title: Nepali Army

text: Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa was the first person to use "Commander-in-Chief" as the title of army chief. King Rajendra Bikram Shah appointed Bhimsen to the post of Commander-in-Chief and praised Bhimsen for long service to the nation. However, on 14 June 1837, the King took over the command of all the battalions put in charge of various courtiers, and himself became the Commander-in-Chief. Immediately after the incarceration of the Thapas in 1837, Dalbhanjan Pande and Rana Jang Pande were the joint head of military administration. However, Rana Jang was removed after 3 months in October 1837.


title: Nepali Army

text: Since the regime of "Mukhtiyar" Bhimsen, only seven army chiefs of Nepal were non-Rana Chhetris including Shahs while others were all Ranas till 1951. Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) was replaced by Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) from the reign of General Singha Pratap Shah.


title: Nepali Army

text: The Nepali Army has contributed more than 100,000 peacekeepers to a variety of United Nations-sponsored peacekeeping missions such as:


title: Nepali Army

text: The U.S.-Nepali military relationship focuses on support for democratic institutions, civilian control of the military, and the professional military ethic to include respect for human rights.


title: Nepali Army

text: The US would support Nepal with arms, ammunition and additional commandos and soldiers if war began with its neighboring China but resisted giving any support if war broke out with India as in is an essential ally to the US in the Indo-Pacific against China and has also signed COMCASA with the US in the 2+2 meeting in September 2018. Both countries have had extensive contact over the years. Nepali Army units have served with distinction alongside American forces in places such as Haiti, Iraq, and Somalia.


title: Nepali Army

text: U.S.-Nepali military engagement continues today through IMET, Enhanced International Peacekeeping Capabilities (EIPC), Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI), and various conferences and seminars. The U.S. military sends many Nepali Army officers to America to attend military schooling, such as the Command and General Staff College and the U.S. Army War College. The IMET budget for FY2001 was $220,000.


title: Nepali Army

text: The EIPC program is an inter-agency program between the Department of Defense and the Department of State to increase the pool of international peacekeepers and to promote interoperability. Nepal received about $1.9 million in EPIC funding.


title: Nepali Army

text: Commander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC) coordinates military engagement with Nepal through the Office of Defense Cooperation (ODC). The ODC Nepal is located in the American Embassy Kathmandu.


title: Nepali Army

text: The first four army units of the Nepali Army are the Shreenath, Kali Baksh (Kalibox), Barda Bahadur, and Sabuj companies founded in August 1762 by the King Prithvi Narayan Shah with Khas/Chhetri and Thakuri clans well before the Gorkha conquest of Nepal. The Purano Gorakh Company was founded in February 1763 and is the fifth oldest unit of the Nepal army.


title: Nepali Army

text: The majority of equipment used by the Nepali Army is imported from other countries. India is the army's largest supplier of arms and ammunition as well as other logistical equipment, which are often furnished under generous military grants. Germany, the United States, Belgium, Israel, and South Korea have also either supplied or offered arms to the Nepali Army.


title: Nepali Army

text: Army's first standard rifle was the Belgian FN FAL, which it adopted in 1960. Nepali FALs were later complemented by unlicensed, Indian-manufactured variants of the same weapon, as well its British counterpart, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle. Beginning in 2002 these were officially supplemented in army service by the American M-16 rifle, which took the FAL's place as the army's standard service rifle. Nevertheless, the FAL and its respective variants remain the single most prolific weapon in Nepali army service, with thousands of second-hand examples being supplied by India as late as 2005.


title: ICICI Prudential Life Insurance

text: ICICI Prudential Life Insurance started its operations in 2001. The life insurance arm was established as a joint venture between ICICI Bank Limited and Prudential Corporation Holdings Limited with assets under management (AUM) of approx. .


title: ICICI Prudential Life Insurance

text: In 2015, the company had crossed mark in assets under management (AUM). It became the first insurance company in the industry to benchmark in AUM.


title: ICICI Prudential Life Insurance

text: In 2016, ICICI Prudential Life became the first insurance company to be listed in Indian stock market, namely Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange. The IPO, where the parent company ICICI Bank Limited offloaded 12.65 per cent of its shares, was termed as biggest in the Indian market since 2010 with its market capitalisation of . Temasek Holdings, Premji Invest and Government of Singapore are other major shareholders of the company.


title: ICICI Prudential Life Insurance

text: In 2017, ICICI Prudential Life was to take over Sahara Life's insurance business on request from the regulator IRDA in a motive to resolve the crisis at Sahara's life insurance arm. The merger was later revoked by Securities Appellate Tribunal.


title: ICICI Prudential Life Insurance

text: In 2020, ICICI Prudential Life had crossed mark in assets under management (AUM). The total premium income was of which was from the new business premium while approx. was of the renewal premium.


title: Texhnolyze

text: Texhnolyze (stylized as TEXHNOLYZE) is a Japanese experimental anime television series animated by Madhouse and directed by Hiroshi Hamasaki, with screenplay by Chiaki J. Konaka, with original character design by Yoshitoshi ABe and produced by Yasuyuki Ueda. It was broadcast on Fuji Television and its affiliates from April to September 2003.


title: Texhnolyze

text: The story takes place in the vibrant yet dilapidated underground city of Lux. Denizens of Lux have come to call it "The City" and treat it as a sentient force. It focuses on Ichise, a stoic prize fighter who loses a leg and an arm to satisfy an enraged promoter; Onishi, a young but level-headed executive who has many enemies; and Ran, a little girl who has a very important gift that affects the entire city. As they struggle to accept the challenges that they are dealt, they bear witness to major events that determine the survival and fate of the city.


title: Texhnolyze

text: "Texhnolyze" takes place in the city of Lux, a man-made underground city that has crumbled after years of neglect and lack of repairs. Citizens of Lux have come to refer to their home as simply "The City" and treat it as though it has a mind and will of its own. Three major factions battle to control Lux: Organo, a group of "professionals" who collaborate with the criminal underworld that controls Texhnolyze (prosthetics); the Salvation Union, a populist group that seeks to disrupt Organo's business; and Racan, a collection of young individuals with Texhnolyzes that use their abilities for personal gain.


title: Texhnolyze

text: Ichise was once an orphan who has made a place for himself in Lux as a prize fighter. One day, a fight promoter grows angry with him and the altercation that follows results in Ichise losing an arm and a leg. Before death can take him, Ichise is found by the scientist Eriko Kamata, who uses him as a test subject for her newly designed Texhnolyze. With these powerful new limbs at his disposal, Ichise begins to work for Oonishi, the leader of Organo. He soon meets a mysterious young girl, Ran, who has the power to see possible futures. Together, they soon realize that Lux is on the brink of war and collapse, and that they may be the only ones who can save The city. Texhnolyze takes the audience into an Wellsian dystopia in which hope is scarce and evil is unbound.


title: Texhnolyze

text: "Texhnolyze" aired for twenty episodes on Fuji Television from April 16 to September 24, 2003. Two un-aired episodes were included in the DVD release. Geneon USA's English dub of the series aired in the United States on STARZ!/Encore's Action channel in 2006, then aired again on Funimation Channel and Funimation Channel on Demand when Funimation licensed the series from Geneon Entertainment. It also aired in Canada on G4techTV Canada's Anime Current block in the mid-2000s. Japanese visual kei singer Gackt's song "Tsuki no Uta" was selected as its ending theme.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Fozzie Bear is a Muppet character best known as the insecure and comedically fruitless stand-up comic on "The Muppet Show." Fozzie is an orange-brown bear who often wears a brown pork pie hat and a pink and white polka dot necktie. The character debuted on "The Muppet Show", as the series' resident comedian, a role where he uses the catchphrase "Wocka wocka!" to indicate that he'd completed a joke. He was often the target of ridicule, particularly from balcony hecklers Statler and Waldorf. Fozzie was performed by Frank Oz until 2001, after which Eric Jacobson became the character's principal performer.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: The origin of Fozzie's name has been traditionally thought to be a pun of performer Frank Oz's name (F.Oz). It was also believed that the character was actually named after Al Fuzzie, the mascot of the Alpha Xi Delta sorority in the mid-1970s; Henson's wife, Jane, was a member of the sorority. However, Oz confirmed on Twitter in 2018 that Fozzie was named after Franz Fazakas, a Muppet workshop person, who was nicknamed "Faz".


