title: Greg Anthony

text: Anthony is married to Chere Lucas Anthony, a dermatologist, with whom he has one daughter and one son. He has two other children from a previous marriage to Crystal McCrary, Cole and Ella Anthony. Cole was the starting point guard for the University of North Carolina Tar Heels and was drafted by Orlando Magic in the NBA 2020 draft with the 15th pick in the first round.


title: Greg Anthony

text: Anthony has been politically active with the Republican Party since his days at UNLV, where he graduated with a degree in political science and served as the vice chairman of Nevada's Young Republicans.


title: Greg Anthony

text: In 2012, Anthony publicly endorsed Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney, appearing in a Romney ad in Nevada.


title: Greg Anthony

text: On January 16, 2015, Anthony was arrested in Washington, D.C. and charged with soliciting a prostitute. Following his arrest, Anthony was indefinitely suspended by CBS and Turner Sports. On February 11, Anthony reached a deferred prosecution agreement in which the charge would be dropped provided he completed 32 hours of community service and stayed out of trouble for four months.


title: Greg Anthony

text: In March 2016, Anthony was dropped by CBS, but returned to Turner as a studio analyst for NBATV, and as a fill-in analyst for the NBA on TNT during the regular season and the playoffs.


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: Elizabeth Glaser (born Elizabeth Meyer; – ) was an American AIDS activist and child advocate married to actor and director Paul Michael Glaser. She contracted HIV very early in the modern AIDS epidemic after receiving an HIV-contaminated blood transfusion in 1981 while giving birth. Like other HIV-infected mothers, Glaser unknowingly passed the virus to her infant daughter, Ariel, who died in 1988.


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: In 1981, very early in the modern AIDS epidemic Elizabeth Glaser contracted HIV after receiving an HIV-contaminated blood transfusion while giving birth. Like other HIV-infected mothers, Glaser unknowingly passed the virus to her infant daughter, Ariel, through breastfeeding. Ariel developed advanced AIDS at a time when the medical community knew very little about the disease, and there were no available treatment options; she suffered some of the same ostracism from her school as Ryan White experienced.


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: Early in 1987, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration finally approved AZT as an effective drug to extend the lives of AIDS patients, but the approval only extended to adults. With their daughter's condition rapidly deteriorating, the Glasers fought to have her treated with AZT intravenously. However, the treatment came too late, and the child succumbed to the disease late in the summer of 1988.


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: In the same year 1988, she created the Pediatric AIDS Foundation, to raise funds for pediatric HIV/AIDS research.


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: Glaser entered the national spotlight as a speaker at the 1992 Democratic National Convention, where she criticized the federal government's under-funding of AIDS research and its lack of initiative in tackling the AIDS crisis. This speech is listed as #79 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century listed by rank.


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: In 1994, Elizabeth Glaser died at the age of 47, from complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, at her home in Santa Monica on December 3, 1994. Her son Jake born in 1984, contracted HIV from his mother "in utero", but has remained relatively healthy due to a mutation of the CCR5 gene that protects his white blood cells. He later became a public speaker on behalf of AIDS patients.


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation is a major force in funding the study of pediatric HIV problems and tackling juvenile AIDS, both domestically and globally. Glaser´s book "In the Absence of Angels" (1991), written with journalist Laura Palmer, was described as "a handbook of how the connected make waves in America".


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: The AIDS Memorial Quilt contains five panels with Elizabeth Glaser and her daughter Ariel Glaser's name on each of them, three panels with Elizabeth Glaser's name alone on each of them, and two panels with Ariel Glaser's name alone on each of them.


title: Elizabeth Glaser

text: Martin Gaffney - Gaffney contracted the HIV virus from his wife Mutsuko Gaffney who, like Elizabeth Glaser, was infected via a tainted blood transfusion and had two children contract HIV from their mother "in utero".


title: House Party (video game)

text: House Party is an adventure game developed and published by American studio Eek! Games, LLC on digital distribution platforms for Microsoft Windows. The game officially released with it leaving early access on July 15, 2022. The game's early access launch was a success; according to the developer, the game sold over 30,000 copies in the first few weeks, and 300,000 total sales during the first year. As of February 2022, the game has sold over 800,000 copies worldwide. Due to its strong sexual content and themes, Twitch blocked users from streaming gameplay footage of the title, regardless of which version of the game was being played.


title: House Party (video game)

text: The game begins with an introductory cutscene showing the player character receiving a text from either their friend Derek or Brittney, depending on the gender of the player character chosen, with an invitation to a house party that their friend is currently attending. After arriving to the party by a ridesharing app, the player stumbles and drops their phone, cracking its screen and effectively breaking it. They then pick up their phone and enter through the front door of the house, in which the party is in progress.


title: House Party (video game)

text: Upon entering, the player is able to converse with any of the party guests using a drop down conversation menu to select a dialogue option or action. The player may receive opportunities from these guests, which involve objectives in which the player can solve by picking up, talking to, or using items on a variety of other objects and people in the game. Completing these objectives will either positively or negatively affect your disposition with the guests it involves. Some opportunities are similar in vein to a quest line, with which completing one will give the player access to a new one that will allow them to further increase their disposition with the character giving the opportunity. Upon completing an opportunity chain for a particular character, the player may be able to engage in explicit sexual activities with said character. Due to the branching nature of these opportunities that may cut off opportunities with other characters, not all of them can be completed in a singular playthrough of the game, encouraging replayability. Additionally, Eek! Games offer tools on their website to craft a custom story including full dialogues, interactions, and logic dictating how the player's night goes and import it into the game.


title: House Party (video game)

text: In July 2018, the game was removed from sale on Steam after a number of complaints over the game's content. "House Party" is now available in two different versions, the base game is rated "Mature" via Steam in which sex scenes are censored with black censor bars. There is an Explicit Content Add-On DLC rated "Adult Only”, ("satisfying Steam's terms of service agreement") that removes the censorship.


title: House Party (video game)

text: In 2018, Eek! Games held a competition to invite members of the public to audition to be included as part of the game with the gaming community to vote for their favorite. Of the entrants, two winners would be selected, one from the male entrants and other from the female entrants. On November 2, 2018, it was announced that streamer and influencer "Lety Does Stuff" and the members of "Game Grumps", Arin Hanson and Dan Avidan, were selected as the winners.


title: House Party (video game)

text: On April 11, 2019, Eek! Games announced the winners of their indie music artist contest. Popskyy and his song "FUNKBOX" were the winner, along with special mentions to Fokushi with the song "Dreamer", Treclar with the song "Whip-its", Kitanic Demon with the song "Chillax with KitanicDemon" and Fletnyx with the song "Chocolate Chip Cookies". In March 2022, it was announced that the game would finally be coming out of early access, alongside the option to play as a female character and the addition of the singer Doja Cat as a new guest in the game.


title: House Party (video game)

text: Because of the controversial nature of the game, it was quickly popularized by gaming streamers and influencers such as the "Game Grumps", PewDiePie, Jacksepticeye, NerdCubed, MattShea, and others.


title: House Party (video game)

text: The game holds a very high rating on Steam, with an 87% "very positive" overall rating as of November 2019.


title: House Party (video game)

text: The game so far has few reviews by critics, John Walker of "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" named the game as "Worst Game of the Year" for 2017, criticizing its portrayal of women as misogynistic. Mark Steighner of "DarkStation" criticized the game as being "a juvenile take on sexuality, liberal profanity, and objectification of women".


title: Blind spot (vision)

text: A blind spot, scotoma, is an obscuration of the visual field. A particular blind spot known as the "physiological blind spot", "blind point", or "punctum caecum" in medical literature, is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc. Because there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, the corresponding part of the field of vision is invisible. Processes in the brain interpolate the blind spot based on surrounding detail and information from the other eye, so it is not normally perceived.


title: Blind spot (vision)

text: Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are only superficially similar, do not. In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.


title: Blind spot (vision)

text: The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France. At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.


title: Blind spot (vision)

text: The blind spot in humans is located about 12–15° temporally and 1.5° below the horizontal and is roughly 7.5° high and 5.5° wide.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Acknowledged across the globe as the world's number one thief, Lupin is a master of disguise and deduction, marksmanship, and inventor of numerous handy gadgets. His fun-loving, foolhardy incongruity covers a brilliant mind always extemporizing and re-evaluating. As such, he has been responsible for heists no right-minded individual would believe possible. While occasionally arrested and jailed, typically by his ICPO nemesis Inspector Koichi Zenigata, he always succeeds in escaping unharmed. The original manga differs significantly compared to the family-friendly anime incarnations through its explicit depictions of sex and violence, with Lupin's character also differing as a result. Additionally, he and his famous gang, beautiful Fujiko Mine, cool triggerman Daisuke Jigen and incomparable samurai Goemon Ishikawa XIII, rarely work together in the manga version, but are nonetheless an inseparable team in various anime productions.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: The aim of "Lupin III" was to produce a comedy adventure series that reflected the traits of Leblanc's Arsène Lupin character. Originally, the intention was to keep the blood ties between the two fictional characters secret. However, Monkey Punch was convinced by others not to do so. He combined elements of Arsène Lupin with James Bond to develop the character of Lupin III and made him a "carefree fellow".


