title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: The opening plaza encircles its centrepiece, the Fountain of Fame, just beyond the entrance. Main Street continues with guest services, dining, gift shops and other amenities lining the footpaths. The Roxy Theatre off Main Street screens "Yogi Bear 4-D Experience." Hollywood Stunt Driver's crew perform motorcycle and rally car stunts daily. Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster passes corridors of eerie projections and booby traps before its elevator lift drops riders backwards into tight, unbanked turns. WB Studio Showcase exhibits props from the studio's oeuvre. Characters such as Batman, the Joker, Scooby-Doo, Austin Powers and the "Looney Tunes" cast roam the grounds and pose for photos; each afternoon, they parade with themed floats and vehicles along Main Street.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: Kids' WB Fun Zone features attractions from car rides and carousels to frog hoppers and splash pads. Patrons ride through Junior Driving School's miniature park replica and embark on the Road Runner Rollercoaster. DC Comics Super-Villains Unleashed displays DC supervillain statues amid criminal acts. Guests use RFID wristbands to help the villains destroy the area or hang upside-down on Doomsday Destroyer. In the DC Comics superhero hub, Batwing Spaceshot exerts 4 g-forces as it launches up a vertical tower. DC Rivals navigates a camelback and non-inverting loop while riders on each train's last row face backwards. Green Lantern drops beyond vertical into outer-banked turns and two inversions. Justice League patrons blast animatronic aliens on 3D screens. Superman Escape catapults from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 2 seconds up a top hat element. Wild West Falls, which headlines its eponymous area, traverses a Native American village and ghost town before a splashdown finale.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: Two seasonal events are held annually: Fright Nights during Halloween and White Christmas during the Christmas holidays. Fright Nights features mazes, street parades performed by Halloween characters and night rides on several attractions. It is a consistently popular event, with around 7,000 guests attending each Fright Night evening in October 2017. The park offers a paid Fast Track priority pass and free virtual queueing on select attractions, as well as mobile ordering and queueing at certain food outlets. Star Tours began in July 2016 and offer a behind-the-scenes look at several attractions. Included in the experience are Fast Track passes, priority seating for the afternoon parade and other features. A climb up the 282 steps of DC Rivals' lift hill began in September 2018.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: To celebrate the park's first anniversary in 1992, a daily parade featuring Bugs Bunny and other "Looney Tunes" characters was held each afternoon from 1 June. Evenings from 20 June onwards played host to Illuminanza—a sound and light show featuring Batman and Catwoman—followed by screenings of "Batman Returns" at the Roxy Theatre. Celebrations concluded by 19 July. Easter 1994 was marked with the $200,000 Bugs Bunny Megga Easter Party from 1 to 10 April. An evening parade starring 140 cast members concluded with a fireworks display. A tenth anniversary celebration hosted by B105 FM was held on 4 August 2001. More than 1,000 attendees were treated to live performances by Human Nature, Invertigo, A Touch of Class and Joanne Accom. Halloween Family Fun Night, the first Halloween event, was held on 31 October 2006 and offered guests night rides on several attractions. The sold-out event was immediately popular with more than 7,500 attendees, such that it was extended into the following evening. It has since become Fright Nights, an annual tradition.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: In 2010, a DC Heroes vs. Villains parade ran during the June–July school holiday period to celebrate DC Comics' 75th anniversary. In partnership with the Gold Coast's newspaper and AFL team, a Christmas charity event was held on 3 December for 3,000 disadvantaged locals. Later that month, the first annual White Christmas events were held for the public. More than one million Christmas lights decorated the park, which hosted festivities such as a "Looney Tunes" ice-skating show, a Christmas parade and a visit from Santa Claus. The event was immediately popular and reached its maximum 7,500 person capacity on several evenings. Throughout June–July 2014, Carnivale events were held on select evenings and featured music, parades and cuisine inspired by the Brazilian Carnival. Festivities and a parade commemorated the park's 25th anniversary on 3 June 2016. In 2020, Fright Nights was cancelled due to COVID-19 restrictions, while White Christmas went ahead. To celebrate the park's 30th anniversary, the Hooray for Hollywood event ran from 26 June to 18 July 2021, with guest interactions and a daily parade themed to classic Hollywood cinema.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: During its first year of operation, Movie World received 1.2 million visitors, exceeding its conservative target of one million. John Menzies, CEO of Warner Village Theme Parks, said that attendance at Sea World and local competitor Dreamworld was consistent with prior years. "So long as the themes are different, parks like this can [proliferate] ad infinitum", he said. Nationwide theme park attendance grew 12% from 1992 to 1993 and Movie World recorded 1.3 million visitors during the financial year. Park general manager Mark Germyn attributed attendance growth in part to success with the international market: about 25% of the park's visitors were from overseas, and half of these were from Japan. "We're coming on strong in the Asian markets", he said, "including Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand". He further noted retail sales of about 2.6 million units of stock across its 25 outlets generating $17 million in revenue. In 1998, Village marketing manager Ken Minnikin highlighted the success of the "3 Park Super Pass", which recorded a 20% sales increase during Christmas 1997 over the prior year's period, and cited the Gold Coast's theme park industry as a major domestic tourism drawcard. A 20% decline in attendance during 2000 was attributed to Y2K hysteria, but the "Super Pass" deal continued to be popular, contributing about one third of park ticket sales.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: There were more than 10 million lifetime visitors by 2001. International visits that year were negatively impacted by the September 11 attacks and although park visits fell slightly during financial 2001, Sea World and Wet'n'Wild's attendance increased and Village's parks division posted an EBITDA rise of 23.1%. In 2003, visits by international tourists declined by about 50%, with the war on terror and 2002–2004 SARS outbreak cited as key factors. In response, daily operating hours for several rides were reduced. Visits from key Asian markets to the Gold Coast had dropped by about 95% and Village emphasised a need to target their domestic market with discounted tickets and Shopa Docket vouchers. In May 2006, Village acquired Warner's stake in their theme park division for $254 million but maintained the latter's licence and branding. The deal let Village take sole ownership of several park properties, including Movie World. Strong attendance figures over financial 2007 contributed in part to a net profit of around $45 million, offsetting $40 million in losses the previous year. More than 1.32 million people visited during 2007 (a 5.8% increase from the year prior) and the park was Australia's third highest attended that year. Village considered Superman Escape and Batwing Spaceshot's openings to be contributing factors to the increased attendance. A decline in attendance during financial 2008 was attributed to unseasonably poor weather during the key summer months.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: Various discounting and marketing strategies were devised to offset hardship after the global financial crisis. A "Q150 Pass" promotion introduced in April 2009 was extended beyond its original September expiry into the Christmas–New Year holiday. The promotional efforts contributed to increased profitability and attendance over the following year. Inclement weather and subsequent flooding impacted attendance throughout early 2011, however attendance on 26 June reached a new peak since Christmas with more than 10,000 visitors. Sales of "VIP Pass" promotions throughout financial 2011 nearly doubled over the year prior. Green Lantern's opening helped visitor numbers during January 2012 and other additions throughout the year boosted attendance by 27% in financial half-year 2013 over the prior period. By financial year's end, more than 2 million annual visitors were recorded for the first time. Later in 2013, Village partnered with Dreamworld owner Ardent Leisure for a $15 million Gold Coast marketing campaign. 2014 additions such as the Carnivale event and Junior Driving School attraction were highlighted as yearly attendance draws. Fright Nights had its most successful season to date and White Christmas attendance grew 22% over the year prior. By 2016, the park had received an average of 1.4 million visitors per year.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: The fallout from Dreamworld's October 2016 Thunder River Rapids incident, in which four patrons were killed, had a significant impact on industry performance. By January 2017, combined attendance at Movie World, Wet'n'Wild and Sea World had dropped 12%. The $30 million investment for DC Rivals—Australia's first major theme park attraction since the River Rapids incident—inspired Village's optimism for a financial turnaround; it was the largest single ride investment in their history and Australia's most expensive coaster. Its opening set a daily attendance record for September with 11,500 guests. By November, to cut debts after a $66.7 million loss the prior financial year, Village sought to sell the Oxenford precinct's land through a 90-year leaseback agreement. Village posted a narrow profit margin of $200,000 in August 2018 and stated that while April school holiday theme park attendance was inhibited by the 2018 Commonwealth Games, July results were strong with high season pass sales. In February 2020, Village posted an EBITDA increase of 7% to $39 million for the financial half-year and overall attendance at their theme park properties rose 12% to 2.58 million; these results were attributed to a 6% ticket price hike, increased visitors and Fright Nights' continued success. Throughout the year, COVID-19 closures had a detrimental impact on park performance. The impact was felt through financial 2021 as Village's theme parks operated at a $4.6 million loss over the period.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: Reviewing soon after the park's 1991 opening, "The Sydney Morning Herald" Andrew Conway highlighted its emphasis on experiences that captured the "magic world of movies" over thrill rides. He considered Police Academy Stunt Show the standout among several well-themed attractions, but felt the park lacked the scale and grandeur of American influences Disneyland and Universal Studios. He said that "if you've been to the mega-parks of the United States, Movie World may well disappoint" but it nonetheless offered great family entertainment. Guest exit surveys during opening year signalled highly positive public reception, with around 95% of respondents rating their experience as "excellent". In 1993, "The Sydney Morning Herald"s Robyn Willis praised the breadth of a day's entertainment but cautioned its high cost. At the 1994 Australian Tourism Awards, it won the "Major Tourist Attraction" category. The 1998 awards saw Village win the "Tourism Marketing and Promotional Campaigns" category.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: At the 2002 IAAPA Awards, the park received an honourable mention in the "Best Supervisory Training Program" category. Movie World and Sea World received joint awards for "Specialty Meeting Venue" at the 2005 Meetings and Events Australia awards. According to a 2014 Newspoll study, the park was Australia's fourth most popular tourist attraction of all time. In 2020, "Finder.com.au"s Chris Stead thought the park was laid out well in a compact area but offered minimal shade from the heat and suffered long queue times during peak periods. He thought that children aged six to ten would have a limited experience unless they were tall enough to brave the bigger rides, and that visits were best suited to adult thrill-seekers or families with teenagers.