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Fozzie Bear was originally Oz's main character. The popularity of Miss Piggy overtook Fozzie's, but he remained popular. One of his largest roles ever was in "A Muppet Family Christmas", where he took all of his friends to his mother's farm for Christmas.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: In 1988, Fozzie was featured in the VHS release "Hey, You're as Funny as Fozzie Bear", part of the Jim Henson Company's "Play-Along Video" series. In the video, Fozzie instructs young viewers in various comedy techniques. The concept for the "Play-Along Video" came from Jim Henson's idea that television could be used as an interactive medium and encourage children's creativity.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: During the 1990s, his roles became much smaller, due to the fact that Oz had turned his focus to directing non-Muppet films and reduced his time with the Muppets. Fozzie was only a supporting character in the Muppet films of that decade and only appeared in six episodes of "Muppets Tonight". However, he returned to prominence when Eric Jacobson took over in 2002, beginning with "It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie", in which Fozzie was the focus of a number of scenes.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Frank Oz first performed Fozzie in 1976 on "The Muppet Show". He remained Fozzie's main performer until his departure from the cast in 2001. In 2002, Eric Jacobson became Fozzie's main performer and has continued to perform the character since then.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Kevin Clash and John Kennedy puppeteered Fozzie for much of the production of "Muppet Treasure Island" and "Muppets from Space" , respectively, with Oz dubbing Fozzie's voice. Victor Yerrid performed Fozzie for a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show, "Muppets Ahoy!". Voice actor Greg Berg provided Fozzie's voice for the Saturday morning cartoon "Muppet Babies", as well as its short-lived spin-off, "Little Muppet Monsters". In the reboot of "Muppet Babies", Fozzie is voiced by Eric Bauza.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Frank Oz has described Fozzie as "desperately insecure" and cites the character's close friendship with Kermit the Frog to be essential to his core. Oz elaborates that, "With Kermit, he would want to find a way to be funny. That's not altruistic for Fozzie. He's not trying to make people feel better. He just wants to be a great comedian. But the main thing is that he would need to be with Kermit. He feels alone without Kermit." Being best friends, Fozzie and Kermit have frequently been paired together in many movies, books, and specials. In "The Muppet Movie", Fozzie is the first Muppet that Kermit meets on his journey. After Fozzie's unsuccessful comedy performance at the El Sleezo Cafe, Kermit invited Fozzie to come to Hollywood with him. The two friends sing the duet "Movin' Right Along" in the film. Several episodes show Fozzie as dedicated to Kermit, usually responding to his instructions with a chipper "Yes sir." On those rare occasions when Kermit must be away from the theater, he invariably leaves Fozzie in charge of the show, although he equally invariably regrets it (due to the bear's lack of skill as a showrunner). In "The Great Muppet Caper", Fozzie and Kermit are portrayed as twin brothers.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Fozzie's mother, Emily Bear (performed by Jerry Nelson), appeared in "A Muppet Family Christmas" special. To Fozzie's surprise, she was friends with Statler and Waldorf, despite the heckling they inflict on him. Fozzie also has a cousin who appeared in the first season of "The Muppet Show", also performed by Frank Oz. In "The Muppet Movie", Fozzie makes reference to his uncle, whose Studebaker he traded in while his uncle was hibernating.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: His cousin is an audience member. In one episode of "The Muppet Show", he begged the other audience members not to insult his cousin Fozzie. He has a friend called Jasmine the tortoise.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: In the first season of "The Muppet Show", the show's opening featured Fozzie telling a joke during an instrumental portion of the theme song. Fozzie was often featured in a sketch where he did a comedy monologue, in which Statler and Waldorf would heckle him (he was their favorite victim). In the second season, Fozzie's comedy routines often had gimmicks such as ventriloquism or performing on roller skates. As the series progressed, he did fewer comedy routines, becoming more involved in the show as a whole. He also performed as a magician occasionally.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Occasionally, Fozzie uses Jewish humor on the show, a nod to Frank Oz's Jewish heritage and the Borscht Belt comics that were widely popular in the mid-20th century. For example, "The Telephone Pole Bit" included a reference to Frank Oz's Polish Jewish father, and in Fozzie's magic act, he pulls a rabbi out of his hat.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Though his main job was to be the show's comedian, he has had a number of other roles on "The Muppet Show". He sang and danced in many musical numbers, and frequently acted in sketches (most famously his recurring sketch "Bear On Patrol" where he plays an unlucky police officer). He also often helps backstage and even attempts to plan out the show in one episode, and write the script in another.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: In one episode, he and his mother Emily do a performance of Knees Up Mother Brown, in which he sings and Emily dances as Mother Brown in the chorus.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: In Episode 115, Fozzie constantly annoys Kermit with a running gag, delivering a number of pun items, such as a "wire" and a "letter" for Kermit the Frog which turned out to be a clothes wire and the letter R, respectively.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Another running gag is Fozzie's hat—as a bear, he is naturally covered with fur, all over. However, upon removing his hat, it is clear that his head shape is modeled on the pate of a bald headed man—thus, the juxtaposition of being both furred and bald simultaneously. This was referenced in the 2011 film "The Muppets", where he saw an old picture of himself at the Muppet Theater and ridiculed the "'80s haircut" he sported back then.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: Fozzie was also frequently teamed up with Rowlf the Dog. In Episode 101, Fozzie plays a western bandit to Rowlf's role as a western hero. Fozzie also appeared in two "Veterinarian's Hospital" sketches, in which Rowlf starred as Dr. Bob.


title: Fozzie Bear

text: In Episode 218, Rowlf learns that Fozzie could play the piano, and they play the piano together in a performance of "English Country Garden". Rowlf has also played back-up to Fozzie's renditions of "Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)" and "I've Got Rhythm". During the latter number, Rowlf attempts to help Fozzie with his singing but is finally reduced to changing the hapless bear's lyrics to "I "Don't" Got Rhythm". The young incarnations of Fozzie and Rowlf are also frequently paired together on "Muppet Babies".


title: Principality of Serbia

text: The Principality of Serbia () was an autonomous state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian Revolution, which lasted between 1804 and 1817. Its creation was negotiated first through an unwritten agreement between Miloš Obrenović, leader of the Second Serbian Uprising, and Ottoman official Marashli Pasha. It was followed by the series of legal documents published by the Sublime Porte in 1828, 1829 and finally, 1830—the Hatt-i Sharif. Its "de facto" independence ensued in 1867, following the evacuation of the remaining Ottoman troops from the Belgrade Fortress and the country; its independence was recognized internationally in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin. In 1882 the country was elevated to the status of kingdom.