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: In the original manga, Lupin and his team typically work individually for their own goals. Monkey Punch explained it is only in the anime that they frequently operate together, suspecting some unwritten rule that all five main characters have to appear in every episode. He believed that Lupin and Fujiko were similar to the characters of D'Artagnan and Milady de Winter, and described them as "Not necessarily lovers, not necessarily husband and wife, but more just having fun as man and woman with each other". Inspector Zenigata was conceived as Lupin's archrival to create a "human Tom and Jerry". Monkey Punch said the appeal of drawing Lupin came from the character being able to go anywhere without obstacles and being able to do whatever he wants, whenever he wants. However, this is contrasted by the appeal of Zenigata's strict personality. Monkey Punch said that he believed the "Lupin III" story could never end but that if he had to, both Zenigata and Lupin would end up as equals. They would either both fail, both win or both get very old.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: In typical anime style, Lupin's appearance is racially ambiguous and tends to oblique his origins. He has black hair plastered flat with what is either a widow's peak or a V-shaped bang. His trademark sideburns extend from ear to nearly the chin. Outside his preference for large and rather plain boots, Lupin is a sharp dresser. He typically wears a button-down shirt, tie, chinos and a brightly colored sports jacket—exclusively red in the manga, while in animation his jackets are various colors which color-code his TV series (green for "Part I" and "Part 6", a few OVAs and "The Woman Called Fujiko Mine"; red for "Part II" and most films and television specials; pink for "Part III"; blue for "Part IV" and "Part V"). In some images, Lupin is depicted as being cross-eyed; however, this may be a comic flourish by the artist(s) rather than a physical characteristic.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: In Monkey Punch's original manga, Lupin is cocky, quite crude, and for the most part remorseless. He is very much the ladies' man, often using them for his own gains, and is not beyond forcing himself upon women who resist his advances. Mike Toole of Anime News Network referred to the character as a "rough, drunken, lecherous crook." This is in stark contrast to his better-known anime self, who although a skilled thief, occasionally comes off as a chivalrous goofball who enjoys helping those less fortunate than he. Furthermore, Lupin often takes it upon himself and his gang to stop criminals engaged in more violent crimes and leave them for Zenigata to arrest. In the anime, while he fancies himself a Casanova, his actual success with women is erratic, appearing to fluctuate with the writer.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Even though his gang's loyalty has been an issue, with Fujiko willing to betray and cohort Goemon promising to eventually kill him, Lupin will still drop everything to come to their aid in a helpless moment; further the team would rather face torture than to betray Lupin (or he betray them) to a third party. This rule of loyalty curiously extends as well to Inspector Zenigata, whom Lupin considers a respected friend and opposition. The Inspector reciprocates this regard and out of gratitude has vowed never to attempt to kill Lupin. Lupin's vendetta against the Tarantula Gang in "In Memory of the Walther P-38" was partly settling of past betrayal and mostly vengeful payback for their shooting and nearly killing Zenigata.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: It seems Lupin loves to steal more than actually having the treasure he sought. Lupin relishes more in the challenge of stealing and, as long as he succeeds in the heist, is usually not that upset when he ends up empty-handed; there have been times he has lost the object or intentionally thrown it away. There have also been times when Lupin stole an object only to give it to someone else, such as if it rightfully belonged to them or they needed it more than he did.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: When not involved in criminal activities, Lupin usually spends his time dating beautiful girls, fishing, race car driving, attending formal dinners, playing pool, casino gambling, and participating in café society. His favorite foods seem to be mostly French cuisine, sushi, and seafood; when on a job he may settle with ramen noodles. In "", he is shown with an affection for galettes. He also smokes cigarettes and occasionally cigars and kreteks; in the manga, he's seen smoking a briar pipe. His preferred cigarette is the famous French brand Gitanes. Lupin is a celebrated race car driver, competing in several international events when time allows. He's also a skilled sleight of hand artist who loves to befuddle his opponents with various gimmicks: i.e., a cigarette which explodes into confetti, a gun with a spring-loaded boxing glove that clobbers the shooter, and bubble gum that becomes plastique after brief chewing.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Physically, Lupin is a man of average strength, but he can throw a surprisingly good punch. He is incredibly flexible and fast, and his manual dexterity is cat-like in precision and quickness. His talent in the art of disguise borders on the superhuman, with him able to flawlessly impersonate any man or woman in face, voice and costume after minimal observation. This skill is so complete that he can even fool close friends and family members of the subject. His skinny body enables him to easily impersonate larger individuals by use of oversized outfits, with attack paraphernalia usually making up the disguise's bulk. His favorite disguise has always been that of Inspector Zenigata, which incenses his adversary to no end. Lupin possesses an encyclopedic knowledge of various topics, such as history, the different sciences, fluency in multiple languages, etc. He shows amazing intuition and quick awareness of his surroundings.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Lupin favors the long outdated Walther P38 as his principal firearm. He is shown to be an excellent marksman, having on at least one occasion fired directly into the barrel of another gun, although not quite on a par with Jigen.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Despite the criminal nature of his activities, Lupin has a strict code that he follows in order to not taint his reputation. Lupin dislikes killing and takes care to use non lethal means to achieve his goals. When Lupin believes he has an illness causing him to become a compulsive killer he asks Jigen to kill him to save the lives of any potential victims. While killing is against his nature, he is willing to fire upon any enemy who threatens his friends or allies.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Lupin is a talented driver, motorcyclist and pilot. His favorite automobiles seem to be either the Mercedes-Benz SSK or a souped up 1965 Fiat 500 F, most famously seen in "Castle of Cagliostro". Also worth mentioning is the Alfa Romeo 6C 1750. In the case of the SSK, one of the rarest cars in the world, one problem or another seems to cause the car's destruction in virtually every episode it's featured. Lupin either has several SSK models in possession, owns a selection of counterfeit models, or is talented to the extreme at auto repair and reconstruction.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Lupin is a formidable escape artist, capable of cracking any safe or escaping from shackles in moments. He can even use his restraints to entrap his would-be captor before making his departure. Seemingly prepared for all contingencies, he can break free of confinement even when surrounded.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: In spite of his facade of reckless childlike antics, i.e., taunts, silly faces, and leaving notes of his next caper, Lupin's brilliance for tactics and originality belies any underestimations his behavior may have implied. In the "Lupin III vs Detective Conan" special, not only did he figure out Conan was far more intelligent than he appeared, but had also discerned his identity as Shinichi Kudo.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Lupin's ethnic origins have been specified in the second anime series (2nd TV series, episode 118) as well as being mentioned in the manga as half Japanese and half French. In the 2008 OVA "Green Vs. Red", a dossier held by Zenigata indicates his place of birth as "unknown". However more evidence exists of his French background while his race appears Asian. While recent productions have begun to cast doubt as to his relation to the original Arsene Lupin, the manga and virtually all the anime make it clear that he is indeed the grandson of LeBlanc's original hero.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: In the first TV series, episode 13 ("Beware the Time Machine!"), Lupin tricks Mamo Kyosuke by dressing as a Japanese peasant and acting as though they are in feudal Japan. Lupin specifically states to Mamo that the ancestor whose face he most resembles was Japanese. When Mamo "meets" this ancestor (Lupin in disguise), Lupin states that he would like to marry some girl by the name of Mylene Lupin from France someday. This indicates that Arsene Lupin himself, LeBlanc's hero, is a quarter Japanese.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Lupin often speaks of both his famous grandfather and his father, both of whom were thieves. He occasionally quotes his grandfather's advice and has attempted to complete or repeat heists attempted by his ancestors with good or bad luck.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Arsène Lupin III was first voiced by Taichirō Hirokawa in the CinemaScope version of the 1969 , while Nachi Nozawa voiced him in the pilot's TV version. However, Yasuo Yamada was given the role when the first anime was actually produced (1971–72) and continued to voice Lupin until his death in 1995, with one exception. Due to budget concerns, TMS decided not to employ the regular voice cast for the 1987 original video animation "The Fuma Conspiracy", with Toshio Furukawa voicing Lupin. Kanichi Kurita took over the role after Yamada's death and he continues to voice Lupin III to this day. In the "Lupin Zero" prequel ONA series, Lupin is voiced by Tasuku Hatanaka.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Due to a lack of localization credits on any known prints, Lupin's English voice actor in the 1979 Toho/Frontier Enterprises dub of "The Mystery of Mamo" remained unverified until 2018, when a chance discovery by fans revealed the voice actor to be Tom Clark. From 1992 to 1995, Bob Bergen voiced Lupin in Streamline Pictures' dubs of "The Castle of Cagliostro" (in which the character was renamed "The Wolf" to avoid legal complications with Maurice Leblanc's estate), episodes 145 and 155 of the second anime (collectively released as "Lupin III: Tales of the Wolf" and later "Lupin III's Greatest Capers") and "The Mystery of Mamo". For AnimEigo's 1995 release of "The Fuma Conspiracy", Lupin, named "Rupan" in the dub, was voiced by Robin Robertson. In Manga Entertainment's 1996 dubs of "The Mystery of Mamo" and "Bye Bye, Lady Liberty" (retitled "Secret of Mamo" and "Goodbye Lady Liberty" respectively) for the UK market, Bill Dufris provided Lupin's voice, where the character was renamed "Wolf III". In Manga's 2000 dub of "The Castle of Cagliostro", produced in cooperation with Animaze, David Hayter provides Lupin's voice; due to the non-union nature of the project, Hayter was initially credited as "Sean Barker". Hayter was also involved in the production of Discotek Media's re-release of the film, and re-voiced several of his lines for a "family-friendly" edit of the Animaze/Manga dub produced exclusively for Discotek.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Sonny Strait voiced Lupin in Funimation Entertainment's dubs of several TV specials and theatrical films between 2002 and 2005, and in their 2013 dub of "The Woman Called Fujiko Mine". Tony Oliver voiced Lupin in the Phuuz dub of the second anime and "The Mystery of Mamo" for Pioneer/Geneon, as well as the video game "", between 2003 and 2006. Oliver reprised the role for Discotek's dubs of the fifth and sixth anime. Keith Silverstein voiced the character in the Bang Zoom! Entertainment dub for Discotek's 2015 release of the "" film.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Lupin makes an appearance as a guest character in the 2012 game "Girls RPG Cinderelife" developed by Level-5 for the Nintendo 3DS. The character has also been used in television advertising for motorcycles, gasoline, razors, fast food companies, etc.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Allen Divers of Anime News Network (ANN) called Lupin "one of the most recognized figures in Japan" with many homages and references in other series. Similarly, Crunchyroll's Kara Dennison said that even if someone has not seen a "Lupin" title, they have "almost certainly experienced something either inspired by or paying tribute to him and his gang." Lupin was voted the eighth most iconic anime hero by Mania.com. IGN ranked Lupin as the fifteenth best anime character of all time in 2009, placing him on the 16th spot in 2014.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: After completing his involvement with the "Lupin III" franchise in 1980, Hayao Miyazaki wrote an article in "Animage" where he discussed his view of the series and the character. He stated that Lupin was "truly a character of his era" but that as the franchise progressed he had been overtaken by the real world. Despite this, Miyazaki still thought fondly of Lupin's early days. For the video game "Persona 5", its creative team originally asked themselves how a character like Arsène Lupin III might win appeal in modern society.


title: Arsène Lupin III

text: Anime director and voice actor Shinichi Watanabe is known for dressing like Lupin in his daily life, a trait which is extended to his avatar character in "Excel Saga", Nabeshin.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Brideshead Revisited is a 2008 British drama film directed by Julian Jarrold. The screenplay by Jeremy Brock and Andrew Davies is based on the 1945 novel of the same name by Evelyn Waugh, which previously had been adapted in 1981 as the television serial "Brideshead Revisited".


