title: Doukhobors

text: The resistance of the Doukhobors gained international attention and the Russian Empire was criticized for its treatment of this religious minority. In 1897, the Russian government agreed to let the Doukhobors leave the country, subject to conditions:


title: Doukhobors

text: Emigrants initially attempted to settle in Cyprus. Cyprus was, at the time, recognized as a possession of the Ottoman Empire, but in the wake of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the Ottoman Empire had granted the United Kingdom the right to administer the island in exchange for support in its continuing conflict with the Russian Empire. This fact made the potential settlement of the Russian Doukhobors a politically-sensitive question among some in the British government, but after Quaker supporters both made assurances of the Doukhobors' political inoffensiveness and provided financial guarantees against their potential indigency, officials permitted over 1,000 Doukhobors to establish farming settlements in several locations on the island beginning in the second half of 1898. However, the Cyprus experiment soon proved to be disastrous: beset by disease (made worse by insufficient food that met the Doukhobors' religious requirements) as well as internal disagreements over community organization, nearly ten percent of the colony died by early 1899.


title: Doukhobors

text: Canada offered more land, transportation, and aid to resettle in the Saskatchewan area. Around 6,000 Doukhobors emigrated there in the first half of 1899, settling on land granted to them by the government in modern-day Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The Cyprus colony and others joined them, and around 7,500 Russian Doukhobor emigrants—about a third of their number in Russia—arrived in Canada by the end of the year. Several smaller groups joined the main body of emigrants in later years, coming directly from Transcaucasia and other places of exile. Among these latecomers were 110 leaders of the community who had to complete their sentences before being allowed to emigrate. By 1930, about 8,780 Doukhobors had migrated from Russia to Canada.


title: Doukhobors

text: The Quakers and Tolstoyan movement covered most of the costs of passage for the emigrants; writer Leo Tolstoy arranged for the royalties from his novel "Resurrection", his story "Father Sergei", and some others to go to the emigration fund. Tolstoy also raised money from wealthy friends; his efforts provided about 30,000 rubles, half of the emigration fund. The anarchist Peter Kropotkin and professor of political economy at the University of Toronto James Mavor also helped the emigrants.


title: Doukhobors

text: The emigrants adapted to life in agricultural communes; they were mostly of peasant origin and had low regard for advanced education. Many worked as loggers, lumbermen, and carpenters. Eventually, many left the communal dormitories and became private farmers on the Canadian plains. Religious "a cappella" singing, pacifism, and passive resistance were markers of the sect. One subgroup occasionally demonstrated naked, typically as a protest against compulsory military service. Their policies made them controversial. The modern descendants of the first wave of Doukhobor emigrants continue to live in southeastern British Columbia communities such as Krestova, and in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. , the estimated population of Doukhobor descent in North America was 40,000 in Canada and about 5,000 in the United States.


title: Doukhobors

text: In accordance with the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, for a nominal fee of $10, the Canadian government would grant of land to any male homesteader who was able to establish a working farm on that land within three years. Single-family homesteads would not fit the Doukhobors' communitarian tradition but a "Hamlet Clause" within the Act had been adopted 15 years earlier to accommodate other communitarian groups such as Mennonites. The clause allowed beneficiaries of the Act to live in a hamlet within from their land rather than on the land itself. This allowed the Doukhobors to establish a communal lifestyle similar to that of the Hutterites. Also, by passing Section 21 of the Dominion Military Act in late 1898, the Canadian Government exempted the Doukhobors from military service.


title: Doukhobors

text: The land for the Doukhobor immigrants, in total within what was to soon become the Province of Saskatchewan, came in three block settlement areas or "reserves", and an annex:


title: Doukhobors

text: North and South Colonies, and Good Spirit Lake Annex, were located around Yorkton near the modern-day border with Manitoba; the Saskatchewan (Rosthern) Colony was located north-west of Saskatoon, a significant distance from the other three reserves.


title: Doukhobors

text: In 1899, all four reserves formed part of the Northwest Territories: Saskatchewan (Rosthern) Colony in the territories' provisional District of Saskatchewan. North Reserve straddled the boundary of Saskatchewan and Assiniboia districts, and the other reserves were entirely in Assiniboia. After the establishment of the Province of Saskatchewan in 1905, all reserves were located within that province.


title: Doukhobors

text: Verigin persuaded his followers to free their animals, and pull their wagons and plows themselves. On the lands granted to them in the prairies, the settlers established Russian-style villages, some of which received Russian names after settlers' home villages in Transcaucasia; for example Spasovka, Large and Small Gorelovka, and Slavianka; while others gained more abstract "spiritual" names not common in Russia, such as Uspeniye (Dormition), Terpeniye (Patience), Bogomdannoye (Given by God), and Osvobozhdeniye (Liberation). The settlers found Saskatchewan winters much harsher than those in Transcaucasia, and expressed disappointment the climate was not as suitable for growing fruits and vegetables. Women greatly outnumbered the men; many women worked on the farms tilling the land while many men took non-farm jobs, especially in railway construction. The earliest arrivals came from three backgrounds, had varying commitments to communal life, and lacked leadership. Verigin arrived in December 1902, was recognized as the leader, and reimposed communalism and self-sufficiency. The railway arrived in 1904 and hopes of isolation from Canadian society ended.


title: Doukhobors

text: Canadians, politicians, and the media were deeply suspicious of the Doukhobors. Their communal lifestyle seemed suspicious, their refusal to send children to school was considered deeply troubling, while pacifism caused anger during the First World War. The Doukhobor faction known as Sons of Freedom conducted nude marches and carried out night-time arson attacks, which was considered unacceptable and offensive. Canadian magazines showed strong curiosity, giving special attention to women's bodies and clothing. Magazines and newspapers carried stories and photographs of Doukhobor women engaging in hard farm labour, doing "women's work", wearing the traditional ethnic dress, and in partial or total states of undress. Doukhobors received financial help from Quakers. Clifford Sifton, the Minister of the Interior, wanted the Doukhobors in Canada; he arranged financial subsidies to allow them to migrate.


title: Doukhobors

text: Due to the community's aversion to private ownership of land, Verigin had the land registered in the name of the community. By 1906, the Canadian Government's new Minister of the Interior Frank Oliver started requiring the registration of land in the name of individual owners. Many Doukhobors refused to comply, resulting in 1907 in the reverting of more than a third () of Doukhobor lands back to the Crown. The loss of legal title to their land became a major grievance.


title: Doukhobors

text: Ten years after the Russian conscription crisis, another political issue arose because the Doukhobors would have to become naturalized British citizens and swear an Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown—something that had always been against their principles.


title: Doukhobors

text: Of these groupings, the Independents integrated the most readily into Canadian capitalist society. They had no problem registering their land groups and largely remained in Saskatchewan. In 1939, they definitively rejected the authority of Peter Verigin's great-grandson John J. Verigin.


title: Doukhobors

text: In 1908, to remove his followers from the corrupting influence of non-Doukhobors and "edinolichniki" (individual owners) Doukhobors, and to find better conditions for agriculture, Verigin bought large tracts of land in south-eastern British Columbia. His first purchase was around Grand Forks near the US border. He later acquired large tracts of land further east in the Slocan Valley around Castlegar. Between 1908 and 1912, about 8,000 people moved from Saskatchewan to these British Columbia lands to continue their communal way of living. In the milder climate of British Columbia, the settlers were able to plant fruit trees and within a few years became renowned orchardists and producers of fruit preserves. As the Community Doukhobors left Saskatchewan, the reserves there were closed by 1918.


title: Doukhobors

text: On October 29, 1924, Peter V. Verigin was killed in a bomb explosion on a scheduled passenger train "en route" to British Columbia. The government had initially stated the bombing was perpetrated by people within the Doukhobor community, although no arrests were made because of the Doukhobors' customary refusal to cooperate with Canadian authorities due to fear of intersect violence. It is still unknown who was responsible for the bombing. While the Doukhobors were initially welcomed by the Canadian government, this assassination, as well as Doukhobors' beliefs regarding communal living, their intolerance for schooling, and other beliefs considered offensive or unacceptable, created a decades-long mistrust between government authorities and Doukhobors.


title: Doukhobors

text: Peter V. Verigin's son Peter P. Verigin, who arrived from the Soviet Union in 1928, succeeded his father as leader of the Community Doukhobors. He became known as Peter the Purger and worked to smooth relations between the Community Doukhobors and wider Canadian society. The governments in Ottawa and the western provinces concluded he was the closet leader of the Sons of Freedom and was perhaps a dangerous Bolshevik. The governments decided to deport him, use the justice system to impose conformity to Canadian values on the Doukhobors, and force them to abide by Canadian law and repudiate unacceptable practices. With a legal defence managed by Peter Makaroff, the deportation effort failed in 1933. The Sons of Freedom repudiated Verigin's policies as ungodly and assimilationist, and escalated their protests. The Sons of Freedom burnt Community Doukhobors' property and organized more nude parades. In 1932, the Parliament of Canada responded by criminalizing public nudity. Over 300 radical Doukhobor men and women were arrested for this offence, which typically carried a three-year prison sentence.


title: Doukhobors

text: The Sons of Freedom used nudism and arson as visible methods of protest. They protested against materialism, the land seizure by the government, compulsory education in government schools, and Verigin's assassination. This led to many confrontations with the Canadian government and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which continued into the 1970s. Nudism was first used after the Doukhobors' arrival in Canada. They used violence to fight modernity, and destroyed threshing machines and other signs of modernity. The group conducted night-time arson attacks on schools built by the Doukhobor commune and Verigin's house.


title: Doukhobors

text: During 1947 and 1948, Sullivan's Royal Commission investigated acts of arson and bombing attacks in British Columbia and recommended several measures intended to integrate the Doukhobors into Canadian society, notably through the education of their children in public schools. Around that time, the provincial government entered into direct negotiations with the Freedomite leadership. W. A. C. Bennett's Social Credit government, which came to power in 1952, took a harder stance against the "Doukhobor problem." In 1953, 174 children of the Sons of Freedom were forcibly interned by government agents in a residential school in New Denver, British Columbia. Abuse of the interned children was later alleged.