title: Principality of Serbia

text: The Serbian revolutionary leaders—first Karađorđe and then Miloš Obrenović—succeeded in their goal of liberating Serbia from centuries-long Turkish rule. Turkish authorities acknowledged the state by the 1830 Hatt-i Sharif, and Miloš Obrenović became a hereditary prince (knjaz) of the Serbian Principality. Serbia was de jure an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire, its autonomy was constrained by the presence of the Turkish army on its soil and by being forced to pay to Istanbul a yearly tribute of 2.3 million groschen, which represented about 10% of the country's budget.


title: Principality of Serbia

text: At first, the principality included only the territory of the former Pashaluk of Belgrade, but in 1831–33 it expanded to the east, south, and west. In 1866 Serbia began the campaign of forging The First Balkan Alliance by signing the series of agreements with other Balkan entities in the period 1866–68. On 18 April 1867 the Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison, which since 1826 had been the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia, withdrawn from the Belgrade fortress. The only stipulation was that the Ottoman flag continue to fly over the fortress alongside the Serbian one. Serbia's "de facto" independence dates from this event. A new constitution in 1869 defined Serbia as an independent state. Serbia was further expanded to the southeast in 1878, when its independence from the Ottoman Empire won full international recognition at the Treaty of Berlin. The Principality would last until 1882 when it was raised to the level of the Kingdom of Serbia.


title: Principality of Serbia

text: The principality was divided into seventeen districts known as which were then divided into a number of cantons, known as , according to the size of the district. The Principality had a total of sixty-six .


title: Principality of Serbia

text: The Armed Forces of the Principality of Serbia was the armed forces of the Principality of Serbia. Founded in 1830, it became a standing army to take part to the First and Second Serbo Turkish Wars of 1876-1878, the first conflict in the nation modern history, after which the country gained its full independence. It was succeeded by the Royal Serbian Army.


title: Principality of Serbia

text: In the first decades of the principality, the population was about 85% Serb and 15% non-Serb. Of those, most were Vlachs, and there were some Muslim Albanians, which were the overwhelming majority of the Muslims that lived in Smederevo, Kladovo and Ćuprija. The new state aimed to homogenize of its population. As a result, from 1830 to the wars of the 1870s in which Albanians were expelled from the environs of Nis, it has been estimated that up to 150,000 Albanians that lived in the territories of the Principality of Serbia had been expelled.


title: Principality of Serbia

text: The Principality was ruled by the Obrenović dynasty, except for a period under Prince Aleksandar of the Karađorđević dynasty. Princes Miloš and Mihailo Obrenović each reigned twice.


title: Super Best Friends

text: "Super Best Friends" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series "South Park" and the 68th episode of the series overall. Going by production order, it is the 4th episode of Season 5 instead of the 3rd. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on July 4, 2001. In the episode, Stan, Kyle, Cartman and Kenny discover the magician David Blaine performing in South Park and decide to join his cult, the Blaintologists. Stan quickly finds out that the Blaintologists are not as nice as everyone thinks and tries to convince the other boys that they have been brainwashed. Teaming up with Jesus, Stan calls upon the Super Best Friends, a parody of the Super Friends, to destroy Blaine and thwart the mass suicide pact he has launched.


title: Super Best Friends

text: The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA in the United States. It depicts several religious figures, including Muhammad, whose appearance at the time of the original airing caused little to no controversy. Following Islamists' death threats regarding Muhammad's portrayal in the 2010 episode titled "201", the South Park Studios website no longer streams "Super Best Friends", nor is it available for streaming or purchase from online stores. The episode has been replaced on the South Park Studios with a notice: "We apologize that South Park Studios cannot stream Super Best Friends." The episode was also featured in syndication, but was permanently removed after the threats. It is one of five episodes which are unavailable on HBO Max, along with season 14's "200", and the aforementioned "201", as well as season 10's "Cartoon Wars Part I" and "Cartoon Wars Part II".


title: Super Best Friends

text: David Blaine visits South Park, impressing the town's residents, including Kyle, Stan, Cartman, and Kenny, with his street magic. Mesmerized, the boys join the cult of "Blaintology," hoping to learn more about magic. Stan becomes progressively more disturbed by the cult and soon leaves, but Kyle refuses to join him, and so Stan asks Jesus for help. Meanwhile, Kyle and Cartman go door to door in a recruitment drive, sporting nametags labeled "Elder Kyle" and "Elder Cartman."


title: Super Best Friends

text: Jesus appears at Blaine's show in Denver, and challenges him by performing the miracle of the loaves and fish... after requesting that everybody in the audience turn around; Blaine manages to win the crowd with much more powerful enchantments. Jesus promptly requires the assistance of the Super Best Friends: a group of major religious figures including Muhammad, Buddha, Moses, Joseph Smith, Krishna, Laozi and "Sea Man", an Aquaman-like character. They are dedicated to defending the world against evil (except for Buddha, who "doesn't really believe in evil").


title: Super Best Friends

text: The Blaintologists, meanwhile, petition the government for tax-exempt status. Their request is denied, and all the Blaintologists are told that they are to commit mass suicide in Washington, D.C. Kyle is shown to have escaped the cult's control, but when he tries to convince Cartman that they should flee, Cartman reports him, and Kyle is imprisoned in a glass bubble and forced to participate at the mass suicide. When word about the mass suicide reaches the Super Best Friends, they consult Moses (previously seen in "Jewbilee") for advice.


title: Super Best Friends

text: In D.C., the Blaintologists begin to drown themselves in the Reflecting Pool even though it is only approximately a foot deep, while Cartman installs a hose in Kyle's glass bubble to fill it with water, so as to drown him. The Super Best Friends arrive at the scene, to which Blaine responds by animating the statue of Abraham Lincoln to fight them.


title: Super Best Friends

text: Meanwhile, Stan searches for his friends, first finding Kenny drowned in the pool and shouting "Oh, my God! They killed Kenny!", to which Kyle replies "You bastards!"; they alternately repeat their catchphrases in Marco Polo fashion to find each other. In order to defeat the Abraham Lincoln statue, the Super Best Friends create a giant animated John Wilkes Booth statue, which shoots it in the head, causing it to fall over and shatter Kyle's prison. Afterwards, Joseph Smith uses his ice powers to freeze the reflecting pool so as to prevent more suicides.


title: Super Best Friends

text: It is revealed that Cartman has not managed to kill himself, as he keeps coming up for air. Blaine curses the Super Best Friends for ruining his plans and flies away in a rocket ship. Stan finally announces that any religion which forces people to relinquish their money or control over their lives is really a cult. After his speech, Kyle reconciles with Stan, they amuse themselves with kicking a taunting Cartman in the testicles, and the episode ends with the Super Best Friends flying away.


title: Super Best Friends

text: In the DVD commentary, Parker states that the episode's references to real-life magician David Blaine and "Blaintology" were allusions to Scientology.


