read a person's movement in 3D, but which only requires a 2D camera.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: On March 20, 2013, NativeX, a mobile ad technology platform for games, announced Trip Hawkins as a senior advisor to their board of directors. Hawkins also joined the advisory board at Skillz, a mobile eSports platform, as a strategic advisor in December 2014.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: His newest startup, If You Can Company, aims to foster social and emotional development in children, teaching compassion and anti-bullying lessons. Their first game, "IF...", uses a free-to-play model and is meant for teachers and students in an educational environment.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: Hawkins lives in Santa Barbara, California where he served from 2016–2019 as a professor of entrepreneurship and leadership at the University of California, Santa Barbara.


title: Trip Hawkins

text: In 2005, Hawkins became the eighth person to be inducted into the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame.


title: UTC+05:30

text: UTC+05:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +05:30. This time is used in India and Sri Lanka, and was formerly used in Nepal. It is five and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Around 1.4 billion people live inside this time zone, making it the second most populous after .


title: UTC+05:30

text: "Principal cities: New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Colombo"


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: HMS "Queen Elizabeth" was the lead ship of her class of five dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the early 1910s, and was often used as a flagship. She served in the First World War as part of the Grand Fleet, and participated in the inconclusive action of 19 August 1916. Her service during the war generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea. She and the other super-dreadnought battleships were the first of their type to be powered by oil instead of coal. "Queen Elizabeth" later served in several theatres during the Second World War, and was ultimately scrapped in 1948.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: The "Queen Elizabeth"-class ships were designed to form a fast squadron for the fleet that was intended to operate against the leading ships of the opposing battleline. This required maximum offensive power and a speed several knots faster than any other battleship to allow them to defeat any type of ship.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: "Queen Elizabeth" had a length overall of , a beam of and a deep draught of . She had a normal displacement of and displaced at deep load. She was powered by two sets of Parsons steam turbines, each driving two shafts using steam from 24 Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines were rated at and intended to reach a maximum speed of . The ship had a range of at a cruising speed of . Her crew numbered 1,262 officers and ratings in 1920 while serving as a flagship.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: The "Queen Elizabeth" class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL) Mk I guns in four twin-gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. Twelve of the fourteen BL Mk XII guns were mounted in casemates along the broadside of the vessel amidships; the remaining pair were mounted on the forecastle deck near the aft funnel and were protected by gun shields. The anti-aircraft (AA) armament were composed of two quick-firing (QF) 20 cwt Mk I guns. The ships were fitted with four submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. "Queen Elizabeth" was completed with two fire-control directors fitted with rangefinders. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and the other was in the spotting top above the tripod foremast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could be controlled by 'B' turret as well. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they were fitted in March 1917, although one temporary director was fitted in November–December 1916.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: The waterline belt of the "Queen Elizabeth" class consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was thick over the ships' vitals. The gun turrets were protected by of KC armour and were supported by barbettes thick. The ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from in thickness. The main conning tower was protected by 13 inches of armour. After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: Between 1919 and 1927, Queen Elizabeth underwent numerous modifications, including the enlargement of the foremast top. Rangefinders were installed on the gun turrets "B" and "X" as well as high angle rangefinders at the forward wheelhouse. Another high angle range finder was installed at the forward conning tower. The 76 mm guns were replaced by 102 mm guns. Radio direction finding equipment was installed at the aft end of the command platform with antenna above the helm station, the bridge superstructure was modified and funnels were combined into one unit. Furthermore, the superstructures for accommodating signal personnel and equipment were extended and the yards on the foremast were removed. In her 1937–1941 rebuild she was fitted with a tower bridge in place of her old bridge; her 6-inch (152 mm) guns were removed and replaced by 20 (10 × 2) 4.5 in (114 mm) guns in ten double turrets and several smaller anti-aircraft guns; horizontal armour was added; engines and boilers were replaced; and the elevation of her main battery was increased to 30 degrees. Deck armour was increased to 5 inches over the magazines, 2.5 inches over the machinery, while the new 4.5" guns had between 1 and 2 inches of armour. She also received facilities for aircraft with a launching catapult amidships New fire control equipment was installed, including the HACS Mk IV AA fire control system and the Admiralty Fire Control Table Mk VII for surface fire control of the main armament. This reconstruction was completed in January 1941, when Britain had been at war for over a year. The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets by February 1919, from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch. The platform was removed from 'X' turret during her 1926–1927 refit; the other platform was removed sometime later.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: "Queen Elizabeth", named after Elizabeth I of England, was laid down at Portsmouth Dockyard on 21 October 1912 and was launched on 16 October 1913, completing in January 1915 during the First World War. While still undergoing testing in the Mediterranean, the ship was sent to the Dardanelles for the Allied attempt to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war. During the attempted military invasion of the Gallipoli on 25 April, "Queen Elizabeth" was the flagship for General Sir Ian Hamilton, commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: After the ships of the British and French fleets had shelled the outer forts of the Gallipoli peninsula on November 3, 1914, it was decided to launch a complete amphibious operation in January 1915. Therefore, the Admiralty ordered a convoy of 8 ships - including the "Queen Elizabeth" - to the Dardanelles. She was scheduled to reach the Dardanelles on 15 February. But due to an accident off Gibraltar on 12 February, in which she had torn off the blades of one of her turbines and was thus no longer able to travel at more than half speed, her arrival was postponed to 25 February.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: Upon their arrival on 25 February, "Queen Elizabeth", together with "Agamemnon", "Irresistible" and "Gaulois", launched a new attack with the aim of destroying the outer forts at close range and all the way to the entrance. Since the attack on 19 February had shown how little hope there was of permanently disabling a battery by the mere firing of shells, the order for the attacking ships was to destroy every single gun by a direct hit. The general plan was for four ships to sail in groups of two to the entrance of the strait, turn around and then attack Cape Helles and Kum Kale with their secondary armament until they reached a distance of about 3,300 yards.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: In pursuance of these orders, "Queen Elizabeth" anchored 7 miles southwest of the Cape Helles lighthouse, set her sights on Sedd el Bahr and took out the two modern 23 cm guns there. During the first week of March, several bombardments of the inner forts proved fruitless. On 5 March, "Queen Elizabeth" fired for four hours from a distance of 13 kilometers at the forts on the European side of the strait, but with almost no effect. The next day she fired on Chemenlik, but the Ottomans had moved unnoticed the old pre-dreadnought "Hairredin Barbarossa" into the strait at Chanak, from where it could fire on "Queen Elizabeth". The first shells were ignored thinking they were coming from a mobile field howitzer, but to be safe they moved 1 km away from this position. When the Ottoman ship's observation post on the coast was discovered, "Queen Elizabeth", "Agamemmnon "and "Ocean" fired at it with several salvos, but the Ottomans quickly moved to a new position, so "Hairredin Barbarossa" fired again at "Queen Elizabeth", finally hitting her three times below the waterline. However, the shells could not penetrate the battleship's belt armor. In order to avoid further damage, the ship withdrew from this position.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: The event that decided the battle took place on the night of 18 March, when the Ottoman minelayer "Nusret "laid a series of mines across the head of Eren Köy Bay, a wide bay along the Asiatic coast right at the entrance to the strait, in front of the Kephez minefield. The Ottomans had noticed that the British ships were turning to starboard as they retreated into the bay. The new line of 20 mines ran parallel to the shore, anchored at a height of fifteen metres and spaced about 91 metres apart. Because of the clear water, the mines could be seen through the water by reconnaissance aircraft.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: The British plan for 18 March was to take out the defences of the first five minefields, which were to be cleared overnight. The next day, the remaining defences around the Narrows were to be overcome and the last five minefields removed. The operation continued without the British and French knowing of the recent additions to the Ottoman minefields. The battleships were deployed in three lines, two British and one French, with support ships on the flanks and two ships in reserve. After the "Queen Elizabeth" had slowly entered the strait under constant fire, she reached her attack position at around 11:00 and opened fire on the fortifications at Çanakkale at 11:25. At first, the attack seemed to go according to plan, but after several ships hit the mines laid earlier in the afternoon, it was decided to withdraw as darkness fell. "Queen Elizabeth" took part in further naval operations with heavy losses until the beginning of May. But after several battleships were sunk in May, the Admiralty decided to cease constant battleship support. Thus, on 12 May, the "Queen Elizabeth" left the Dardanelles and returned home.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: She then proceeded to Gibraltar and on to Scapa Flow, where she joined the 5th Battle Squadron on 26 May 1916. From 22 May to 4 June 1916, she was overhauled at Rosyth, so she did not take part in the Battle of Jutland. Also in June, she temporarily became the flagship of the 5th Battle Squadron. In July, the ship underwent another overhaul. After her recommissioning in 1917, she briefly served as U.S. Admiral Mayo's flagship.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: On 15 November 1918, representatives of the German Empire signed the terms of the armistice with the Allies on board the Queen Elizabeth. On 26 July 1924 she took part in the annual fleet review off Spithead and on 1 November 1924 was detached to the Mediterranean Fleet to replace the Iron Duke as flagship. She was then replaced as flagship by Warspite in May 1926 and decommissioned in Portsmouth for refit. After the refit, which lasted until December 1927, she was recommissioned as flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet on 2 January 1928 and visited Istanbul in October 1929. From November 1929 to May 1930 she underwent another overhaul at Portsmouth. In July of the same year, she was detached to Alexandria with Ramilies to support local troops during the uprising by the Waft Party. From November 1932 to March 1933, the ship was overhauled in Portsmouth and took part in the fleet review off Spithead on 16 July 1935 during the 25th anniversary of George V's throne jubilee. She was also in Alexandria during the Abyssinia Crisis and took part in the fleet review marking the coronation of George VI off Spithead on 19 May 1937.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: On 1 August 1937, she was decommissioned for conversion work at Portsmouth, but had to be transferred from Portsmouth to Rosyth in December 1940, fearing air raids by the Luftwaffe. On 31 January 1941, "Queen Elizabeth" was recommissioned and assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Home Fleet.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: In May 1941, she was reassigned to the Mediterranean Fleet. On 6 May she departed Gibraltar for Alexandria and, together with Force H, formed convoy escorts to Malta. She then participated in the defense of Crete and the evacuation of British-Australian-New Zealand Expeditionary Force during the German Operation Merkur. On 26 May, she and "Barham" supported the air attack on the German base at Karpathos by aircraft from "Formidable". On 27 May, she became the flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron and flagship of the 2nd Fleet, replacing the "Barham" which had been damaged by bombs during the battle.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: On 19 December 1941, "Queen Elizabeth" and her sister ship were seriously damaged by limpet mines placed by Italian combat swimmers of Decima Flottiglia MAS, who entered the Allied military port of Alexandria with SLC type "manned torpedoes" (""maiali""). Although badly damaged, with her draught increased to 41.8 feet (12.5m), "Queen Elizabeth" was not grounded on the harbour bottom, her decks were clear and the Italian crews were captured. For this reason, the Royal Navy maintained the illusion of full operational status, to conceal their weakened position in the Mediterranean during the period the two ships were repaired and refloated. "Valiant" went back into service after many months and "Queen Elizabeth" after more than a year and a half. Following completion of temporary repairs in an Alexandria drydock in June 1942, she steamed through the Suez Canal and around Africa to the Navy Yard in Norfolk, Virginia, in the United States. From September 1942 until June 1943, she was comprehensively repaired. "Queen Elizabeth" went to the Home Fleet in July 1943.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: On 23 December 1943, "Queen Elizabeth" set sail bound for Trincomalee. Upon her arrival on 28 January 1944, C-in-C the Eastern Fleet Admiral Somerville assumed command. During Operation Cockpit, in formation with French and Dutch units, she supported "Illustrious" and the "Saratoga" in their attack on Sabang on 19 April. From 30 April to 1 May, she participated in the bombardment of Car Nicobar and Port Blair in the Andaman Islands during Operation D, after which the ship was overhauled at Durban from October to November 1944. In January 1945, she participated in further bombardments of Sabang during Operation Outflank and participated in the recapture of Burma until May where she supported the landing of Allied troops on Ramree Island on 21 January and on Cheduba Island on 26 January as part of Operation Dracula.