title: Doukhobors

text: In less than fifty years, the Sons of Freedom committed 1,112 separate acts of violence and arson, costing over $20 million in damages; these acts include bombing and arson attacks on public schools, bombings of Canadian railway bridges and tracks, the bombing of a courthouse at Nelson, and the destruction of a power transmission tower servicing East Kootenay district resulting in the loss of 1,200 jobs. Many of the independent and community Doukhobors believed the Sons of Freedom's arson and bombings violated the Doukhobor central principle of nonviolence, and that they did not deserve to be called Doukhobors.


title: Doukhobors

text: After the departure of the more zealous and uncompromising Doukhobors, and many community leaders, to Canada at the close of the Elisabethpol Governorate in the Caucasus Viceroyalty (now Azerbaijan), the former Doukhobor villages became mostly repopulated by Baptists. Elsewhere, some Doukhobors joined nearby Spiritual Christian groups.


title: Doukhobors

text: Those who remained Doukhobors were required to submit to the state. Few protested against military service; of 837 Russian court-martial cases against conscientious objectors recorded between the beginning of World War I and April 1, 1917, 16 had Doukhobor defendants, none of whom hailed from the Transcaucasian provinces. Between 1921 and 1923, Verigin's son Peter P. Verigin arranged the resettlement of 4,000 Doukhobors from the Ninotsminda (Bogdanovka) district in south Georgia to Rostov Oblast in southern Russia, and another 500 into Zaporizhzhia Oblast in Ukraine.


title: Doukhobors

text: The Soviet reforms greatly affected the lives of the Doukhobors, both in their old villages in Georgia and in the new settlement areas in southern Russian and Ukraine. State anti-religious campaigns resulted in the suppression of Doukhobor religious tradition, and the loss of books and archival records. Many religious leaders were arrested or exiled; for example, 18 people were exiled from Gorelovka in 1930. Communists' imposition of collective farming did not contradict the Doukhobor way of life. Industrious Doukhobors made their collective farms prosperous, often specializing in cheesemaking.


title: Doukhobors

text: Of the Doukhobor communities in the Soviet Union, those in South Georgia were the most sheltered from outside influence because of their geographic isolation in mountainous terrain, their location near the international border, and concomitant travel restrictions for outsiders.


title: Doukhobors

text: Doukhobor oral holy hymns, which they call the "Book of Life" (Russian: "Zhivotnaya kniga"), "de facto" replaced the written Bible. Their teaching is founded on this tradition. "The Book of Life of the Doukhobors" (1909) is the first printed hymnal containing songs in the Southern Russian dialect, which were composed to be sung aloud. Their prayer meetings and gatherings are dominated by the singing of "a cappella" psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs.


title: Doukhobors

text: In 2001, an estimated 20,000–40,000 people of Doukhobor heritage lived in Canada, 3,800 of whom claimed "Doukhobor" as their religious affiliation. An estimated 30,000 people of Doukhobor heritage live in Russia and neighbouring countries. In 2011, there were 2,290 persons in Canada who identified their religious affiliation as "Doukhobor"; in Russia there were 50 such persons by the mid-2000s.


title: Doukhobors

text: CCUB, the Orthodox Doukhobors organization or Community Doukhobors, was succeeded by the Union of Spiritual Communities of Christ formed by Peter P. Verigin, Peter V. Verigin's son, in 1938. The largest and most active formal Doukhobor organization, it is headquartered in Grand Forks, British Columbia.


title: Doukhobors

text: During the Canada 2011 Census, 2,290 persons in Canada—of whom 1,860 in British Columbia, 200 in Alberta, 185 in Saskatchewan, and 25 in Ontario—identified their religious affiliation as "Doukhobor". The proportion of older people among these self-identified Doukhobors is higher than among the general population.


title: Doukhobors

text: Twenty-eight percent of the self-identified Doukhobors in 2001 were over 65 (born before 1936), as compared to 12% of the entire population of Canadian respondents. The aging of the denomination is accompanied by its shrinkage, starting in the 1960s:


title: Doukhobors

text: The number of Canadians with Doukhobor heritage is much higher than the number of those who consider themselves members of this religion. In 2012, Doukhobor researchers estimated there were "over 20,000" people "from [Doukhobor] stock" in Canada and over 40,000 Doukhobors by "a wider definition of religion, ethnicity, way of life, and social movement".


title: Doukhobors

text: Canadian Doukhobors no longer live communally. Doukhobors do not practice baptism. They reject several items considered orthodox among Christian churches, including church organization and liturgy, the inspiration of the scriptures, the literal interpretation of resurrection, the literal interpretation of the Trinity, and heaven and hell. Some avoid the use of alcohol, tobacco, and animal products for food, and eschew involvement in partisan politics. Doukhobors believe in the goodness of man and reject the idea of original sin.


title: Doukhobors

text: Since the late 1980s, many of the Doukhobors of Georgia started emigrating to Russia. Various groups moved to Tula Oblast, Rostov Oblast, Stavropol Krai, and elsewhere. After the 1991 independence of Georgia, many villages with Russian names received Georgian names; Bogdanovka became Ninotsminda, Troitskoe became Sameba. According to various estimates, in Ninotsminda District, the Doukhobor population fell from around 4,000 in 1979 to between 3,000 and 3,500 in 1989, and around 700 in 2006. In Dmanisi district, it fell from around 700 Doukhobors in 1979 to no more than 50 by the mid-2000s. Most of those who remain in Georgia are older people; the younger generation found it easier to relocate to Russia. The Doukhobor community of Gorelovka in Ninotsminda District, the former "capital" of the Kalmykov family, is thought to be the best-preserved in all former Soviet Union countries.


title: Doukhobors

text: The Doukhobors have maintained a close association with Mennonites and Quakers due to similar religious practices; all of these groups are collectively considered to be peace churches due to their belief in pacifism.


title: Doukhobors

text: In 1995, the Doukhobor Suspension Bridge spanning the Kootenay River was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The site of Community Doukhobors' headquarters in Veregin, Saskatchewan, was designated a National Historic Site in 2006, under the name "Doukhobors at Veregin".


title: Doukhobors

text: A Doukhobor museum, currently known as "Doukhobor Discovery Centre" (formerly, "Doukhobor Village Museum") operates in Castlegar, British Columbia. It contains over 1,000 artifacts representing the arts, crafts, and daily lives of the Doukhobors of the Kootenays in 1908–38.


title: Doukhobors

text: Although most of the early Doukhobor village structures in British Columbia have vanished or been significantly remodelled by later users, a part of Makortoff Village outside Grand Forks, British Columbia has been preserved as a museum by Peter Gritchen, who purchased the property in 1971 and opened it as Mountain View Doukhobor Museum on June 16, 1972. The site's future became uncertain after his death in 2000 but in March 2004, in cooperation with local organizations and concerned citizens, The Land Conservancy of British Columbia purchased the historical site known as Hardy Mountain Doukhobor Village while Boundary Museum Society acquired the museum collection and loaned it to TLC for display.


title: Doukhobors

text: The Canadian Museum of Civilization in Ottawa has a collection of Doukhobor-related items. A special exhibition there was run in 1998–99 to mark the centennial anniversary of the Doukhobor arrival in Canada.


title: Doukhobors

text: The Doukhobors took with them to Canada a Southern Russian dialect, which in the following decades changed under the influence of Canadian English and the speech of the Ukrainian settlers in Saskatchewan. Over several generations, this dialect has been mostly lost because the modern descendants of the original Doukhobor migrants to Canada are typically native English speakers; when they speak Russian, it is typically a fairly standard variety.


title: Doukhobors

text: In 1802, the Doukhobors and other spiritual Christian tribes were encouraged to migrate to the Molochna River region around Melitopol near Ukraine's Sea of Azov coast, within the Pale of Settlement neighbouring settlements of anabaptists from Germany. Over the next 10 or 20 years, the Doukhobors and others, mostly speaking a variety of Southern Russian dialects, arrived at the Molochna from several provinces, most of which are located in modern-day eastern Ukraine and south-central Russia. In the settlers' villages, an opportunity for the formation of a dialect koiné based on Southern Russian and Eastern Ukrainian dialects arose.


title: Doukhobors

text: Starting in 1841, the Doukhobors and others were resettled from southern Ukraine to Transcaucasia, where they founded several villages surrounded by mostly non-Russian speaking neighbours—primarily Azerbaijanis in Elisabethpol Governorate, Armenians in Tiflis Governorate, and likely a mix of both in the later post-1878 settlements in Kars Oblast. These conditions allowed the dialect to develop in comparative isolation from mainstream Russian.


title: Doukhobors

text: With the migration of 7,500 Doukhbors from Transcaucasia to Saskatchewan in 1899, and some smaller latecomer groups from both Transcaucasia and from places of exile in Siberia and elsewhere, the dialect spoken in the Doukhobor villages of Transcaucasia was taken to the plains of Canada. From that point, it experienced influence from Canadian English and, during the years of Doukhobor stay in Saskatchewan, the speech of their Ukrainian neighbours.


title: Doukhobors

text: A split in the Doukhobor community resulted in a large number of Doukhobors moving from Saskatchewan to south-eastern British Columbia around 1910. Those who moved, the so-called Community Doukhobors—followers of Peter Verigin's Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood—continued living communally for several decades, and had a better chance to preserve their Russian language than the Independent Doukhobors, who stayed in Saskatchewan as individual farmers.


title: Doukhobors

text: By the 1970s, as most Russian-born members of the community died, English became the first language of the great majority of Canadian Doukhobors. Their English speech is not noticeably different from that of other English-speaking Canadians of their provinces. Russian still remains in use, at least for religious purposes, among those who practice the Doukhobor religion.