title: Warner Bros. Movie World

text: While the park was closed on 5 December 2003, a fire caused more than $1 million in damage to Wild West Falls' upper section; the ride was repaired and reopened several weeks later. On 15 March 2015, one of Green Lantern's cars became detached from the rails when a wheel mechanism broke. Although riders were stranded for several hours and had to be rescued by the fire brigade, there were no major injuries. An investigation revealed a design flaw in a bolted joint on the wheel assembly. S&S Worldwide redesigned the flawed components, the ride was tested and it reopened in December.


title: Runic insignia of the Schutzstaffel

text: The runic insignia of the "Schutzstaffel" (known in German as the "SS-Runen") were used from the 1920s to 1945 on "Schutzstaffel" (SS) flags, uniforms and other items as symbols of various aspects of Nazi ideology and Germanic mysticism. They also represented virtues seen as desirable in SS members, and were based on "völkisch" mystic Guido von List's Armanen runes, which he loosely based on the historical runic alphabets. SS runes are commonly used by neo-Nazis.


title: Gailard Sartain

text: Gailard Sartain (born September 18, 1946) is an American retired actor, often playing characters with roots in the South. He was a regular on the country music variety series "Hee Haw". He is also known for his roles in three of the Ernest movies and the TV series "Hey Vern, It's Ernest!", which ran for one season on CBS in 1988. He is also an accomplished and successful painter and illustrator.


title: Gailard Sartain

text: Sartain was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the son of a Tulsa fire chief. He attended Cascia Hall Preparatory School, is a 1963 graduate of Will Rogers High School in Tulsa and was a member of the Epsilon Mu chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity at the University of Tulsa, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. In 1968, Gailard moved to New York City, where he worked as an assistant to illustrator Paul Davis.


title: Gailard Sartain

text: Sartain's entry into entertainment was launched in Tulsa. Working originally as a cameraman at a local television station, he gained notoriety through the creation of a late night off-the-wall comedy program entitled "The Uncanny Film Festival and Camp Meeting". Dressed as a wizard, wearing a dark blue robe and pointed wizard's cap, Sartain hosted the program as "Dr. Mazeppa Pompazoidi". Other cast members included fellow Tulsa native Gary Busey and Jim Millaway. The program was broadcast on the Tulsa CBS affiliate KOTV and later the ABC affiliate KTUL. It featured B-movies, with skits written and performed by Sartain, Busey and company between the movie segments.


title: Gailard Sartain

text: Discovered by a talent scout during his stint as Mazeppa, Sartain was hired in 1972 as a regular on the television program "Hee Haw". Sartain remained as a regular cast member of the popular show for nearly 20 seasons. He also served as a regular on other series including "" (1975–76) and "Shields and Yarnell" (1978). Sartain played C.D. Parker for one episode during the pilot season of "Walker, Texas Ranger". He supplied the voice of a social worker in the pilot episode of the animated series "King of the Hill". Sartain also portrayed an advisor to Louisiana Governor Earl Long (played by Paul Newman) in the movie "Blaze".


title: Gailard Sartain

text: Sartain has appeared in more than forty motion pictures, most notably as The Big Bopper in "The Buddy Holly Story", Sheriff Ray Stuckey in "Mississippi Burning", "The Outsiders," "The Hollywood Knights", "Fried Green Tomatoes", "The Replacements" as Offensive Assistant Coach Leo Pilachowski, "The Big Easy", "The Grifters", "Getting Even with Dad", "The Patriot", and an uncredited role in the 1994 comedy "Wagons East" starring John Candy and Richard Lewis. Sartain also appeared in a deleted scene from the Steve Martin comedy "The Jerk" as a Texas oil millionaire who successfully begs for $1500 (in cash) to replace the cracked leather seats on his private airplane: "You know what this means? I can fly my friends to the Super Bowl like a "man", not like some kinda god-danged "bum"!"


title: Gailard Sartain

text: His final film role was in 2005, in Cameron Crowe's "Elizabethtown". He is also known for his roles in three of the Ernest P. Worrell films starring Jim Varney (as well as the "Hey Vern, It's Ernest!" television series). With fellow Hey Vern co-star Bill Byrge of Nashville, the duo performed as brothers Chuck and Bobby in a series of "Me and my brother, Bobby..." pitches for local TV stations and product ads.


title: Gailard Sartain

text: He was replaced by a younger brother named Tom Tulip (Dallas native John Cadenhead) in "Ernest Scared Stupid".


title: Gailard Sartain

text: A successful illustrator, Sartain's artistic credits range from record cover designs for such artists as Leon Russell ("Will O' the Wisp") to illustrations for nationally published magazines.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: The Wonder Years is an American pop punk band from Lansdale, Pennsylvania, that formed in July 2005. The band currently consists of Dan "Soupy" Campbell (lead vocals), Casey Cavaliere (lead guitar, backing vocals), Matt Brasch (guitar, vocals), Josh Martin (bass, vocals), Nick Steinborn (keyboards, guitar, backing vocals) and Mike Kennedy (drums, percussion). They have released six full-length albums, two EPs, and several splits/compilations. The group is currently signed to Hopeless Records. Their name originates from a paper that lead vocalist Dan 'Soupy' Campbell read that was written by one of his after-school educators titled "The Wonder Years."


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: The Wonder Years were formed in 2005 out of the remnants of an old Lansdale, Pennsylvania, band called The Premier. The Premier consisted of Dan "Soupy" Campbell, Matt Brasch, Nick Steinborn, Matt Hittinger, Matt Wells, Dave Hughes and CJ Morgan. Dave Hughes, CJ Morgan, Matt Wells and Matt Hittinger didn't join The Wonder Years. Their first practice was in Mike Kennedy's basement on July 5, 2005. On that day they wrote their first song, "Buzz Aldrin: The Poster Boy for Second Place".


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: In their first two years, two relatively unknown split EPs with other local bands were released. Their first (with Emergency and I) was released in 2005, featuring three songs. Two of those were later re-recorded on their first full-length album "Get Stoked on It!". ("I Fell in Love with a Ninja Master" and "Buzz Aldrin: The Poster Boy for Second Place"). The other song on the split was "Cowboy Killers".


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: The Wonder Years followed their first split EP with another, this time with the band Bangarang!. This second release also featured two songs that would be re-recorded for "Get Stoked on It!". ("My Geraldine Lies Over the Delaware" and "Let's Moshercise!"). The other two songs were "I Ain't Sayin' He a Gold Digga (Sike!)" and "Through Two Hearts".


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: The Wonder Years signed to No Sleep Records in 2007. After completing their first tour of the United Kingdom with Never So True, The Wonder Years recorded their first full-length studio album, "Get Stoked on It!". "Get Stoked on It!" was released on October 30, 2007, and caused the band's then-small fan base to grow significantly. In the spring of 2008, The Wonder Years released an EP titled "Won't Be Pathetic Forever". In March 2009, The Wonder Years' released a split EP titled "Distances" with UK pop punk band All or Nothing. The split consisted of only two songs by The Wonder Years, and it was after this release that keyboardist/vocalist Mikey Kelly left the band to pursue other goals.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: The Wonder Years' second full-length album, "The Upsides", was released on January 26, 2010. "The Upsides" sold 1852 units in its first week, landing it on multiple Billboard charts: No. 5 on Alternative Artist, No. 9 on Top New Artist, No. 26 on Top Internet Album, and No. 43 on Indie Label Album.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: Also with the release of "The Upsides" was a 7-inch limited to only 500 copies and available with pre-order of "The Upsides" CD. This vinyl features a non-album song entitled "Leavenhouse. 11:30.", which is about the early years of music for The Wonder Years and their local scene in Lansdale, PA. The title "Leavenhouse" refers to a house in which members of the Lansdale band Leavenworth lived and hung out at day or night.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: A few months after the release of "The Upsides", on May 27, The Wonder Years announced that they had signed to Hopeless Records. Their first release after their signing was a split 7-inch with Fallen from the Sky, on which they covered "Zip Lock" by Lit.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: The Wonder Years released a deluxe edition of "The Upsides" on September 21, 2010. It included 4 new songs titled, "I Was Scared & I'm Sorry", "We Won't Bury You", "Dynamite Shovel (campfire version)", and "Logan Circle: A New Hope". "We Won't Bury You" was written about best friend Mike Pelone who was also in the band Emergency and I. Mike Pelone died in August 2010.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: In October 2010, The Wonder Years released a music video for the song "Melrose Diner" set to the theme of BAW Wrestling and starring actor Charlie Saxton as the wrestler "Lone Wolf".


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: In the fall of 2010, The Wonder Years confirmed that they were writing the follow up to "The Upsides". On June 14, 2011, The Wonder Years released "Suburbia I've Given You All and Now I'm Nothing" on Hopeless Records. "Suburbia" is inspired by the poem America by Allen Ginsberg as well as the band's life following the release of "The Upsides". The first single off the album titled "Local Man Ruins Everything" was released on April 12, 2011, on iTunes. The second single, "Don't Let Me Cave In", was released on iTunes and Amazon on May 3, 2011, along with a music video. The third single, "Coffee Eyes" was made available for streaming on the Alternative Press website on June 1, 2011. The record charted at number 73 on the Billboard Top 200 the week of its release, selling 8,100 copies. On August 11, 2011, they released a music video for "Local Man Ruins Everything". The video consists of Hank the Pigeon "adventuring on his own" around Lansdale and Philadelphia.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: The band released a split 6-inch with Stay Ahead of the Weather entitled "Punk Is Dead. Get a Job." on April 17, 2012, and re-released their debut full-length, "Get Stoked on It!", on May 15, 2012. The album will only be available digitally through the record label's website. Campbell, who has been outspoken about his disappointment in the band's first album, said, "In our opinion, this record is a trainwreck. Chris paid to get it remastered forever ago and we kept trying to put off its inevitable re-release. He and I agreed that since it's already available digitally, that no real harm can come of swapping out the old mixes with the better sounding ones as long as it never gets pressed in a physical form again. That's the long and short of it. If you like the record, enjoy the new mixes. If you hate the record, I'm on your side. We won't be playing any of these songs live in support of this. We don't even consider it a re-release. Just a swap out for a better mix."