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Although he aspires to become an artist, middle-class Charles Ryder reads history at the University of Oxford, where he befriends the flamboyant and wealthy Lord Sebastian Flyte. Sebastian's mother, Lady Marchmain, strongly disapproves of Sebastian's lifestyle, especially his heavy drinking. When Sebastian takes Charles home to visit his nanny, Charles is enthralled by the grandeur of the Marchmain family estate, known as Brideshead, and entranced by its residents, including the devout Roman Catholic Lady Marchmain and her other children, Sebastian's elder brother Bridey and his sisters Julia and Cordelia.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: When Lord Marchmain invites Sebastian and Julia to visit him and his mistress Cara in Venice, Lady Marchmain encourages Charles to go with them in the hope that he can act as a positive influence on her son. Increasingly interested in Julia, Charles surreptitiously kisses her in a dark alley, unaware that Sebastian can see them from the other side of a canal. Jealous of his attention to his sister, Sebastian sets out to end this friendship, and on their return to Britain, Lady Marchmain makes it clear that Charles cannot marry Julia since he is not Catholic and professes to be an atheist.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Sebastian's mother, concerned about his increasing alcoholism, cancels his allowance. During a visit to Brideshead, Ryder gives Sebastian money, which he uses to buy alcohol. Later that day, at a party given by the family, Charles is shocked when Lady Marchmain announces that the celebration is in honour of Julia's engagement to Canadian businessman Rex Mottram. Sebastian arrives at the party late and improperly dressed. After an embarrassing scene, Sebastian flees the party, and Lady Marchmain privately dresses down Charles because he gave Sebastian money, and tells him that he is no longer welcome at Brideshead. Sebastian flees to Morocco.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Four years elapse. Lady Marchmain has become terminally ill. She asks Charles to find Sebastian and bring him home. Charles travels to Morocco, but Sebastian could not return even if he wanted to, which he clearly does not. He is in the hospital with fluid in one of his lungs, and the doctor warns Charles that Sebastian is too ill to travel.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: More time elapses. Julia marries Rex, and Charles marries as well, and becomes successful as an artist.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Charles is reunited with Julia on an ocean liner travelling to Britain from New York. They immediately realise they are still in love and decide to leave their respective spouses and live together. Charles and Julia return to Brideshead, where Charles plans to ask Rex to step aside so he and Julia can be together. Rex first implies he will never let Julia go, and accuses Charles of just wanting the estate. However, he then relents and agrees to release her in exchange for two of Charles's paintings, which are now viewed as a good investment. He also reveals that he converted to Catholicism to get Julia, and he disdains Charles for not having been willing to do the same. Julia overhears all of this, is shocked and angered, feeling like bartered goods. Their arrangements made, Charles and Julia prepare to leave Brideshead.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Just as they are driving out, however, they pass two cars arriving: Lord Marchmain is terminally ill, and has returned with Cara to spend his final days in his home. On his deathbed Lord Marchmain, who hitherto has not wanted Catholicism, regains his faith and dies reconciled to the Roman Catholic Church. Deeply affected by her father's transformation, Julia decides she cannot relinquish her own faith to be with Charles, and the two sadly part.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Several years later, the Second World War is in process. A disillusioned Charles, now an army captain, finds himself once again at Brideshead, this time in its capacity as a military base. A corporal tells him Julia is serving in the women's services overseas and that her elder brother, Bridey, died during the Blitz. We also learn that he is alone – he has no girlfriend or wife.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Charles visits the family chapel, where he finds a single lit candle. He dips his hand into holy water and moves to snuff out a candle that is almost out of wax. However, he then reconsiders, and leaves the flame to burn.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Actors Paul Bettany, Jude Law, and Jennifer Connelly were signed for the lead roles by original director David Yates for Warner Independent Pictures in 2004. However, constant budget issues stalled the film's production and Yates left the project to direct "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix". This led to the roles being recast by directorial replacement Julian Jarrold.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Just as it did for the earlier television adaptation of Waugh's novel, Castle Howard in North Yorkshire serves as the setting for Brideshead. In "The World of Brideshead", a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, Simon Howard reveals his family was eager to welcome film crews to the estate once again. It had become a major tourist attraction after the television serial aired; they hoped the feature film would renew interest in the property.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Principal photography took place at Castle Howard during the summer of 2007, and many extras were employed from the local population in and around York.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: The ending of the film was also altered from that of the novel. In the film, Charles leaves the family chapel at Brideshead seemingly unchanged in his atheist/agnostic leanings, although he decides not to snuff out the candle that is burning. The novel ends with Charles entering the chapel and kneeling down to pray using "ancient and newly learned words", thus implying he has recently converted to Catholicism.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: The film opened on thirty-three screens in the United States on 25 July 2008 and grossed $332,000 on its opening weekend, ranking twenty-first at the box office. It eventually earned $6,432,256 in the US and $7,018,930 elsewhere for a total worldwide box office of $13,451,186.


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 62% based on reviews from 140 critics, with an average rating of 6.20/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Suspenseful and beautifully mounted, "Brideshead Revisited" does an able job condensing Evelyn Waugh's novel." Metacritic calculated an average score of 64 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Comparing the film to the earlier television adaptation, A.O. Scott of "The New York Times" called it "necessarily shorter and less faithful to Waugh's book, and also, for what it's worth, more cinematic. It is also tedious, confused and banal." He blamed director Jarrold and screenwriters Davies and Brock "for finding so little new or interesting to say... and for systematically stripping Waugh's novel of its telling nuances and provocative ideas." He concluded, "The long experience of English Catholics as a religious minority, the subtle gradations of class in the British university system, the crazy quilt of sexual norms and taboos governing the lives of young adults: all of this is what makes "Brideshead Revisited" live and breathe as a novel. None of it registers with any force in this lazy, complacent film, which takes the novel's name in vain."


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" observed, "While elegantly mounted and well acted, the movie is not the equal of the TV production, in part because so much material had to be compressed into such a shorter time. It is also not the equal of the recent film "Atonement", which in an oblique way touches on similar issues. But it is a good, sound example of the British period drama; mid-range Merchant-Ivory, you could say."


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Mark Olsen of the "Los Angeles Times" said, "The film's strengths are in Waugh's story and not so much in the particular spin of these filmmakers. Their decision to turn up the volume on the homosexual undertones between Sebastian and Charles feels like an unimaginative nod to our modern times... In "Brideshead", Jarrold seems too often to consciously be making an in-quotation-marks classy picture, much like last year's "Atonement", in which the costumes and setting are just so, but the human drama gets lost amid the pictorial pleasantries. That the film is neither a true triumph nor a total disaster makes it somewhat difficult to justify revisiting "Brideshead", apart from the hope it will inspire someone somewhere to pick up the book."


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: David Wiegand of the "San Francisco Chronicle" called it "a very noble movie, which makes it interesting at times, but not often enough... What Jarrold has done right is to hire Andrew Davies to work with Jeremy Brock on the adaptation. There's no one better at dusting off English classics for the wide and small screens than Davies. He and Brock have done a competent job of culling just the right plot elements from Waugh's book and assembling them into a serviceable story. Whether you want to stick it out, however, is another matter entirely... Jarrold and his writers are more than respectful of the original source material, but compressing it all into two hours and change doesn't make for a terribly enjoyable film... Davies and Brock perform miracles in making this somewhat workable, but the ultimate impossibility of their task shows at the end."


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: David Ansen of "Newsweek" suggested, "Think of Jarrold's briskly paced, stylish abridgment as a fine introduction to Waugh's marvelously melancholy elegy. It brings these unforgettable characters to life again, and if it sends people back to the novel, and back to the classic TV series... all the better. There's room for more than one "Brideshead" in this far less glamorous day and age."


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" graded the film B and commented, ""Brideshead Revisited" is opulent and watchable, yet except for Thompson's acting, it's missing something – a grander, more ambivalent vision of the England it depicts dying out. In the series, we looked at that palatial fortress of Brideshead manor and thought: Here, in one house, is a fading empire. In the movie, it's just sublime real estate."


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Dennis Harvey of "Variety" called the film "finely wrought" and added, "Purists may blanch at the screenplay's changes to the source material's narrative fine points, but its spirit survives intact... Goode provides a fine center of gravity as the middle-class tourist in heady but toxic upper-class realms. Thompson superbly etches a complex, eventually tragic portrait in her relatively few scenes."