title: Super Best Friends

text: In 2005, cartoon depictions of Muhammad became more controversial during the "Jyllands-Posten" Muhammad cartoons controversy. The creators of "South Park" returned to this theme in later episodes, parodying censorship attempts and portraying Muhammad again in the 2006 episodes "Cartoon Wars Part I" and "Cartoon Wars Part II" and again in the 2010 episode "200". Further controversy ensued, and one group, "Revolution Muslim", warned that "South Park"s creators would "probably wind up like Theo van Gogh". Around this time, the original "Super Best Friends" episode was removed from the South Park Studios website.


title: Super Best Friends

text: "Super Best Friends", along with the thirteen other episodes from "South Park: the Complete Fifth Season", were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on February 22, 2005. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode.


title: Super Best Friends

text: The episode was included in the re-release of the fifth season on Blu-ray, released on December 5, 2017. This was the first time the episode was made available in HD, as the episode was not released alongside the rest of the season when it debuted in HD on iTunes in 2011. The episode is shown in its original presentation, without Muhammad's image being obscured as in later episodes of the series.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: There are multiple environmental issues in India. Air pollution, water pollution, garbage, domestically prohibited goods and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India. Nature is also causing some drastic effects on India. The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995. According to data collected and environmental assessments studied by World Bank experts, between 1995 through 2010, India has made some of the fastest progress in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality in the world. However, Pollution still remains a major challenge and opportunity for the country.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Environmental issues are one of the primary causes of disease, health issues and long term livelihood impact for India.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: British rule of India saw several laws related to the environment. Amongst the earliest ones were Shore Nuisance (Bombay and Kolkata) Act of 1853 and the Oriental Gas Company Act of 1857. The Indian Penal Code of 1860, imposed a fine on anyone who voluntarily fouls the water of any public spring or reservoir. In addition, the Code penalised negligent acts. British India also enacted laws aimed at controlling air pollution. Prominent amongst these were the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Act of 1905 and the Bombay Smoke Nuisance Act of 1912. Whilst these laws failed in having the intended effect, British-enacted legislations pioneered the growth of environmental regulations in India.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Upon independence from Britain, India adopted a constitution and numerous British-enacted laws, without any specific constitutional provision on protecting the environment. India amended its constitution in 1976. Article 48(A) of Part IV of the amended constitution, read: The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Article 51 A (g) imposed additional environmental mandates on the Indian state.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Other Indian laws from recent history include the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, the Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981. The Air Act was inspired by the decisions made at Stockholm Conference. The Bhopal gas tragedy triggered the Government of India to enact the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. India has also enacted a set of Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules in 2000.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: In 1985, the Indian government created the Ministry of Environment and Forests. This ministry is the central administrative organisation in India for regulating and ensuring environmental protection.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Despite the active passage of laws by the central government of India, the reality of environmental quality mostly worsened between 1947 and 1990. Rural poor had no choice, but to sustain life in whatever way possible. Air emissions increased, water pollution worsened, forest cover decreased.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Starting in the 1990s, reforms were introduced. Since then, for the first time in Indian history, major air pollutant concentrations have dropped in every 5-year period. Between 1992 and 2010, satellite data confirms India's forest coverage has increased for the first time by over 4 million hectares, a 7% increase. In August 2019, the Indian government imposed a nationwide ban on single-use plastics that will take effect on 2 Oct.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Some have cited economic development as the cause regarding the environmental issues. It is suggested that India's growing population is the primary cause of India's environmental degradation. Empirical evidence from countries such as Japan, England and Singapore, each with population density similar to or higher than that of India, yet each enjoying environmental quality vastly superior to India's, suggests population density may not be the only factor affecting India's issues.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Major environmental issues are forests and agricultural degradation of land, resource depletion (such as water, mineral, forest, sand, and rocks), environmental degradation, public health, loss of biodiversity, loss of resilience in ecosystems, livelihood security for the poor.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: The major sources of pollution in India include the rapid burning of fuelwood and biomass such as dried waste from livestock as the primary source of energy, lack of organised garbage and waste removal services, lack of sewage treatment operations, lack of flood control and monsoon water drainage system, diversion of consumer waste into rivers, using large land area for burial purposes, cremation practices near major rivers, government mandated protection of highly polluting old public transport, and continued operation by Indian government of government-owned, high emission plants built between 1950 and 1980.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Air pollution, poor management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling groundwater tables, water pollution, preservation and quality of forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation are some of the major environmental issues India faces today.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: India's population growth adds pressure to environmental issues and its resources. Rapid urbanization has caused a buildup of heavy metals in the soil of the city of Ghaziabad, and these metals are being ingested through contaminated vegetables. Heavy metals are hazardous to people's health and are known carcinogens.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: There is a long history of study and debate about the interactions between population growth and the environment. According to a British thinker Malthus, for example, a growing population exerts pressure on agricultural land, causing environmental degradation, and forcing the cultivation of land of higher as well as poorer quality. This environmental degradation ultimately reduces agricultural yields and food availability, famines and diseases and death, thereby reducing the rate of population growth.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Population growth, because it can place increased pressure on the assimilative capacity of the environment, is also seen as a major cause of air, water, and solid-waste pollution. The result, Malthus theorised, is an equilibrium population that enjoys low levels of both income and Environmental quality. Malthus suggested positive and preventative forced control of human population, along with abolition of poor laws.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Malthus theory, published between 1798 and 1826, has been analysed and criticised ever since. The American thinker Henry George, for example, observed with his characteristic piquancy in dismissing Malthus: "Both the jayhawk and the man eat chickens; but the more jayhawks, the fewer chickens, while the more men, the more chickens." Similarly, the American economist Julian Lincoln Simon criticised Malthus's theory. He noted that the facts of human history have proven the predictions of Malthus and of the Neo-Malthusians to be flawed. Massive geometric population growth in the 20th century did not result in a Malthusian catastrophe. The possible reasons include: increase in human knowledge, rapid increases in productivity, innovation and application of knowledge, general improvements in farming methods (industrial agriculture), mechanisation of work (tractors), the introduction of high-yield varieties of rice and wheat among other plants (Green Revolution), the use of pesticides to control crop pests.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: More recent scholarly articles concede that whilst there is no question that population growth may contribute to environmental degradation, its effects can be modified by economic growth and modern technology. Research in environmental economics has uncovered a relationship between environmental quality, measured by ambient concentrations of air pollutants and per capita income. This so-called environmental Kuznets curve shows environmental quality worsening up until about $5,000 of per capita income on purchasing parity basis, and improving thereafter. The key requirement, for this to be true, is continued adoption of technology and scientific management of resources, continued increases in productivity in every economic sector, entrepreneurial innovation and economic expansion.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Other data suggest that population density has little correlation to environmental quality and human quality of life. India's population density, in 2011, was about 368 human beings per square kilometre. Many countries with population density similar or higher than India enjoy environmental quality as well as human quality of life far superior than India. For example: Singapore (7148 /km), Hong Kong (6349 /km), South Korea (487 /km), Netherlands (403 /km), Belgium (355 / km), England (395 /km) and Japan (337/ km).