title: HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)

text: On 12 July 1945 she was replaced by HMS "Nelson" as flagship and returned home. After arriving in Portsmouth on 7 August 1945, she was detached to Rosyth for reserve duty on 10 August. From October 1945 to March 1946 she served the Home-Fleet as accommodation ship. She was then reassigned to the Portsmouth Reserve where she remained until her decommissioning on 15 May 1948. In July 1948, she was finally sold to Arnott Young and scrapped at Troon.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: The Karađorđević dynasty (, Карађорђевићи / Karađorđevići, ) or House of Karađorđević () is the name of the deposed Serbian and former Yugoslav royal family.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: The family was founded by Karađorđe Petrović (1768–1817), the "Veliki Vožd" () of Serbia during the First Serbian uprising of 1804–1813. In the course of the 19th century the relatively short-lived dynasty was supported by the Russian Empire and was opposed to the Austria-Hungary-supported Obrenović dynasty. The two houses subsequently vied for the throne for several generations.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: Following the assassination of the Obrenović King Alexander I of Serbia in 1903, the Serbian Parliament chose Karađorđe's grandson, Peter I Karađorđević, then living in exile, to occupy the throne of the Kingdom of Serbia. He was duly crowned as King Peter I, and shortly before the end of World War I in 1918, representatives of the three peoples proclaimed a Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with Peter I as sovereign. In 1929, the kingdom was renamed Yugoslavia, under Alexander I, the son of Peter I. In November 1945 the family lost their throne when the League of Communists of Yugoslavia seized power during the reign of Peter II.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: In English, the family name can be anglicized as Karageorgevitch (e.g., as with Prince Bojidar Karageorgevitch and Prince Philip Karageorgevitch) or romanised as Karadjordjevic. Its origin is as a patronym of the sobriquet "Karađorđe", bestowed upon the family's founder, Đorđe Petrović, at the end of the 18th century.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: In 1796, Osman Pazvantoğlu, the renegade governor of the Ottoman Sanjak of Vidin, who had rejected the authority of the Sublime Porte, launched an invasion of the Pashalik of Belgrade, governed by Hadji Mustafa Pasha since 1793. Overwhelmed, Mustafa Pasha formed a Serbian national militia to help stop the incursion. Đorđe Petrović joined the militia and became a "boluk-bashi" (), leading a company of 100 men. After the Serb militias joined the war on Mustafa Pasha's side, Pazvantoğlu suffered a string of defeats. He retreated to Vidin, which was subsequently besieged. The war against Pazvantoğlu marked the first time that Petrović had distinguished himself in the eyes of the Ottomans, who bestowed upon him the sobriquet "Black George" (; ), partly because of his dark hair and partly because of his sinister reputation.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: According to some researchers, Karađorđe's paternal ancestors most likely migrated from the Highlands (in what is today Montenegro) to Šumadija during the Second Great Serb Migration in 1737–39 under the leadership of Patriarch Šakabenta, as a result of the Austro-Turkish War (in which Serbs took part). Serbian historiography accepted the theory that Karađorđe's ancestors came from Vasojevići.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: Some conjecture has arisen about where the family ended up after arriving in Šumadija. According to Radoš Ljušić, Karađorđe's ancestors most likely hailed from Vasojevići, but he has said there is no certain historical information on Karađorđe's ancestors or where they came from, folklore being the only real source. Most likely, Karađorđe's ancestors hailed from Vasojevići. Grigorije Božović (1880–1945) claimed that the family were "Srbljaci" (natives) in Vasojevići territory. Contributing to "Srbljak" theory is the fact that the family celebrated St Clement as their Slava until 1890, while the patron saint of Vasojevići, i.e. Vaso's descendants, is Archangel Michael. King Peter I was allowed to change his Slava to St Andrew the First-called by Belgrade Metropolitan Mihailo in 1890, following the death of his wife, Princess Zorka, thus honoring the date by Julian calendar when Serbian rebels liberated Belgrade during the First Serbian Uprising.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: Furthermore, King Peter chose Voivode of Vasojevići Miljan Vukov Vešović to be his bridesman during his wedding to princess Zorka in 1883. Upon being asked by his future father-in-law prince Nicholas why he chose Miljan amongst various Voivodes of Montenegro, he replied that he chose him because of "heroism and relation" describing him as "Vojvode of my own blood and kin". His son, Alexander, who was born in Cetinje was nicknamed "Montenegrin" The Vasojevići tribe claim descent from Stefan Konstantin of the Nemanjić dynasty. The Vasojevići were proud of Karađorđe, and saw him as their kinsman. Montenegrin politician and Vasojević Gavro Vuković, supported this theory. Accordingly, Alexander Karađorđević (1806–1885) was given the title "Voivode of Vasojevići" by Petar II in 1840. Other theories include: Montenegrin historian Miomir Dašić claimed that Karađorđe's family originated from the Gurešići from Podgorica in Montenegro. Folklorist Dragutin Vuković believed that Tripko Knežević–Guriš was Karađorđe's great-grandfather; Vukićević, writing in 1907, said that in the surroundings of Podgorica, there is a local claim that Karađorđe's ancestors initially came from Vranj.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: The family claimed descent from the Vasojevići tribe (in Montenegro) and had emigrated in the late 1730s or early 1740s. The family lived in Mačitevo (in Suva Reka), from where grandfather Jovan moved to Viševac, while Jovan's brother Radak moved to Mramorac.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: The Karađorđevići are active in Serbian society in various ways. There is a view that constitutional parliamentary monarchy would be the ultimate solution for stability, unity, and continuity in Serbia. In addition, the family supports Serbia as a democratic country with a future in the European Union.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: The last crown prince of Yugoslavia, Alexander, has lived in Belgrade at the Dedinje Royal Palace since 2001. As the only son of the last king, Peter II, who never abdicated, and the last official heir of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia he claims to be the rightful heir to the Serbian throne in the event of restoration. At the palace, Alexander regularly receives religious leaders and strives, as opportunity permits, to demonstrate his commitment to human rights and to democracy. The family are also much engaged in humanitarian work. Crown Princess Katherine has a humanitarian foundation while Crown Prince Alexander heads the Foundation for Culture and Education, whose activities include student scholarships, summer camps for children, etc.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: On 27 April 2022, Prince Peter Karageorgevitch renounced his title of Hereditary prince – for himself and his descendants – and his younger brother Prince Philip became their father's heir apparent. The ceremony took place at Casa de Pilatos in Seville, Spain. Present were Peter's and Philip's mother Princess Maria Da Gloria of Orléans-Braganza, Duchess of Segorbe and their stepfather Ignacio, 19th Duke of Segorbe; Philip's wife Princess Danica; their half-sister Sol, Countess of Ampurias; Ljubodrag Grujić, a member of the Crown Council and Chancellor of the Orders and Herald of the House of Karađorđević; and Nikola Stanković, Chief of Staff of the Crown Prince.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: The Karađorđević family initially was a Serbian Royal House, then the Royal House of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and then the Royal House of Yugoslavia. When they last reigned they were called the Royal House of Yugoslavia.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: Crown Prince Alexander was born in London but on property temporarily recognized by the United Kingdom's government as subject to the sovereignty of the Yugoslav crown, on which occasion it was publicly declared that the Crown Prince had been born on the native soil of the land he was expected to eventually rule.