title: Doukhobors

text: Research into the Russian spoken by Canada's Doukhobors has not been extensive but several articles, mostly published in the 1960s and 1970s, noted a variety of features in Doukhobors' Russian speech that were characteristic of Southern, and in some cases Central Russian dialects; for example, use of the Southern [h] where Standard Russian has [g].


title: Doukhobors

text: Features characteristic of many locales in the East Slavic language space were noted, reflecting the heterogeneous origin of the Doukhobors' settlements in Molochna River after 1800; for example, like Belarusians, Doukhobor speakers do not palatalize [r] in "редко" ("redko", 'seldom'). Remarkable was the dropping of the final -t in the third-person singular form of verbs, which can be considered a Ukrainian feature and is also attested in some Russian dialects spoken in Southern Ukraine (e.g., Nikolaev near the Doukhobors' former homeland on the Molochna. As with other immigrant groups, the Russian speech of the Doukhobors uses English loanwords for some concepts they had not encountered until moving to Canada.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR2 SDRAM) is a double data rate (DDR) synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) interface. It superseded the original DDR SDRAM specification, and was itself superseded by DDR3 SDRAM (launched in 2007). DDR2 DIMMs are neither forward compatible with DDR3 nor backward compatible with DDR.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: In addition to double pumping the data bus as in DDR SDRAM (transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the bus clock signal), DDR2 allows higher bus speed and requires lower power by running the internal clock at half the speed of the data bus. The two factors combine to produce a total of four data transfers per internal clock cycle.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: Since the DDR2 internal clock runs at half the DDR external clock rate, DDR2 memory operating at the same external data bus clock rate as DDR results in DDR2 being able to provide the same bandwidth but with better latency. Alternatively, DDR2 memory operating at twice the external data bus clock rate as DDR may provide twice the bandwidth with the same latency. The best-rated DDR2 memory modules are at least twice as fast as the best-rated DDR memory modules.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: The maximum capacity on commercially available DDR2 DIMMs is 8GB, but chipset support and availability for those DIMMs is sparse and more common 2GB per DIMM are used.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: DDR2 SDRAM was first produced by Samsung in 2001. In 2003, the JEDEC standards organization presented Samsung with its Technical Recognition Award for the company's efforts in developing and standardizing DDR2.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: DDR2 was officially introduced in the second quarter of 2003 at two initial clock rates: 200 MHz (referred to as PC2-3200) and 266 MHz (PC2-4200). Both performed worse than the original DDR specification due to higher latency, which made total access times longer. However, the original DDR technology tops out at a clock rate around 200 MHz (400 MT/s). Higher performance DDR chips exist, but JEDEC has stated that they will not be standardized. These chips are mostly standard DDR chips that have been tested and rated to be capable of operation at higher clock rates by the manufacturer. Such chips draw significantly more power than slower-clocked chips, but usually offered little or no improvement in real-world performance. DDR2 started to become competitive against the older DDR standard by the end of 2004, as modules with lower latencies became available.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: The key difference between DDR2 and DDR SDRAM is the increase in prefetch length. In DDR SDRAM, the prefetch length was two bits for every bit in a word; whereas it is four bits in DDR2 SDRAM. During an access, four bits were read or written to or from a four-bit-deep prefetch queue. This queue received or transmitted its data over the data bus in two data bus clock cycles (each clock cycle transferred two bits of data). Increasing the prefetch length allowed DDR2 SDRAM to double the rate at which data could be transferred over the data bus without a corresponding doubling in the rate at which the DRAM array could be accessed. DDR2 SDRAM was designed with such a scheme to avoid an excessive increase in power consumption.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: DDR2's bus frequency is boosted by electrical interface improvements, on-die termination, prefetch buffers and off-chip drivers. However, latency is greatly increased as a trade-off. The DDR2 prefetch buffer is four bits deep, whereas it is two bits deep for DDR. While DDR SDRAM has typical read latencies of between two and three bus cycles, DDR2 may have read latencies between three and nine cycles, although the typical range is between four and six. Thus, DDR2 memory must be operated at twice the data rate to achieve the same latency.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: Another cost of the increased bandwidth is the requirement that the chips are packaged in a more expensive and difficult to assemble BGA package as compared to the TSSOP package of the previous memory generations such as DDR SDRAM and SDR SDRAM. This packaging change was necessary to maintain signal integrity at higher bus speeds.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: Power savings are achieved primarily due to an improved manufacturing process through die shrinkage, resulting in a drop in operating voltage (1.8 V compared to DDR's 2.5 V). The lower memory clock frequency may also enable power reductions in applications that do not require the highest available data rates.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: According to JEDEC the maximum recommended voltage is 1.9 volts and should be considered the absolute maximum when memory stability is an issue (such as in servers or other mission critical devices). In addition, JEDEC states that memory modules must withstand up to 2.3 volts before incurring permanent damage (although they may not actually function correctly at that level).


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: For use in computers, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs with 240 pins and a single locating notch. Laptop DDR2 SO-DIMMs have 200 pins and often come identified by an additional S in their designation. DIMMs are identified by their peak transfer capacity (often called bandwidth).


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> "Some manufacturers label their DDR2 modules as PC2-4300, PC2-5400 or PC2-8600 instead of the respective names suggested by JEDEC. At least one manufacturer has reported this reflects successful testing at a higher-than-standard data rate whilst others simply round up for the name."


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: Note: DDR2-xxx denotes data transfer rate, and describes raw DDR chips, whereas PC2-xxxx denotes theoretical bandwidth (with the last two digits truncated), and is used to describe assembled DIMMs. Bandwidth is calculated by taking transfers per second and multiplying by eight. This is because DDR2 memory modules transfer data on a bus that is 64 data bits wide, and since a byte comprises 8 bits, this equates to 8 bytes of data per transfer.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: DDR2 DIMMs are not backward compatible with DDR DIMMs. The notch on DDR2 DIMMs is in a different position from DDR DIMMs, and the pin density is higher than DDR DIMMs in desktops. DDR2 is a 240-pin module, DDR is a 184-pin module. Notebooks have 200-pin SO-DIMMs for DDR and DDR2; however, the notch on DDR2 modules is in a slightly different position than on DDR modules.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: Higher-speed DDR2 DIMMs can be mixed with lower-speed DDR2 DIMMs, although the memory controller will operate all DIMMs at same speed as the lowest-speed DIMM present.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: GDDR2, a form of GDDR SDRAM, was developed by Samsung and introduced in July 2002. The first commercial product to claim using the "DDR2" technology was the Nvidia GeForce FX 5800 graphics card. However, it is important to note that this GDDR2 memory used on graphics cards is not DDR2 per se, but rather an early midpoint between DDR and DDR2 technologies. Using "DDR2" to refer to GDDR2 is a colloquial misnomer. In particular, the performance-enhancing doubling of the I/O clock rate is missing. It had severe overheating issues due to the nominal DDR voltages. ATI has since designed the GDDR technology further into GDDR3, which is based on DDR2 SDRAM, though with several additions suited for graphics cards.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: GDDR3 and GDDR5 is now commonly used in modern graphics cards and some tablet PCs. However, further confusion has been added to the mix with the appearance of budget and mid-range graphics cards which claim to use "GDDR2". These cards actually use standard DDR2 chips designed for use as main system memory although operating with higher latencies to achieve higher clockrates. These chips cannot achieve the clock rates of GDDR3 but are inexpensive and fast enough to be used as memory on mid-range cards.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

text: Note**: JEDEC website requires registration ($2,500 membership) for viewing or downloading of these documents: http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: Leo Skiri Østigård (born 28 November 1999) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for club Napoli and the Norway national team.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: In the winter of 2017, Østigård signed a three-year contract with Molde FK. Ahead of the 2018 season, he went on loan to Viking FK in 1. divisjon.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: On 19 July 2019, FC St. Pauli signed Østigård on a loan deal until the end of 2019–20 season. He made his debut for the Hamburg based club on 31 August coming on as a substitute in a 3–3 draw against Dynamo Dresden. He made his first start for St. Pauli which was against fierce rivals Hamburger SV where "Kiezkicker" won 2–0, claiming a first home win in 59 years against their local side.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: On 27 August 2020, Østigård joined Championship side Coventry City on a season-long loan deal. He made his debut on 12 September in which was his first senior game in English football where he played the full game in a 2–1 away defeat at Bristol City.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: On 27 February 2021, Østigård was sent off in a 1–1 away draw at Blackburn Rovers after picking up a second yellow card. Østigård scored his first goal in English football on 5 April opening the scoreline in an eventual 3–1 home victory over Bristol City. Østigård returned to "The Seagulls" with two remaining games of the season due to a thigh injury. He made 39 appearances in the league scoring two goals – 40 apprarances, two goals overall – helping "The Sky Blues" to safety on their return to the Championship after eight years.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: On 10 August 2021, Østigård joined Stoke City on loan for the 2021–22 season. He made his debut that evening, playing the whole match of the 2–1 EFL Cup first round victory at home over League One side Fleetwood Town in what was also his League Cup debut. Four days later he made his league debut for "The Potters" keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 stalemate away at Birmingham City. On his third appearance he scored Stoke's third goal knocking in a rebound in a 3–1 away victory over Swansea City on 17 August. On 27 December 2021, Østigård was recalled from his loan spell by Brighton.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: Østigård signed for Serie A side Genoa on loan for the rest of the season on 5 January, after progressive previous loan spells and this signing giving him the chance to play at the top level. He made his debut four days later, playing the whole match of the 1–0 home loss against Spezia in the league, in what was his 100th club career appearance.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: In the week day away fixture against Milan in the Coppa Italia Round of 16 on 13 January, Østigård scored his first ever domestic cup goal opening the scoring in the eventual 3–1 after extra-time loss. He came on as a substitute in the 0–0 away draw at Roma on 5 February, where he was shown a straight red card on the 68th minute. Østigård was sent off for a second time in five matches, this time being shown two yellows after just 24 minutes of play in the 1–0 home victory over Torino on 18 March.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: On 10 July 2022, Østigård transferred to Napoli in Serie A on a permanent transfer. On 26 October 2022, he scored a goal on his Champions League debut in a 3–0 win against Rangers.