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: On December 3, the band announced on their official Twitter and website that they will be releasing a compilation of all of their former EPs and splits titled "Sleeping on Trash", which was released on February 12. They also announced that they were done writing their new album and would be entering the studio in January.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: Prior to the release of "The Greatest Generation" the band played 4 shows in the span of 24 hours to promote the album. The Wonder Years released their fourth LP, "The Greatest Generation", on May 14, via Hopeless Records. In May 2013, The Wonder Years played all 6 dates of Slam Dunk festival in the UK and Ireland. Before embarking on the Vans Warped Tour 2013, the band played some shows with Silverstein in Canada. First week sales of "The Greatest Generation" more than doubled the sales of "Suburbia I've Given You All and Now I'm Nothing", with a total of 19,673 copies sold. These sales placed the album at #20 on Billboard's Top 200 chart. In February 2015 over the course of three days, the band played anniversary shows where each night they played one of their three previous albums in full.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: On April 20, 2015, the band announced they were finished recording their fifth studio album. On June 29, the band announced "No Closer to Heaven" was set for release on September 4. On June 30, the band released the music video off the new record, entitled "Cardinals". On the band's website, buyers of the pre-orders are greeted with the option to donate to one of four charities, which include Puppies Behind Bars, After-School All-Stars, The Herren Project and Futures Without Violence. A music video for "Cigarettes & Saints" was released on July 31. On August 20, "I Don't Like Who I Was Then" was made available for streaming via Alternative Press. The album features Letlive's frontman Jason Aalon Butler on the track "Stained Glass Ceilings". The song's music video premiered on the band's YouTube channel on March 2, 2016. The band alluded to the start of work on a new album on New Year's Day of 2017 via Twitter. The album has not been officially confirmed, and no release date or album title were disclosed. The band later elaborated on this announcement on April 27 of the same year, stating that two releases were on the way. On July 27, 2017, an acoustic EP, entitled "Burst & Decay" was revealed with a release date of September 22, 2017. The EP features seven acoustic versions of songs from either "Suburbia", "The Greatest Generation", or "No Closer to Heaven". It was also confirmed that their next LP was finished being written and would be recorded as soon as the band returned home from tour.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: On December 22, 2017, the band's social media accounts began to feature a black banner with the text, "SEE YOU IN 2018", and a link to their website. In addition, the band posted in regards to upcoming material, "Turning the lights out for a bit. New record next year. If you want to be kept informed go here: hopelessrecords.com/thewonderyears. For now, we rest."


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: In January 2018, fans began receiving untitled 7-inch vinyl records in the post which held a song on one side, and a spoken word poem on the other. After searching on "Shazam" for further information, they discovered the name of the song, along with the title, artwork, and tentative track listing for the band's sixth album, "Sister Cities".


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: A few days later, the band officially announced and confirmed this to be the title of their new album along with the release date of April 6, 2018. The music video for the first single and title track for the new album, "Sister Cities", was released on February 8, 2018. On March 9, 2018, the band uploaded a visuals video for the single "Pyramids of Salt".


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: On October 23, 2020, the single "Brakeless" was released on the 10th anniversary of their album "The Upsides", revisiting older, pop-punk tones. The song was released upon the success of the band's get out the vote challenge to register 1000 voters by October 20.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: On April 21, 2022, the band released "Oldest Daughter", their first new material since the release of "Sister Cities". After the release of their second single, "Summer Clothes", they confirmed their seventh studio album, "The Hum Goes on Forever", which was released on September 22, 2022. This album consists of twelve songs, giving the listener insight and telling the story of what lead singer, Dan Campbell, experienced and went through during the Covid-19 pandemic.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: The Wonder Years has been described as pop punk, alternative rock, and emo pop. "Get Stoked on It!" has been described as pop punk. "The Upsides" has been described as emo pop and pop punk. "Suburbia I've Given You All and Now I'm Nothing" has been described as melodic hardcore and pop punk. "The Greatest Generation" has been described as pop punk. "No Closer to Heaven" has been described as alternative rock and pop punk. "Sister Cities" has been described as indie rock, post-hardcore and rock.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: Campbell, in a Let's Play with Achievement Hunter, said that Motion City Soundtrack were "a huge influence" for the band. In an interview with "Alternative Press", he also cited Blink-182, Inkling, and The Get Up Kids as influences.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: "Rock Sound" wrote that on "The Upsides" Campbell sung about "His early twenties soul-searching and tales of strife" which "resonated with a [new] generation, inspiring countless imitators in the process." This pushed Campbell to "the forefront of a new wave", and the album influencing a new wave of pop punk bands. The Wonder Years have been listed as a big influence for British bands As It Is and Neck Deep.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: In April 2012, Steinborn released an EP, "Some Songs", under the name Why Bother?. He later released another EP, "This Isn't Very Good", on GTR Records in November 2013.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: In May 2014, Campbell announced a solo project, Aaron West and the Roaring Twenties. With this project, Campbell pushed himself "to make a piece of fiction feel just as raw and personal as songs about my life". An album, "We Don't Have Each Other", was released in July. Campbell performed on a few dates of the 2014 edition of Warped Tour, as well as performed on the entirety of the 2015 edition.


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: Six songs about Friday Night Lights from Dan Campbell (The Wonder Years, Aaron West) and Ace Enders (The Early November, "I Can Make a Mess").


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: In August 2017, Michael Kennedy released a 6 song EP, "Cigarette", under the name "mdk" through GTR Records


title: The Wonder Years (band)

text: In 2016, Matt Brasch started his new solo project, Cold Climb It, later recruiting Eric Sable (of Birthday Boy, The Sixties), Jon Edwards (of Nexus) and Chris Mehr (of The Sixties, Nexus, The Arrangement). The four-piece released their debut EP, "Fade", on March 17, 2017. They later released their second EP, "In Decline", on November 15, 2019.


title: Exophthalmos

text: Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.


title: Exophthalmos

text: In the case of Graves' disease, the displacement of the eye results from abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles, which can be visualized by CT or MRI.


title: Exophthalmos

text: If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eyelids to fail to close during sleep, leading to corneal dryness and damage. Another possible complication is a form of redness or irritation called superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, in which the area above the cornea becomes inflamed as a result of increased friction when blinking. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery, and lead to blindness.


title: Exophthalmos

text: Proptosis is the anterior displacement of the eye from the orbit. Since the orbit is closed off posteriorly, medially and laterally, any enlargement of structures located within will cause the anterior displacement of the eye. Swelling or enlargement of the lacrimal gland causes inferior medial and anterior dislocation of the eye. This is because the lacrimal glands are located superiorly and laterally in the orbit.


title: Exophthalmos

text: Exophthalmos is commonly found in dogs. It is seen in brachycephalic (short-nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. It can lead to keratitis secondary to exposure of the cornea. Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the pug, Boston terrier, Pekingese, and shih tzu. It is a common result of head trauma and pressure exerted on the front of the neck too hard in dogs. In cats, eye proptosis is uncommon and is often accompanied by facial fractures.


title: Exophthalmos

text: About 40% of proptosed eyes retain vision after being replaced in the orbit, but in cats very few retain vision. Replacement of the eye requires general anesthesia. The eyelids are pulled outward, and the eye is gently pushed back into place. The eyelids are sewn together in a procedure known as tarsorrhaphy for about five days to keep the eye in place. Replaced eyes have a higher rate of keratoconjunctivitis sicca and keratitis and often require lifelong treatment. If the damage is severe, the eye is removed in a relatively simple surgery known as enucleation of the eye.


title: Exophthalmos

text: The prognosis for a replaced eye is determined by the extent of damage to the cornea and sclera, the presence or absence of a pupillary light reflex, and the presence of ruptured rectus muscles. The rectus muscles normally help hold the eye in place and direct eye movement. Rupture of more than two rectus muscles usually requires the eye to be removed, because significant blood vessel and nerve damage also usually occurs. Compared to brachycephalic breeds, dochilocephalic (long-nosed) breeds usually have more trauma to the eye and its surrounding structures, so the prognosis is worse.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: Njan Prakashan ("") is a 2018 Indian Malayalam-language satirical comedy film directed by Sathyan Anthikad and written by Sreenivasan and starring Fahadh Faasil in the titular role. Sethu Mannarkkad produced the film under the banner of Full Moon Cinema. The film was released on 21 December 2018 to highly positive reviews. At the box office, it grossed ₹52 crore worldwide in 40 days into release, becoming one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: The story of a man named Prakashan who yearns to go to foreign countries, particularly Germany. He finds that his name is a bit old-fashioned so changes his name to P. R. Akash just to sound more modern. Though qualified as a nurse, he vehemently opposes the idea of entering the nursing profession because of its lower pay and thankless nature. He shows a sexist view toward this career, believing that it is suited to women rather than men. He actively tries to go abroad by marrying a foreign citizen and thus acquiring a family visa, followed by dumping her and living his life.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: As a foundation for his plan, he tries his hand at rekindling an old flame with his ex-girlfriend Salomi despite the fact that she is a nurse. Salomi is on the verge of migrating to Germany for significantly higher wages. He digresses from his original plan to start fresh, and tries to re-ignite his unfulfilled love with Salomi, learns German and foresees Germany as his final destination.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: He confides in his local guardian Gopalji, a former student of his father, that the affection showered on Salomi was a lie so that he could obtain a visa in conjunction with the existing emigration rules. However, when Prakashan visits them later, he discovers that they still require a significant amount of money for the visa. Though they were planning to mortgage their house, they need the signature of Salomi's aunt, who is practicing in Italy as a nun and will not return to Kerala. Consequently, he sells his motorbike and persuades Gopalji to steal a necklace from his wife, which gets Gopalji into trouble with the police. Ironically, Salomi cheats Prakashan along with her family and manages to use him for money to get to Germany. There, she marries a German citizen to remain in the country. Realizing that she exploited him and his family, Prakashan leaves his visa acquiring scam then and there and stays in Kerala.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: He then works doing manual labor for Gopalji to repay his debt for the necklace, and later resorts to a related profession of a home nurse. He takes up the job with Tina Mol, the feisty daughter of a rich mother, who loves junk food. Though initially she sets her dog loose on him after he refused to let her friend Shruthi deliver a burger, they develop a remarkably close relationship. Prakashan also develops a romantic interest for Shruti. During a discussion where Tina expresses her desire to meet her father before dying, Prakashan tells her that she has her whole life ahead of her to do so. She then reveals to him that she is terminally ill with a malignant brain cyst, at which point she starts bleeding from the ear. After her family doctor treats her, Prakashan recounts a similar case in America where a terminally ill cancer patient was cured just by laughing and enjoying his life - he thus tries to improve her quality of life through inviting her schoolmates over, playing badminton with her and so on.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: However, Tina unexpectedly dies during one of Prakashan's stories despite his efforts to revive her. This has a profound impact on him, with Prakashan transforming himself into a realistic and grounded human being, a sensitive nursing professional where he realizes that nursing is more than just a way of income, but rather, a way to help people in need.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: Sathyan Anthikkad is directing a film written by Sreenivasan after 16 years. Fahadh Faasil was selected for the leading role. "Njan Prakashan" was produced by Full Moon Cinema. Its filming began in mid-July 2018 and was wrapped up in early October. Anthikkad initially named the film "Malayali" and received approval from Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce, but was changed after knowing that there was already a Malayalam film with that name.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: The film grossed nearly ₹20 crore from Kerala box office with a distributor's share of ₹8.9 crore, as of 9 January 2019. In overseas, the film grossed $12,080 in Australia and $19,390 in New Zealand in the opening weekend (3 days). In three weekends, it grossed $23,302 and $29,177 in Australia and New Zealand, respectively. It grossed £26,772 from 28 sites in the United Kingdom in the opening weekend. In three weekends, it grossed £80,029 (₹73.63 lakh) in the UK. It grossed $81,484 (₹56.86 lakh) in the United States opening weekend. In six weekends, it grossed $272,945 (₹1.96 crore) in the US. With a total of $278,000, "Njan Prakashan" became the highest-grossing Malayalam film in the US, surpassing "Pulimurugan" ($258,000). The film earned a global theatrical revenue of 52 crore in 40 days, becoming one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time. The film ran for 101 days in Kerala box office.