title: Karađorđević dynasty

text: The list below includes male members of the Karađorđević dynasty. Bold denotes the current head of the House. Number in parentheses indicates the order of line of Succession to the throne, as of April 2022. The order of line of Succession is not official.


title: Copernicium

text: Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Cn and atomic number 112. Its known isotopes are extremely radioactive, and have only been created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 28 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It was named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.


title: Copernicium

text: In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile element, so much so that it is possibly a gas or a volatile liquid at standard temperature and pressure.


title: Copernicium

text: Copernicium is calculated to have several properties that differ from its lighter homologues in group 12, zinc, cadmium and mercury; due to relativistic effects, it may give up its 6d electrons instead of its 7s ones, and it may have more similarities to the noble gases such as radon rather than its group 12 homologues. Calculations indicate that copernicium may show the oxidation state +4, while mercury shows it in only one compound of disputed existence and zinc and cadmium do not show it at all. It has also been predicted to be more difficult to oxidize copernicium from its neutral state than the other group 12 elements. Predictions vary on whether solid copernicium would be a metal, semiconductor, or insulator. Copernicium is one of the heaviest elements whose chemical properties have been experimentally investigated.


title: Copernicium

text: Copernicium was first created on February 9, 1996, at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany, by Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov et al. This element was created by firing accelerated zinc-70 nuclei at a target made of lead-208 nuclei in a heavy ion accelerator. A single atom of copernicium was produced with a mass number of 277. (A second was originally reported, but was found to have been based on data fabricated by Ninov, and was thus retracted.)


title: Copernicium

text: In May 2000, the GSI successfully repeated the experiment to synthesize a further atom of copernicium-277.


title: Copernicium

text: This reaction was repeated at RIKEN using the Search for a Super-Heavy Element Using a Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set-up in 2004 and 2013 to synthesize three further atoms and confirm the decay data reported by the GSI team. This reaction had also previously been tried in 1971 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia to aim for Cn (produced in the 2n channel), but without success.


title: Copernicium

text: The IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) assessed the claim of copernicium's discovery by the GSI team in 2001 and 2003. In both cases, they found that there was insufficient evidence to support their claim. This was primarily related to the contradicting decay data for the known nuclide rutherfordium-261. However, between 2001 and 2005, the GSI team studied the reaction Cm(Mg,5n)Hs, and were able to confirm the decay data for hassium-269 and rutherfordium-261. It was found that the existing data on rutherfordium-261 was for an isomer, now designated rutherfordium-261m.


title: Copernicium

text: In May 2009, the JWP reported on the claims of discovery of element 112 again and officially recognized the GSI team as the discoverers of element 112. This decision was based on the confirmation of the decay properties of daughter nuclei as well as the confirmatory experiments at RIKEN.


title: Copernicium

text: Work had also been done at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia from 1998 to synthesise the heavier isotope Cn in the hot fusion reaction U(Ca,3n)Cn; most observed atoms of Cn decayed by spontaneous fission, although an alpha decay branch to Ds was detected. While initial experiments aimed to assign the produced nuclide with its observed long half-life of 3 minutes based on its chemical behaviour, this was found to be not mercury-like as would have been expected (copernicium being under mercury in the periodic table), and indeed now it appears that the long-lived activity might not have been from Cn at all, but its electron capture daughter Rg instead, with a shorter 4-second half-life associated with Cn. (Another possibility is assignment to a metastable isomeric state, Cn.) While later cross-bombardments in the Pu+Ca and Cm+Ca reactions succeeded in confirming the properties of Cn and its parents Fl and Lv, and played a major role in the acceptance of the discoveries of flerovium and livermorium (elements 114 and 116) by the JWP in 2011, this work originated subsequent to the GSI's work on Cn and priority was assigned to the GSI.


title: Copernicium

text: Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, copernicium should be known as "eka-mercury". In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called "ununbium" (with the corresponding symbol of "Uub"), a systematic element name as a placeholder, until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who either called it "element 112", with the symbol of "E112", "(112)", or even simply "112".


title: Copernicium

text: After acknowledging the GSI team's discovery, the IUPAC asked them to suggest a permanent name for element 112. On 14 July 2009, they proposed "copernicium" with the element symbol Cp, after Nicolaus Copernicus "to honor an outstanding scientist, who changed our view of the world".


title: Copernicium

text: it was pointed out that the symbol "Cp" was previously associated with the name "cassiopeium" (cassiopium), now known as lutetium (Lu), and the compound cyclopentadiene. For this reason, the IUPAC disallowed the use of Cp as a future symbol, prompting the GSI team to put forward the symbol Cn as an alternative. On 19 February 2010, the 537th anniversary of Copernicus' birth, IUPAC officially accepted the proposed name and symbol.


title: Copernicium

text: Copernicium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Seven different isotopes have been reported with mass numbers 277 and 281–286, and one unconfirmed metastable isomer in Cn has been reported. Most of these decay predominantly through alpha decay, but some undergo spontaneous fission, and copernicium-283 may have an electron capture branch.


title: Copernicium

text: The isotope copernicium-283 was instrumental in the confirmation of the discoveries of the elements flerovium and livermorium.


title: Copernicium

text: All confirmed copernicium isotopes are extremely unstable and radioactive; in general, heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter. The most stable known isotope, Cn, has a half-life of 29 seconds; Cn has a half-life of 4 seconds, and the unconfirmed Cn and Cn have half-lives of about 15 and 8.45 seconds respectively. Other isotopes have half-lives shorter than one second. Cn and Cn both have half-lives on the order of 0.1 seconds, and the other two isotopes have half-lives slightly under one millisecond. It is predicted that the heavy isotopes Cn and Cn may have half-lives longer than a few decades, for they are predicted to lie near the center of the theoretical island of stability, and may have been produced in the r-process and be detectable in cosmic rays, though they would be about 10 times as abundant as lead.


title: Copernicium

text: The lightest isotopes of copernicium have been synthesized by direct fusion between two lighter nuclei and as decay products (except for Cn, which is not known to be a decay product), while the heavier isotopes are only known to be produced by decay of heavier nuclei. The heaviest isotope produced by direct fusion is Cn; the three heavier isotopes, Cn, Cn, and Cn, have only been observed as decay products of elements with larger atomic numbers.


title: Copernicium

text: In 1999, American scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, announced that they had succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of Og. These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted three alpha particles to form copernicium-281 nuclei, which were claimed to have undergone alpha decay, emitting alpha particles with decay energy 10.68 MeV and half-life 0.90 ms, but their claim was retracted in 2001 as it had been based on data fabricated by Ninov. This isotope was truly produced in 2010 by the same team; the new data contradicted the previous fabricated data.


title: Copernicium

text: Very few properties of copernicium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production and the fact that copernicium (and its parents) decays very quickly. A few singular chemical properties have been measured, as well as the boiling point, but properties of the copernicium metal remain generally unknown and for the most part, only predictions are available.


title: Copernicium

text: Copernicium is the tenth and last member of the 6d series and is the heaviest group 12 element in the periodic table, below zinc, cadmium and mercury. It is predicted to differ significantly from the lighter group 12 elements. The valence s-subshells of the group 12 elements and period 7 elements are expected to be relativistically contracted most strongly at copernicium. This and the closed-shell configuration of copernicium result in it probably being a very noble metal. A standard reduction potential of +2.1 V is predicted for the Cn/Cn couple. Copernicium's predicted first ionization energy of 1155 kJ/mol almost matches that of the noble gas xenon at 1170.4 kJ/mol. Copernicium's metallic bonds should also be very weak, possibly making it extremely volatile like the noble gases, and potentially making it gaseous at room temperature. However, it should be able to form metal–metal bonds with copper, palladium, platinum, silver, and gold; these bonds are predicted to be only about 15–20 kJ/mol weaker than the analogous bonds with mercury. In opposition to the earlier suggestion, ab initio calculations at the high level of accuracy predicted that the chemistry of singly-valent copernicium resembles that of mercury rather than that of the noble gases. The latter result can be explained by the huge spin-orbit interaction which significantly lowers the energy of the vacant 7p state of copernicium.