title: Leo Skiri Østigård

text: After being capped at all youth levels he made his senior debut for the Norwegian national team playing the whole match helping keep a clean sheet in a 2–0 friendly win at home over Slovakia on 25 March 2022. He scored his first senior international goal on his eighth appearance on 17 November, heading home from a Martin Ødegaard corner in the 2–1 friendly win away at the Republic of Ireland.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: Montevideo City Torque is a Uruguayan football club based in Montevideo. The club currently plays in the Uruguayan Primera División, the first division of Uruguayan league system, having achieved promotion to the Primera División for the first time ahead of the 2018 season.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: Founded in 2007 as Club Atlético Torque, the club has been owned by the City Football Group (CFG) since April 2017, which eventually resulted in the change to the club's name in 2020. Montevideo City Torque shares ties with teams such as Manchester City, New York City and Melbourne City, as clubs that are also owned by CFG.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: Club Atlético Torque were founded on 26 December 2007 by Cancún-based Uruguayan businessman Raúl Aquino Reynoso, building on a vision of achieving glory from scratch. To help him build his dream, Aquino contacted Marcelo Yaurreche, an electromechanic by trade, who had blogged on the concept of sporting ventures. Yaurreche's line of work ultimately went on to inspire the name of the team through the mechanical principle of torque as an indication of strength. The nascent club's first season of competition was played in the local Liga de Punta Carretas.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: Starting from the 2008–09, Torque entered the Uruguayan football league system in the third (and lowest) tier, the Segunda División Amateur. Their first season was very positive, going unbeaten for the 11 games of the Clausura tournament before losing the play-off for the overall league title against Oriental. Oriental opted to turn down their promotion to the Segunda División, prompting Torque to submit an application to take it up in their place, but their application was rejected.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: In the following seasons the club continued to place highly, never finishing lower than fifth in either the Apertura or Clausura tournaments. In May 2011 Torque merged with Huracán of the Segunda División to form a new club called "Huracán Torque", but by August of the same year the merger was dissolved with the new side having played no games. Torque resumed its place in the Segunda División Amateur and at the fourth time of asking finally finished top of the overall table, winning promotion to the Segunda División for the 2012–13 season.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: Torque's first season in professional football again finished positively with a fifth-place finish, including denying high-flyers Tacuarembó automatic promotion to the Uruguayan top tier and potentially even the league title itself with a 4–0 victory in the final game of the season. Torque themselves qualified for the promotion play-offs, where they again defeated Tacuarembó, but they ultimately lost the play-off final on penalties.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: The following season was the club's first season of underachievement with Torque finishing in last place and eight points adrift of their nearest competitor. They were, however, spared the ignominy of relegation as the division expanded to 15 clubs, causing the league's organisers to opt against relegating any clubs. The following seasons offered little improvement, with the club finishing some distance from the promotion places each time.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: On 20 March 2017, Uruguayan online sports news site Ovacion reported that the City Football Group, owners of Premier League side Manchester City and MLS team New York City FC amongst others, were close to completing negotiations for the purchase of Torque with the aim of using the club to assist in the signing of South American players. Also reported was that CFG had been working with the club for some time in anticipation of the purchase to build it a new sports complex as well as to refurbish the in Minas with a view to relocating the side to the city in order to help establish an identity for the club as well as to give it a larger potential fanbase.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: Following a series of further rumours of the imminence of the deal, it was publicly announced on 5 April 2017 that the takeover had been completed and ratified by the Uruguayan Football Association.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: In 2017, led by Paulo Pezzolano, Torque formed a very strong team for the category and achieved the title with ease. Football players of the stature of Diego Martiñones, Ernesto Goñi, Hernán Figueredo, Martín Bonjour, Jonathan Cubero, Julián Lalinde and Leonardo Pais, among others; added to quality foreign reinforcements such as the Venezuelan Nahuel Ferraresi, the Colombian Javier Calle and the Argentine Valentín Castellanos. As soon as the promotion was confirmed, Pezzolano announced that he would not continue in the next season. Pablo Marini, another Argentine, was brought in to replace him.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: Qualification for the play-off of the Torneo Intermedio, which Torque lost 3–2 to Nacional, was tempered by a poor run of results in both the Torneo Apertura and the Torneo Clausura, and Torque were relegated in 14th place based on average points per game at the end of the 2018 season. The 2019 season saw Torque take the Segunda División title for a second time as they beat Maldonado by three points to win the title on the final day of the season.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: On 22 January 2020 it was announced that Club Atletico Torque had changed their club name to Montevideo City Torque, with an accompanying change in team badge. The name and badge were chosen to be reflective of their links to Manchester City and the other clubs of the City Football Group. At the same time it was announced that the club would begin work on the construction of a new academy and administrative complex, intended to be one of the most advanced academy centres in South America.


title: Montevideo City Torque

text: All Torque title shirts have been light blue, but from 2016 on, the shirt has included a big blue "T" on the chest on a light blue background. The alternative shirts are generally white, although it was gray in 2013. It is currently white with a big blue "T".


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: The Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX), also known as the Cebu–Cordova Bridge and the Third Cebu–Mactan Bridge (or simply, the Third Bridge), is an toll bridge expressway in Metro Cebu. The bridge connects the South Road Properties in Cebu City in mainland Cebu, and Cordova, on Mactan island. Crossing the Mactan Channel, it is the third road link between Cebu and Mactan islands, and the first between Cebu City and Cordova. It is the longest sea-crossing bridge in the Philippines, surpassing the San Juanico Bridge between Samar and Leyte, as well as Marcelo Fernan Bridge (which also crosses the Mactan Channel) as the longest cable-stayed bridge in the Philippines.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: The bridge was first proposed by Cordova mayor Adelino Sitoy to connect his municipality and mainland Cebu in Cebu City. In 2014, an unsolicited proposal was put forth by Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation (MPTC) to build a bridge linking Cebu City and Cordova, which was then under review by a joint venture selection committee between the two local government units. After numerous studies were conducted, the local government units of Cordova and Cebu City entered into a public-private partnership with Metro Pacific Tollways Development Corp. (MPTDC). The construction of the Cebu-Cordova bridge was lobbied by then chairman of the Regional Development Council of Region VII Michael Rama, who became Mayor of Cebu City when the Cebu–Cordova Bridge project was already awarded to a company.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: In January 2016, CCLEC Cebu Cordova Link Expressway Corporation signed an agreement on February 7 a P19-billion loan and security bonds with six banks: Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC), Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Robinsons Bank Corporation, Union Bank of the Philippines, and Security Bank Corporation. CCLEC is a subsidiary of MPTDC Metro Pacific Tollways Development Corp. (MPTDC) will fund the rest of the project, through a disclosure to the Philippine Stock Exchange and by equity or supplemental capital loans from other private and interested parties who want to invest in this project and be one of the stockholders of the said bridge.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: MPTDC announced that the construction of the bridge was to commence in 2017. The company in the same announcement said that they will be responsible for the construction and financing of the bridge, as well as its operation once its completed.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: The groundbreaking ceremony for the Cebu–Cordova Bridge was held on March 2, 2017. The expressway was the first venture of the MPTDC outside of Luzon.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: In 2021, the bridge played a role in that year's Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines. As part of the commemorations, eight ecumenical "Iconic Crosses" were placed on the two main pylons of the bridge. The crosses were lighted on April 15, 2021.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: The final concrete pouring in the main bridge deck was held on October 5, 2021, effectively completing the main bridge deck.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: The bridge was inaugurated by President Rodrigo Duterte on April 27, 2022, coinciding with the 501st anniversary of the Battle of Mactan. It is the first expressway to be opened outside of Luzon. It formally opened to motorists three days later, on April 30, 2022.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: CCLEX is managed by Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway Corporation (CCLEC), a subsidiary of Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation (MPTC), a company of MVP Group of Companies.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: The bridge spans and is the longest and tallest bridge in the Philippines, surpassing the San Juanico Bridge, which crosses Leyte and Samar, and the Candaba Viaduct along the North Luzon Expressway. It was designed by the Spanish firms Carlos Fernandez Casado (CFC) and SENER Ingeniería y Sistemas, while the local firm DCCD Engineering Corporation and the Danish firm COWI are the owner's engineers. The bridge is being built by a joint venture between Spanish firm Acciona, and Philippine firms First Balfour and DMCI. Connecting Cebu City and Cordova, the bridge is meant to serve an alternate route serving Mactan–Cebu International Airport, capable of serving at least 40,000 vehicles daily.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: The main span of the CCLEX is cable-stayed and are supported by twin tower pylons. The design of the pylons were inspired from the historic Magellan's Cross Pavilion. The main span will have a navigation clearance, which allow ships to traverse the bridge. Viaduct approach bridges and a causeway will also form part of the CCLEX, as well as toll road facilities on an artificial island. The toll facilities' design are inspired from the eight-rayed sun of the Philippine flag.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: The bridge expressway uses a barrier toll system, where motorists pay a fixed toll rate based on vehicle class. The toll plaza is located on an artificial island after the main bridge, serving as the only toll collection point of the expressway. Since its opening, cash is used for toll collection. An electronic toll collection (ETC) system was implemented on July 2, 2022.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: There are proposals for extensions of the expressway in a bid to increase traffic. In the Cebu City side of the bridge, there is a proposal for an approximately long ramp that would straddle along the Guadalupe River. If completed, the expansion will cost an estimated 1 billion and will provide a direct connection from Cebu City's central business districts to the CCLEX.


title: Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway

text: In the Mactan side, the expressway terminates near the barangays of Pilipog and Ibabao (both in Cordova), intersects the Babag II Road of Barangay Babag (in Lapu-Lapu City). From here, an extension is proposed through Lapu-Lapu City and a possible direct connection to Mactan–Cebu International Airport. The planned extension will add to the expressway, and is estimated to cost to .


title: Gary Mehigan

text: Gary Mehigan (born 12 February 1967) is an English-Australian chef and restaurateur. Mehigan was one of the original judges of the Network 10 series "MasterChef Australia".