title: Njan Prakashan

text: Sajin Shrijith of "The New Indian Express" rated 4 in a scale of 5 and wrote: ""Njan Prakashan" is a laugh-out-loud comedy, and has more than enough to satisfy anyone looking for two hours of pure entertainment; but since this is a film about life, a couple of dark moments are to be expected ... Thankfully, Anthikad keeps the film free of old-fashioned melodrama". Anjana George of "The Times of India" rated 4 out of 5 stars and wrote: "As PR Akash transforms to Prakashan and realises the beauty of life and God’s own country, we will definitely welcome back Sreenivasan and Sathyan Anthikad, whose films even after three decades manage to encapsulate the Malayali psyche". Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" gave 4 out of 5 stars and said: ""Njan Prakashan" inhabits familiar Anthikad territory yet within the familiar, the director manages to unearth the refreshing and the new. It is hard to explain what the film is about because it is not about anything in particular, yet it is about anything that matters - life, death and the relationships that come in between".


title: Njan Prakashan

text: S. R. Praveen of "The Hindu" wrote: "movie sticks faithfully to the Antikad – Sreenivasan playbook ... while "Njan Prakashan" might satisfy those who yearn for more of the same from the 90s' Sathyan-Sreeni world, it would be a disappointment for those looking for novelty". Sify's critic rated 2.5 in a scale of 5, writing ""Njan Prakashan" has a shaky first half but a relatively more convincing second half ... There are some laughs in the beginning but the comedy becomes predictable and the situations become less interesting ... Sreenivasan’s script lacks the punch of some of his gems from the past and this one becomes a rehash of a few of Sathyan Anthikad’s own earlier movies". Cris from "The News Minute" wrote: "All the characters are written superficially, without any depth or originality. It's like a series of skits put together ... the movie itself would have felt more real, and as adorable as it was meant to be, if it were fresher, deeper and not the kind we've seen a dozen times before."


title: Sally Carrera

text: Sally Carrera is a fictional character in Pixar's "Cars" franchise. Sally is a 2002 Porsche 911 Carerra, and the character is modeled after Dawn Welch, the proprietor of Rock Cafe in Oklahoma. Sally is the town attorney for Radiator Springs, having moved from California, where she was a successful lawyer. She is voiced by Bonnie Hunt.


title: Sally Carrera

text: Sally is the love interest of Piston Cup racer Lightning McQueen, who is sentenced to community service after traffic-related convictions. Sally tries to talk the judge into directing McQueen to repair Main Street. Sally also makes an appearance in "Cars 3".


title: Sally Carrera

text: In the film, Sally owns the Cozy Cone Motel, a newly refurbished tourist court similar in design to a Wigwam Motel in Holbrook, Arizona but with each individual motel room constructed as an oversized traffic cone. She has cones all around her shop, inside and out; even the lamps, planters and alarm clocks follow the theme. Neon lighting at the Cozy Cone, one of the first historic restoration efforts in Radiator Springs, displays the "100% Refrigerated Air" slogan of Tucumcari's historic US 66 Blue Swallow Motel.


title: Sally Carrera

text: She once was a successful California lawyer but, unhappy, chose to leave the state to settle in the small U.S. Route 66 town.


title: Sally Carrera

text: Sally is a 2002 Porsche 911 Carrera on a slightly-shortened wheelbase and has a pinstripe tattoo on her back. Pixar had initially wanted a classic Porsche for the role, but were convinced by Bob Carlson at Porsche to make her the latest model. Pixar's animators, modelers and sound crews obtained access to real Porsche 911-series vehicles to meticulously create an animated Sally who looks, moves and responds in a similar manner to the original automobile.


title: Sally Carrera

text: According to director John Lasseter. "Sally is the one modern car in the town of Radiator Springs. She's beautiful. It's interesting that people mostly think of a Porsche as powerful and a guy's car, but the lines on a Porsche are so beautiful that it fits perfectly for the character of Sally."


title: Sally Carrera

text: Her character is modeled on Dawn Welch of the historic Rock Café on U.S. Route 66 in Oklahoma, an advocate of the promotion and restoration of Stroud, Oklahoma after the town had been both bypassed by the Turner Turnpike and heavily damaged by a 1999 F3 tornado. Welch had long traveled cross-country promoting Route 66 and rallying support for keeping it alive. Like Sally, Dawn Welch is a relative newcomer to U.S. Route 66, having left the travel industry to purchase the Rock Café in 1993 and list it on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Originally, Sally was going to be a Ford Mustang, but Pixar animators found that the large grill too closely resembled a mustache.


title: Sally Carrera

text: Sally is instrumental in convincing the local judge to direct McQueen to repair the town's Main Street, a section of the now-bypassed U.S. Route 66, as a community service obligation upon his conviction in traffic court. Sally often calls Lightning McQueen "Stickers", at first because of his fake headlights and later as a friendly nickname. Her desire that McQueen stay to assist in rebuilding the town places her at odds with Doc's intransigence that "I want him out of my courtroom. I want him out of our town!", motivated by his desire to break all ties with a racing community which once abandoned him.


title: Sally Carrera

text: Sally leads McQueen on a leisurely drive on picturesque but serpentine mountain roads through Tailfin Pass to the vacant Wheel Well Motel, an abandoned motor court and filling station near a scenic lookout point with a wide panoramic view of Ornament Valley, Radiator Springs and the entire surrounding region (including US 66 and I-40). Surrounding scenery strongly resembles Arizona landmarks such as Havasu Falls near Grand Canyon National Park or Monument Valley. She also appears to be able to speak Italian at least when she sometimes talks to Guido.


title: Sally Carrera

text: She explains the history of the town with a nostalgic flashback, describing the two-lane Route 66's busy heyday and the construction of the parallel but unconnected six-lane I-40; the fact that it would not connect with Radiator Springs was unknown to the excited locals, who were expecting a new influx of visitors. The disappearance of cars from Main Street on the new highway's completion is every bit as abrupt as that (described to the film's makers by Arizona business people Angel and Juan Delgadillo) when I-40 opened in Seligman on September 22, 1978. When Interstate 40 is completed, US 66, Radiator Springs and Ornament Valley are all seen to simultaneously vanish from road maps as all highway traffic on 66 disappears and local businesses close, their business names fading into the underlying brickwork.


title: Sally Carrera

text: Lamenting that "the town got bypassed just to save ten minutes of driving", she often wishes to have seen the community in its heyday. Her efforts are devoted to historic restoration and tireless promotion of "Radiator Springs, the glorious jewel strung on the necklace of Route 66, the mother road". The town has been without clients for years, even though there are no services on the new road. As the task of rebuilding is huge (the Rock Café, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, represented a $60,000 restoration effort) she needs to convince a long-demoralised local populace not only that the town can be fixed but also that "we're a town worth fixing" and that "someday, we'll find a way to get this place back on the map."


title: Sally Carrera

text: Her ultimate objective is to get the once busy and neon-lit 1950s main street rebuilt to its former historic glory and obtain much-needed publicity for the town to restore "Radiator Springs" to highway signage and "Historic Route 66" to standard printed road maps. Sally serves as a vehicle to deliver a message which individual small towns, historic preservationists, route 66 associations, chambers of commerce, route 66 businesspeople and various long-time fans of the mother road have tried to convey for many years since US 66 became a decommissioned highway in 1985, largely removing the route from maps.


title: Sally Carrera

text: After the big race is complete, McQueen and Sally rebuild and reopen the Wheel Well as a bed and breakfast, restoring the historic 1930s fuel pumps to its forecourt. (A third motel in the area, the long-abandoned "Glenn Rio Motel", is shown briefly but does not return as a motel. She also appears in Cars 3 and attended the race where McQueen had his crash.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: Kalighat Kali Temple is a Hindu temple in Kalighat, Kolkata, West Bengal, India dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali. It is one of the Shakti Peethas.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: Kalighat was a Ghat (landing stage) sacred to Kali on the old course (Adi Ganga) of the Hooghly river (Bhāgirathi) in the city of Kolkata. The name Kolkata is said to have been derived from the word Kalikata devi of Kalighat Temple. The river over a period of time has moved away from the temple. The temple is now on the banks of a small canal called Adi Ganga which connects to the Hooghly. The Adi Ganga was the original course of the river Hooghly. Hence the name "Adi" (original) "Ganga".