title: Copernicium

text: Once copernicium is ionized, its chemistry may present several differences from those of zinc, cadmium, and mercury. Due to the stabilization of 7s electronic orbitals and destabilization of 6d ones caused by relativistic effects, Cn is likely to have a [Rn]5f6d7s electronic configuration, using the 6d orbitals before the 7s one, unlike its homologues. The fact that the 6d electrons participate more readily in chemical bonding means that once copernicium is ionized, it may behave more like a transition metal than its lighter homologues, especially in the possible +4 oxidation state. In aqueous solutions, copernicium may form the +2 and perhaps +4 oxidation states. The diatomic ion , featuring mercury in the +1 oxidation state, is well-known, but the ion is predicted to be unstable or even non-existent. Copernicium(II) fluoride, CnF, should be more unstable than the analogous mercury compound, mercury(II) fluoride (HgF), and may even decompose spontaneously into its constituent elements. As the most electronegative reactive element, fluorine may be the only element able to oxidise copernicium even further to the +4 and even +6 oxidation states in CnF and CnF; the latter may require matrix-isolation conditions to be detected, as in the disputed detection of HgF. CnF should be more stable than CnF. In polar solvents, copernicium is predicted to preferentially form the and anions rather than the analogous neutral fluorides (CnF and CnF, respectively), although the analogous bromide or iodide ions may be more stable towards hydrolysis in aqueous solution. The anions and should also be able to exist in aqueous solution. The formation of thermodynamically stable copernicium(II) and (IV) fluorides would be analogous to the chemistry of xenon. Analogous to mercury(II) cyanide (Hg(CN)), copernicium is expected to form a stable cyanide, Cn(CN).


title: Copernicium

text: Copernicium should be a dense metal, with a density of 14.0 g/cm in the liquid state at 300 K; this is similar to the known density of mercury, which is 13.534 g/cm. (Solid copernicium at the same temperature should have a higher density of 14.7 g/cm.) This results from the effects of copernicium's higher atomic weight being cancelled out by its larger interatomic distances compared to mercury. Some calculations predicted copernicium to be a gas at room temperature due to its closed-shell electron configuration, which would make it the first gaseous metal in the periodic table. A 2019 calculation agrees with these predictions on the role of relativistic effects, suggesting that copernicium will be a volatile liquid bound by dispersion forces under standard conditions. Its melting point is estimated at and its boiling point at , the latter in agreement with the experimentally estimated value of . The atomic radius of copernicium is expected to be around 147 pm. Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital, the Cn and Cn ions are predicted to give up 6d electrons instead of 7s electrons, which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologues.


title: Copernicium

text: In addition to the relativistic contraction and binding of the 7s subshell, the 6d orbital is expected to be destabilized due to spin-orbit coupling, making it behave similarly to the 7s orbital in terms of size, shape, and energy. Predictions of the expected band structure of copernicium are varied. Calculations in 2007 expected that copernicium may be a semiconductor with a band gap of around 0.2 eV, crystallizing in the hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. However, calculations in 2017 and 2018 suggested that copernicium should be a noble metal at standard conditions with a body-centered cubic crystal structure: it should hence have no band gap, like mercury, although the density of states at the Fermi level is expected to be lower for copernicium than for mercury. 2019 calculations then suggested that in fact copernicium has a large band gap of 6.4 ± 0.2 eV, which should be similar to that of the noble gas radon (predicted as 7.1 eV) and would make it an insulator; bulk copernicium is predicted by these calculations to be bound mostly by dispersion forces, like the noble gases. Like mercury, radon, and flerovium, but not oganesson (eka-radon), copernicium is calculated to have no electron affinity.


title: Copernicium

text: Interest in copernicium's chemistry was sparked by predictions that it would have the largest relativistic effects in the whole of period 7 and group 12, and indeed among all 118 known elements. Copernicium is expected to have the ground state electron configuration [Rn] 5f 6d 7s and thus should belong to group 12 of the periodic table, according to the Aufbau principle. As such, it should behave as the heavier homologue of mercury and form strong binary compounds with noble metals like gold. Experiments probing the reactivity of copernicium have focused on the adsorption of atoms of element 112 onto a gold surface held at varying temperatures, in order to calculate an adsorption enthalpy. Owing to relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons, copernicium shows radon-like properties. Experiments were performed with the simultaneous formation of mercury and radon radioisotopes, allowing a comparison of adsorption characteristics.


title: Copernicium

text: The first chemical experiments on copernicium were conducted using the U(Ca,3n)Cn reaction. Detection was by spontaneous fission of the claimed parent isotope with half-life of 5 minutes. Analysis of the data indicated that copernicium was more volatile than mercury and had noble gas properties. However, the confusion regarding the synthesis of copernicium-283 has cast some doubt on these experimental results. Given this uncertainty, between April–May 2006 at the JINR, a FLNR–PSI team conducted experiments probing the synthesis of this isotope as a daughter in the nuclear reaction Pu(Ca,3n)Fl. (The Pu + Ca fusion reaction has a slightly larger cross-section than the U + Ca reaction, so that the best way to produce copernicium for chemical experimentation is as an overshoot product as the daughter of flerovium.) In this experiment, two atoms of copernicium-283 were unambiguously identified and the adsorption properties were interpret to show that copernicium is a more volatile homologue of mercury, due to formation of a weak metal-metal bond with gold. This agrees with general indications from some relativistic calculations that copernicium is "more or less" homologous to mercury. However, it was pointed out in 2019 that this result may simply be due to strong dispersion interactions.


title: Copernicium

text: In April 2007, this experiment was repeated and a further three atoms of copernicium-283 were positively identified. The adsorption property was confirmed and indicated that copernicium has adsorption properties in agreement with being the heaviest member of group 12. These experiments also allowed the first experimental estimation of copernicium's boiling point: 84 °C, so that it may be a gas at standard conditions.


title: Copernicium

text: Because the lighter group 12 elements often occur as chalcogenide ores, experiments were conducted in 2015 to deposit copernicium atoms on a selenium surface to form copernicium selenide, CnSe. Reaction of copernicium atoms with trigonal selenium to form a selenide was observed, with -Δ"H"(t-Se) > 48 kJ/mol, with the kinetic hindrance towards selenide formation being lower for copernicium than for mercury. This was unexpected as the stability of the group 12 selenides tends to decrease down the group from ZnSe to HgSe.


title: Brahmanandam filmography

text: Brahmanandam is an Indian actor and comedian working mostly in Telugu films. He currently holds the Guinness World Record for the most screen credits for a living actor. In 2009, he was honoured with the Padma Shri, for his contribution to Indian cinema. Brahmanandam was part of the television quiz show "Brahmi 1 million Show" on I-News. He appeared in more than 1,050 (one thousand fifty) films. He also been as a judge in the 2018 Telugu Television Stand-up comedy show, "The Great Telugu Laughter Challenge."


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: Lloyd Wolfe Bochner (July 29, 1924 – October 29, 2005) was a Canadian actor. He appeared in many Canadian and Hollywood productions between the 1950s and 1990s, including the films "Point Blank" (1967), "The Detective" (1968), "The Young Runaways" (1968), "Ulzana's Raid" (1972) and "Satan's School for Girls" (1973), and the television prime time soap opera "Dynasty" (1981-82). Bochner also voiced Mayor Hamilton Hill in "" (1992-95) and its follow-up "The New Batman Adventures" (1997-99).


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: At the age of 11, Bochner began his acting career on Ontario radio programs. He went on to garner two Liberty Awards, the highest acting honour in Canada, for his work in Canadian film and theatre. Bochner served in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. In 1946, he made his debut with "The Mapleville Story" and in 1951 he moved to New York City where he appeared in early television series such as "One Man's Family" and "Kraft Television Theatre". In 1960, ABC called with a starring role in the series "Hong Kong" with co-star Rod Taylor. Faced against NBC's "Wagon Train", then one of the most highly rated programs on the air, "Hong Kong" ended with the 26th episode. In 1961, he guest-starred in "The Americans", an American Civil War drama about how the conflict divided families, starring Darryl Hickman.


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: A few years later, Bochner appeared in one of his most famous roles, that of a cryptographer attempting to decipher an alien text in the classic 1962 "Twilight Zone" episode "To Serve Man", a part he spoofed years later in the comedy "". In 1962 and 1963, he appeared in two episodes of the CBS anthology series, "GE True", hosted by Jack Webb; he portrayed the part of Stoughton in "Code Name: Christopher, Part I" and Captain Ian Stuart in "Commando".


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: From 1963 to 1964, Bochner was a member of the repertory cast of NBC's "The Richard Boone Show". In 1964, he guest-starred in the "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" season-one episode "The Fear-Makers". Later that year, he appeared as murderer Eric Pollard in the "Perry Mason" episode, "The Case of the Latent Lover". In 1965, he guest-starred on ABC's Western series "The Legend of Jesse James" starring Christopher Jones in the title role. Two years later, he appeared on the ABC military-Western "Custer" starring Wayne Maunder in the title role. He appeared twice on the long-running television Western "The Virginian" in the 1960s.


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: Bochner is also memorably smooth and malicious as the gangster Carter against Lee Marvin in John Boorman's seminal 1960s film noir "Point Blank". In 1971, Bochner appeared as Abel Wilks in "The Men From Shiloh" (rebranded name for "The Virginian") in the episode titled "The Town Killer."


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: Over the years, Bochner continued to portray a variety of roles in television and film, from a warlock on "Bewitched" to a homosexual doctor coming out at middle age in the 1977 television movie "Terraces", to Pia Zadora's abusive screenwriter husband in the camp classic film "The Lonely Lady". In 1960, he starred in an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's "The Citadel" along with Ann Blyth. His son Paul said he "almost always played a suave, handsome, wealthy villain."