title: Gary Mehigan

text: Mehigan trained at The Connaught and Le Souffle in London before moving to Melbourne in 1991. He has headed the kitchen in some of Melbourne's most prominent restaurants including Browns, Burnham Beeches Country House and Hotel Sofitel before opening the award-winning Fenix in 2000 and later selling it to the Leonda by the Yarra group in 2013. He formerly co-owned The Boathouse in the Melbourne suburb Moonee Ponds.


title: Gary Mehigan

text: Mehigan was one of the original judges on Network 10's "MasterChef Australia" with George Calombaris and Matt Preston. He left the show in 2019 after its 11th season. Mehigan also co-hosted two shows on Australia's LifeStyle Food channel, "Good Chef Bad Chef" and "Boys Weekend", and appeared at the 2011 "Good Food & Wine Show".


title: Gary Mehigan

text: In July 2015, Mehigan began a new TV series called "Far Flung with Gary Mehigan", where he travelled to various countries in Asia such as India, Vietnam, Laos, China and South Korea to learn local cooking techniques and recipes, which he uses as inspiration for a recipe he demonstrates at the end of each episode.


title: Gary Mehigan

text: After leaving "MasterChef Australia", on 23 October 2019 it was announced that Mehigan and fellow "MasterChef Australia" judge Matt Preston would join Manu Feildel in 2020 with a new show on the Seven Network called "Plate of Origin". In 2022 Mehigan appeared as a guest judge on the twelfth season of "My Kitchen Rules".


title: Land of the Giants

text: Land of the Giants is a one-hour American science fiction television series that aired on ABC for two seasons, beginning on September 22, 1968 and ending on March 22, 1970. The show was created and produced by Irwin Allen. "Land of the Giants" was Allen's fourth science-fiction TV series. The show was and released by 20th Century Fox Television. The series was filmed entirely in color and ran for 51 episodes. The show starred Gary Conway and special guest star Kurt Kasznar.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Five novels based on the television series, including three written by acclaimed science-fiction author Murray Leinster, were published in 1968 and 1969.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Set in 1983 (at that time, 15 years in the future), the series tells the tale of the crew and passengers of a suborbital transport ship named "Spindrift". In the pilot episode, the "Spindrift" is en route from Los Angeles to London, on an ultra-fast suborbital flight. Just beyond Earth's boundary with space, the "Spindrift" encounters a magnetic space storm, and is dragged through a space warp to a mysterious planet where everything is 12 times larger than on Earth, whose inhabitants the Earthlings nickname "the Giants". The "Spindrift" crash-lands, and the damage renders it inoperable.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Very little is known about the home planet of the Giants. This is partially because the "Spindrift" crew very seldom leaves the area where their spaceship crashed in the opening episode. Only two other (unidentified) giant societies are ever seen, in the episodes "The Land of the Lost" and "The Secret City of Limbo".


title: Land of the Giants

text: No name is ever established for the mysterious planet, but the inhabitants know of Earth, Venus, and Mars, referring to them by name in one episode. Exactly where the planet is located is also never made clear. In the episode "On a Clear Night You Can See Earth", Captain Steve Burton (Gary Conway) claims to have seen Earth through a set of infrared goggles invented by the giants, implying that the two planets are near enough to see one from the other. The only established method by which Earth people may reach the giants' planet is high-altitude flight, passing through what one giant calls a "dimension lock".


title: Land of the Giants

text: Although various episodes establish that at least six other flights have landed on the planet, no episode confirms anyone ever returning to Earth. The first mention of other visitors from Earth was in episode two, "Ghost Town", in which another ship was said to have crashed long ago without any survivors. In episode four, "Underground", another Earth ship is described as crashing three years previously, again with no survivors.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Several episodes show crews surviving their initial crashes, only to be killed later. The episode "Brainwash" has a crew of little people surviving long enough to build a radio station that can communicate with Earth. They are killed shortly after that. The episodes "Golden Cage" and "The Lost Ones" show a few survivors from other crashes. Only the "Spindrift" crew seems to have survived for long with its party intact.


title: Land of the Giants

text: One continent, or hemisphere, is dominated by an authoritarian government that tolerates full freedoms within a capitalist system, but it does not tolerate any effort to effect political change. Exactly what the political situation is on other continents is not known, although at least one overseas land has a despotic ruler. The air traffic control tells those who venture out to sea that they should turn back, that nothing beyond that sea has been explored nor is there current contact; whether this is an official government line or the truth is not known.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Culturally, the Giant society closely resembles the contemporary United States of 1968 (in various episodes, it has a police force, private hospitals, prisons, a state governor, radio and television services, a zoo, jazz clubs, and even a racetrack; the Giants speak English, drive American cars, attend vaudeville-style theatres, and play chess). The Earth people find themselves able to cope, and their efforts to get around are facilitated by the ubiquity of large drains leading directly from interior rooms to the pavement, in an outside wall of most buildings. The Giant government has offered a reward for the capture of the small Earth people (whom the Giants call "the little people").


title: Land of the Giants

text: In spite of the authoritarianism, several dissident movements are at work that either help other dissenters (such as the Earth people) or are actively working to unseat the ruling party. The government has established a special-investigations department (SID) to deal with assorted dissidents, but it also takes the lead in dealing with the Earth people. For an extended period from the middle of the first season to the middle of the second, the primary local SID officer is Inspector Kobick.


title: Land of the Giants

text: The Giant technologies mostly resemble mid-20th century Earth, but inconsistently: Some are significantly more advanced in some episodes (e.g. cloning, cybernetics, force fields, magnetic stunners, androids, and teleporters) and are slightly behind in others (no microelectronics, hearing aids, or crewed space flight).


title: Land of the Giants

text: The little people's objectives are survival, by obtaining food and avoiding capture by the Giants or attacks from animals, such as cats and dogs, and repair of their spacecraft, so they can attempt to return to Earth. They largely manage to survive by the help of sympathizers and stealth, making the most of their small size, plus their ingenuity in using their technology where it is superior to that of the Giants.


title: Land of the Giants

text: They do not achieve the second objective, as the primary systems of the craft are severely damaged, although in some episodes (including "The Flight Plan") Burton implies that only a lack of fuel prevents the ship from lifting off. The secondary systems are insufficient to enable them to achieve the suborbital flight required. They are unable to use Giant technology, as it is bulky and less advanced; in one episode, an experimental nuclear reactor, provided by an engineering student, produces dangerous side effects and is prone to overloading. They also cannot trust the Giants, who in another episode ("Target: Earth") offer the little people a ride home in exchange for technical assistance with their space program, but then double-cross them.


title: Land of the Giants

text: They are aided in their first objective, and at least somewhat hindered in the second, by the leadership of Captain Burton. He behaves as a leader and as protector to the passengers and crew, and his leadership has rescued them from some difficulties. Burton, though, also tries to keep the Giants from ever reaching Earth. In the episode "Brainwash", Giant police officer Ashim (Warren Stevens) says, "Maybe we can find the home planet of these little people. It may be a very tiny world, but rich beyond our dreams." In several episodes, Burton puts keeping the Giants away from Earth above the need to get his people home. At the end of those episodes, he destroys devices that would get the "Spindrift" back to Earth, but which would probably enable the Giants to journey there, too.


title: Land of the Giants

text: In several episodes, the Giants capture one of the passengers or crew, and the rest have to rescue them. The Earth people avoid capture most of the time, because their spaceship is hidden in a wood (in several episodes, described by the Giants as a park) outside the city limits. They also occasionally form alliances with individual Giants for some common beneficial purpose.


title: Land of the Giants

text: The show had no proper conclusion about the humans' attempts to return to Earth. The final episode, "Graveyard of Fools", was a universal tale that could have taken place any time in the second season. The penultimate episode, "Wild Journey" (guest-starring Bruce Dern), has Steve and Dan using alien technology to travel back in time to Earth just a few hours before their ill-fated flight. In a storyline lifted from the "Lost in Space" episode "The Time Merchant", they attempt to alter the timeline, but succeed only in ensuring that the events of the first episode, "The Crash", take place (footage from the pilot, where "Spindrift" becomes lost, is included in this episode), creating a "Twilight Zone"-style twist ending, with the impression of a recurring cycle of inevitable events.


title: Land of the Giants

text: The first season comprised a regular 26 episodes, but season two was left one episode short. The show thus comprises only 51 episodes (or 52 episodes including the unaired pilot).


title: Land of the Giants

text: "Land of the Giants" guest stars included many familiar faces from other 1950s and 1960s sci-fi/fantasy and adventure series, including Jack Albertson, Michael Ansara, John Carradine, Yvonne Craig, Charles Drake, Alan Hale Jr, Jonathan Harris, Lee Meriwether, Larry Pennell, Warren Stevens, and Ron Howard.


title: Land of the Giants

text: The show was created by Irwin Allen. With a budget of US$250,000 per episode, "Land of the Giants" set a new record. The actors had to be physically fit, as they had to do many stunts, such as climbing giant curbs, phone cords, and ropes. Don Marshall, who played the part of Dan Ericson, credited his previous football, track, and pole-vaulting work for helping him with the stunts required.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Elements of Allen's "Lost in Space" series recur in "Land of the Giants", notably the relationship between foolish, greedy, on-the-run bank robber Alexander B. Fitzhugh (Kurt Kasznar) and the young boy Barry Lockridge (Stefan Arngrim), paralleling the relationship on "Lost in Space" between Doctor Smith and the young Will Robinson. Also, for main-cast billing, Kasznar was treated contractually in the same manner as Jonathan Harris had been on "Lost in Space" -billed in last place on the opening credit sequence, but billed as "Special Guest Star" (though he was a series regular). Apart from this, Gary Conway received solo star billing in the opening credits, with the other regulars all receiving "also starring" billing.