title: Environmental issues in India

text: India has major water pollution issues. Discharge of untreated sewage is an important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India, since there is a large gap between the generation and treatment of domestic waste water. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. The majority of government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design, poor maintenance, or lack of reliable electricity supply, along with severe understaffing. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected waste accumulates in urban areas, causing unhygienic conditions and releasing pollutants that reach to surface and groundwater.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: According to a World Health Organization study, out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209 had partial sewage treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities (1992). Over 100 Indian cities dump untreated sewage directly into the Ganges River. Investment is needed to bridge the gap between 29,000 million litre per day of sewage India generates, and a treatment capacity of mere 6000 million litre per day.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Other sources of water pollution include agriculture runoff and small scale factories along the rivers and lakes of India. Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture in northwestern India have been found in rivers, lakes and ground water. Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves all sorts of solid garbage and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: According to NASA groundwater declines are highest on Earth between 2002 and 2008 in northern India. Agricultural productivity is dependent on irrigation. A collapse of agricultural output and severe shortages of potable water may influence 114 million residents in India. In July 2012, about 670 million people or 10% of the world’s population lost power blame on the severe drought restricting the power delivered by hydroelectric dams.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Air pollution in India is a serious issue, with the major sources being biomass burning, fuel adulteration, vehicle emission, and traffic congestion. Air pollution is also the main cause of the Asian brown cloud, which has been causing the monsoon season to be delayed. India is the world's largest consumer of fuelwood, agricultural waste, and biomass for energy purposes. Traditional fuel (fuelwood, crop residue and dung cake) dominates domestic energy use in rural India and account for about 90% of the total. In urban areas, traditional fuel constitutes about 24% of the total. Fuel wood, agricultural waste and biomass cake burning release over 165 million tonnes of combustion products every year. These biomass-based household stoves in India are also a leading source of greenhouse emissions, which contribute to climate change.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: The annual crop burning practice in northwest India, north India and eastern Pakistan, before and after monsoons, from April and May to October to November, are a major seasonal source of air pollution since the 1980s. Approximately 500 million tons of crop residue are burnt in the open, releasing NOx, SOx, PAHs and particulate matter into the air. This burning has been found to be a leading cause of smog and haze problems through the winter over Punjab, cities such as Delhi, and major population centers along the rivers through West Bengal. In other states of India, rice and wheat crop residue straw burning in open is a major source of air pollution.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Vehicle emissions are another source of air pollution. Vehicle emissions are worsened by fuel adulteration and poor fuel combustion efficiencies from traffic congestion and low density of quality, high speed road network per 1000 people. In order to reduce air pollution effects India is introducing hybrid and electric vehicles as per the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric vehicles in India scheme. While challenges are slowing down the development cleaner combustion fuels are being use in motor vehicles. As of now Delhi Transport Corporation is the world's largest operator of CNG bus fleet. Many Indian cities are testing out with cleaner fossil fuels mostly CNG fuel and renewable biofuels such as biodiesel and E85 blended petroleum. In June 2020, the supreme court promised that in order to improve emissions from vehicles all BS4 vehicles will be upgraded to BS6 standards.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: On per capita basis, India is a small emitter of carbon dioxide greenhouse. In 2009, IEA estimates that it emitted about 1.4 tons of gas per person, in comparison to the United States’ 17 tons per person, and a world average of 5.3 tons per person. However, India was the third largest emitter of total carbon dioxide in 2009 at 1.65 Gt per year, after China (6.9 Gt per year) and the United States (5.2 Gt per year). With 17 percent of world population, India contributed some 5 percent of human-sourced carbon dioxide emission; compared to China's 24 percent share.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in 1981 to regulate air pollution and there have been some measurable improvements. However, the 2012 Environmental Performance Index ranked India at 177th position out of 180 countries in 2018,as having the poorest relative air quality out of 132countries. Of the world's 30 most polluted cities, India is home to 21 as of 2020.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Trash and garbage are a common sight in urban and rural areas of India. It is a major source of pollution. Indian cities alone generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste a year. Street corners are piled with trash. Public places and sidewalks are despoiled with filth and litter, rivers and canals act as garbage dumps. In part, India's garbage crisis is from rising congestion. India's waste problem also points to a stunning failure of governance. The tourism regions in the country mainly hill stations are also facing this issue in the recent years.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: In 2000, India's Supreme Court directed all Indian cities to implement a comprehensive waste-management programme that would include household collection of segregated waste, recycling and composting. These directions have simply been ignored. No major city runs a comprehensive programme of the kind envisioned by the Supreme Court.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Indeed, forget waste segregation and recycling directive of the India's Supreme Court, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates that up to 40 percent of municipal waste in India remains simply uncollected. Even medical waste, theoretically controlled by stringent rules that require hospitals to operate incinerators, is routinely dumped with regular municipal garbage. A recent study found that about half of India's medical waste is improperly disposed of.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Municipalities in Indian cities and towns have waste collection employees. However, these are unionised government workers and their work performance is neither measured nor monitored.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Some of the few solid waste landfills India has, near its major cities, are overflowing and poorly managed. They have become significant sources of greenhouse emissions and breeding sites for disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats, and other pests.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: In 2011, several Indian cities embarked on waste-to-energy projects of the type in use in Germany, Switzerland and Japan. For example, New Delhi is implementing two incinerator projects aimed at turning the city’s trash problem into electricity resource. These plants are being welcomed for addressing the city’s chronic problems of excess untreated waste and a shortage of electric power. They are also being welcomed by those who seek to prevent water pollution, hygiene problems, and eliminate rotting trash that produces potent greenhouse gas methane. The projects are being opposed by waste collection workers & local unions who fear changing technology may deprive them of their livelihood and way of life.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Noise pollution or noise disturbance is the most efficiently changing and disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.[1][2] In India the outdoor noise is also caused by loud music during festival seasons.Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: Indoor noise can be caused by machines, building activities, and music performances, especially in some workplaces. Noise-induced hearing loss can be caused by outside (e.g. trains) or inside (e.g. music) noise.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: The Supreme Court of India which is in New Delhi gave a significant verdict on noise pollution in 2005. Unnecessary honking of vehicles makes for a high decibel level of noise in cities. The use of loudspeakers for political purposes and for sermons by temples and mosques makes noise pollution in residential areas worse.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: In January 2010, Government of India published norms of permissible noise levels in urban and rural areas.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: In March 2009, the issue of Punjab attracted press coverage. It was alleged to be caused by flying ash ponds of thermal power stations, which reportedly lead to severe birth defects in children in the Faridkot and Bhatinda districts of Punjab. The news reports claimed the uranium levels were more than 60 times the maximum safe limit. In 2012, the Government of India confirmed that the ground water in Malwa belt of Punjab has uranium metal that is 50% above the trace limits set by the United Nations' World Health Organization. Scientific studies, based on over 1000 samples from various sampling points, could not trace the source to fly ash and any sources from thermal power plants or industry as originally alleged. The study also revealed that the uranium concentration in ground water of Malwa district is not 60 times the WHO limits, but only 50% above the WHO limit in 3 locations. This highest concentration found in samples was less than those found naturally in ground waters currently used for human purposes elsewhere, such as Finland. Research is underway to identify natural or other sources for the uranium.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: India was the third largest emitter of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, in 2009 at 1.65 Gt per year, after China and the United States . With 17 percent of world population, India contributed some 5 percent of human-sourced carbon dioxide emission; compared to China's 24 percent share. On per capita basis, India emitted about 1.4 tons of carbon dioxide per person, in comparison to the United States’ 17 tons per person, and a world average of 5.3 tons per person.


title: Environmental issues in India

text: India had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.09/10, ranking it 58th globally out of 172 countries.