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: Bochner played the scheming Cecil Colby on "Dynasty". The character suffered a heart attack while having sex with Alexis Carrington (Joan Collins), and later died in his hospital bed seconds after marrying her. A few years later, Bochner planned to star as C.C. Capwell on the daytime drama "Santa Barbara", but a heart attack caused his departure from the series. Bochner continued to appear in television series for the next few decades, doing frequent voiceover work for the highly acclaimed animated TV shows "" and "The New Batman Adventures". He joined the Stratford Festival of Canada in its first season in 1953 and spent six years there, playing Horatio in "Hamlet", Orsino in "Twelfth Night", and Duke Vincentio in "Measure for Measure" opposite James Mason.


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: In 1962, Bochner played in "The Twilight Zone" episode, "To Serve Man." In 1965, he guest starred on "Combat!" in the fourth season episode "Evasion" as Major Thorne. In 1966 on "The Wild Wild West" he played Zachariah Skull, an ingenious murderer, in "The Night of the Puppeteer." In 1966, Bochner played the author Robert Louis Stevenson in the episode "Jolly Roger and Wells Fargo" of "Death Valley Days". That same year he appeared in "12 O'Clock High", playing the British officer, Major Mallory, episode "Fortress Weisbaden". In 1967, he appeared as a Royal Air Force officer and his German double on an episode of "Hogan's Heroes" in the episode "A Funny Thing Happened On the Way To London". In 1967, he played an 'U.N.C.L.E.' agent in the last season of "The Man From U.N.C.L.E."; a unique role in that while he was a 'good guy' in the final dialogue he was described as being "reassuringly unlikeable". He also appeared three times on the TV series . 1969 "The Glass Cage", 1971 "Takeover" and 1972 "The Deal". In 1969, Bochner played a handsome warlock named Franklyn in the "Bewitched" season five episode, "Marriage Witches Style". In 1969, he played as the cat-loving bad guy Clayton Hewitt in the episode "Catspaw on "It Takes a Thief" and the final episode of same, "Project X", as Dr. George Kingsford in 1970. In 1970, Bochner played Walter Gregson, a strangler on "Hawaii Five-O" in the season three episode, "Beautiful Screamer". Later on "Hawaii Five-O", he was the Navy captain in the 1975 episode, "Murder: Eyes Only". He also appeared in "Hawaii Five-O" season 12 in an episode called "Clash of the Shadows" as a Jewish diplomat. He appeared in the episode "Prosecutor" of the ABC crime drama "The Silent Force" in 1970. In 1973, he played a chess coach in "Columbo: The Most Dangerous Match" and was in the episode "The Pisces" of the short-lived TV show "The Starlost". In 1974 and 1977, he appeared in four episodes of The "Six Million Dollar Man"; he portrayed Gavern Wilson in "Day of the Robot", Ulrich Rau in "Carnival of Spies", and Gordon Shanks in Deadly Countdown (part 1 and 2). In 1977, he was in an episode of the ABC crime drama "The Feather and Father Gang" and an episode of the ABC situation comedy "The San Pedro Beach Bums". Bochner also appeared in Barnaby Jones in an episode titled "The Loose Connection"(03/18/1973). He was Commandant Leiter in the "Battlestar Galactica" original-series episode "Greetings from Earth" (1978). In the 1980s, Bochner was in two episodes of "The Golden Girls" — as a suave television-turned-stage actor (and womanizer), Patrick Vaughn, in 1987 and as Eduardo the Hairdresser in 1989.


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: Bochner was born in Toronto, Ontario, to a middle-class Jewish family, the son of Frieda ( Kenen) and Charles Abraham Bochner. His uncle was Isaiah L. Kenen, founder of the American Zionist Committee for Public Affairs.


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: In 1998, he co-founded the Committee to End Violence, a panel designed to study the impact violent images had on culture. He was also active in the Association of Canadian Radio and Television Artists and was a licensed amateur radio operator.


title: Lloyd Bochner

text: Bochner was married to Ruth Roher Bochner (1925-2017), a concert pianist, until his death from cancer on October 29, 2005, at the age of 81 at home in Santa Monica, California. Bochner and his wife had three children — Hart Bochner (actor, who also provided voices for "Batman"), Paul (director and animator), and Johanna.


title: Calcination

text: Calcination refers to thermal treatment of a solid chemical compound (e.g. mixed carbonate ores) whereby the compound is raised to high temperature without melting under restricted supply of ambient oxygen (i.e. gaseous O fraction of air), generally for the purpose of removing impurities or volatile substances and/or to incur thermal decomposition.


title: Calcination

text: The root of the word calcination refers to its most prominent use, which is to remove carbon from limestone (calcium carbonate) through combustion to yield calcium oxide (quicklime). This calcination reaction is CaCO(s) → CaO(s) + CO(g). Calcium oxide is a crucial ingredient in modern cement, and is also used as a chemical flux in smelting. Industrial calcination generally emits carbon dioxide (), making it a major contributor to climate change.


title: Calcination

text: A calciner is a steel cylinder that rotates inside a heated furnace and performs indirect high-temperature processing (550–1150 °C, or 1000–2100 °F) within a controlled atmosphere.


title: Calcination

text: The process of calcination derives its name from the Latin "calcinare" (to burn lime) due to its most common application, the decomposition of calcium carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide, in order to create cement. The product of calcination is usually referred to in general as "calcine", regardless of the actual minerals undergoing thermal treatment. Calcination is carried out in furnaces or reactors (sometimes referred to as kilns or calciners) of various designs including shaft furnaces, rotary kilns, multiple hearth furnaces, and fluidized bed reactors.


title: Calcination

text: Calcination reactions usually take place at or above the thermal decomposition temperature (for decomposition and volatilization reactions) or the transition temperature (for phase transitions). This temperature is usually defined as the temperature at which the standard Gibbs free energy for a particular calcination reaction is equal to zero.


title: Calcination

text: In limestone calcination, a decomposition process that occurs at 900 to 1050°C, the chemical reaction is


title: Calcination

text: The standard Gibbs free energy of reaction in [J/mol] is approximated as Δ"G"° ≈ 177,100 J/mol − 158 J/(mol*K) *"T". The standard free energy of reaction is 0 in this case when the temperature, "T", is equal to 1121K, or 848 °C.


title: Calcination

text: In some cases, calcination of a metal results in oxidation of the metal to produce a metal oxide. In the seventeenth century, Jean Rey noted that lead and tin when calcinated gained mass, presumably as they were being oxidized.


title: Calcination

text: In alchemy, calcination was believed to be one of the 12 vital processes required for the transformation of a substance.


title: Calcination

text: Alchemists distinguished two kinds of calcination, "actual" and "potential". Actual calcination is that brought about by actual fire, from wood, coals, or other fuel, raised to a certain temperature. Potential calcination is that brought about by "potential" fire, such as corrosive chemicals; for example, gold was calcined in a reverberatory furnace with mercury and salammoniac; silver with common salt and alkali salt; copper with salt and sulfur; iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar; tin with antimony; lead with sulfur; and mercury with nitric acid.


title: Calcination

text: There was also "philosophical calcination", which was said to occur when horns, hooves, etc., were hung over boiling water, or other liquor, until they had lost their mucilage, and were easily reducible into powder.


title: Jordanian dinar

text: The Jordanian dinar (; code: JOD; unofficially abbreviated as JD) has been the currency of Jordan since 1950. The dinar is divided into 10 dirhams, 100 qirsh (also called piastres) or 1000 fulus. It is pegged to the US dollar.


title: Jordanian dinar

text: The Central Bank of Jordan commenced operations in 1964 and became the sole issuer of Jordanian currency, in place of the Jordan Currency Board.


title: Jordanian dinar

text: In 1927, the British administration of the Palestinian Mandate established the Palestine Currency Board which issued the Palestine pound which was the official currency in both Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan. Though Jordan became an independent kingdom on 25 May 1946, it continued to use the Palestinian pound for a while. In 1949, it passed the Provisional Act No. 35 of 1949, which established the Jordan Currency Board as the sole authority in the kingdom entitled to issue Jordanian currency, called the Jordanian dinar. The Board was based in London and consisted of a president and four members, and began issuing Jordanian dinars in 1949 and was exchangeable for Palestinian pounds at parity.


title: Jordanian dinar

text: After Jordan annexed the West Bank in April 1950, the dinar replaced the Palestinian pound. On 1 July 1950, the Jordanian dinar became the kingdom's official currency and legal tender. The use of the Palestine pound ceased in the country on 30 September 1950. The Central Bank of Jordan was established in 1959 and took over note production in 1964. In 1967, Jordan lost control of the West Bank, but the Jordanian dinar continued to be used there. It continues to be widely used in the West Bank alongside the Israeli shekel.


title: Jordanian dinar

text: Coins were introduced in 1949 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 fils. The first issue of 1 fils were mistakenly minted with the denomination given as "1 fil". 20 fils coins were minted until 1965, with 25 fils introduced in 1968 and dinar coins in 1970. The 1 fils coin was last minted in 1985. In 1996, smaller dinar coins were introduced alongside and 1 dinar coins.


title: Jordanian dinar

text: Until 1992, coins were denominated in Arabic using fils, qirsh, dirham and dinar but in English only in fils and dinar. Since 1992, the fils and dirham are no longer used in the Arabic and the English denominations are given in dinar and either qirsh or piastres.