title: Land of the Giants

text: The show was originally intended to premiere as a midseason replacement in the spring of 1968, and the first 12 episodes were shot in the fall of 1967. This was changed and "Giants" premiered in September 1968 for a full season. The network screened the episodes in a significantly different order from the production sequence. This caused disconcerting lapses in continuity, since in the first 12 episodes filmed (but not in later episodes) the Giants moved slowly and hardly spoke. For example, "Ghost Town" was the 14th episode filmed (i.e. was "not" one of the original 12 episodes), but was the second episode aired.


title: Land of the Giants

text: The cost of production was immense, partly because of the special optical effects needed to matte the little people into shots also showing the giants, and partly because of the gigantic mechanical props needed, for the little people to interact with, in shots depicting the giant-sized world in which they find themselves, and the futuristic spacecraft sets that were needed to represent the "Spindrift". Because of the enormous cost, filming episodes in pairs using the same sets was more efficient and cost-effective, so writers were informed about what giant-sized props were available, which they could incorporate into their storylines. These episodes were filmed back-to-back.


title: Land of the Giants

text: To save on production costs, Allen was not above using the same device he had employed on "The Time Tunnel" – reusing stock footage from 20th Century Fox's film library. For instance, in the episode "Collector's Item", footage of Wayne Manor from "Batman" is recycled as the luxury mansion home of a rich giant.


title: Land of the Giants

text: In the unaired pilot of "The Crash", no end scene has the giant dog in the garbage dump. Once receiving confirmation that "Land of the Giants" had been picked up by the network, the pilot was reworked, and production began on succeeding episodes. A break in production, though, occurred after 12 episodes were in the can (enough for a short run as a midseason replacement), until the show received the green light on the decision to launch it as a full season the following fall.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Like Allen's previous series "Lost in Space" and "The Time Tunnel", the theme music was composed by John Williams. As with "Lost in Space", Williams composed two different themes (in this case one for each season). Williams also scored the pilot episode "The Crash", and was the third composer to be attached to the project – Williams' work replaced a rejected score and theme by Alexander Courage; Joseph Mullendore composed a second theme that was also thrown out. Mullendore later scored five episodes and Courage did one, with other episodes scored by Richard LaSalle (seven episodes), Leith Stevens (five), Harry Geller (four), Irving Gertz, Paul Sawtell, and Robert Prince (one each).


title: Land of the Giants

text: GNP Crescendo released an album as part of "The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen", featuring both themes, Williams' replacement score (tracks 2–6) and Courage's thrown-out score (tracks 9 and 10) for "The Crash".


title: Land of the Giants

text: LaLaLand Records subsequently released "Land of the Giants - 50th Anniversary Soundtrack Collection: Limited Edition, a deluxe 4-CD box set of original music from the classic Irwin Allen '60s sci-fi/fantasy television series!". Highly recommended. Music by "John Williams, Alexander Courage, Leith Stevens, Harry Geller, Artie Kane, Joseph Mullendore, Richard LaSalle, Robert Prince, Irving Gertz, and Paul Sawtell."


title: Land of the Giants

text: All 51 episodes were released on DVD in Region 1 in a limited-edition 9-disc Complete Series on July 24, 2007, from 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. This includes the unaired original pilot, which has some differences (extra scenes, but not others later added to the aired version) and score music familiar to "Lost in Space" fans and interviews with cast members.


title: Land of the Giants

text: In Region 2, Revelation Films has released the entire series on DVD in the UK. Season one was released on March 28, 2011, and season two on June 13, 2011. They also released a complete series set on March 12, 2012.


title: Land of the Giants

text: In Region 4, Madman Entertainment released season one on DVD in Australia on August 20, 2014. They released season two on November 12, 2014.


title: Land of the Giants

text: The pilot episode was the subject of a View-Master reel and booklet set in 1968 (GAF Packet # B494). One notable difference between the aired episode and the reel set is an image of the "Spindrift" flying through the giant forest in apparent daylight. In the aired episode, the "Spindrift" arrives on the Giants' planet during the night, and its flight through the forest also occurs that same night. Though the following is unconfirmed, either the daylight shot was a special-effects sequence cut from the aired pilot, or a special setup for the View Master photographers.


title: Land of the Giants

text: In 1968, Pyramid Books published an extended novel adaptation of the pilot ("Land of the Giants", Pyramid Books, X-1846), written by famed author Murray Leinster. Among notable changes or inventions is that the Spindrift is still an operational, flying ship after the initial crash, with enough "atomic power" to last as much as several months. Another invention for the novel is the knowledge that two other ships, the "Anne" and "Marintha", disappeared by the same mysterious phenomenon that sends the "Spindrift" to the Giants' planet. The "Spindrift" castaways encounter a female survivor of the "Anne", named Marjorie, who joins the castaways in this novel. Although the television series featured three episodes with other on-screen survivors from previously lost Earth flights, the novel's character Marjorie and the ships "Anne" and "Marintha" do not appear and are not mentioned in the series.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Two further novels were penned by Leinster — "The Hot Spot" and "Unknown Danger" (Pyramid, 1969). The first two Leinster books were reprinted in 1969 in the United Kingdom by World Distributors, the eponymous novel retitled "The Trap." Unknown Danger was not published in the UK, but World Distributors also published two United Kingdom-only novels the same year, "Slingshot for a David" and "The Mean City"; both were credited to James Bradwell, a pseudonym for Arthur William Charles Kent.


title: Land of the Giants

text: A hardback novel for children, "Flight of Fear" by Carl Henry Rathjen (1969), was published in the United States by Whitman.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Also in 1968, Gold Key Comics published a comic-book version of "Land of the Giants", which ran to five issues. In 2010, all five issues were reprinted together as a hardcover book by Hermes Press.


title: Land of the Giants

text: In 1968, Aurora Plastics Corporation produced two plastic model kits based on the series: "Land of the Giants" was the title of a diorama depicting a giant snake attacking characters Steve Burton, Betty Hamilton, and Dan Erickson, who uses a giant safety pin as a spear. The second kit was a model of the "Spindrift", released as "Land of the Giants Space Ship", instead of using the proper name for the vehicle.


title: Land of the Giants

text: In 1975, Aurora reissued the kit (now renamed Rocket Transport "Spindrift"), with new box art and photos of the assembled kit. It had a front, top section that could be lifted off, revealing a full interior that had to be constructed by the builder, as well as a working door. Most of the model kit was molded in the same bright red-orange as the ship itself, while the interior was molded in a light green, which could be painted.


title: Land of the Giants

text: In 1969, Aladdin Industries released a metal, embossed lunch box based on the series. The artist, Elmer Lenhardt, used his own likeness for a giant scientist taunting the little people. A reproduction of the lunch box was later released by Fab Gear USA in a limited edition of 5000.


title: Land of the Giants

text: Deanna Lund (Valerie Scott) co-wrote a series of short stories based on the series, under the collective title "Valerie in Giant Land".


title: Land of the Giants

text: MeTV began airing "Land of the Giants" in September 2016 to complement its Saturday-night sci-fi line-up of other Irwin Allen series: "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "Lost in Space", and "The Time Tunnel". Prior to debuting on MeTV, "Land of the Giants" had aired only sporadically in syndication in recent years. The Horror Channel in the UK aired the series in full from September 19, 2016, showing one episode a day on weekdays, for 10 weeks.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Saint-Germain-en-Laye () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, from the centre of Paris.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Inhabitants are called "Saint-Germanois" or "Saint-Germinois". With its elegant tree-lined streets it is one of the more affluent suburbs of Paris, combining both high-end leisure spots and exclusive residential neighborhoods (see the Golden Triangle of the Yvelines).


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a sub-prefecture of the department. Because it includes the National Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, it covers approximately , making it the largest commune in the Yvelines. It occupies a large loop of the Seine. Saint-Germain-en-Laye lies at one of the western termini of Line A of the RER.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Saint-Germain-en-Laye was founded in 1020 when King Robert the Pious (ruled 996–1031) founded a convent on the site of the present Church of Saint-Germain.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: In 1688, James II of England exiled himself to the city after being deposed from the throne in what has become known as the Glorious Revolution. He spent the remainder of his days there, and died on 16 September 1701.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Prior to the French Revolution in 1789, it had been a royal town and the Château de Saint-Germain the residence of numerous French monarchs. The old château was constructed in 1348 by King Charles V on the foundations of an old castle ("château-fort") dating from 1238 in the time of Saint Louis. Francis I was responsible for its subsequent restoration. In 1862, Napoleon III set up the "Musée des Antiquités Nationales" in the erstwhile royal château. This museum has exhibits ranging from Paleolithic to Celtic times. The "Dame de Brassempouy" sculpted on a mammoth's ivory tusk around 23,000 years ago is the most famous exhibit in the museum.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Kings Henry IV and Louis XIII left their mark on the town. Louis XIV was born in the château (the city's coat of arms consequently shows a cradle and the date of his birth), and established Saint-Germain-en-Laye as his principal residence from 1661 to 1681. Louis XIV turned over the château to James VII & II of Scotland and England after his exile from Britain after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. James lived in the Château for 13 years, and his daughter Louisa Maria Stuart was born in exile here in 1692. James II is buried in the parish church.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Saint-Germain-en-Laye is famous for its long stone terrace built by André Le Nôtre from 1669 to 1673. The terrace provides a view over the valley of the Seine and, in the distance, Paris. During the French Revolution, the name was changed along with many other places whose names held connotations of religion or royalty. Temporarily, Saint-Germain-en-Laye became Montagne-du-Bon-Air. During his reign, Napoleon I established his cavalry officers training school in the Château-Vieux.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed in 1919 and was applied on 16 July 1920. The treaty officially registered the breakup of the Habsburg empire, which recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia).


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: The parish church, which is dedicated to Germain of Paris, was originally constructed in the eleventh century, and the present building (the fourth on the site) was built in the 1820s in a Neoclassical style, with six Tuscan columns supporting a pediment on the main façade. The church houses the mausoleum of James II of England and was visited by Queen Victoria in 1855.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: The organ, originally installed in 1698, was rebuilt by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll in the nineteenth century and refurbished in 1903. The church's organists have included Albert Renaud (1891–1924), Albert Alain (1924–1971) and Marie-Claire Alain (1971–2010).