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: Kalighat is regarded as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas of India, where the various parts of Sati's body are said to have fallen, in the course of Shiva's Rudra Tandava. Kalighat represents the site where the toes of the right foot of Dakshayani or Sati fell.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: Kalighat is also associated with the worship offered to Kali by a Dasanami Monk by name Chowranga Giri, and the Chowringee area of Calcutta is said to have been named after him.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: The Kalighat temple in its present form is only about 200 years old, although it has been referred to in Mansar Bhasan composed in the 15th century, and Kavi Kankan Chandi in the 17th century. The present structure of the temple was completed under the Sabarna Roy Chowdhury family's patronage in 1809. Santosh Roy Chowdhury, a Kali devotee himself, started the construction of the present-day temple in 1798. It took 11 years to complete the construction. The factual authenticity of Roy Chowdhurys' being the traditional patron of the deity is disputed. Mention of the Kali temple is also found in Lalmohon Bidyanidhis's 'Sambanda Nirnoy". Only two types of coins of Chandragupta II, who incorporated Vanga in the Gupta Empire, are known from Bengal. His Archer-type coins, which became the most popular type of coinage with the Gupta rulers after Kumaragupta I, have been found in Kalighat. This is evidence of the antiquity of the place.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: This is a rectangular altar about three feet high bearing a small cactus plant. Beneath the tree, on an altar three stones are placed side by side - left to right representing the goddesses Shashthi (Shoshti), Shitala and Mangal Chandi. This sacred spot is known as Shoshti Tala or Monosha Tala. This altar was constructed by Gobinda Das Mondal in 1880. The place of the altar is the Samadhi of Brahmananda Giri. Here all the priests are female. No daily worship or offering of Bhog (food offering) is done here. The goddesses here are considered as part of Kali.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: A large rectangular covered platform called Natmandir has been erected adjacent to the main temple, from where the face of the image can be seen. This was originally built by Zamindar Kasinath Roy in 1835. It has been subsequently renovated often.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: The spacious verandah of the main temple facing the image is known as Jor Bangla. Rituals occurring inside the sanctum sanctorum are visible from the Natmandir through the Jor Bangla.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: This is the spot adjacent to the Natmandir, southwards meant for Bali (sacrifice). There are two Sacrificial altars for animal sacrifices side by side. These are known as Hari-Kath.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: This temple is known as Shyama-raya temple and is situated inside the temple at the west side of the main temple. In 1723, a settlement officer of Murshidabad district first erected a separate temple for Radha-Krishna. In 1843 a Zamindar called Udoy Narayan erected the present temple in the same spot. The Dolmancha was founded in 1858 by Madan Koley of Saha Nagar. There is a separate kitchen for preparation of vegetarian Bhog (food offering) for Radha-Krishna.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: This is the sacred tank situated in the south-east of the temple outside the boundary walls. Present area of the tank is approximately 10 cottahs. In the past it was bigger and called 'Kaku-Kunda'. The 'Sati-Anga' (the right toe of Sati) was discovered from this tank. It is believed that taking a dip in this small pond/ tank can bestow one with the boon of a child. The water from this tank is regarded as sacred as that of the Ganges. Pilgrims practice the holy dipping event called "Snan Yatra".


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: There had been futile efforts in the past of draining the water from the tank for cleaning, which creates a strong possibility of a subterranean link with the Adi Ganga.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: The Temple at Kalighat is revered as an important Shakti Pith, by the Shaktism sect of Hinduism. The mythology of Daksha yajna and Sati's self immolation is the story behind the origin of Shakti Peethas.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: Daksha, the son of Brahma was an ancient entity called Prajapati or the keeper of the beings in Hinduism. He had a lot of daughters, one of whom was Sati, an incarnation of the Primordial Mother Goddess or Shakti. She was married to Shiva, the ascetic, whose abode was in the cold and snowy recesses of the Kailasa Parvat. Daksha had frowned upon the marriage, as Shiva was a penniless man, quite unlike the King that Daksha was. In time, Daksha decided that he would arrange a yajna or a ritual where he would invite all the gods, except for Shiva. Sati, his daughter came to her father's place, uninvited and faced a flurry of insults from her father about her husband. Unable to bear the insults, she immolated herself. The news of the death of his beloved wife set Shiva on a delirious rage, as he started the Tandav or the Dance of Destruction with the body of Sati, calming down, only when Vishnu managed to chop her body down into fifty one pieces, which would fall all over the length and breadth of India. (A lot of these places are in modern day Pakistan and Bangladesh as well.)


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: Shakti Peethas or divine seats of Shakti or the Primordial Mother Goddess, thus came into being wherever these severed parts of Sati's body had fallen.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: Each of the 51 Peethas have a temple dedicated to the Shakti or the Primordial Mother, and a temple dedicated to the Bhairava or Shiva, the All-Father, essentially forming important historical centres to mark the marriage of Shaivism and Shaktism, and also the philosophical fact that a man is nothing without his Shakti or Woman and vice versa.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: The Shakti here is thus Dakshina Kali (the benevolent Mother of the World) while the Bhairav being Nakulish or Nakuleshwar.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: It is believed that the right big toe of Sati (according to another opinion, four toes of right leg) fell here at Kalighat. However, some Puranas also mention that the Mukha Khanda (face) of the Goddess fell here, got fossilized, and is stored and worshipped here.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: The 51 Shakti Peethas are linked to the 51 alphabets in Sanskrit, each carrying the power to invoke one of the goddesses associated with them. These Alphabets are called Beeja Mantras or the seeds of the primordial sounds of creation. The Beeja Mantra for Dakshina Kali is Krīm.


title: Kalighat Kali Temple

text: The mythological texts which include the Kalika Purana (Ashtashakti,) recognize the four major Shakti Peethas—Bimala where resides the Pada Khanda (feet) (the temple is inside the Jagannath Temple, Puri, Odisha), Tara Tarini housing the Stana Khanda (Breasts), (near Brahmapur, Odisha), Kamakhya, Yoni khanda (Vulva) (near Guwahati, Assam) and Dakshina Kalika, Mukha khanda (in Kolkata, West Bengal) originated from the lifeless body of the goddess Sati.


title: Boursin cheese

text: Boursin is a brand of Gournay cheese. It is a soft creamy cheese available in a variety of flavours, with a flavour and texture somewhat similar to cream cheese.


title: Boursin cheese

text: The first Boursin flavour, Garlic and Fine Herbs, was created in 1957 by François Boursin, a cheese maker from Normandy. Boursin's product was derived from a traditional party dish, fromage frais (French for "fresh cheese"); guests would take their cheese and add herbs for flavour. His recipe would be the first flavoured cheese product to be sold nationally in France.


title: Boursin cheese

text: Boursin cheese was first developed in Normandy, and at one time was produced exclusively in Croisy-sur-Eure, France, by the Boursin company. In 1990, the Boursin name was acquired by Unilever, who sold it to Groupe Bel in November 2007 for €400 million.


title: Boursin cheese

text: The brand was advertised on television from 1 October 1968 on, when French television allowed commercial breaks for the first time. In 1972 their iconic advertising slogan: "Du pain, du vin, du Boursin" (English: "Some bread, some wine, some Boursin") was launched. This slogan was later modified to "Du pain, du Boursin, on est bien" ("Some bread, some Boursin, we are good.")


title: Second English Civil War

text: The Second English Civil War took place between February to August 1648 in England and Wales. It forms part of the series of conflicts known collectively as the 1639-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which include the 1641–1653 Irish Confederate Wars, the 1639-1640 Bishops' Wars, and the 1649–1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Following his defeat in the First English Civil War, in May 1646 Charles I surrendered to the Scots Covenanters, rather than Parliament. By doing so, he hoped to exploit divisions between English and Scots Presbyterians, and English Independents. At this stage, all parties expected Charles to continue as king, which combined with their internal divisions, allowed him to refuse significant concessions. When the Presbyterian majority in Parliament failed to dissolve the New Model Army in late 1647, many joined with the Scottish Engagers in an agreement to restore Charles to the English throne.


title: Second English Civil War

text: The Scottish invasion was supported by Royalist risings in South Wales, Kent, Essex and Lancashire, along with sections of the Royal Navy. However, these were poorly co-ordinated and by the end of August 1648, they had been defeated by forces under Oliver Cromwell and Sir Thomas Fairfax. This led to the Execution of Charles I in January 1649 and establishment of the Commonwealth of England, after which the Covenanters crowned his son Charles II king of Scotland, leading to the 1650 to 1652 Anglo-Scottish War.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Charles I ruled the three separate kingdoms of Scotland, Ireland and England in a personal union, which is why the conflicts that started in 1639 and lasted until 1651 are generally known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The 1639 and 1640 Bishops' Wars began when Charles attempted to bring the Church of Scotland or kirk into line with reforms recently enacted within the Church of England. Known as Laudianism, these changes were opposed by English Puritans and the vast majority of Scots, many of whom signed the National Covenant pledging to preserve the kirk by force of arms. Known as Covenanters, their victory in the Bishops' Wars confirmed their control of Scotland and provided momentum for the king's opponents in England. The Covenanters passed laws that required all civil office-holders, MPs and clerics to sign the Covenant, and gave Parliament the right to approve all Royal councillors in Scotland.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Tensions about religion and the governance of the nation were also rising in England. All parties agreed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was divinely mandated, but they disagreed on what 'well-ordered' meant, particularly with regards to the balance of power between king and Parliament, and on the question of where ultimate authority in clerical affairs lay. Royalists generally supported a Church of England governed by bishops, appointed by, and answerable to, the king; Parliamentarians believed he ought to be answerable to the leaders of the church, who should be appointed by their congregations. The relationship between Charles and his English Parliament eventually broke down entirely, resulting in the outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642.