title: Jordanian dinar

text: In 1949, banknotes were issued by the Jordan Currency Board in denominations of , 1, 5, 10 and 50 dinars. They bore the country's official name, "The Hashemite Kingdom of the Jordan". 20 dinar notes were introduced in 1977, followed by 50 dinars in 1999. dinar notes were replaced by coins in 1999.


title: Jordanian dinar

text: Since October 23, 1995, the dinar has officially been pegged to the IMF's special drawing rights (SDRs), while in practice it was fixed at 1 U.S. dollar = 0.709 dinar most of the time, which is approximately 1 dinar = 1.41044 dollars. The Central Bank buys U.S. dollars at 0.708 dinar per dollar, and sells U.S. dollars at 0.710 dinar per dollar.


title: Elaine Lee

text: Elaine Lee is an American actress, playwright, producer, and writer, who specializes in graphic novels. She has also received recognition and awards for her work as a creator and producer of audio books and dramas.


title: Elaine Lee

text: Her comics have been illustrated by artists including Michael Wm. Kaluta, Charles Vess, James Sherman, Steve Leialoha, Linda Medley and John Ridgeway.


title: Elaine Lee

text: Her graphic novel "Starstruck: The Luckless, the Abandoned and Forsaked" was nominated for a Jack Kirby Award as The Best Graphic Album of 1985.


title: Elaine Lee

text: She is the mother of Brennan Lee Mulligan, who is the author of "Strong Female Protagonist" and creator of "Dimension 20".


title: Elaine Lee

text: In 1976, she moved to New York City and found acting work. In 1979, she landed the role of Mildred Trumble on NBC-TV’s "The Doctors".


title: Elaine Lee

text: She was a founding member and artistic director of Manhattan-based theatre company, Wild Hair Productions.


title: Elaine Lee

text: Wild Hair began its run performing three plays written and performed by Elaine Lee and her sister, comedian Susan Norfleet Lee: "Brief Lives", "The Contamination of the Kokomo Lounge", and "Starstruck". "Starstruck", a science-fiction spoof with a largely female cast, was performed Off-Broadway at the N.E.T.W.O.R.K. Theater, from April 16 – May 10, 1980. Lee portrayed Captain Galatia 9, and Susan Norfleet Lee played Brucilla the Muscle. In 1983, Lee directed a revised production with a new cast that was performed at the Park Royal Theater, from April 16 – May 8, 1983.


title: Elaine Lee

text: Lee's "Starstruck" play grew into a comic-book series that has been adapted into audioplays and seen multiple spin-offs and sequels. It was nominated for the Jack Kirby award for Best Graphic Novel in 1985. The British Science Fiction Society magazine "Vector" listed it as a "groundbreaking work": "The original volume, 73 pages long, covers three decades of stories across the universe, and the non-linear approach has seen critics today comparing it to later works such as "Lost" and "Watchmen". Much of the praise given to the latter, its innovation of non-linear graphic storytelling, use of supplement texts for story expansion, overlapping dialogue, unreliable storytelling and so on, was in fact pioneered by the greatly overlooked "Starstruck"."


title: Elaine Lee

text: Lee is a writer and co-producer for The AudioComics Company, which adapts comics and other original works into full-cast dramatizations with scores and sound effects. She adapted "Locke and Key", based on IDW's graphic novel series by Joe Hill and Gabriel Rodriguez. It was a finalist for an Audie Award. She also produced "The Starling Project", which received Audie Award nominations for Original Work and Best Audio Drama, and an Earphones Award.


title: Elaine Lee

text: She co-adapted the Image Comic series "The Perhapanauts" which won a Silver Ogle Award, and also adapted and co-produced her "Honey West: Murder on Mars" (Moonstone Books) comics as an audioplay.


title: Elaine Lee

text: In 2011, Lee was chosen as an Artist in Residence at the National Audio Theatre Festival workshop. The NATF commissioned her play "TransMars Tango" for a live performance, starring Philip Proctor of The Firesign Theatre, and directed by Brian Price.


title: Elaine Lee

text: In comics, Lee has written a wide variety of works for Marvel, DC, Dark Horse and other publishers, including "Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny", "Prince Valiant", "Ragman" and "Vamps". Lee worked as a colorist as well, most notably on several issues of "The New Mutants" and "The Shadow" for Marvel Comics and Dark Horse Comics and the first two issues of "Starstruck". She also did color art and supervised art direction, did design work on her various "Starstruck" projects, such as the "Starstruck Deluxe Edition", and for works on which she served as co-producer at AudioComics. She also served as Art Director for Stadium Entertainment.


title: Chandan Prabhakar

text: Chandan Prabhakar (born 29 September 1981), often informally referred to as Chandu, is an Indian comedian and actor.


title: Chandan Prabhakar

text: Chandan completed his graduation in mechanical engineering from Hindu College in Amritsar. He has been married to Nandini Khanna since 2015, they have one child together. He is childhood friend with Kapil Sharma and have worked together in "The Great Indian Laughter Challenge", "Comedy Nights with Kapil" and "The Kapil Sharma Show". Some of his most popular characters are Hawaldaar Harpal Singh, Jhanda Singh, Raju and Chandu chaiwala.


title: Chandan Prabhakar

text: He first started his career as a contestant in comedy show "The Great Indian Laughter Challenge" in 2007, in which he emerged as runner up. Then in 2010, he appeared in his fellow comedian Sunil Pal directorial "Bhavnao Ko Samjho". After then he appeared in three Punjabi language films, "Power Cut" (2011), "Disco Singh" (2014) and "Judge Singh LLB" (2015). In the last one, he co-produced and co-wrote screenplay. While reviewing "Judge Singh LLB", "The Guardian" wrote "Judge Singh LLB" as scrappy, winning slacker comedy. Jasmine Singh of "The Tribune" reviewed film as the one definitely a bail-out from the usual storylines. ABP Sanjha reviewed film as a good courtroom drama in pollywood.


title: Chandan Prabhakar

text: In 2013, he appeared in some episodes of "Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe". He achieved recognition while appearing regularly in his friend Kapil Sharma shows like "Comedy Nights with Kapil", "The Kapil Sharma Show" and "Family Time With Kapil Sharma".


title: Piaggio Ape

text: The Piaggio Ape (; is ), initially marketed as VespaCar or TriVespa, is a three-wheeled light commercial vehicle, manufactured and marketed by Piaggio as an adaption of the company's Vespa scooter ( being Italian for 'wasp' instead). It is in continuous production since its 1948 introduction and offered in numerous body configurations, serving a range of utilitarian functions.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: After World War II, Italians could not afford personal transportation. In 1947, aircraft designer Corradino D'Ascanio conceived a light and simple three-wheeled commercial vehicle, which found favor with Piaggio. The first model was a cabless adaptation of the company's two-wheel scooter, the Vespa, adding two rear wheels and a flat utility bed over the rear axle.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: Initial models featured 50 cc, 125 cc or 150 cc engines and, later, a 175 cc engine. By the time of the 1964 Ape D, a cab was added to protect the driver from the elements.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: With handlebar steering (a steering wheel became a later innovation), the original Ape was a single-seater that could provisionally accommodate two passengers of modest size. A door was provided on each side, to facilitate entry and exit. Performance was modest, suited to light delivery, with adequate torque for hills and a low top speed. On larger roads, Apes could be driven close to the curb to allow other vehicles to pass.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: The Ape has been marketed in various configurations, including as vans and pickups for load carrying (popular with postal administration in some countries) and as an autorickshaw. More recently Piaggio has offered models such as the Ape Cross Country and the Ape Web aimed at the youth market. The Ape is also commonly used as a promotion tool, with advertising signboards mounted in the load bay.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: The Ape is common in Italy where its compact size allows it to negotiate narrow streets, park easily, and serve as an impromptu market stall.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: Most Apes are produced in India by Piaggio India. In India, the Ape is most commonly found in the form of an autorickshaw. A relatively small number of Apes were still made in Italy, but on 16 October 2013, Piaggio announced that Italian production of the Ape would end and construction would move entirely to India.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: Currently two model ranges are offered: the "Ape 50" with a 49.8 cc petrol engine and the larger "Ape TM" which comes available with a 218 cc petrol engine or a 422 cc diesel engine.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: A limited edition named the Calessino was offered with retro styling in an autorickshaw configuration and two colors white and anniversary blue — the design evoking the Ape of the 1950s and 1960s.


title: Piaggio Ape

text: A design modified for racing for the Piaggio Ape has been built. The Ape Proto is hand-made and it contains modifications to enable drifting and faster driving. It has been used in special racing competitions, like the Ape RR Show in San Marino.


title: Petco

text: Petco Health and Wellness Company, Inc. is an American pet retailer with corporate offices in San Diego and San Antonio. Petco sells pet food, products, and services, as well as certain types of live small animals.


title: Petco

text: Founded in 1965 as a mail-order veterinary supply company in California, it grew into a pet food and supplies chain. Acquired by The Spectrum Group, Inc. and the Thomas H. Lee Company in 1988, it went public on the NASDAQ in 1994. It was subsequently bought by Leonard Green & Partners and Texas Pacific Group in 2000. In 2016 Petco was sold to CVC Capital Partners and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, who retained control when Petco held its third IPO in January 2021.