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: Geoffrey Macnab of "The Independent" rated the film three out of five stars and called it "flawed and uneven". He added, "In trying to shoehorn Waugh's novel into a two-hour movie, the film-makers have left characters underdeveloped while skipping over plot points and condensing material that surely requires greater exposition. Boldly – and perhaps rashly – they have almost entirely dispensed with voiceover narration. Anyone expecting an equivalent to Jeremy Irons' evocative reading of Waugh's prose will be disappointed... On the credit side, this "Brideshead" boasts a handful of very strong performances... Emma Thompson makes a formidable Lady Marchmain and Michael Gambon is dependable as ever as Lord Marchmain but this "Brideshead" is slow to build momentum. At first, it is hard to engage emotionally in a story that leaps around in time and skirts over what should be key events, but the film grows progressively stronger and more moving."


title: Brideshead Revisited (film)

text: The film was released on DVD in anamorphic widescreen format, with subtitles in English for the hearing impaired and Spanish, on 13 January 2009. Bonus features include commentary by director Julian Jarrold, producer Kevin Loader, and screenwriter Jeremy Brock, deleted scenes, and "The World of Brideshead", featuring interviews with cast and crew members.


title: Cycle detection

text: In computer science, cycle detection or cycle finding is the algorithmic problem of finding a cycle in a sequence of iterated function values.


title: Cycle detection

text: For any function that maps a finite set to itself, and any initial value in , the sequence of iterated function values


title: Cycle detection

text: must eventually use the same value twice: there must be some pair of distinct indices and such that . Once this happens, the sequence must continue periodically, by repeating the same sequence of values from to . Cycle detection is the problem of finding and , given and .


title: Cycle detection

text: Several algorithms for finding cycles quickly and with little memory are known. Robert W. Floyd's tortoise and hare algorithm moves two pointers at different speeds through the sequence of values until they both point to equal values. Alternatively, Brent's algorithm is based on the idea of exponential search. Both Floyd's and Brent's algorithms use only a constant number of memory cells, and take a number of function evaluations that is proportional to the distance from the start of the sequence to the first repetition. Several other algorithms trade off larger amounts of memory for fewer function evaluations.


title: Cycle detection

text: The applications of cycle detection include testing the quality of pseudorandom number generators and cryptographic hash functions, computational number theory algorithms, detection of infinite loops in computer programs and periodic configurations in cellular automata, automated shape analysis of linked list data structures, and detection of deadlocks for transactions management in DBMS.


title: Cycle detection

text: The figure shows a function that maps the set to itself. If one starts from and repeatedly applies , one sees the sequence of values


title: Cycle detection

text: Let be any finite set, be any function from to itself, and be any element of . For any , let . Let be the smallest index such that the value reappears infinitely often within the sequence of values , and let (the loop length) be the smallest positive integer such that . The cycle detection problem is the task of finding and .


title: Cycle detection

text: One can view the same problem graph-theoretically, by constructing a functional graph (that is, a directed graph in which each vertex has a single outgoing edge) the vertices of which are the elements of and the edges of which map an element to the corresponding function value, as shown in the figure. The set of vertices reachable from starting vertex form a subgraph with a shape resembling the Greek letter rho (): a path of length from to a cycle of vertices.


title: Cycle detection

text: Generally, will not be specified as a table of values, the way it is shown in the figure above. Rather, a cycle detection algorithm may be given access either to the sequence of values , or to a subroutine for calculating . The task is to find and while examining as few values from the sequence or performing as few subroutine calls as possible. Typically, also, the space complexity of an algorithm for the cycle detection problem is of importance: we wish to solve the problem while using an amount of memory significantly smaller than it would take to store the entire sequence.


title: Cycle detection

text: In some applications, and in particular in Pollard's rho algorithm for integer factorization, the algorithm has much more limited access to and to . In Pollard's rho algorithm, for instance, is the set of integers modulo an unknown prime factor of the number to be factorized, so even the size of is unknown to the algorithm.


title: Cycle detection

text: To allow cycle detection algorithms to be used with such limited knowledge, they may be designed based on the following capabilities. Initially, the algorithm is assumed to have in its memory an object representing a pointer to the starting value . At any step, it may perform one of three actions: it may copy any pointer it has to another object in memory, it may apply and replace any of its pointers by a pointer to the next object in the sequence, or it may apply a subroutine for determining whether two of its pointers represent equal values in the sequence. The equality test action may involve some nontrivial computation: for instance, in Pollard's rho algorithm, it is implemented by testing whether the difference between two stored values has a nontrivial greatest common divisor with the number to be factored. In this context, by analogy to the pointer machine model of computation, an algorithm that only uses pointer copying, advancement within the sequence, and equality tests may be called a pointer algorithm.


title: Cycle detection

text: If the input is given as a subroutine for calculating , the cycle detection problem may be trivially solved using only function applications, simply by computing the sequence of values and using a data structure such as a hash table to store these values and test whether each subsequent value has already been stored. However, the space complexity of this algorithm is proportional to , unnecessarily large. Additionally, to implement this method as a pointer algorithm would require applying the equality test to each pair of values, resulting in quadratic time overall. Thus, research in this area has concentrated on two goals: using less space than this naive algorithm, and finding pointer algorithms that use fewer equality tests.


title: Cycle detection

text: Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm is a pointer algorithm that uses only two pointers, which move through the sequence at different speeds. It is also called the "tortoise and the hare algorithm", alluding to Aesop's fable of The Tortoise and the Hare.


title: Cycle detection

text: The algorithm is named after Robert W. Floyd, who was credited with its invention by Donald Knuth. However, the algorithm does not appear in Floyd's published work, and this may be a misattribution: Floyd describes algorithms for listing all simple cycles in a directed graph in a 1967 paper, but this paper does not describe the cycle-finding problem in functional graphs that is the subject of this article. In fact, Knuth's statement (in 1969), attributing it to Floyd, without citation, is the first known appearance in print, and it thus may be a folk theorem, not attributable to a single individual.


title: Cycle detection

text: The key insight in the algorithm is as follows. If there is a cycle, then, for any integers and , , where is the length of the loop to be found, is the index of the first element of the cycle, and is a whole integer representing the number of loops. Based on this, it can then be shown that for some if and only if (if in the cycle, then there exists some such that , which implies that ; and if there are some and such that , then and ). Thus, the algorithm only needs to check for repeated values of this special form, one twice as far from the start of the sequence as the other, to find a period of a repetition that is a multiple of . Once is found, the algorithm retraces the sequence from its start to find the first repeated value in the sequence, using the fact that divides and therefore that . Finally, once the value of is known it is trivial to find the length of the shortest repeating cycle, by searching for the first position for which .


title: Cycle detection

text: The algorithm thus maintains two pointers into the given sequence, one (the tortoise) at , and the other (the hare) at . At each step of the algorithm, it increases by one, moving the tortoise one step forward and the hare two steps forward in the sequence, and then compares the sequence values at these two pointers. The smallest value of for which the tortoise and hare point to equal values is the desired value .


title: Cycle detection

text: This code only accesses the sequence by storing and copying pointers, function evaluations, and equality tests; therefore, it qualifies as a pointer algorithm. The algorithm uses operations of these types, and storage space.


title: Cycle detection

text: Richard P. Brent described an alternative cycle detection algorithm that, like the tortoise and hare algorithm, requires only two pointers into the sequence. However, it is based on a different principle: searching for the smallest power of two that is larger than both and . For , the algorithm compares with each subsequent sequence value up to the next power of two, stopping when it finds a match. It has two advantages compared to the tortoise and hare algorithm: it finds the correct length of the cycle directly, rather than needing to search for it in a subsequent stage, and its steps involve only one evaluation of rather than three.


title: Cycle detection

text: Like the tortoise and hare algorithm, this is a pointer algorithm that uses tests and function evaluations and storage space. It is not difficult to show that the number of function evaluations can never be higher than for Floyd's algorithm. Brent claims that, on average, his cycle finding algorithm runs around 36% more quickly than Floyd's and that it speeds up the Pollard rho algorithm by around 24%. He also performs an average case analysis for a randomized version of the algorithm in which the sequence of indices traced by the slower of the two pointers is not the powers of two themselves, but rather a randomized multiple of the powers of two. Although his main intended application was in integer factorization algorithms, Brent also discusses applications in testing pseudorandom number generators.


title: Cycle detection

text: R. W. Gosper's algorithm finds the period formula_2, and the lower and upper bound of the starting point, formula_3 and formula_4, of the first cycle. The difference between the lower and upper bound is of the same order as the period, eg. formula_5.


title: Cycle detection

text: The main feature of Gosper's algorithm is that it never backs up to reevaluate the generator function, and is economical in both space and time. It could be roughly described as a concurrent version of Brent's algorithm. While Brent's algorithm gradually increases the gap between the tortoise and hare, Gosper's algorithm uses several tortoises (several previous values are saved), which are roughly exponentially spaced. According to the note in HAKMEM item 132, this algorithm will detect repetition before the third occurrence of any value, i.e. the cycle will be iterated at most twice. This note also states that it is sufficient to store formula_6 previous values; however, the provided implementation stores formula_7 values. For example, assume the function values are 32-bit integers, and therefore the "second iteration" of the cycle ends after at most 2 function evaluations since the beginning (viz. formula_8). Then Gosper's algorithm will find the cycle after at most 2 function evaluations, while consuming the space of 33 values (each value being a 32-bit integer).


title: Cycle detection

text: Upon the formula_9-th evaluation of the generator function, the algorithm compares the generated value with formula_10 previous values; observe that formula_9 goes up to at least formula_12 and at most formula_13. Therefore, the time complexity of this algorithm is formula_14. Since it stores formula_7 values, its space complexity is formula_7. This is under the usual assumption, present throughout this article, that the size of the function values is constant. Without this assumption, the space complexity is formula_17 since we need at least formula_12 distinct values and thus the size of each value is formula_19.