title: Word order

text: In linguistics, word order (also known as linear order) is the order of the syntactic constituents of a language. Word order typology studies it from a cross-linguistic perspective, and examines how different languages employ different orders. Correlations between orders found in different syntactic sub-domains are also of interest. The primary word orders that are of interest are


title: Word order

text: Some languages use relatively fixed word order, often relying on the order of constituents to convey grammatical information. Other languages—often those that convey grammatical information through inflection—allow more flexible word order, which can be used to encode pragmatic information, such as topicalisation or focus. However, even languages with flexible word order have a preferred or basic word order, with other word orders considered "marked".


title: Word order

text: Constituent word order is defined in terms of a finite verb (V) in combination with two arguments, namely the subject (S), and object (O). Subject and object are here understood to be "nouns", since pronouns often tend to display different word order properties. Thus, a transitive sentence has six logically possible basic word orders:


title: Word order

text: These are all possible word orders for the subject, object, and verb in the order of most common to rarest (the examples use "she" as the subject, "loves" as the verb, and "him" as the object):


title: Word order

text: Sometimes patterns are more complex: some Germanic languages have SOV in subordinate clauses, but V2 word order in main clauses, SVO word order being the most common. Using the guidelines above, the unmarked word order is then SVO.


title: Word order

text: Many synthetic languages such as Latin, Greek, Persian, Romanian, Assyrian, Assamese, Russian, Turkish, Korean, Japanese, Finnish, and Basque have no strict word order; rather, the sentence structure is highly flexible and reflects the pragmatics of the utterance. However, also in languages of this kind there is usually a pragmatically neutral constituent order that is most commonly encountered in each language.


title: Word order

text: Topic-prominent languages organize sentences to emphasize their topic–comment structure. Nonetheless, there is often a preferred order; in Latin and Turkish, SOV is the most frequent outside of poetry, and in Finnish SVO is both the most frequent and obligatory when case marking fails to disambiguate argument roles. Just as languages may have different word orders in different contexts, so may they have both fixed and free word orders. For example, Russian has a relatively fixed SVO word order in transitive clauses, but a much freer SV / VS order in intransitive clauses. Cases like this can be addressed by encoding transitive and intransitive clauses separately, with the symbol "S" being restricted to the argument of an intransitive clause, and "A" for the actor/agent of a transitive clause. ("O" for object may be replaced with "P" for "patient" as well.) Thus, Russian is fixed AVO but flexible SV/VS. In such an approach, the description of word order extends more easily to languages that do not meet the criteria in the preceding section. For example, Mayan languages have been described with the rather uncommon VOS word order. However, they are ergative–absolutive languages, and the more specific word order is intransitive VS, transitive VOA, where the S and O arguments both trigger the same type of agreement on the verb. Indeed, many languages that some thought had a VOS word order turn out to be ergative like Mayan.


title: Word order

text: Every language falls under one of the six word order types; the unfixed type is somewhat disputed in the community, as the languages where it occurs have one of the dominant word orders but every word order type is grammatically correct.


title: Word order

text: The table below displays the word order surveyed by Dryer. The 2005 study surveyed 1228 languages, and the updated 2013 study investigated 1377 languages. Percentage was not reported in his studies.


title: Word order

text: Hammarström (2016) calculated the constituent orders of 5252 languages in two ways. His first method, counting languages directly, yielded results similar to Dryer's studies, indicating both SOV and SVO have almost equal distribution. However, when stratified by language families, the distribution showed that the majority of the families had SOV structure, meaning that a small number of families contain SVO structure.


title: Word order

text: Fixed word order is one out of many ways to ease the processing of sentence semantics and reducing ambiguity. One method of making the speech stream less open to ambiguity (complete removal of ambiguity is probably impossible) is a fixed order of arguments and other sentence constituents. This works because speech is inherently linear. Another method is to label the constituents in some way, for example with case marking, agreement, or another marker. Fixed word order reduces expressiveness but added marking increases information load in the speech stream, and for these reasons strict word order seldom occurs together with strict morphological marking, one counter-example being Persian.


title: Word order

text: Observing discourse patterns, it is found that previously given information (topic) tends to precede new information (comment). Furthermore, acting participants (especially humans) are more likely to be talked about (to be topic) than things simply undergoing actions (like oranges being eaten). If acting participants are often topical, and topic tends to be expressed early in the sentence, this entails that acting participants have a tendency to be expressed early in the sentence. This tendency can then grammaticalize to a privileged position in the sentence, the subject.


title: Word order

text: The mentioned functions of word order can be seen to affect the frequencies of the various word order patterns: The vast majority of languages have an order in which S precedes O and V. Whether V precedes O or O precedes V, however, has been shown to be a very telling difference with wide consequences on phrasal word orders.


title: Word order

text: In many languages, standard word order can be subverted in order to form questions or as a means of emphasis. In languages such as O'odham and Hungarian, which are discussed below, almost all possible permutations of a sentence are grammatical, but not all of them are used. In languages such as English and German, word order is used as a means of turning declarative into interrogative sentences:


title: Word order

text: B: 'Sie liebt Mark' / 'Mark ist der, den sie liebt' [She loves Mark / It is "Mark" whom she loves.] (SVO/OSV)


title: Word order

text: In (A), the first sentence shows the word order used for wh-questions in English and German. The second sentence is an echo question; it would only be uttered after receiving an unsatisfactory or confusing answer to a question. One could replace the word "wen" [whom] (which indicates that this sentence is a question) with an identifier such as "Mark": 'Kate liebt "Mark"?' [Kate loves "Mark"?]. In that case, since no change in word order occurs, it is only by means of stress and tone that we are able to identify the sentence as a question.


title: Word order

text: In (B), the first sentence is declarative and provides an answer to the first question in (A). The second sentence emphasizes that Kate does indeed love "Mark", and not whomever else we might have assumed her to love. However, a sentence this verbose is unlikely to occur in everyday speech (or even in written language), be it in English or in German. Instead, one would most likely answer the echo question in (A) simply by restating: "Mark!". This is the same for both languages.


title: Word order

text: In yes–no questions such as (C), English and German use subject-verb inversion. But, whereas English relies on do-support to form questions from verbs other than auxiliaries, German has no such restriction and uses inversion to form questions, even from lexical verbs.


title: Word order

text: Despite this, English, as opposed to German, has very strict word order. In German, word order can be used as a means to emphasize a constituent in an independent clause by moving it to the beginning of the sentence. This is a defining characteristic of German as a V2 (verb-second) language, where, in independent clauses, the finite verb always comes second and is preceded by one and only one constituent. In closed questions, V1 (verb-first) word order is used. And lastly, dependent clauses use verb-final word order. However, German cannot be called an SVO language since no actual constraints are imposed on the placement of the subject and object(s), even though a preference for a certain word-order over others can be observed (such as putting the subject after the finite verb in independent clauses unless it already precedes the verb).


title: Word order

text: The order of constituents in a phrase can vary as much as the order of constituents in a clause. Normally, the noun phrase and the adpositional phrase are investigated. Within the noun phrase, one investigates whether the following modifiers occur before and/or after the head noun.


title: Word order

text: Within the adpositional clause, one investigates whether the languages makes use of prepositions ("in London"), postpositions ("London in"), or both (normally with different adpositions at both sides) either separately ("For whom?" or "Whom for?") or at the same time ("from her away"; Dutch example: "met hem mee" meaning "together with him").