title: Petco

text: As of 2021, the company has approximately 1,500 Petco stores across the United States, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. Stores sell pet food, pet supplies, small animals, and fish. Some stores offer services such as obedience training, dog grooming, pet vaccinations, and veterinary care, while also hosting adoption events. Unleashed by Petco are smaller stores that do not sell live animals. The company also owns the PetCoach app, PetInsuranceQuotes.com, and Vital Care, a subscription service for veterinary care.


title: Petco

text: The company owns the naming rights to the Petco Park baseball stadium, which is home of the San Diego Padres. Petco had yearly revenues of $4.1 billion in 2020, and was the 107th largest private company in the United States.


title: Petco

text: Petco originated when Walter Evans, a co-owner of a Missouri-based distributor of pet supplies and products called United Pharmacal Company (UPCO), moved to San Diego County, California. In San Diego County in 1965, Evans initially set up a mail-order veterinary supply business with five associates. He became the company's first CEO. Evans opened his first retail store in 1976 in La Mesa, California, selling pet and veterinary supplies. In 1979 the company was rebranded Petco, and the first Petco store opened in Tigard, Oregon a year later.


title: Petco

text: To compete with supermarkets, Petco focused on premium pet-food brands such as IAMS, Science Diet, and Nutro, which were introduced in the mid-1980s. In 1988 Petco acquired two other West Coast chains, Wellpet, Inc. and The Pet Department, bringing its store number to 130. By 1988, the company had 40 Petco stores, mainly in California. The same year, Petco was acquired by two private-equity firms, The Spectrum Group, Inc. and the Thomas H. Lee Company, and subsequently began acquiring other pet stores.


title: Petco

text: By 1990 Petco was heavily in debt, and Brian K. Devine of Toys "R" Us was hired to turn the company around as president and CEO. Devine rebranded the acquired WellPet and Pet Department stores Petco, also hiring new leadership and extending the chain's credit. Devine eschewed a big-box discount store model, instead prioritizing premium merchandise such as natural or organic pet food. He also brought in aquariums and fish to increase foot traffic.


title: Petco

text: Petco introduced Red Ruff the dog and Blue Mews the cat as its logo mascots in 1991, and the following year it adopted the tagline "Where the pets go". In 1992 the company opened its first stores on the East Coast, also opening an East Coast distribution center.


title: Petco

text: In 1994 Devine became chairman in addition to president and CEO, a role he held until 2015. Petco went public on the NASDAQ under the stock ticker PETC, in 1994. The initial public offering provided capital for further expansion. From 1990 through 1995, Petco opened between 20 and 50 stores yearly.


title: Petco

text: By 1995, Petco and PetSmart had established themselves as the largest pet food and supply chains in the United States. The companies featured services such as obedience training, dog grooming, and pet vaccinations, and hosted pet adoption events in their stores. Differentiating itself from PetSmart, however, Petco located its stores in different areas, and limited its store size to avoid the warehouse format, among other differentiating factors.


title: Petco

text: In 1997 Petco acquired 104 new stores, in large part from purchasing the competing chain PetCare in the Midwest and South. The aggressive growth in 1997 proved costly, and in 1998 Petco accrued $8 million in net losses and its stock value dropped significantly.


title: Petco

text: In July 1999, Petco invested $66 million in Petopia, a startup e-tailer, for 20% of the company. Petopia.com launched in August 1999. After the collapse of the dot-com bubble, in 2000 Petopia sold most of its assets to Petco. By 2001 Petopia.com redirected to Petco.com, with Petco utilizing Petopia.com's assets to create its own e-commerce site.


title: Petco

text: In May 2000, Petco agreed to a $600 million leveraged buyout by Leonard Green & Partners (LGP) and TPG Capital (TPG). With LGP and TPG contributing $92.5 million each in equity, their buyout deal closed in October 2000 and Petco was taken off the NASDAQ. LGP and TPG again took Petco public on the NASDAQ in 2002, retaining majority control until 2004.


title: Petco

text: In 2003, Petco bought the naming rights to San Diego's downtown baseball stadium, making it Petco Park when opened in 2004. Petco committed $60 million to the San Diego Padres for 22 years of naming rights. At the time, it was one of the highest prices paid for naming rights to a baseball park.


title: Petco

text: James Myers, who had previously been Petco's chief financial officer, became CEO of Petco in March 2004. He had been with Petco since 1990. He was succeeded as CEO in 2017 by Brad Weston, previously company president and chief merchandising officer.


title: Petco

text: "Think Adoption First" is a company philosophy and program, which encourages pet adoption rather than the purchase of companion animals whenever possible. Petco was criticized for selling large exotic birds in their shops, and in 2005, after pressure from PETA, Petco agreed to stop selling parrots and other large birds. Petco has never sold dogs or cats.


title: Petco

text: In the wake of reported distribution accounting errors, Petco's stock in mid July 2006 had dropped 50% from a high in January 2005. On July 14, 2006, Petco announced it would again be taken private in a leveraged buyout by LGP and TPG; the deal included the assumption of $120 million of Petco's debt, for a total transaction value of $1.8 billion. The acquisition by LGP and TPG closed in October 2006.


title: Petco

text: The company stopped selling rabbits in 2008 to cut down on rabbits being surrendered to shelters. After the company stopped selling dog and cat food made in China several years previously, in January 2015, Petco was the first national pet retailer to stop selling dog and cat treats made in China, fulfilling a promise it had made in May 2014.


title: Petco

text: In 2011 Petco also opened a satellite headquarters in San Antonio, Texas to supplement its San Diego main office. It also changed its logo and tagline. The company expanded to Puerto Rico, opening a store in San Juan in 2012, and one in Ponce in 2013. Petco, through a joint venture with Grupo Gigante, also opened the first of several stores in Mexico in 2013.


title: Petco

text: In 2015, Petco acquired Drs. Foster and Smith, at the time the largest online retailer of pet supplies in the US. The purchase of Drs. Foster and Smith gave Petco an entry into the "veterinary prescription medicine" market, while allowing Petco to launch new lines of the brand's pet foods. Petco closed all operations of its Drs. Foster and Smith subsidiary in early 2019, redirecting the e-commerce site to Petco.com and filling prescriptions via Express Scripts. The Drs. Foster and Smith brand LiveAquaria.com was sold to Tropical Fish International in August 2020.


title: Petco

text: In 2015 Leonard Green & Partners and Texas Pacific Group investigated divesting Petco, and that August, Petco filed for another initial public offering.


title: Petco

text: When subsequent merger discussions between Petco and PetSmart stalled over antitrust risks, Petco was acquired by CVC Capital Partners and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board in a deal worth US$4.6 billion in February 2016, with Petco withdrawing its IPO plans.


title: Petco

text: In August 2018, a partnership was signed with Canadian Tire to begin selling Petco's private label brands of pet food and accessories at its 500 Canadian stores, bringing Petco to the Canadian market. In November 2018, Petco announced that it would stop selling pet food and treats containing artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, banning certain artificial ingredients. In 2020, Petco ended the sale of shock collars in its stores.


title: Petco

text: Petco had yearly revenues of $4.1 billion in 2020, and was the 107th largest private company in the United States. The company once again changed its logo and tagline in October 2020.


title: Petco

text: In January 2021, Petco held its third IPO, with the intent of using the proceeds to pay down debt. In conjunction with the listing, the company changed its corporate name from Petco Animal Supplies, Inc. to Petco Health and Wellness Company, Inc. That same month, the company began trading again on the NASDAQ under a new symbol, WOOF. The IPO raised $864 million, and CVC Capital Partners and Canada Pension Plan Investment Board retained control as majority owners.


title: Petco

text: In April 2021, Petco removed 32 traditional rawhide products, to be replaced with products that were "more easily digestible" for dogs. Also that month, Petco announced that half of all its products would be "sustainable" by the end of 2025.


title: Petco

text: Petco stores sell products such as pet food, pet supplies, small animals, and fish. Petco also owns and operates PetCoach, a web service and app that providing pet advice. It owns PetInsuranceQuotes.com, a pet insurance comparison website. The company offers services and hosts adoption events; some stores offer obedience training, dog grooming, pet vaccinations, and veterinary care.


title: Petco

text: As of 2022, Petco's website lists some of the following brands: Hill's Science Diet, Instinct Pet Food, Royal Canin, Blue Buffalo Cat & Dog Food, Merrick, and Orijen among others. In 2018, Petco partnered with JustFoodForDogs, which produces "human-grade" pet food.


title: Petco

text: In 2022, while Petco's website listed services including dog grooming and dog training, veterinary services, adoptions, a self-serve dog wash, and pet insurance, in-home training was unavailable due to the coronavirus pandemic. Petco owns PupBox, a monthly delivery service.


title: Petco

text: Petco's subscription service offers vet visits for cats and dogs at its veterinary clinics, and nail trims and teeth cleanings for dogs. Launched in 1997, Petco operates a loyalty card program.


title: Petco

text: In June 2018, Ron Coughlin, a veteran Hewlett-Packard and PepsiCo executive, took over as CEO. Ron Coughlin serves as chairman of the board. Mike Nuzzo serves as CFO and COO.


title: Petco

text: The company has approximately 1,500 Petco stores across the United States, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. As of November 23, 2020, Petco had 27,000 employees and was headquartered in San Diego, California.