title: Cycle detection

text: A number of authors have studied techniques for cycle detection that use more memory than Floyd's and Brent's methods, but detect cycles more quickly. In general these methods store several previously-computed sequence values, and test whether each new value equals one of the previously-computed values. In order to do so quickly, they typically use a hash table or similar data structure for storing the previously-computed values, and therefore are not pointer algorithms: in particular, they usually cannot be applied to Pollard's rho algorithm. Where these methods differ is in how they determine which values to store. Following Nivasch, we survey these techniques briefly.


title: Cycle detection

text: Any cycle detection algorithm that stores at most values from the input sequence must perform at least formula_21 function evaluations.


title: Sodium citrate

text: Sodium citrates are used as acidity regulators in food and drinks, and also as emulsifiers for oils. They enable cheeses to melt without becoming greasy. It reduces the acidity of food as well.


title: Sodium citrate

text: Sodium citrate is used to prevent donated blood from clotting in storage. It is also used in a laboratory, before an operation, to determine whether a person's blood is too thick and might cause a blood clot, or if the blood is too thin to safely operate. Sodium citrate is used in medical contexts as an alkalinizing agent in place of sodium bicarbonate, to neutralize excess acid in the blood and urine.


title: Sodium citrate

text: Along with oleic acid sodium citrate may be used in the synthesis of magnetic FeO nanoparticles coatings.


title: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores

text: Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores is a list of the top 25 film scores in American cinema. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute in 2005.


title: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores

text: John Williams has the most scores in the top 25, with three: "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", "Jaws", and the top choice, "Star Wars". Elmer Bernstein, Jerry Goldsmith, Bernard Herrmann, and Max Steiner each have two scores listed.


title: Babesiosis

text: Babesiosis or piroplasmosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with a eukaryotic parasite in the order Piroplasmida, typically a "Babesia" or "Theileria", in the phylum Apicomplexa. Human babesiosis transmission via tick bite is most common in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and parts of Europe, and sporadic throughout the rest of the world. It occurs in warm weather. People can get infected with "Babesia" parasites by the bite of an infected tick, by getting a blood transfusion from an infected donor of blood products, or by congenital transmission (an infected mother to her baby).


title: Babesiosis

text: Ticks transmit the human strain of babesiosis, so it often presents with other tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease. After trypanosomes, "Babesia" is thought to be the second-most common blood parasite of mammals. They can have major adverse effects on the health of domestic animals in areas without severe winters. In cattle the disease is known as Texas cattle fever or redwater.


title: Babesiosis

text: Half of all children and a quarter of previously healthy adults with "Babesia" infection are asymptomatic. When people do develop symptoms, the most common are fever and hemolytic anemia, symptoms that are similar to those of malaria. People with symptoms usually become ill 1 to 4 weeks after the bite, or 1 to 9 weeks after transfusion of contaminated blood products. A person infected with babesiosis gradually develops malaise and fatigue, followed by a fever. Hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are destroyed and removed from the blood, also develops. Chills, sweats, and thrombocytopenia are also common symptoms. Symptoms may last from several days to several months.


title: Babesiosis

text: In more severe cases, symptoms similar to malaria occur, with fevers up to 40.5 °C (105 °F), shaking chills, and severe anemia (hemolytic anemia). Organ failure may follow, including adult respiratory distress syndrome. Sepsis in people who have had a splenectomy can occur rapidly, consistent with overwhelming post-splenectomy infection. Severe cases are also more likely to occur in the very young, very old, and persons with immunodeficiency, such as HIV/AIDS patients.


title: Babesiosis

text: A reported increase in human babesiosis diagnoses in the 2000s is thought to be caused by more widespread testing and higher numbers of people with immunodeficiencies coming in contact with ticks, the disease vector. Little is known about the occurrence of "Babesia" species in malaria-endemic areas, where "Babesia" can easily be misdiagnosed as "Plasmodium". Human patients with repeat babesiosis infection may exhibit premunity.


title: Babesiosis

text: "Babesia" species are in the phylum Apicomplexa, which also has the protozoan parasites that cause malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. Four clades of "Babesia" species infect humans. The main species in each clade are:


title: Babesiosis

text: "Babesia" parasites reproduce in red blood cells, where they can be seen as cross-shaped inclusions (four merozoites asexually budding, but attached together forming a structure looking like a "Maltese cross") and cause hemolytic anemia, quite similar to malaria.


title: Babesiosis

text: Unlike the "Plasmodium" parasites that cause malaria, "Babesia" species lack an exoerythrocytic phase, so the liver is usually not affected.


title: Babesiosis

text: In nonhuman animals, "Babesia canis rossi", "Babesia bigemina", and "Babesia bovis" cause particularly severe forms of the disease, including a severe haemolytic anaemia, with positive erythrocyte-in-saline-agglutination test indicating an immune-mediated component to the haemolysis. Common sequelae include haemoglobinuria "red-water", disseminated intravascular coagulation, and "cerebral babesiosis" caused by sludging of erythrocytes in cerebral capillaries.


title: Babesiosis

text: In bovine species, the organism causes hemolytic anemia, so an infected animal shows pale mucous membranes initially. As the levels of bilirubin (a byproduct of red blood cell lysis) continue to increase, the visible mucous membranes become yellow in color (icterus) due to the failure of the liver to metabolize the excess bilirubin. Hemoglobinuria is seen due to excretion of red-blood-cell lysis byproducts via the kidneys. Fever of 40.5 °C (105 °F) develops due to release of inflammatory byproducts.


title: Babesiosis

text: Only specialized laboratories can adequately diagnose "Babesia" infection in humans, so "Babesia" infections are considered highly under-reported. It develops in patients who live in or travel to an endemic area or receive a contaminated blood transfusion within the preceding 9 weeks, so this aspect of the medical history is vital. Babesiosis may be suspected when a person with such an exposure history develops persistent fevers and hemolytic anemia. The definitive diagnostic test is the identification of parasites on a Giemsa-stained thin-film blood smear.


title: Babesiosis

text: So-called "Maltese cross formations" on the blood film are diagnostic (pathognomonic) of babesiosis, since they are not seen in malaria, the primary differential diagnosis. Careful examination of multiple smears may be necessary, since "Babesia" may infect less than 1% of circulating red blood cells, thus be easily overlooked.


title: Babesiosis

text: Serologic testing for antibodies against "Babesia" (both IgG and IgM) can detect low-level infection in cases with a high clinical suspicion, but negative blood film examinations. Serology is also useful for differentiating babesiosis from malaria in cases where people are at risk for both infections. Since detectable antibody responses require about a week after infection to develop, serologic testing may be falsely negative early in the disease course.


title: Babesiosis

text: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test has been developed for the detection of "Babesia" from the peripheral blood. PCR may be at least as sensitive and specific as blood-film examination in diagnosing babesiosis, though it is also significantly more expensive. Most often, PCR testing is used in conjunction with blood film examination and possibly serologic testing.


title: Babesiosis

text: Other laboratory findings include decreased numbers of red blood cells and platelets on complete blood count.


title: Babesiosis

text: In animals, babesiosis is suspected by observation of clinical signs (hemoglobinuria and anemia) in animals in endemic areas. Diagnosis is confirmed by observation of merozoites on thin film blood smear examined at maximum magnification under oil using Romonovski stains (methylene blue and eosin). This is a routine part of the veterinary examination of dogs and ruminants in regions where babesiosis is endemic.


title: Babesiosis

text: "Babesia canis" and "B. bigemina" are "large "Babesia" species" that form paired merozoites in the erythrocytes, commonly described as resembling "two pears hanging together", rather than the "Maltese cross" of the "small "Babesia" species". Their merozoites are around twice the size of small ones.


title: Babesiosis

text: Cerebral babesiosis is suspected "in vivo" when neurological signs (often severe) are seen in cattle that are positive for "B. bovis" on blood smear, but this has yet to be proven scientifically. Outspoken red discoloration of the grey matter "post mortem" further strengthens suspicion of cerebral babesiosis. Diagnosis is confirmed "post mortem" by observation of "Babesia"-infected erythrocytes sludged in the cerebral cortical capillaries in a brain smear.


title: Babesiosis

text: Treatment of asymptomatic carriers should be considered if parasites are still detected after 3 months. In mild-to-moderate babesiosis, the treatment of choice is a combination of atovaquone and azithromycin. This regimen is preferred to clindamycin and quinine because it has fewer side effects. The standard course is 7 to 10 days, but this is extended to at least 6 weeks in people with relapsing disease. Even mild cases are recommended to be treated to decrease the chance of inadvertently transmitting the infection by donating blood. In severe babesiosis, the combination of clindamycin and quinine is preferred. In life-threatening cases, exchange transfusion is performed. In this procedure, the infected red blood cells are removed and replaced with uninfected ones.


title: Babesiosis

text: Extracts of the poisonous, bulbous plant "Boophone disticha" are used in the folk medicine of South Africa to treat equine babesiosis. "B. disticha" is a member of the daffodil family Amaryllidaceae and has also been used in preparations employed as arrow poisons, hallucinogens, and in embalming. The plant is rich in alkaloids, some of which display an action similar to that of scopolamine.


title: Babesiosis

text: Babesiosis is a vector-borne illness usually transmitted by "Ixodes scapularis" ticks. "B. microti" uses the same tick vector as Lyme disease, and may occur in conjunction with Lyme. The organism can also be transmitted by blood transfusion. Ticks of domestic animals, especially "Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus" and "R. (B.) decoloratus" transmit several species of "Babesia" to livestock, causing considerable economic losses to farmers in tropical and subtropical regions.


title: Babesiosis

text: In the United States, the majority of babesiosis cases are caused by "B. microti", and occur in the Northeast and northern Midwest from May through October. Areas with especially high rates include eastern Long Island, Fire Island, Nantucket Island, and Martha's Vineyard.