title: Word order

text: There are several common correlations between sentence-level word order and phrase-level constituent order. For example, SOV languages generally put modifiers before heads and use postpositions. VSO languages tend to place modifiers after their heads, and use prepositions. For SVO languages, either order is common.


title: Word order

text: For example, French (SVO) uses prepositions "(dans la voiture, à gauche)," and places adjectives after "(une voiture spacieuse)." However, a small class of adjectives generally go before their heads "(une grande voiture)". On the other hand, in English (also SVO) adjectives almost always go before nouns "(a big car)," and adverbs can go either way, but initially is more common "(greatly improved)." (English has a very small number of adjectives that go after the heads, such as "extraordinaire", which kept its position when borrowed from French.) Russian places numerals after nouns to express approximation (шесть домов="six houses", домов шесть="circa six houses").


title: Word order

text: Some languages do not have a fixed word order and often use a significant amount of morphological marking to disambiguate the roles of the arguments. However, the degree of marking alone does not indicate whether a language uses a fixed or free word order: some languages may use a fixed order even when they provide a high degree of marking, while others (such as some varieties of Datooga) may combine a free order with a lack of morphological distinction between arguments.


title: Word order

text: Typologically, there is a trend that high-animacy actors are more likely to be topical than low-animacy undergoers; this trend can come through even in languages with free word order, giving a statistical bias for SO order (or OS order in ergative systems; however, ergative systems do not always extend to the highest levels of animacy, sometimes giving way to an accusative system (see split ergativity)).


title: Word order

text: Most languages with a high degree of morphological marking have rather flexible word orders, such as Polish, Hungarian, Portuguese, Latin, Albanian, and O'odham. In some languages, a general word order can be identified, but this is much harder in others. When the word order is free, different choices of word order can be used to help identify the theme and the rheme.


title: Word order

text: Word order in Hungarian sentences is changed according to the speaker's communicative intentions. Hungarian word order is not free in the sense that it must reflect the information structure of the sentence, distinguishing the emphatic part that carries new information (rheme) from the rest of the sentence that carries little or no new information (theme).


title: Word order

text: The position of focus in a Hungarian sentence is immediately before the verb, that is, nothing can separate the emphatic part of the sentence from the verb.


title: Word order

text: The only freedom in Hungarian word order is that the order of parts outside the focus position and the verb may be freely changed without any change to the communicative focus of the sentence, as seen in sentences 2 and 3 as well as in sentences 6 and 7 above. These pairs of sentences have the same information structure, expressing the same communicative intention of the speaker, because the part immediately preceding the verb is left unchanged.


title: Word order

text: Note that the emphasis can be on the action (verb) itself, as seen in sentences 1, 6 and 7, or it can be on parts other than the action (verb), as seen in sentences 2, 3, 4 and 5. If the emphasis is not on the verb, and the verb has a co-verb (in the above example 'meg'), then the co-verb is separated from the verb, and always follows the verb. Also note that the enclitic "-t" marks the direct object: 'torta' (cake) + '-t' -> 'tortát'.


title: Word order

text: Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani) is essentially a verb-final (SOV) language, with relatively free word order since in most cases postpositions mark quite explicitly the relationships of noun phrases with other constituents of the sentence. Word order in Hindustani usually does not signal grammatical functions. Constituents can be scrambled to express different information structural configurations, or for stylistic reasons. The first syntactic constituent in a sentence is usually the topic, which may under certain conditions be marked by the particle "to" (तो / تو), similar in some respects to Japanese topic marker は "(wa)." Some rules governing the position of words in a sentence are as follows:


title: Word order

text: Some of all the possible word order permutations of the sentence "The girl received a gift from the boy "on her birthday"." are shown below.


title: Word order

text: Braces ("{ }") are used above to indicate omitted subject pronouns, which may be implicit in Portuguese. Because of conjugation, the grammatical person is recovered.


title: Word order

text: In Latin, the endings of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns allow for extremely flexible order in most situations. Latin lacks articles.


title: Word order

text: The Subject, Verb, and Object can come in any order in a Latin sentence, although most often (especially in subordinate clauses) the verb comes last. Pragmatic factors, such as topic and focus, play a large part in determining the order. Thus the following sentences each answer a different question:


title: Word order

text: Latin prose often follows the word order "Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Adverb, Verb", but this is more of a guideline than a rule. Adjectives in most cases go before the noun they modify, but some categories, such as those that determine or specify (e.g. "Via Appia" "Appian Way"), usually follow the noun. In Classical Latin poetry, lyricists followed word order very loosely to achieve a desired scansion.


title: Word order

text: Due to the presence of grammatical cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and in some cases or dialects vocative and locative) applied to nouns, pronouns and adjectives, the Albanian language permits a large number of positional combination of words. In spoken language a word order differing from the most common S-V-O helps the speaker putting emphasis on a word, thus changing partially the message delivered. Here is an example:


title: Word order

text: In these examples, "(mua)" can be omitted when not in first position, causing a perceivable change in emphasis; the latter being of different intensity. "Më" is always followed by the verb. Thus, a sentence consisting of a subject, a verb and two objects (a direct and an indirect one), can be


title: Word order

text: expressed in six different ways without "mua", and in twenty-four different ways with "mua", adding up to thirty possible combinations.


title: Word order

text: O'odham is a language that is spoken in southern Arizona and Northern Sonora, Mexico. It has free word order, with only the auxiliary bound to one spot. Here is an example, in literal translation:


title: Word order

text: These examples are all grammatically-valid variations on the sentence "The cowboy is branding the calves," but some are rarely found in natural speechm, as is discussed in Grammaticality.


title: Word order

text: Languages change over time. When language change involves a shift in a language's syntax, this is called syntactic change. An example of this is found in Old English, which at one point had flexible word order, before losing it over the course of its evolution. In Old English, both of the following sentences would be considered grammatically correct:


title: Word order

text: This flexibility continues into early Middle English, where it seems to drop out of usage. Shakespeare's plays use OV word order frequently, as can be seen from this example:


title: Word order

text: A modern speaker of English would possibly recognise this as a grammatically comprehensible sentence, but nonetheless archaic. There are some verbs, however, that are entirely acceptable in this format:


title: Word order

text: This is acceptable to a modern English speaker and is not considered archaic. This is due to the verb "to be", which acts as both auxiliary and main verb. Similarly, other auxiliary and modal verbs allow for VSO word order ("Must he perish?"). Non-auxiliary and non-modal verbs require insertion of an auxiliary to conform to modern usage ("Did he buy the book?"). Shakespeare's usage of word order is not indicative of English at the time, which had dropped OV order at least a century before.


title: Word order

text: This variation between archaic and modern can also be shown in the change between VSO to SVO in Coptic, the language of the Christian Church in Egypt.


title: Word order

text: There are some languages where certain word order is preferred by one or more dialects, while others use a different order. One such case is Andean Spanish, spoken in Peru. While Spanish is classified as an SVO language, the variation of Spanish spoken in Peru has been influenced by contact with Quechua and Aymara, both SOV languages. This has had the effect of introducing OV (object-verb) word order into the clauses of some L1 Spanish speakers (moreso than would usually be expected), with more L2 speakers using similar constructions.