title: Petco

text: Of Petco's stores, 105 contain in-store veterinary clinics. In 2022, Petco also operated 65 Unleashed by Petco stores in nine states. The Unleashed stores mainly sell natural dog and cat foods and do not carry live animals. The smaller Unleashed stores are intended to create a community feeling, hosting pet parties and offering services such as adoption events, dog training, and vaccinations. They also sell high-end goods and toys made in the United States.


title: Petco

text: In June 2010, prosecutors from Marin, Los Angeles, San Diego, San Mateo, and Santa Barbara counties announced that Petco had agreed to settle a $1.75 million consumer protection lawsuit, without admitting liability. The settlement stems from a lawsuit filed in San Diego Superior Court that alleges Petco overcharged its customers and improperly cared for some animals, following inspections of Petco stores throughout California from 2005 through 2008. Petco paid more than $850,000 to resolve a similar case in 2004.


title: Petco

text: In September 2011, a Petco location in Johnson City, New York came under fire when nearly 100 animals drowned during a flood caused by Tropical Storm Lee. Despite severe weather warnings and flood advisories for the nearby river in the days prior, including from the National Weather Service (as stated by the Johnson City police), Petco initially claimed it had not received warnings, and that the casualties were caused by a backup in the store's drain/sewage line, not by the flooding that submerged the store in four feet of water. Johnson City Mayor Dennis Hannon called Petco's initial claims "absurd", and stated that "for them not to go down there is just absolutely disgusting", alluding to the sewer/drain line backup being only a small part of the problem. On September 12, 2011, Petco issued a statement accepting full responsibility for the event, saying that they "misjudged" the risk of a flood. PETA called for a criminal investigation against Petco.


title: Petco

text: In 2013, a 10-year-old boy died when he contracted rat-bite fever from his pet rat and his family filed a lawsuit against Petco, but the jury found Petco not negligent or liable.


title: Petco

text: Petco Love, formerly The Petco Foundation, was created in 1999 to help promote and improve the welfare of companion animals, and spends more than $30 million to support this cause annually. An independent nonprofit organization, Petco Love works with local animal welfare groups across the country to host in-store adoption events and helps find homes for companion animals. The foundation also supports spay and neuter efforts, animal assistant therapy programs, and education about the humane treatment of animals.


title: Petco

text: On January 24, 2019, Petco Love partnered with Skechers, which pledged to donate a portion of its Bobs from Skechers charity's proceeds to the foundation. On April 15, 2019, it was announced that the foundation had donated $500,000 to the Animal Services department of El Paso, Texas to create an exhibit of adoptable domestic cats at the El Paso Zoo. In 2021, Petco debuted its "Love Lost facial recognition program", which uses a database to help locate missing dogs in the shelter system.


title: Europa Europa

text: Europa Europa (, lit. "Hitler Youth Salomon") is a 1990 historical war drama film directed by Agnieszka Holland, and starring Marco Hofschneider, Julie Delpy, Hanns Zischler, and André Wilms. It is based on the 1989 autobiography of Solomon Perel, a German Jewish boy who escaped the Holocaust by masquerading as a Nazi German and joining the Hitler Youth. Perel himself appears briefly as himself in the film's finale. The film’s title refers to World War II’s division of continental Europe, resulting in a constant national shift of allegiances, identities, and front lines. The film is an international co-production between the German company CCC Film and companies in France and Poland.


title: Europa Europa

text: The film is not to be confused with the 1991 Lars von Trier film "Europa", which was released as "Zentropa" in the United States. "Europa Europa" won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1992.


title: Europa Europa

text: In 1938 Germany, thirteen-year-old Solomon "Solek" Perel is taking a bath on the eve of his bar mitzvah when "Kristallnacht" occurs. Solek evades the Nazis, but returns home to find his sister Berta has been killed. His father decides the Perel family will move to his birthplace of Łódź in central Poland, as he believes it will be safer there. Less than a year later, World War II begins with the German invasion of Poland. Solek's family decides he and his brother Isaak should flee to Eastern Europe. Isaak and Solek head for the eastern border of Poland, only to find that the Soviets have invaded. The brothers are separated and Solek ends up in a Soviet orphanage in Grodno with other Polish refugee children.


title: Europa Europa

text: Solek lives in the orphanage for two years, where he joins the Komsomol, receives Communist education and learns Russian. He takes a romantic interest in Inna, a young and attractive instructor who defends him when the authorities at school discover Solek's class origin is bourgeois. Zenek, a Polish Catholic boy whose father was captured by the Soviets, antagonizes Solek for being a Jew and accuses him of being a Stalinist. Solek receives a letter from his parents informing him of their imprisonment in the Łódź Ghetto.


title: Europa Europa

text: Solek is captured by German soldiers during the German invasion of the Soviet Union and finds himself amongst a group of Soviet prisoners. As the German soldiers single out the Jews and commissars for execution, Solek hides his identity papers and tells the Germans he is "Josef Peters", a "Volksdeutscher" from a Baltic German family in Latvia. The soldiers deduce that "Josef" was in the orphanage because his parents were killed by the Soviets and promise him vengeance. The unit adopts Solek as their interpreter due to his fluency in German and Russian.


title: Europa Europa

text: Solek avoids any public bathing or urinating, as his circumcised penis would expose him as a Jew. Robert, one of the soldiers, sneaks in on Solek while he bathes. Robert reveals he is homosexual and promises solidarity to Solek, as both have secrets that the Nazis would kill them for. During combat, Robert is killed and Solek, the lone survivor of his unit, attempts to reach the Soviet lines. As he crosses a bridge, the unit charges across behind him and the Soviet troops surrender; Solek is hailed as a hero. The company commander decides to adopt Solek and send him to the elite Hitler Youth Academy in Braunschweig to receive a Nazi education.


title: Europa Europa

text: At the school, "Josef Peters" is introduced to the other boys as a heroic combat veteran. Solek manages to avoid baring himself through several methods and attempts to disguise his circumcision with string and rubber bands to simulate a foreskin. During class, a Nazi "expert" in racial science uses Solek as a subject to determine his anthropometric indices, declaring him to be of "pure Aryan stock". Leni, a member of the Bund Deutscher Mädel who serves meals at the Academy, becomes infatuated with Solek. He returns Leni's affections, but does not consummate their relationship for fear of exposing himself. The two eventually part ways after Leni makes a violent anti-Semitic remark to Solek.


title: Europa Europa

text: During his leave from the Academy, Solek travels to Łódź to find his family; however, the ghetto is sealed off and guarded by the "Feldgendarmerie". Solek rides a tram that travels through the ghetto, observing horrific sights of tortured and starved people. He spots an elderly woman resembling his mother, but is unable to get closer to the woman. Later, Solek visits Leni's mother, who does not sympathize with the Nazis. She tells him Leni is pregnant by Solek's roommate, Gerd, and intends to give up the child to the "Lebensborn" program. When Leni's mother presses Josef on his identity, he breaks down and confesses he is Jewish; she tells him she had suspected but promises not to betray him. He does not see Leni again.


title: Europa Europa

text: Solek is summoned to the Gestapo offices and is nearly exposed when he is prodded about his supposed parentage and is asked to show a Certificate of Racial Purity. When Solek claims the certificate is in Grodno, the Gestapo official says he will send for it and then rants about how the war will be won by Hitler's "Wunderwaffen". As Solek leaves to meet with Gerd, the building is destroyed by Allied bombs; Solek's relief is tempered by Gerd's death in the bombing.


title: Europa Europa

text: As Soviet troops close in on Berlin, the Hitler Youth are sent to the frontlines. Solek deserts his unit and surrenders to the Soviets. His captors are initially doubtful Solek is a Jew and accuse him of being a traitor. When a Soviet officer angrily shows Solek photos of murdered Jews from death camps they liberated, Solek explains he was not aware of the extent of the death camps. They are about to have Solek shot by an elderly Communist political prisoner when Solek's brother Isaak, just released from a concentration camp, recognizes Solek. Isaak reveals to Solek that their parents were killed years prior when the Łódź Ghetto was "liquidated". Before leaving the camp, Isaak tells Solek to never reveal his story to anyone, saying it would never be believed. Shortly thereafter Solek emigrates to the British Mandate of Palestine. The film ends with the real Solomon Perel, as an older man, singing a Jewish folk song taken from the Book of Psalms ("Hine Ma Tov," Psalm 133:1).


title: Europa Europa

text: The film was given a limited release in the United States on 28 June 1991 and grossed $31,433 in its opening weekend in two theaters. Its final international gross was US$5,575,738.


title: Europa Europa

text: "Europa Europa" received widespread acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 95% based on 21 reviews. Writing for the "Los Angeles Times", critic Michael Wilmington lauded the film's multifaceted structure, calling "Europa Europa" "a tense suspense story, an ironic romance and a truly black comedy—all driving toward a dark crisis of identity". In a positive review, Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" said it "accomplishes what every film about the Holocaust seeks to achieve: It brings new immediacy to the outrage by locating specific, wrenching details that transcend cliche".


title: Europa Europa

text: Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" praised the direction, saying "Holland isn't a dour moral instructor; she's an ironist with a deft ability to capture the absurd aspects of her material and keep them in balance with the tragic". Hinson commended the film for its "[awareness] of the toll [Solly's] shape-shifting compromises exacts". Desson Howe, also of "The Post", was more critical, citing the film's "emotional distance," and similarly to Maslin, said the film did not fully probe Solly's conscience.