title: Babesiosis

text: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now requires state health departments to report infections using Form OMB No. 0920-0728. In 2014, Rhode Island had an incidence of 16.3 reported infections per 100,000 people.


title: Babesiosis

text: In Europe, "B. divergens" is the primary cause of infectious babesiosis and is transmitted by "I. ricinus".


title: Babesiosis

text: In Australia, one locally-acquired case of B. microti has been reported, which was fatal. A subsequent investigation found no additional evidence of human Babesiosis in over 7000 patient samples, leading the authors to conclude that Babesiosis was rare in Australia. A similar disease in cattle, commonly known as tick fever, is spread by "Babesia bovis" and "B. bigemina" in the introduced cattle tick "Rhipicephalus microplus". This disease is found in eastern and northern Australia.


title: Babesiosis

text: A table of isolated cases of babesiosis, which may be underestimated given how widely distributed the tick vectors are in temperate latitudes.


title: Babesiosis

text: The disease is named for the genus of the causative organism, which was named after the Romanian bacteriologist Victor Babeș. In 1888, Victor Babeș identified the microorganisms in red blood cells as the cause of febrile hemoglobinuria in cattle. In 1893, Theobald Smith and Frederick Kilborne discovered that a tick was the vector for transmission in Texas cattle. The agent was "B. bigemina". This was the first demonstration that an arthropod could act as a disease vector to transmit an infectious agent to a vertebrate host.


title: Babesiosis

text: In 1957, the first human case was documented in a splenectomized Croatian herdsman. The agent was "B. divergens". In 1969, the first case was reported in an immunocompetent individual on Nantucket Island. The agent was "B. microti", and the vector was the tick "I. scapularis". Equine babesiosis (caused by the protozoan "Theileria equi") is also known as piroplasmosis (from the Latin "piro", meaning pear + Greek "plasma", a thing formed).


title: Babesiosis

text: Veterinary treatment of babesiosis does not normally use antibiotics. In livestock and animals, diminazen (Berenil), imidocarb, or trypan blue would be the drugs of choice for treatment of "B. canis rossi" (dogs in Africa), "B. bovis", and "B. bigemina" (cattle in Southern Africa). In acute cases in cattle, blood transfusion may be carried out.


title: Babesiosis

text: A vaccine is effective against "B. canis canis" (dogs in the Mediterranean region), but is ineffective against "B. c. rossi". "B. imitans" causes a mild form of the disease that frequently resolves without treatment (dogs in Southeast Asia).


title: Celeste Beard

text: Celeste Beard Johnson (born February 13, 1963), more commonly known as Celeste Beard, is an American convicted murderer who is serving a life sentence at the Lane Murray (SHU) in Gatesville, Texas, for the 1999 murder of her millionaire husband, Steven Beard.


title: Celeste Beard

text: Celeste Johnson's biological parents are unknown. She met her birth mother only one time and was told, "I am not your mother, I was just your incubator." She claimed that her adoptive parent, Edwin Johnson, physically abused her as a child and that she attempted suicide during puberty. At age 17, Johnson became pregnant and gave birth to twins, Jennifer and Kristina, with her abusive first husband, Craig Bratcher. Bratcher committed suicide in 1996.


title: Celeste Beard

text: Johnson married twice more before meeting Steven Beard while she was a waitress at a country club in Austin, Texas. Beard, a retired Fox Broadcasting executive and self-made multi-millionaire more than twice her age, was a widower whose wife had died of cancer. Johnson moved in with Beard after he convinced her that he would legally adopt her daughters. They were married on February 18, 1995, with Beard's family and friends suspicious that Johnson had married him for his money.


title: Celeste Beard

text: On October 3, 1999, Beard was shot in the stomach while he was asleep at their home in Westlake Hills, Texas. Beard was later released from the hospital, but succumbed to a blood clot on January 22, 2000. Local police tied the shooting to Tracey Tarlton, who Johnson had met at Saint David’s Pavilion, a mental health facility, after Johnson was admitted for depression. Tarlton confessed to the shooting and was arrested at home six days after the shooting, was charged with assault. The police began to hear that Johnson had spoken negatively about Beard. Their attorney, David Kuperman, refused to allow police to interview Beard while he was hospitalized, due to his grave condition.


title: Celeste Beard

text: Tarlton remained silent until July 2000, when she read in a local newspaper that Johnson had remarried six months after Beard’s death and realized that their relationship was a sham. Shortly before her murder trial began in March 2002, Tarlton told police that Johnson had persuaded her to shoot Beard, claiming that he had emotionally abused Johnson to the point of suicide. Tarlton was determined that getting rid of him was the only way the women could be together. Johnson has vehemently denied this persuasion.


title: Celeste Beard

text: Based on Tarlton's statement, Johnson was arrested on March 28, 2002. At Johnson's trial, prosecutors charged that she had married Beard for his money and wanted him dead because he was tired of her extravagant spending and was considering divorce. The Beard attorney, David Kuperman, testified that Steven did not want a divorce and the underlying issues of the spending were addressed during joint therapy (both Beards in attendance) sessions treating Johnson's depression. According to Beard's accountant, Johnson spent $321,000 in October and November 1999, an additional $249,000 by December 10 and another $100,000 in the six weeks ending March 31, 2000.


title: Celeste Beard

text: Johnson's attorney, Dick DeGuerin, alleged that she had nothing to do with the shooting and that Tarlton, whom he dismissed as an unreliable witness due to documented mental instability, acted alone; Tarlton was obsessed with Johnson, who denied making sexual advances toward her. According to Johnson and several witnesses, Tarlton tried to kiss her after she had passed out during her daughters' 1999 high school graduation. When Tarlton was arrested for drunk driving and Johnson bailed her out, Beard, angered by the relentless phone calls, demanded that Tarlton stop contacting the couple. Several witnesses saw no unusual problems in Johnson and Beard's marriage, and DeGuerin alleged that Johnson's daughters lied on the witness stand because they would inherit no money if their mother was acquitted. Kristina was adverse during her testimony, answering to the defense, "I do not remember," 298 times.


title: Celeste Beard

text: In 2003, Johnson was convicted of capital murder, under The Texas Law of Parties, receiving a mandatory life sentence. She will be eligible for parole on April 1, 2042. Johnson continues to maintain her innocence for 19+ years and is imprisoned at the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Lane Murray Unit in Gatesville. Tarlton received a 10-year reduced sentence in exchange for testifying against Johnson, and was released on parole in August 2011 and lives in San Antonio. Tarlton was released from parole in August 2021.


title: Celeste Beard

text: The case was covered on such news documentary programs as "American Justice", Snapped (1st episode), "Deadly Women", and ABC's "20/20." Previously unrevealed information about the lives, the crime, and the trial in the exclusive biography, "The Celeste Beard Johnson Story," was released in 2019.


title: Celeste Beard

text: Johnson and five other inmates published "From the Big House to Your House", a cookbook that lists recipes that can be made in prison cells with ingredients from the prison commissary.


title: Celeste Beard

text: In 2017, Celeste's daughter, Jennifer, was wounded after a shooting while attending a Halloween party. She had to undergo more than ten surgeries but survived.


title: Celeste Beard

text: On June 13, 2021, Lifetime aired "Secrets of a Gold Digger Killer", a TV film that featured Julie Benz as Celeste.


title: Celeste Beard

text: In 2022, ABC air two episodes titled "What the Sisters Saw - Part 1 & 2", on the show "Who Do You Believe?". The show featured interviews with both of Celeste, her two daughters and other people in the case.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: Oliver Martyn John Phelps (born 25 February 1986) is an English actor. He is known for playing George Weasley in the "Harry Potter" film series from 2001 to 2011, alongside his twin brother, James Phelps. The twins have continued to work together as a duo on other projects.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: Oliver Phelps was born in the Sutton Coldfield area of Birmingham, England on 25 February 1986, 13 minutes before his brother James. They are the only children of Susan (née Spare) and Martyn Phelps. Growing up, Oliver and his brother attended Little Sutton Primary School and the Arthur Terry Secondary School. During the filming of the "Harry Potter" series, the twins were tutored on set.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: In 2000, despite having no previous acting experience, the twins skipped school to attend an open audition in Leeds. After about six auditions, the twins were cast as Fred and George Weasley in the film "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". At the first table reading after being cast, Oliver was given the role of George and James was given the role of Fred.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: In 2009, the twins appeared as brothers in the fifth episode of the third season of the TV series "Kingdom". In 2012, they starred in "A Mind's Eye", a short documentary film based on the philosophical ideas of Plato.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: The twins have also been involved in the Harry Potter Exhibition. They were present during its 2009 opening in Chicago and later toured various cities and countries to promote it.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: In January 2014, the twins attended the Harry Potter Celebration in Orlando, Florida along with Evanna Lynch, Matthew Lewis, and Devon Murray. They also made a LiveCast where they answered fans' questions and talked about the expansion at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: Oliver Phelps made his stage debut in 2018, in a production of "The Case of the Frightened Lady" (based on a novel of the same name by Edgar Wallace) at the Grand Opera House, York. He shared the stage with fellow actor Deborah Grant.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: Phelps has also collaborated with his brother on a podcast, which was launched on YouTube and various streaming services, including Spotify and iTunes.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: The first season, which premiered in 2017, featured James and Oliver discussing their previous travels.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: The second season of the podcast was released in 2020 during quarantine, and the twins interviewed guests and spoke about their personal lives.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: In 2021, they released a third season, titled "Normal Not Normal”, on which they collaborated with Stabl production; this season is more structured and professionally edited compared to the previous season. In this season they discuss what normal really is and if it even exists. They have interviewed celebrities including Sasha Banks, Tom Hopper, Mara Wilson, as well as their former co-stars, such as Katie Leung, Evanna Lynch, and Alfie Enoch.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: In January 2003, Oliver and his brother planted trees at the National Forest, in Leicestershire. The trees were birch and ash--the same types of wood that helped make the broomsticks used in the "Harry Potter" films.


title: Oliver Phelps (actor)

text: The twins are supporters of Teenage Cancer Trust, the "Celebrity World Cup Soccer Six", the Virgin Money Giving drive, and Cancer Research UK in Australia.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Jessica Beatrice "J. B." Fletcher (born Jessica Beatrice MacGill) is a detective show character and the protagonist on the American television series "Murder, She Wrote".