title: Second English Civil War

text: In England Charles's supporters, the Royalists, were opposed by the combined forces of the Parliamentarians and the Scots. In 1643 the latter pair formed an alliance bound by the Solemn League and Covenant, in which the English Parliament agreed to reform the English church along similar lines to the Scottish Kirk in return for the Scots' military assistance. After four years of war the Royalists were defeated and Charles surrendered to the Scots on 5 May 1646. The Scots agreed with the English Parliament on a peace settlement which would be put before the king. Known as the Newcastle Propositions, it would have required all the king's subjects in Scotland, England and Ireland to sign the Solemn League and Covenant, brought the church in each kingdom into accordance with the Covenant and with Presbyterianism, and ceded much of Charles's secular authority as King of England to the English Parliament. The Scots spent some months trying to persuade Charles to agree to these terms, but he refused to do so. Under pressure from the English to withdraw their forces now the war was over, the Scots handed Charles over to the English Parliamentary forces in exchange for a financial settlement and left England on 3 February 1647.


title: Second English Civil War

text: In England, Parliament was struggling with the economic cost of the war, a poor 1646 harvest, and a recurrence of the plague. The moderate Presbyterian faction led by Denzil Holles dominated Parliament and was supported by the London Trained Bands, the Army of the Western Association, leaders like Rowland Laugharne in Wales, and elements of the English navy. By March 1647, the New Model Army was owed more than £3 million in unpaid wages; Parliament ordered it to Ireland, stating only those who agreed to go would be paid. When their representatives demanded full payment for all in advance, it was ordered that it be disbanded, but its leaders refused to do so.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Charles now engaged in separate negotiations with different factions. Presbyterian English Parliamentarians and the Scots wanted him to accept a modified version of the Newcastle Propositions, but in June 1647, Cornet George Joyce of the New Model Army seized Charles, and the army council pressed him to accept the Heads of Proposals, a less demanding set of terms which, crucially, did not require a Presbyterian reformation of the church. On 26 July pro-Presbyterian rioters burst into Parliament, demanding that Charles be invited to London; fearing that the king might be restored without concessions, the New Model Army took control of the city in early August, while the Army Council re-established their authority over the rank and file by suppressing the Corkbush Field mutiny. The Eleven Members of Parliament whom the army identified as opposed to its interests were removed forcibly, and on August 20, Oliver Cromwell brought a regiment of cavalry to Hyde Park, rode with an escort to Parliament and pushed through the Null and Void Ordinance, leading to the Presbyterian MPs withdrawing from Parliament. Charles eventually rejected the Heads of Proposals, and instead signed an offer known as the Engagement, which had been thrashed out with the Scottish delegation, on 26 December 1647. Charles agreed to confirm the Solemn League and Covenant by Act of Parliament in both kingdoms, and to accept Presbyterianism in England, but only for a trial period of three years, in return for the Scots' assistance in regaining his throne in England.


title: Second English Civil War

text: When the delegation returned to Edinburgh with the Engagement, the Scots were bitterly divided on whether to ratify its terms. Its supporters, who became known as the Engagers, argued that it offered the best chance the Scots would get of acceptance of the Covenant across the three kingdoms, and that rejecting it risked pushing Charles to accept the Heads of Proposals. It was opposed by those who believed that to send an army into England on behalf of the king would be to break the Solemn League and Covenant, and that it offered no guarantee of a lasting Presbyterian church in England; the Kirk went so far as to issue a declaration on 5 May 1648 condemning the Engagement as a breach of God's law. After a protracted political struggle, the Engagers gained a majority in the Scottish Parliament, and it was accepted.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Wales was a sensitive area, since most of it had been Royalist during the war, while Harlech Castle was the last of their strongpoints to surrender in March 1647. The interception of secret messages between Charles and the Irish Confederacy made it important to secure ports like Cardiff and Milford Haven, since they controlled shipping routes with Ireland. The Army Council viewed the local commanders, John Poyer and Rowland Laugharne, with suspicion, since they supported the Parliamentarian moderates. In July, Horton was sent to replace Laugharne, and secure these positions.


title: Second English Civil War

text: The revolt began in Pembrokeshire, an area controlled by Parliament since early 1643. Like their New Model colleagues, the soldiers had not been paid for months, and feared being disbanded without their wages. In early March, Poyer, Governor of Pembroke Castle, refused to relinquish command; he was soon joined by Rice Powell, who commanded Tenby Castle, then by Laugharne. What began as a dispute over pay turned political when the Welsh rebels made contact with Charles. Most Royalists had sworn not to bear arms against Parliament and did not participate, one exception being Sir Nicholas Kemeys, who held Chepstow Castle for the king. By the end of April, Laugharne had assembled around 8,000 troops, and was marching on Cardiff, but was defeated at St Fagans on 8 May.


title: Second English Civil War

text: This ended the revolt as a serious threat, although Pembroke Castle did not surrender until 11 July, with a minor rising in North Wales suppressed at Y Dalar Hir in June and Anglesey retaken from the rebels in early October. The Welsh rising is generally not considered part of a planned, Royalist plot, but largely accidental; however, its retention was vital for future operations in Ireland.


title: Second English Civil War

text: A precursor to Kent's Second Civil War had come on Wednesday, 22 December 1647, when Canterbury's town crier had proclaimed the county committee's order for the suppression of Christmas Day and its treatment as any other working day. However, a large crowd gathered on Christmas to demand a church service, decorate doorways with holly bushes, and keep the shops shut. This crowd – under the slogan "For God, King Charles, and Kent" – then descended into violence and riot, with a soldier being assaulted, the mayor's house attacked, and the city under the rioters' control for several weeks until forced to surrender in early January.


title: Second English Civil War

text: On 21 May 1648, Kent rose in revolt in the King's name, and a few days later a most serious blow to the Independents was struck by the defection of the Navy, from command of which they had removed Vice-Admiral William Batten, as being a Presbyterian. Though a former Lord High Admiral, the Earl of Warwick, also a Presbyterian, was brought back to the service, it was not long before the Navy made a purely Royalist declaration and placed itself under the command of the Prince of Wales. But Fairfax had a clearer view and a clearer purpose than the distracted Parliament. He moved quickly into Kent, and on the evening of 1 June, stormed Maidstone by open force, after which the local levies dispersed to their homes, and the more determined Royalists, after a futile attempt to induce the City of London to declare for them, fled into Essex.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Before leaving for Essex, Fairfax delegated command of the Parliamentarian forces to Colonel Nathaniel Rich to deal with the remnants of the Kentish revolt in the east of the county, where the naval vessels in the Downs had gone over to the Royalists and Royalist forces had taken control of the three previously Parliamentarian "castles of the Downs" (Walmer, Deal, and Sandown) and were trying to take control of Dover Castle. Rich arrived at Dover on 5 June 1648 and prevented the attempt, before moving to the Downs. He took almost a month to retake Walmer (15 June to 12 July), before moving on to Deal and Sandown castles. Even then, due to the small size of Rich's force, he was unable to surround both Sandown and Deal at once and the two garrisons were able to send help to each other. At Deal he was also under bombardment from the Royalist warships, which had arrived on 15 July but been prevented from landing reinforcements. On the 16th, thirty Flemish ships arrived with about 1500 mercenaries and – though the ships soon left when the Royalists ran out of money to pay them – this incited sufficient Kentish fear of foreign invasion to allow Sir Michael Livesey to raise a large enough force to come to Colonel Rich's aid.


title: Second English Civil War

text: On 28 July, the Royalist warships returned and, after three weeks of failed attempts to land a relief force at Deal, on the night of 13 August managed to land 800 soldiers and sailors under cover of darkness. This force might have been able to surprise the besieging Parliamentarian force from the rear had it not been for a Royalist deserter who alerted the besiegers in time to defeat the Royalists, with less than a hundred of them managing to get back to the ships (though 300 managed to flee to Sandown Castle). Another attempt at landing soon afterwards also failed and, when on 23 August news was fired into Deal Castle on an arrow of Cromwell's victory at Preston, most Royalist hope was lost and two days later Deal's garrison surrendered, followed by Sandown on 5 September. This finally ended the Kentish rebellion. Rich was made Captain of Deal Castle, a position he held until 1653 and in which he spent around £500 on repairs.


title: Second English Civil War

text: In Cornwall, Northamptonshire, North Wales, and Lincolnshire the revolt collapsed as easily as that in Kent. Only in South Wales, Essex, and the north of England was there serious fighting. In the first of these districts, South Wales, Cromwell rapidly reduced all the fortresses except Pembroke. Here Laugharne, Poyer, and Powel held out with the desperate courage of deserters.


title: Second English Civil War

text: In the north, Pontefract Castle was surprised by the Royalists, and shortly afterwards Scarborough Castle declared for the King as well. Fairfax, after his success at Maidstone and the pacification of Kent, turned northward to reduce Essex, where, under their ardent, experienced, and popular leader Sir Charles Lucas, the Royalists were in arms in great numbers. Fairfax soon drove Lucas into Colchester, but the first attack on the town was repulsed and he had to settle down to a long and wearisome siege.


title: Second English Civil War

text: A Surrey rising is remembered for the death of the young and gallant Lord Francis Villiers, younger brother of George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, in a skirmish at Kingston (7 July 1648). The rising collapsed almost as soon as it had gathered force, and its leaders, the Duke of Buckingham and Henry Rich, the Earl of Holland, escaped, after another attempt to induce London to declare for them, to St Albans and St Neots, where Holland was taken prisoner. Buckingham escaped overseas.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Major-General John Lambert, a brilliant young Parliamentarian commander of twenty-nine, was more than equal to the situation. He left the sieges of Pontefract Castle and Scarborough Castle to Colonel Edward Rossiter, and hurried into Cumberland to deal with the English Royalists under Sir Marmaduke Langdale. With his cavalry, Lambert got into touch with the enemy about Carlisle and slowly fell back to Bowes and Barnard Castle. Lambert fought small rearguard actions to annoy the enemy and gain time. Langdale did not follow him into the mountains. Instead, he occupied himself in gathering recruits, supplies of material, and food for the advancing Scots.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Lambert, reinforced from the Midlands, reappeared early in June and drove Langdale back to Carlisle with his work half finished. About the same time, the local cavalry of Durham and Northumberland were put into the field for the Parliamentarians by Sir Arthur Hesilrige, governor of Newcastle. On 30 June, under the direct command of Colonel Robert Lilburne, these mounted forces won a considerable success at the River Coquet.