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye proper, in its geography at the given years. The population of Fourqueux, absorbed in 2019, is not included.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Saint-Germain-en-Laye is connected to other communes by the Résalys bus network operated by Transdev Montesson-les-Rabeaux. Saint-Germain-en-Laye is served by Saint-Germain-en-Laye station on Paris RER line A.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: It is also served by two stations on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line: Saint-Germain-Bel-Air–Fourqueux and Saint-Germain–Grande Ceinture.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Saint-Germain-en-Laye is also served by Achères–Grand-Cormier station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. This station is located in the middle of the Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, far from the urbanized part of the commune.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: Saint-Germain-en-Laye has a proud footballing history. From 1904 to 1970, it was represented by Stade Saint-Germain, but following a 1970 merger with Paris FC, became Paris Saint-Germain (PSG). PSG is a top-flight football team that is the most successful team in France in terms of trophies.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: There is one main sporting facility in Saint-Germain-en-Laye: the Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre. It covers over 12 hectares and contains:


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: the schools in this commune had 20,581 students, with 7,300 of them living in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. There is a high ratio of overall students to town inhabitants. The municipal nursery and primary schools have 3,549 students. 1,026 students attend private schools in the commune. 522 students attend the Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye nursery and primary divisions.


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: The Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye, a public school, consistently ranks among France's top schools and is considered to be the country's best public international school. It includes 14 different language sections, including one for Japanese students, and the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) lists that program in its group of European "hoshuko" (part-time Japanese educational programmes).


title: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

text: The Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Collège Marcel Roby are located in the city.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: Reginald Ryedell Bullock (born March 16, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels before being selected by the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round of the 2013 NBA draft with the 25th overall pick. Bullock has also played for the Phoenix Suns, Detroit Pistons, Los Angeles Lakers, and New York Knicks.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: Bullock led his high school basketball team, the Kinston High Vikings, to three state championship games during his high school career, winning two championship titles. In 2008, they won the 3A title and in 2010 won the 2A title. During the 2010 championship game against West Caldwell, he was named Most Valuable Player and scored a team high of 15 points. He averaged 25 points and 11 rebounds per game for the 2009–2010 season to make the AP All-State men's team for a third straight season.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: He was chosen to play in the 2010 McDonald's All-American game, where he was on the East Team along with Tobias Harris, Kendall Marshall, Kyrie Irving, and Jared Sullinger. Bullock also played in the Nike Hoops Summit game, the Spalding Hoophall Classic, the Jordan Brand Classic, the King James Classic, and the City of Palms Classic.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: Bullock played on the CP3 Allstars in the AAU circuit. The team won the Gold Bracket Championships, were champions of Southern Jam Fest, runners up at Gibbons TOC, and in the Final Four at the Knoxvegas Heat.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: Bullock committed to attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in January 2008, shortly after receiving a scholarship offer from the Tar Heels. He also received offers from Maryland, Ohio State, Wake Forest, and Indiana.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: In Bullock's freshman season in 2010–11, he was sixth on the team in scoring and the second-leading scorer off the bench at 6.1 points per game. On February 27, 2011, he tore the lateral meniscus in his left knee in a win over Maryland. He had surgery on March 7 to repair the injury and missed the rest of the 2010–11 season.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: In his sophomore season in 2011–12, he led UNC in three-pointers made with 71 and three-point percentage at 38.2%. With 8.8 points per game, he was the fourth-leading scorer on the team.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: In his junior season in 2012–13, he was UNC's third-leading scorer at a career-best 13.9 per game. He was also second on the team in three-pointers, rebounds (6.5) and third in scoring, assists (101) and steals (44).


title: Reggie Bullock

text: Over 100 career games, Bullock averaged 9.9 points, 5.0 rebounds, 1.7 assists in 24.6 minutes per game.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: Bullock was selected by the Los Angeles Clippers with the 25th overall pick in the 2013 NBA draft. On July 11, 2013, he signed his first professional contract with the Clippers. He then joined the Clippers for the 2013 NBA Summer League. Bullock made his NBA debut on October 29, 2013, against the Los Angeles Lakers, scoring two points.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: On January 15, 2015, Bullock was traded to the Phoenix Suns in a three-team trade also involving the Boston Celtics. Ten days later, he made his debut for the Suns against his former team, the Clippers, in a 120–100 loss. On January 29, he was assigned to the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA Development League. Three days later, he was recalled by the Suns. On February 7, he was reassigned to the Jam. Four days later he was recalled. Bullock went on to score his first basket for the Suns in a 110–96 victory over the Denver Nuggets on February 25, 2015.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: On July 9, 2015, Bullock was traded to the Detroit Pistons, along with Danny Granger and Marcus Morris, in exchange for a 2020 second-round draft pick. On October 25, 2015, the Pistons exercised their fourth-year team option on Bullock's rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2016–17 season. On December 19, he was assigned to the Grand Rapids Drive, the Pistons' D-League affiliate. He was recalled by the Pistons the next day.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: After hip and back issues delayed his 2016–17 season debut, Bullock appeared in just four games before being sidelined with another injury on November 25, 2016, having suffered a left knee meniscus tear against the Miami Heat two days earlier. On November 30, was ruled out for two to four months after requiring surgery to address the left meniscus tear.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: On July 14, 2017, Bullock re-signed with the Pistons. On December 17, 2017, he scored a career-high 20 points in a 114–110 win over the Orlando Magic. On December 30, 2017, he set a new career high with 22 points in a 93–79 win over the San Antonio Spurs.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: On November 11, 2018, Bullock had a career-high 23 points with six 3-pointers in a 113–103 loss to the Charlotte Hornets. He set a new career high with 24 points on December 17 against the Milwaukee Bucks, before surpassing that mark on December 19 with 33 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: On February 6, 2019, Bullock was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for Sviatoslav Mykhailiuk and a future second round draft pick.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: On July 16, 2019, Bullock signed with the New York Knicks, and underwent successful surgery on the next day for a cervical disc herniation. In his debut with the Knicks on January 1, 2020, Bullock scored 11 points in a 117–93 win against the Portland Trail Blazers.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: On August 6, 2021, Bullock signed with the Dallas Mavericks. He made his debut on October 21, 2021, in a 87–113 loss to the Atlanta Hawks, scoring three points.


title: Reggie Bullock

text: Bullock has a son. Bullock's transgender sister, Mia Henderson, was murdered in Baltimore on July 16, 2014. A suspect was arrested in August 2015. In August 2016, Bullock said of his sister, "She lived as herself, she taught me how to be (myself). She taught me how to take care of the family... She was happy with being who she was. She wasn't worried about how others felt about her. A person that can isolate the whole world out and not care about other people's feelings is a strong person, to me. That was one of the biggest things that I got from her." Bullock remains engaged in LGBT rights, volunteering to train gay and transgender youth alongside Jason Collins, a basketball player who came out as gay in a 2013 edition of "Sports Illustrated". Bullock has also taken part with his young son Treyson in the New York City LGBT Pride March as part of the LGBT NBA float. He was honored during the GLAAD Media Awards, and is active in the charity "NBA Voices for LGBT Youth and Allies". He also appears in documentary from "Vice Sports" where he talks about his sister and his engagement towards the gay community in her memory. He is also involved in anti-bullying campaigns.


title: Big Zuu

text: Zuhair Hassan (born 19 August 1995), known professionally as Big Zuu, is a British rapper, grime MC, songwriter, DJ and television personality from West London. He is best known for presenting "Big Zuu's Big Eats" for Dave.


title: Big Zuu

text: Hassan was born in London and grew up on the Mozart Estate in Harrow Road, west London. His mother is from Sierra Leone and his father is from Lebanon, however, his father was absent during his childhood. During his gap year between college and university, Hassan worked as a mentor for young children in a secondary school in Haggerston, East London. He then spent two years at Goldsmiths University in New Cross studying towards a community development and youth work degree. He is a member of the MTP crew "(My Team Paid)", a rap group that consists of his cousin AJ Tracey and other grime MCs such as Ets and others; much like AJ Tracey, his first demos were recorded at their local youth centre, The Rugby Club, which let them use their studio so long as no expletives were used during the recording, forcing him to become creative to make his point.


title: Big Zuu

text: In a 2018 interview with Red Bull, Hassan stated that his music style was influenced by "old school" artists such as Tupac Shakur, Jme, P Money, Ghetts and Skepta.


title: Big Zuu

text: In late 2019, UKTV channel Dave commissioned a new food show starring Hassan and various stand-up comedians. The show, "Big Zuu's Big Eats", began broadcasting on 15 May 2020. It features Hassan and two friends, Tubsey and Hyder, in a 10-part series cooking for stand-up comedians who were touring the UK. For each comedian they prepare a made-to-order pre-show appetiser, followed by a three-course meal. Rosie Jones, Desiree Burch, Ed Gamble, Jamali Maddix, Jimmy Carr, Josh Widdicombe, London Hughes, Lou Sanders, Phil Wang and Guz Khan make guest appearances in the series. In September 2020 it was confirmed that the show would return for two special episodes followed by a second series in 2021. The third series premiered on 4 July 2022; guests include Johnny Vegas, Katherine Ryan and Mel B.


title: Big Zuu

text: He appeared on episode 11 of series 2 of "Guessable". He made an appearance on "Jon & Lucy's Christmas Sleepover".


title: Big Zuu

text: Hassan presented "Big Zuu's Breakfast Show" on Sunday mornings throughout the spring and summer of 2022 on ITV.