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Portrayed by award-winning actress Angela Lansbury, Fletcher is a best-selling author of mystery novels, an English teacher, amateur detective, criminology professor, and congresswoman. In 2004, Fletcher was listed in Bravo's "100 Greatest TV Characters". AOL named her one of the "100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters". The same website listed her among "TV's Smartest Detectives". She was ranked at number six on Sleuth Channel's poll of "America's Top Sleuths". "Guinness World Records" called her the "most prolific amateur sleuth".


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Jessica Beatrice Fletcher's ancestors hailed from Kilcleer, County Cork, Ireland. She has two sisters and two brothers, Martin and Marshall (Jason Evers), a doctor. Jessica's maiden name was MacGill, inspired by the real-life maiden name of Angela Lansbury's mother. Before she met her husband Frank, Jessica went to Harrison College in Green Falls, New Hampshire, to become a journalist. In the episode "Alma Murder", she mentions being a member of Delta Alpha Chi sorority.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Jessica is introduced as a widow in the first episode, her beloved husband Frank having died a couple of years before the start of the series. They had no children – she says she and Frank "weren't blessed that way" – but did spend some years raising their nephew Grady (Michael Horton) after the death of his parents, an unnamed brother of Frank and his wife. For this reason, Jessica is very close with Grady. In the show's first episode, it is Grady who leads to Jessica's career as an author when he secretly sends her book "The Corpse Danced at Midnight" to an agent after she said she had no intention of doing so herself. Grady is a recurring character throughout the first six seasons, then makes one more appearance in season 11. Grady has several relationships that end in disappointment in some way until the introduction of girlfriend Donna Mayberry (played by Horton's wife, Debbie Zipp) in the season 4 episode "Just Another Fish Story." The two marry in the season 5 episode "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue." Grady and Donna later have a son, Frankie, named after Jessica's late husband.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Fletcher lives at 698 Candlewood Lane in the town of Cabot Cove, Maine, 03041. Cabot Cove is a town of 3,560 inhabitants near the ocean. Based on the number of murders that occur in a given season of the series, the town seems to have probably one of the highest murder rates of any town or city. This has even been remarked on in the series by the town sheriff, Mort Metzger (Ron Masak), who notes that in his first year in Cabot Cove, he had to deal with five murders.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Along with being a fiction author, Fletcher has other occupations during the series. It is mentioned that she was a substitute English teacher while raising Grady. After the sudden death of a congressman for Maine, she is asked to temporarily assume the position as congresswoman until another politician can step in; she also teaches a creative writing class at a women's prison at one time. In the eighth-season premiere, Jessica accepts a job as a criminology instructor at Manhattan University. During this time, she keeps an apartment in Manhattan at the Penfield House Apartments, located at 941 West 61st Street. On the weekends, she still regularly returns to Cabot Cove.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: It is established early in the series that Jessica cannot drive. This was written into the program to facilitate the character's questioning of suspects and fellow investigators while having them drive her somewhere. Jessica Fletcher's travels as an author frequently take her to places around much of the world, giving the show writers freedom to explore characters and situations beyond rural New England. One trip takes her to Hawaii, where she shares a crossover case with private investigator Thomas Magnum (the titular star of "Magnum, P.I.").


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Throughout the series it is shown that Jessica has a sizeable family, both by blood and by marriage. Although Grady and Donna featured prominently, there were also numerous other nieces, nephews and cousins that found themselves in need of Jessica's help after becoming involved in murder cases. After Grady, the most notable recurring relative was Jessica's niece Victoria Brandon (Genie Francis), who was married to hapless actor Howard Griffin (Jeff Conaway); both found one or the other of themselves accused of murder on no less than three occasions.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Jessica was also close with the family of Frank's brother Neil (Jackie Cooper), who had died some years before Frank had. In the third-season premiere, while attending the wedding of Neil's granddaughter Carol Bannister (Courteney Cox), Carol convinces Jessica that Neil is not dead, having received a silver leprechaun from an unknown sender as a wedding present - the same present Neil has promised to send her since childhood. Despite her own skepticism, Jessica investigates, and discovers that Neil faked his death, changed his name to Carl Schulman and ran away to join the circus. When found, he confesses to Jessica that he could no longer face living out a loveless marriage to his domineering wife Constance (Laraine Day), nor could he tolerate his materialistic daughter Audrey (Susan Brown); he does express regret for not saying goodbye to Carol or her father, Audrey's genial but henpecked husband Howard (Dennis Howard). Soon after their reunion, Neil finds himself chief suspect for the murder of the circus's abusive ringmaster. After solving the case and clearing Neil's name, Jessica brings him back to reunite with Carol before her wedding.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Other relatives who appeared in the series for one-time appearances include niece Carol Donovan (Anne Kerry Ford), her detective husband Bert (James Stephens) and their children, Billy and Cindy (sibling actors Summer and Joaquin Phoenix); her brother Marshall's widowed daughter, Pamela Crane (Belinda Montgomery); nieces Nita Cochran (Alice Krige), Jill Morton (Kristy McNichol) and Carrie Palmer (Kate McNeil); nephew Johnny Eaton (Todd Bryant); cousins Abby Benton Freestone (Lynn Redgrave), Ann Owens Arden (Shirley Jones), Helen Owens (Doris Roberts) and George Owens (Robert Walker Jr); and Frank's distant cousin, Calhoun Fletcher (Peter Bonerz).


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Fletcher began her career writing on an old Royal typewriter, but as her career progresses, she eventually purchases a computer running Windows 3.1. Among her friends she can count multi-millionaires who own Beech Starships as well as down-on-their-luck homeless people, moving effortlessly between the social strata. The format of the show usually has Jessica solving the mysteries within five minutes of the end of each program, unless the producers felt they could prolong the suspense across two episodes. Perhaps her most notable experience was encountering a Mr. Potts, who preferred to be called Mr. Bond—he did at least have an Aston Martin DB6, in which Jessica herself ended up racing to the rescue.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Fletcher's relationship with law-enforcement officials varies from place to place. Both the sheriffs of Cabot Cove are used to, or have resigned themselves to, having her meddle in their cases. However, most detectives and police officers do not want her anywhere near their crime scenes, until her accurate deductions persuade them to listen to what she has to say. Others are fans of her books and give her free rein. With time, she makes friends in many police departments across the United States, as well as a British police officer attached to Scotland Yard.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Fletcher is a retired teacher-turned-author of detective fiction under the name J.B. Fletcher, but constantly finds that her work and personal life overlap. In every episode, she is introduced into a situation where someone is killed shortly after her arrival. She is generally forced to solve every mystery herself in the style of one of the characters from her book, as the police prove to be incapable of doing so without her help. In fact, on at least one occasion, a law enforcement officer is actually unmasked as the killer, when John Astin appears as the villainous Sheriff Harry Pierce.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Episodes usually follow a formula. The episode opens as Fletcher arrives, either in her fictitious town of residence (Cabot Cove, Maine), or visiting elsewhere (typically in New York City or Boston) and meets several characters. These characters are usually Mrs. Fletcher's friends, family, relations, or business associates (in connection with her role as a successful author). Several of these characters are shown to have motive with respect to the potential demise of (either themselves or) one of their associates (typically an unlikeable individual). Often at least one of them is heard to make a threat against this individual, and therefore will become the principal suspect. About a third of the way through the episode, if not earlier, the likely victim is found dead. After a brief investigation, the authorities arrest the most obvious suspect, but Jessica believes that the arrested suspect (who is an amiable person, often a friend, or relative of Jessica) is innocent, and sets out to prove it.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: An unrelated conversation will often suggest to Jessica the solution to the mystery, at which point she will rush off to confirm her suspicion (without telling the viewers what she has in mind and sometimes even says she thinks she knows the culprit but must still figure out how to prove it before she reveals who). The next scene will present Jessica at the place where the crime was committed, where Jessica will find one of the characters, usually alone. She enters into a conversation with this character and in a few minutes accuses him or her of being the killer, explaining how and why this person did it. The murderer first denies guilt, but Jessica describes a few clues which she observed and which the episode viewers may or may not have had an opportunity to see. Sometimes Fletcher will make up evidence which was not actually found, but the discovery of which will seem plausible to the killer. At this point, the murderer admits guilt and confesses, whereupon Jessica shakes her head sadly. Sometimes the killer will draw a weapon and attempt to kill Jessica but will be thwarted by timely police appearance from a hiding place to arrest the true killer.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: The episode concludes with a final scene in which the innocent former suspects say goodbye to Jessica and thank her for the happy ending. Almost every episode then ends with a freeze frame shot of Jessica laughing or smiling. Of course, the above is only a formula and there were some unusual shows, such as the one episode where the supposedly framed suspect actually was the murderer. Then, there is another episode in which, while Grady and his heavily pregnant wife were house-sitting for Jessica, someone was murdered in the basement. Fortunately Jessica, who had been blissfully unaware of the murder for half the episode, solved the crime over the phone.


title: Jessica Fletcher

text: Jessica Fletcher is credited along with authors Donald Bain, Jon Land, and Terry Farley Moran as co-author of a series of "Murder, She Wrote" novels inspired by the television series. The first book "Gin & Daggers" was published in 1989.


title: Ariana Grande videography

text: American singer and actress Ariana Grande has appeared in 56 music videos, including eight featured appearances and six uncredited appearances. She has also appeared in 23 television shows and seven films.