title: Second English Civil War

text: This reverse, coupled with the existence of Langdale's Royalist force on the Cumberland side, practically compelled Hamilton to choose the west coast route for his advance. His Scottish Engager army began slowly to move down the long couloir between the mountains and the sea. The Campaign of Preston which followed is one of the most brilliant in English history.


title: Second English Civil War

text: On 8 July 1648, when the Scottish Engager army crossed the border in support of the English Royalists, the military situation was well defined. For the Parliamentarians, Cromwell besieged Pembroke in West Wales, Fairfax besieged Colchester in Essex, and Colonel Rossiter besieged Pontefract and Scarborough in the north. On 11 July, Pembroke fell and Colchester followed on 28 August. Elsewhere the rebellion, which had been put down by rapidity of action rather than sheer weight of numbers, smouldered, and Charles, the Prince of Wales, with the fleet cruised along the Essex coast. Cromwell and Lambert, however, understood each other perfectly, while the Scottish commanders quarrelled with each other and with Langdale.


title: Second English Civil War

text: As the English uprisings were close to collapse, Royalist hopes centred on the Engager Scottish army . It was not the same veteran army of the Earl of Leven, which had long been disbanded. For the most part it consisted of raw levies. The Kirk party had refused to sanction the Engagement (an agreement between Charles I and the Scots Parliament for the Scots to intervene in England on behalf of Charles), causing David Leslie and thousands of experienced officers and men to decline to serve. The leadership of the Duke of Hamilton proved to be poor and his army was so ill provided for that as soon as England was invaded it began to plunder the countryside for sustenance.


title: Second English Civil War

text: On 8 July the Scots, with Langdale leading an advance guard, were near Carlisle, and reinforcements from Ulster were expected daily. Lambert's cavalry were at Penrith, Hexham and Newcastle, too weak to fight and having only skillful leading and rapidity of movement to enable them to gain time. Appleby Castle surrendered to the Scots on 31 July, whereat Lambert, who was still hanging on to the flank of the Scottish advance, fell back from Barnard Castle to Richmond so as to close Wensleydale against any attempt of the invaders to march on Pontefract. All the restless energy of Langdale's cavalry were unable to dislodge Lambert from the passes or to find out what was behind that impenetrable cavalry screen. The crisis was now at hand. Cromwell had received the surrender of Pembroke Castle on 11 July, and had marched off, with his men unpaid, ragged and shoeless, at full speed through the Midlands. Rains and storms delayed his march, but he knew that the Duke of Hamilton in the broken ground of Westmorland was still worse off. Shoes from Northampton and stockings from Coventry met him at Nottingham, and gathering up the local levies as he went, he made for Doncaster, where he arrived on 8 August, having gained six days in advance of the time he had allowed himself for the march. He then called up artillery from Hull, exchanged his local levies for the regulars who were besieging Pontefract, and set off to meet Lambert. On 12 August he was at Wetherby, Lambert at Otley, Langdale at Skipton and Gargrave, Hamilton at Lancaster, and Sir George Monro with the Scots from Ulster and the Carlisle Royalists (organized as a separate command owing to friction between Monro and the generals of the main army) at Hornby. On 13 August, while Cromwell was marching to join Lambert at Otley, the Scottish leaders were still disputing whether they should make for Pontefract or continue through Lancashire so as to join Lord Byron and the Cheshire Royalists.


title: Second English Civil War

text: On 14 August 1648 Cromwell and Lambert were at Skipton, on 15 August at Gisburn, and on 16 August they marched down the valley of the Ribble towards Preston with full knowledge of the enemy's dispositions and full determination to attack him. They had with them troops from both the Army and the militias of Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland and Lancashire, and were heavily outnumbered, having only 8,600 men against perhaps 20,000 of Hamilton's command. But the latter were scattered for convenience of supply along the road from Lancaster, through Preston, towards Wigan, Langdale's corps having thus become the left flank guard instead of the advanced guard.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Langdale called in his advanced parties, perhaps with a view to resuming the duties of advanced guard, on the night of 13 August, and collected them near Longridge. It is not clear whether he reported Cromwell's advance, but, if he did, Hamilton ignored the report, for on 17 August Monro was half a day's march to the north, Langdale east of Preston, and the main army strung out on the Wigan road, Major-General William Baillie with a body of foot, the rear of the column, being still in Preston. Hamilton, yielding to the importunity of his lieutenant-general, James Livingston, 1st Earl of Callendar, sent Baillie across the Ribble to follow the main body just as Langdale, with 3,000 infantry and 500 cavalry, met the first shock of Cromwell's attack on Preston Moor. Hamilton, like Charles at Edgehill, passively shared in, without directing, the Battle of Preston, and, though Langdale's men fought fiercely, they were driven to the Ribble after four hours' struggle.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Baillie attempted to cover the Ribble and Darwen bridges on the Wigan road, but Cromwell had forced his way across both before nightfall. Pursuit was at once undertaken, and not relaxed until Hamilton had been driven through Wigan and Winwick to Uttoxeter and Ashbourne. There, pressed furiously in rear by Cromwell's cavalry and held up in front by the militia of the midlands, the remnant of the Scottish army laid down its arms on 25 August. Various attempts were made to raise the Royalist standard in Wales and elsewhere, but Preston was the death-blow. On 28 August, starving and hopeless of relief, the Colchester Royalists surrendered to Lord Fairfax.


title: Second English Civil War

text: The victors in the Second Civil War were not merciful to those who had brought war into the land again. On the evening of the surrender of Colchester, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle were shot. Laugharne, Poyer and Powel were sentenced to death, but Poyer alone was executed on 25 April 1649, being the victim selected by lot. Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into the hands of Parliament, three, the Duke of Hamilton, the Earl of Holland, and Lord Capel, one of the Colchester prisoners, were beheaded at Westminster on 9 March. Above all, after long hesitations, even after renewal of negotiations, the Army and the Independents conducted "Pride's Purge" of the House removing their ill-wishers, and created a court for the trial and sentence of King Charles I. At the end of the trial the 59 Commissioners (judges) found Charles I guilty of high treason, as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy". He was beheaded on a scaffold in front of the Banqueting House of the Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649. (After the Restoration in 1660, the regicides who were still alive and not living in exile were either executed or sentenced to life imprisonment.)


title: Second English Civil War

text: Pontefract Castle was noted by Oliver Cromwell as "[...] one of the strongest inland garrisons in the kingdom". Even in ruins, the castle held out in the north for the Royalists. Upon the execution of Charles I, the garrison recognised Charles II as King and refused to surrender. On 24 March 1649, almost two months after Charles was beheaded, the garrison of the last Royalist stronghold finally capitulated. Parliament had the remains of the castle demolished the same year.


title: Second English Civil War

text: Following Charles's execution, the Commonwealth of England was established. In Scotland, Charles II became the new king, the resulting tensions leading to the Third English Civil War in 1651.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: The lynching of Michael Donald in Mobile, Alabama, on March 21, 1981, was one of the last reported lynchings in the United States. Several Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members beat and killed Michael Donald, a 19-year-old African-American, and hung his body from a tree. One perpetrator, Henry Hays, was executed by electric chair in 1997, while another, James Knowles, was sentenced to life in prison after pleading guilty and testifying against Hays. A third man was convicted as an accomplice and also sentenced to life in prison, and a fourth was indicted but died before his trial could be completed.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Hays's execution was the first in Alabama since 1913 for a white-on-black crime. It was the only execution of a KKK member during the 20th century for the murder of an African American. Donald's mother, Beulah Mae Donald, brought a civil suit for wrongful death against the United Klans of America (UKA), to which the attackers belonged. In 1987 a jury awarded her damages of $7 million, which bankrupted the organization. This set a precedent for civil legal action for damages against other racist hate groups.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Michael Donald (July 24, 1961 – March 21, 1981) was born in Mobile, Alabama, the son of Beulah Mae (Greggory) Donald and David Donald, and was the youngest of six children. He attended local schools while growing up. In 1981, he was studying at a technical college, while working at the local newspaper, the "Mobile Press Register".