title: Big Zuu

text: In May 2022, Hassan won two Bafta TV Awards – entertainment performance and features for his show "Big Zuu’s Big Eats" at the 2022 British Academy Television Awards.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry is a 1977 novel by Mildred D. Taylor. Part of her Logan family series, it is a sequel to her 1975 novella "Song of the Trees". It won the 1977 Newbery Medal.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: The novel is the first book in the Logan family saga, which includes four sequels ("Let the Circle Be Unbroken" (1981), "The Road to Memphis" (1992), "The Gold Cadillac" (1987), and "All the Days Past, All the Days to Come" (2020)) and three prequels ("The Land" (2001), "The Well: David's Story" (1995), and "Song of the Trees" (1975)) as well as two novellas ("Mississippi Bridge" (1990) and "The Friendship" (1987)). In the book, Taylor explores struggles of African Americans in 1930s Mississippi through the perspective of nine-year-old Cassie Logan. The novel contains several themes, including Jim Crow segregation, Black landownership, sharecropping, the Great Depression, and lynching.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: Nine-year-old Cassie Logan lives in rural Mississippi with her three brothers, Stacey (twelve years old), Christopher-John (seven years old), and Little Man (six years old). Unlike most black families in their area, the Logan family owns the land on which they reside. It originally belonged to a white plantation owner, Harlan Granger, who sold it to cover his taxes during Reconstruction.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: Rather than a single, overarching storyline, the bulk of the novel consists of several intertwining plots, each involving one or more members of the Logan family and illustrating various aspects of black/white race relations. Several episodes feature black characters being humiliated by powerful white citizens and being forced to weigh the potential cost of standing up for themselves.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: At school, Cassie and Little Man notice that the books they use were originally distributed to the white children and given to the black students once they wear out.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: Mama organizes a boycott of the Wallaces' store because they are the cause of most of the trouble between the blacks and the whites, as well as possibly being members of the Ku Klux Klan. The Wallaces retaliate.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: Stacey's friend T.J. sets Stacey up to be accused of cheating in school. T.J ends his friendship with Stacey and befriends two brothers, R.W. and Melvin Simms, who are white. The Simms boys convince T.J. to help them burgle the Barnett store. In the process, the Barnetts are killed and the Simms boys set T.J. up to take the blame.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: After Cassie is humiliated by Lillian Jean Simms, she pretends to forgive Lillian Jean and becomes friends with her long enough to learn sensitive information about the Simms family. Cassie forces Lillian Jean to apologize for all the humiliation she inflicted on her, then threatens to reveal all of Lillian Jean's secrets if she tells anyone what happened.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: When Cassie's mother catches T.J. cheating, T.J. gets her fired from her job, with the help of the Wallace family.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: The book ends with T.J. about to be lynched for the deaths of the Barnetts when the cotton fields catch fire and the community bands together to stop the fire from spreading. Cassie realizes that Papa set the fire to save T.J. Stacey asks what T.J.'s fate will be. Papa tells the children T.J. will likely be convicted of Mr. Barnett's murder and may be executed. Cassie, overwhelmed by the news, silently goes to bed. Although Cassie never liked T.J., she cries for him and the land.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: At the time of the book's publication, "Kirkus Reviews" wrote, "Taylor trusts to her material and doesn't try to inflate Cassie's role in these events, and though the strong, clear-headed Logan family is no doubt an idealization, their characters are drawn with quiet affection and their actions tempered with a keen sense of human fallibility." In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1976 to 1985, literary critic Zena Sutherland wrote of "Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry", "There is no doubt that this book remains today as effective dramatically and as important sociologically as it was when it appeared... This is not an unflawed book, but it is a memorable one."


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: In addition to a Newbery Medal, the novel was also a National Book Award finalist and Coretta Scott King Award honoree.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: The Burbank Unified School District banned the book from the curriculum due to complaints from four parents who allege the material in the book could lead to potential harm to the district's African-American students. However, scholar Hyun-Joo Yoo argues that "Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry" can have a more positive impact: Taylor purposefully writes from the perspective of African American protagonists who are strong-willed and effect change. Taylor's positive depictions in "Roll of Thunder" counter the long history of racist and negative stereotypes about African Americans. Brooks also argues that "Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry" presents a minority perspective and challenges white-dominated narratives.


title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

text: In 1978, the novel was adapted into a television film directed by Jack Smight and starring Claudia McNeil, Janet MacLachlan and Morgan Freeman. The film won modest praise, including two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Best Cinematography and Best Sound Editing.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: Neil "Razor" Ruddock (born 9 May 1968) is an English former professional footballer and television personality who is a club director at Enfield.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: As a player he was a central defender from 1986 to 2003, and was voted the 17th "hardest footballer of all time". He made his debut at Millwall, having been associated with the club since the age of 13, and also represented Tottenham Hotspur, Southampton, Liverpool, West Ham United, Crystal Palace, Queens Park Rangers and Swindon Town during a professional career spanning 17 years. He was capped once by England, in 1994.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: Ruddock came out of retirement in 2015, aged 46, to play for United Counties League side Wellingborough Whitworth. He has since appeared on a variety of television shows including "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!" and "Celebrity Masterchef".


title: Neil Ruddock

text: Ruddock began his career at Millwall, before signing for Tottenham Hotspur in 1986. He broke his leg on his Tottenham debut against Liverpool and made only 11 appearances for Spurs, his only goal coming in a 2–1 defeat to third tier Port Vale in the 1987–88 FA Cup. In the summer of 1988 Ruddock rejoined Millwall.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: Ruddock joined Southampton in February 1989, in a £200,000 transfer from Millwall. A rugged, uncompromising defender, he soon became popular with the Southampton fans especially after confidently scoring a penalty against Newcastle United on 1 April in only his sixth game for the club, thus helping the "Saints" earn their first victory in 18 matches and start Southampton on a climb away from the relegation zone. His goal celebration after the 89th-minute penalty became known as the "Ruddock stomp". Ruddock missed his next two penalties, allowing Matt Le Tissier to take over for the following season.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: Despite early disciplinary problems at The Dell, Ruddock's talents as a confident, left-footed defender earned him England Under-21 honours. Powerful in the air, he could tackle strongly but was also able to bring the ball forward out of defence.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In the 1991–92 season, Ruddock was a member of the Southampton side that reached the final of the Zenith Data Systems Cup, where they were beaten in extra time 3–2 by Nottingham Forest.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: After three years on the south coast, he was enticed back to Tottenham by Terry Venables in May 1992, with the tribunal setting the transfer fee at a "ridiculous" £750,000.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: Ruddock was signed by Liverpool from Tottenham Hotspur on a £2.5 million transfer. While at Liverpool, Ruddock was famously involved in an on-field scuffle with Manchester United star Eric Cantona. Ruddock responded to Cantona's taunts about his weight by turning down the Frenchman's collar. In 1995, he was absolved of fracturing Peter Beardsley's jaw with an elbow in a testimonial match. Beardsley contemplated legal action on the grounds that Ruddock acted deliberately, but later decided to withdraw charges. In 1996, Ruddock's tackle on Andrew Cole of Manchester United in a reserve game at Anfield left the player with two broken legs, and Ruddock claimed innocence, while Cole said he believed Ruddock did not intend harm. However, in a 2010 interview with Talksport, he jokingly refers to the incident as "not big, and not clever", adding "but it was great", and that "I didn't mean to break both of his legs if I'm honest, I only meant to break one".


title: Neil Ruddock

text: Arguably his finest game for Liverpool came on 20 January 1996, when he scored twice for them in a 5–0 home league win over Leeds United.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: At Liverpool, Ruddock was also part of the squad of the 1990s under Roy Evans, known infamously as the "Spice Boys", that included the likes of David James, Robbie Fowler, Jamie Redknapp, Jason McAteer, Steve McManaman and Stan Collymore, but left in 1998 when new coach Gérard Houllier joined.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In July 1998, Ruddock moved to West Ham United for a fee of £300,000 making his debut on 15 August 1998 in a 1–0 away win against Sheffield Wednesday. In October 1999 whilst playing for West Ham, Ruddock was also involved in a bust-up with Arsenal's Patrick Vieira, with Vieira receiving a six-match ban and a £30,000 fine after spitting at Ruddock after some verbal sparring between the two.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In 56 games for West Ham, he scored three goals, was booked 14 times and sent-off once, in December 1998, in a 4–0 away defeat to Leeds United, for a dangerous tackle on Harry Kewell. The Hammers finished fifth in the Premier League that season – their highest finish for 13 years – and qualified for the UEFA Cup to end a 19-year absence from European competitions.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In 2000, Ruddock moved to Crystal Palace on a free transfer, spending one season there before signing for Division Two side Swindon Town. He was also accused by Crystal Palace chairman, Simon Jordan in November 2005, of "taking the team out and getting them wasted when we were fighting relegation". He scored twice for Swindon, with goals against Colchester in the league and Hartlepool in the FA Cup. Relations turned sour when Ruddock refused to quit after being advised to do so by a specialist; during a period of time where the club was in serious financial difficulties. The club responded by appointing Steve Coppell as assistant manager and taking Ruddock's coaching duties away. The board eventually stopped paying Ruddock's wages in an attempt to drive him out. He took the club to an employment tribunal and in December 2002, received £57,000, representing money lost in wages and loyalty payments, with an agreement to terminate his contract as player/coach.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In January 2015, Ruddock came out of retirement at the age of 46 years, to sign for United Counties League side Wellingborough Whitworth.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In August 2018, Ruddock joined the coaching team of Essex Senior League side Enfield. In June 2020 he became a club director.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: Ruddock won four caps for the England Under-21 squad and one in 1994 for England B when he captained the team against Ireland B at Anfield. On 16 November 1994, he won his only senior cap for England, playing in a friendly against Nigeria when Terry Venables was the national team's coach.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In 2004, he appeared on the third series of "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!". After his appearance, he recorded a charity single, a version of "Jungle Rock", with fellow contestants Lord Brocket, Peter Andre and Mike Read, performing as the Jungle Boys.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In 2006, he was involved in the television programme "Razor Ruddock's Pass & Move Soccer School" where children released by academies were coached by Ruddock.


title: Neil Ruddock

text: In 2007, he appeared in Celebrity Wife Swap UK (Series 10 Episode 1), going to live with English singer and television personality Pete Burns, while wife Leah went to live with Burns' partner Michael Simpson.