title: United Armenia

text: United Armenia (), also known as Greater Armenia or Great Armenia, is an Armenian ethno-nationalist irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland—the Armenian Highland—which are currently or have historically been mostly populated by Armenians. The idea of what Armenians see as unification of their historical lands was prevalent throughout the 20th century and has been advocated by individuals, various organizations and institutions, including the nationalist parties Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun) and Heritage, the ASALA and others.


title: United Armenia

text: The ARF idea of "United Armenia" incorporates claims to Western Armenia (eastern Turkey), Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh), the landlocked exclave Nakhchivan (Nakhichevan) of Azerbaijan and the Javakheti (Javakhk) region of Georgia. Nagorno-Karabakh and Javakhk are overwhelmingly inhabited by Armenians. Western Armenia and Nakhchivan had significant Armenian populations in the early 20th century, but no longer do. The Armenian population of Western Armenia was almost completely exterminated during the 1915 Armenian genocide, when the millennia-long Armenian presence in this region largely ended and Armenian cultural heritage was mainly destroyed by the Ottoman government. In 1919, the ARF-dominated government of the First Republic of Armenia declared the formal unification of Armenian lands. The ARF bases its claims to Western Armenia, now controlled by Turkey, on the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, which was effectively negated by subsequent historical events. These territorial claims are often seen as the ultimate goal of the recognition of the Armenian Genocide and as part of Armenian genocide reparations.


title: United Armenia

text: The most recent Armenian irredentist movement, the Karabakh movement which began in 1988, sought to unify Nagorno-Karabakh with then-Soviet Armenia. As a result of the subsequent war with Azerbaijan, Armenian forces established effective control over most of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding districts, thus succeeding in the "de facto" unification of Armenia and Karabakh. Some Armenian nationalists consider Nagorno-Karabakh "the first stage of a United Armenia."


title: United Armenia

text: In its current meaning, the term "United Armenia" was coined during the Armenian national awakening in the second half of the 19th century.


title: United Armenia

text: During this period, the Armenian-populated areas were divided between the Russian Empire (Eastern Armenia) and the Ottoman Empire (Western Armenia). One of the earliest uses of the phrase "United Armenia" is by the English Society of Friends of Russian Freedom in an 1899 edition of "Free Russia" monthly. It quotes a confidential report of Grigory Golitsin (the Russian governor of the Caucasus) sent to Tsar Nicholas II "containing suggestions for a future policy." Golitsin writes of a nationalist movement which "aims at the restoration of the independent Armenia of the past", and that "their ideal is one great and united Armenia."


title: United Armenia

text: The idea of an independent and united Armenia was the main goal of the Armenian national liberation movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By the 1890s, a low-intensity armed conflict developed between the three major Armenian parties—the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak), Hnchak and Armenakan— and the Ottoman government. Calls from the great powers for reforms in the Armenian provinces and Armenian aspirations to independence resulted in the Hamidian massacres between 1894 and 1896, during which up to 300,000 Armenian civilians were slaughtered by the order of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, after whom the massacres were named. After the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, some Armenians felt that the situation would improve; however, a year later the Adana massacre took place and Turkish-Armenian relations deteriorated further. After the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, the Ottoman government was pressured to accept the Armenian reform package concerning the Armenian provinces in early 1914.


title: United Armenia

text: The Armenians of eastern Ottoman Empire were exterminated by the Ottoman government in 1915 and the following years. An estimated 1.5 million Armenians were killed, while the survivors found refuge in other countries. These events, which are known as the Armenian genocide, are officially denied by the Turkish state, which falsely claims the killings were a result of a "civil war." The Ottoman government successfully ended the over two thousand year Armenian presence in Western Armenia.


title: United Armenia

text: By 1916, most of Western Armenia was occupied by the Russian Empire as part of the Caucasian Campaign of World War I. In parts of the occupied areas, especially around Van, an Armenian autonomy was briefly set up. The Russian army left the region due to the Revolution of 1917. The Ottoman Empire quickly regained the territories from the small number of irregular Armenian units. In the Caucasus, the Special Transcaucasian Committee was set up after the February Revolution.


title: United Armenia

text: The Bolsheviks took power in Russia through the October Revolution and soon signed the Armistice of Erzincan to stop the combat in Turkish Armenia. Russian forces abandoned their positions and left the area under weak Armenian control. The Bolsheviks set up the Transcaucasian Commissariat in the Caucasus. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918 and the Ottoman army started to regain the lost territories, taking over Kars by 25 April. Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Ottoman Empire and by April 1918 the Transcaucasian Federation proclaimed its independence from Russia. This fragile federation of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan collapsed when the Turks invaded the Caucasus region. The Armenian units defeated the Turks at the Battle of Sardarabad, just 40 kilometers away from Armenia's future capital Yerevan, preventing the complete destruction of the Armenian nation.


title: United Armenia

text: A 1918 book by American scholars Lothrop Stoddard and Glenn Frank, titled "Stakes of the War" listed 8 solutions to the Armenian Question as proposed by different parties. The second proposal, titled "United Armenia", is described as follows:


title: United Armenia

text: The Armenian National Council declared the independence of the Armenian provinces on 28 May 1918. It was recognized by the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Batum on 4 June 1918. After its defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire and the Allies signed the Armistice of Mudros by which the Turkish troops left the Caucasus and by 1919 the Republic of Armenia established control over the former Kars Oblast, the city of Iğdır and its surrounding territory, including Mount Ararat.


title: United Armenia

text: On 28 May 1919, on the first anniversary of the Republic of Armenia, the government of the newly founded country symbolically declared the union of Eastern and Western Armenia, the latter of which was still under the full control of the Turks. Alexander Khatisian, the Armenian Prime Minister, read the declaration:


title: United Armenia

text: Almost two years after the Republic of Armenia was established, on 23 April 1920, the United States officially recognized it. Its frontiers were to be determined later. On 26 April 1920, the Supreme Council of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in Paris (British Prime Minister Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and Italian Prime Minister Francesco Saverio Nitti) requested that the United States accept the mandate over Armenia and to make an Arbitral Decision to determine the boundaries of Armenia with what is now Turkey. President Woodrow Wilson agreed to act as arbitrator and draw a mutually acceptable border between the two nations. In July 1920, the US State Department founded the Committee upon the Arbitration of the Boundary between Turkey and Armenia, headed by William Westermann. The Treaty of Sèvres was signed on 10 August 1920 between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied Powers. On 28 September 1920, the Committee submitted a report that defined the border between the two countries. It guaranteed access to the Mediterranean sea for Armenia via Trebizond and proclaimed present-day Turkey's border regions demilitarization frontier line.


title: United Armenia

text: A territory of , formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, was given to Armenia. Based on the calculations the committee made, the ethnic structure of the 3,570,000 population would have been: 49% Muslims (Turks, Kurds, Tartar Azerbaijanis, and others), 40% Armenians, 5% Laz, 4% Greeks, and 1% others. It was expected that in the case Armenian refugees' return, they would make up to 50% of the population. Two months after the committee submitted the report to the State Department, President Woodrow Wilson received it on 12 November 1920. Ten days later, Wilson signed the report entitled "Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia, Access for Armenia to the Sea, and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier." The report was sent to the US ambassador in Paris Hugh Campbell Wallace on 24 November 1920. On 6 December 1920, Wallace delivered the documents to the secretary-general of the peace conference for submission to the Allied Supreme Council.


title: United Armenia

text: Treaty of Sèvres was later annulled following the successful Turkish War of Independence against Allied Powers and affiliated forces, which led to the abolition of the empire and founding of the modern Republic of Turkey with the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.


title: United Armenia

text: In late September 1920, a war erupted between Armenia and the Mustafa Kemal-led Turkish nationalists (Government of the Grand National Assembly) led by Kâzım Karabekir took place. Turks captured Kars on 30 October 1920. With the Turkish army in Alexandropol, the Bolsheviks invaded the country from the north east, and on 29 November 1920, they proclaimed Armenia a Soviet state. On 2 December 1920, Armenia became a Soviet state according to a joint proclamation of Armenia's Defence Minister Dro and Soviet representative Boris Legran in Yerevan. Armenia was forced to sign the Treaty of Alexandropol with the Government of the Grand National Assembly on the night of 2–3 December 1920. The Treaty of Sèvres and Wilson's award remained "dead letters."


title: United Armenia

text: Just after the Soviet invasion of Armenia in November 1920, the Soviet Azerbaijani leader Nariman Narimanov declared that "the old borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared null and void. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia." Despite these assurances, both Nakhichevan and Karabakh were kept under Azerbaijani control for another eight months. On 16 March 1921, Soviet Russia and the Government of the Grand National Assembly signed the Treaty of Moscow. By this treaty, Kars and Ardahan were ceded to Turkey, and Nakhichevan was put under "protectorate" of Azerbaijan. The Treaty of Kars was signed between the Grand National Assembly Government on one side and Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR and Azerbaijan SSR on the other, reaffirming the Treaty of Moscow.


title: United Armenia

text: After the end of World War II in Europe, the Soviet Union made territorial claims to Turkey. Joseph Stalin pushed Turkey to cede Kars and Ardahan, thus returning the pre-World War I boundary between the Russian and Ottoman empires. Besides these provinces, the Soviet Union also claimed the Straits (see Turkish Straits crisis). "Stalin, perhaps, expected that the Turks, shocked by the Red Army's triumph, would give up, and Washington and London accept it as a "fait accompli"," writes Jamil Hasanli. Athena Leoussi added, "While Stalin's motives can be debated, for Armenians at home and abroad the re-emergence of the Armenian Question revived hopes for territorial unification". On 7 June 1945 Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed the Turkish ambassador in Moscow that the USSR demanded a revision of its border with Turkey.