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Donald grew up in a city and state influenced by the passage in the mid-1960s of federal civil rights legislation that ended legal segregation and provided for federal oversight and enforcement of voting rights. African Americans could again participate in politics in the South; their ability to register to vote also meant that they were selected for juries.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: In 1981, Josephus Anderson, an African American charged with the murder of a white policeman in Birmingham, Alabama, during an armed robbery, was tried in Mobile, where the case had been moved in a change of venue. At a meeting held in Mobile while the jury was still deliberating, members of Unit 900 of the United Klans of America (UKA), Alabama Realm, complained that Anderson was not still convicted because the jury had African-American members. Bennie Jack Hays, the second-highest-ranking official in the UKA, reportedly said: "If a black man can get away with killing a white man, we ought to be able to get away with killing a black man." The first trial of Anderson ended with a dead-lock of the mixed white-black jury.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Anderson's case was retried, which resulted in another mistrial declared on all four counts on Friday March 20, 1981. The prosecutor announced his intention to retry the case for a third time. At 10 p.m., local media started to report the hung jury's second failure to reach a verdict. Following a meeting held together the same day, Henry Hays (aged 26) – Bennie Hays's son and the Exalted Cyclops of the UKA – along with James Llewellyn "Tiger" Knowles (aged 17), both drove around Mobile looking for a black person to attack, armed with a gun and equipped with a rope borrowed from Frank Cox, Hays's brother-in-law.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: While Hays and Knowles were cruising through one of Mobile's mostly black neighborhoods, they spotted Michael Donald walking home after he bought a pack of cigarettes at the nearby gas station for his sister. Without any link to the Anderson case or even a past criminal record, Donald was chosen at random for being black. The two UKA members lured him over to their car by asking him for directions to a local club and forced Donald into the car at gunpoint. The men then drove out to another county and took him to a secluded area in the woods near Mobile Bay.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Donald attempted to escape, knocking away Hays's gun and trying to run into the woods. The men pursued Donald, attacked him and beat him with a tree limb. Hays wrapped a rope around Donald's neck and pulled on it to strangle him while Knowles continued to beat Donald with a tree branch. Once Donald had stopped moving, Hays slit his throat three times to make sure he was dead. The men left Donald's lifeless body hanging from a tree on Herndon Avenue across the street from Hays's house in Mobile, where it remained until the next morning. The same night, two other UKA members burned a cross on the Mobile County courthouse lawn to celebrate the murder.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: While the local police chief suspected the Klan, officers first took three suspects into custody based on their possible involvement in a drug deal gone wrong; Donald's mother insisted that her son had not been involved in drugs. The police released the suspects at the conclusion of their investigation. Beulah Mae Donald contacted national civil rights activist Rev. Jesse Jackson, who organized a protest march in the city and demanded answers from the police.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: The FBI investigated the case and it was ready to close its investigation, but Thomas Figures, the Assistant U.S. Attorney in Mobile, asked the Dept. of Justice to authorize a second investigation. He worked closely with FBI agent James Bodman. His brother Michael Figures, a state senator and civil rights activist, served as an attorney to Beulah Mae Donald and also encouraged the investigation. Two and a half years later in 1983, Henry Hays and James Knowles were arrested. Knowles confessed to Bodman in 1983, and additional evidence was revealed during the civil trial initiated by Donald's mother Beulah Mae Donald in 1984, leading to the indictment of Benjamin Franklin Cox Jr., a truck driver, as an accomplice in the criminal case. Henry's father Bennie Hays was also indicted.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Henry Francis Hays (November 10, 1954 – June 6, 1997) was convicted of capital murder. The jury voted in favor of life imprisonment but the judge overruled the jury's verdict and sentenced Hays to death. He was incarcerated in the Holman Correctional Facility in Atmore, Alabama, while on death row. Hays was executed in "Yellow Mama", Alabama's electric chair, on June 6, 1997. Among the witnesses to the execution was Michael Donald's brother. The Associated Press reported that Hays was Alabama's first execution since 1913 for a white-on-black crime. Hays is the only known KKK member to have been executed in the 20th century for the murder of an African American.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: James Llewellyn "Tiger" Knowles was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1985 for violating the civil rights of Michael Donald, and pleaded guilty to civil rights violations in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama. By the end of the trial, he was 21 years old. U.S. District Court Judge W. Brevard Hand sentenced him to life in prison. Knowles avoided the death penalty by testifying against Hays, Cox, and other Klansmen at the trial. He had earlier testified that the slaying was done "to show Klan strength in Alabama." Knowles was paroled in 2010 after serving 25 years in prison.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Benjamin Franklin Cox Jr., a truck driver from Mobile who provided the rope, was initially discharged by a trial judge in 1984, citing Alabama's 3-year statute of limitations for criminal conspiracy, but an Alabama grand jury reindicted Cox for murder in 1987. Initially resulting in a mistrial in 1988, a second trial held on May 18, 1989 led to Cox's conviction for being an accomplice in Donald's killing. Mobile County Circuit Court judge Michael Zoghby sentenced the then 28-year-old Cox to life in prison. He has since been paroled.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: The elder Hays was indicted for inciting the murder. Tried some years later, his case ended in a mistrial when he collapsed in court. Judge Zoghby said that because of the illness of the elder Hays, then 71, he had no choice but to declare a mistrial. Hays's lawyer was willing to go forward with proceedings. Hays died of a heart attack before he could be retried.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Acting at the request of Beulah Mae Donald, Morris Dees, founder of the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, brought a wrongful death suit in 1984 against the United Klans of America in federal court in the Southern District of Alabama, according to the SPLC. The civil trial brought out evidence that enabled the criminal indictment and conviction of Cox as an accomplice, and of Bennie Jack Hays for inciting the murder.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: The original complaint was considered too vague to hold up, but Judge Alex T. Howard Jr. helped refine the legal theory of "agency," which held the Klan accountable for the acts of its members. This prevented the case from being dismissed before it could go to the jury. In 1987, an all-white jury had decided that rather than hold Knowles, the elder and younger Hayses liable, it found the entire UKA as a group to be at fault. The UKA was sentenced to damages of $7 million in the wrongful-death verdict in the case. The suit became a precedent for civil legal action against other racist hate groups in the United States.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Payment of the judgment bankrupted the United Klans of America. The group was forced to settle the suit by selling the title to its two-story "national headquarters" building for $51,875, the proceeds going to Donald's mother. She died the following year on September 17, 1988.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: In 2006, Mobile commemorated Michael Donald by renaming Herndon Avenue, where the murderers had hanged Donald's body, after Donald. Mobile's first black mayor, Sam Jones, presided over a small gathering of Donald's family and local leaders at the commemoration.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: Donald's murder has been the subject of several works of fiction and nonfiction. The Texan political commentator Molly Ivins told the story of the Donald family in her essay, "Beulah Mae Donald," which appeared in her 1991 anthology, "Molly Ivins Can't Say That, Can She?". Ravi Howard wrote a novel, "Like Trees, Walking" (2007), based on the murder. He won the Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary Excellence in 2008 for it. Laurence Leamer wrote a book, "The Lynching: The Epic Courtroom Battle That Brought Down the Klan" (2016), chronicling the case.


title: Lynching of Michael Donald

text: In film and television, the 1991 film "Line of Fire" (also called "Blind Hate") depicts the civil court case related to the murder. Ted Koppel created "The Last Lynching", a Discovery Channel television program about US civil rights history that aired in October 2008. It centered on the murder of Michael Donald, the criminal prosecution of his killers, and the civil suit against the UKA. The National Geographic's "Inside American Terror" series explored Donald's murder in a 2008 episode about the KKK. In 2021, CNN produced a four-episode miniseries, "The People v. The Klan", that focused on Beulah Mae Donald's lawsuit against the UKA.


title: Doge

text: A doge ( , ; plural dogi or doges) was an elected lord and head of state in several Italian city-states, notably Venice and Genoa, during the medieval and renaissance periods. Such states are referred to as "crowned republics".


title: Doge

text: The word is from the Venetian language, reaching English via French. ', along with the related English word "duke" and the Italian ", " (masculine) and ' (feminine) all descend from the Latin "", meaning either "spiritual leader" or "military commander". However, the words "duce" and "Duca" are not interchangeable. Moreover, "Duca" (duke) is an aristocratic and hereditary title. The wife of a doge is styled a "Dogaressa" and the office of the doge is termed "dogeship".


title: Doge

text: The title of "doge" was used for the elected chief of state in several Italian "crowned republics". The two best known such republics were Venice (where in Venetian he was called ) and Genoa (where he was called a ) which rivalled each other, and the other regional great powers, by building their historical city-states into maritime, commercial, and territorial empires. Other Italian republics to have doges were Amalfi and the small town of Senarica.


title: Doge

text: In several of his writings, Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism, proposed that the future Jewish State take the title of "Dog" for its head of state – but this was not taken up by the actual state of Israel.


title: Doge

text: After 1172 the election of the Venetian doge was entrusted to a committee of forty, who were chosen by four men selected from the Great Council of Venice, which was itself nominated annually by 12 persons. After a deadlocked tie at the election of 1229, the number of electors was increased from forty to forty-one. New regulations for the elections of the doge introduced in 1268 remained in force until the end of the republic in 1797. Their object was to minimize as far as possible the influence of individual great families, and this was effected by complex elective machinery. Thirty members of the Great Council, chosen by lot, were reduced by lot to nine; the nine chose forty and the forty were reduced by lot to twelve, who chose twenty-five. The twenty-five were reduced by lot to nine and the nine elected forty-five. Then the forty-five were once more reduced by lot to eleven, and the eleven finally chose the forty-one who elected the doge. None could be elected but by at least twenty-five votes out of forty-one, nine votes out of eleven or twelve, or seven votes out of nine electors.


title: Doge

text: Initially, the doge of Genoa was elected without restriction and by popular suffrage. Following reforms in 1528, plebeians were declared ineligible, and the appointment of the doge was entrusted to the members of the Great Council, the ".


title: Doge

text: In Venice, doges normally ruled for life, although a few were forcibly removed from office. While doges had great temporal power at first, after 1268, the doge was constantly under strict surveillance: he had to wait for other officials to be present before opening dispatches from foreign powers; he was not allowed to possess any property in a foreign land. After a doge's death, a commission of " passed judgment upon his acts, and his estate was liable to be fined for any discovered malfeasance. The official income of the doge was never large, and from early times holders of the office remained engaged in trading ventures.


title: Doge

text: Originally, Genoese doges held office for life in the so-called "perpetual dogeship"; but after the reform effected by Andrea Doria in 1528 the term of his office was reduced to two years. The ruling caste of Genoa tied them to executive committees, kept them on a small budget, and kept them apart from the communal revenues held at the "".


title: LGBT movements

text: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) movements are social movements that advocate for LGBT people in society. Some focus on equal rights, such as the ongoing movement for same-sex marriage, while others focus on liberation, as in the gay liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Earlier movements focused on self-help and self-acceptance, such as the homophile movement of the 1950s. Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organization that represents all LGBT people and their interests, numerous LGBT rights organizations are active worldwide. The earliest organizations to support LGBT rights were formed in the early 20th century.


title: LGBT movements

text: A commonly stated goal among these movements is social equality for LGBT people, but there is still denial of full LGBT rights. Some have also focused on building LGBT communities or worked towards liberation for the broader society from biphobia, homophobia, and transphobia. There is a struggle for LGBT rights today. LGBT movements organized today are made up of a wide range of political activism and cultural activity, including lobbying, street marches, social groups, media, art, and research.