title: Word order

text: Poetry and stories can use different word orders to emphasize certain aspects of the sentence. In English, this is called anastrophe. Here is an example:


title: Word order

text: Differences in word order complicate translation and language education – in addition to changing the individual words, the order must also be changed. The area in Linguistics that is concerned with translation and education is language acquisition. The reordering of words can run into problems, however, when transcribing stories. Rhyme scheme can change, as well as the meaning behind the words. This can be especially problematic when translating poetry.


title: Territory

text: A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal.


title: Territory

text: In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or an administrative division is usually an area that is under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state.


title: Territory

text: As a subdivision a territory is in most countries an organized division of an area that is controlled by a country but is not formally developed into, or incorporated into, a political unit of the country that is of equal status to other political units that may often be referred to by words such as "provinces" or "regions" or "states". In its narrower sense, it is "a geographic region, such as a colonial possession, that is dependent on an external government."


title: Territory

text: The origins of the word "territory" begin with the Proto-Indo-European root "ters" ('to dry'). From this emerged the Latin word "terra" ('earth, land') and later the Latin word "territorium" ('land around a town'). Territory made its debut as a word in Middle English during the 14th century. At this point the suffix -orium, which denotes place, was replaced with -ory which also expresses place.


title: Territory

text: A capital territory or federal capital territory is usually a specially designated territory where a country's seat of government is located. As such, in the federal model of government, no one state or territory takes pre-eminence because the capital lies within its borders. A capital territory can be one specific form of federal district.


title: Territory

text: A dependent territory is a territory that is not an independent sovereign state, yet remains politically outside the governing state's integral area. Presently, all dependent territories are either overseas territories or non-sovereign associated states. Only four countries currently possess dependent territories: New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States.


title: Territory

text: A federal territory is an area within the direct and usually exclusive jurisdiction of the central or national government within a federation.


title: Territory

text: Australia has ten federal territories, out of which three are "internal territories" (the Australian Capital Territory, the Jervis Bay Territory, and the Northern Territory) on mainland Australia; and the other seven are "external territories" (Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, and the "Australian Antarctic Territory"), which are offshore dependent territories.


title: Territory

text: Canada has three federal territories in addition to its 10 provinces. The territories are officially under the direct control of the federal government and are created by statute (while provinces had constitutional jurisdiction), but in practice they operate similar to provinces.


title: Territory

text: Each territory has a premier, legislative assembly, and Commissioner (who performs a similar role to a lieutenant governor).


title: Territory

text: Overseas territory is a broad designation for a territorial entity that is separated from the country that governs it by an ocean. An overseas territory may be either a constituent part of the governing state or a dependent territory.


title: Nataly Dawn

text: Natalie Knutsen (born October 29, 1986), known by her stage name Nataly Dawn, is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She is one half of the duo Pomplamoose with her husband Jack Conte and has released four studio albums and four EPs as of June 2022, in addition to numerous collaborations with other artists.


title: Nataly Dawn

text: Born October 29, 1986, in Sacramento, California as the daughter of missionaries, she spent her childhood in Europe and attended schools in France and Belgium before she returned to the United States to study art and French literature at Stanford University.


title: Nataly Dawn

text: At Stanford, Dawn met Jack Conte and formed Pomplamoose, eventually performing, recording, and editing songs and videos in their Northern California home. Their first song "Hail Mary" was featured on the front page of YouTube. In 2009, the duo began releasing cover versions of pop songs like Beyoncé's "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" and Michael Jackson's "Beat It".


title: Nataly Dawn

text: In 2009, Dawn released her first studio album, "Her Earlier Stuff", comprising twelve songs which were posted to her YouTube channel over the preceding two years.


title: Nataly Dawn

text: In 2010, in collaboration with Lauren O'Connell, Dawn formed the side project "My Terrible Friend". In May 2011, it was announced that she would be joining Barry Manilow on his new album "15 Minutes", contributing vocals to the track "Letter from a Fan / So Heavy, So High".


title: Nataly Dawn

text: On July 17, 2011, Dawn announced she would be releasing a new album. She started a funding campaign on Kickstarter, where the initial goal of $20,000 was reached in just three days. On September 6, 2011, the album funding campaign finalized with a grand total of $104,788.


title: Nataly Dawn

text: In August 2012, Dawn signed as a solo artist to Nonesuch Records, which released her Kickstarter-funded album, "How I Knew Her", on February 12, 2013. The album was produced by Jack Conte and recorded at Prairie Sun Recording Studios in Cotati, California in December 2011, with a full band which included Conte, Ryan Lerman, David Piltch, Louis Cole, and Matt Chamberlain. Oz Fritz engineered the album with Conte; it was mixed by Mike Mogis and mastered by Bob Ludwig.


title: Nataly Dawn

text: On April 23, 2019, Dawn released her third extended play, "For You". Later in 2019, her cover of "Careless Whisper" was featured in the fifth episode of HBO's "Watchmen".


title: Nataly Dawn

text: On May 18, 2021, Dawn released a personal update on the Pomplamoose YouTube channel in which she stated she was diagnosed with basal-cell carcinoma, a form of skin cancer, which was caught early. Along with the health update, she stated that she would be recording a new a solo record in the same month. After her procedure, she stated she would be taking a few months off.


title: Nataly Dawn

text: On March 1, 2022, Dawn released her first single since 2019 entitled "Follow the Light." On March 24, "Over the Moon" was the second single released. Also on March 24, it was announced that these singles would be on her forthcoming fourth album "Gardenview", with a release date of June 3. On April 7, the third single along with the video for "Danny" was released. On April 28, the fourth single "Joy" was released. On May 12, the fourth single "Have You Heard" was released. On May 19, the fifth single "Afternoon Tea" was released. The video for "Joy" was released on June 3, the day the album was released.


title: Nataly Dawn

text: Dawn became engaged to Jack Conte in January 2016 and married in May 2016. On May 18, 2021, she announced she was diagnosed with basal-cell carcinoma.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Larry Davis (May 28, 1966 – February 20, 2008), later known as Adam Abdul-Hakeem was an African–American man from New York City who gained notoriety in November 1986 for his shootout in the Bronx with officers of the New York City Police Department, in which six officers were shot. Davis, asserting self-defense, was acquitted of all charges aside from illegal gun possession. Davis was later convicted in April 1991 of a Bronx drug dealer's 1986 murder. In 2008, Davis died via stabbing by a fellow inmate.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: On November 19, 1986, nine New York City police officers, with nearly 20 outside the building, raided the Bronx apartment of Davis's sister. In the ensuing shootout, Davis escaped uninjured and all six officers who had been shot survived. Police explained the raid as an attempt to question Davis as a multiple-murder suspect, finally obtained an arrest warrant for that, and reexplained the raid as an attempt to arrest him. On a massive manhunt's 17th day, he was traced to a Bronx building, and hid in an unknown family's unit. Telephoned by the police, he claimed to hold its occupants hostage. After nightlong negotiations, convinced by media presence that police would not shoot, he surrendered peacefully.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Davis's legal defense, led by William Kunstler, contended that the raid was a pretense to murder Davis for knowledge of officers' alleged complicity in illicit drug sales and to punish him for abandoning his own drug dealing under them. In March 1988, on jury trial for a killing of four drug dealers—allegedly the 1986 raid's reason—Davis was acquitted. Then, in November, as to the nine raiding and six shot officers, his acquittal of aggravated assault and attempted murder triggered widespread outrage. About 1,000 New York City police officers publicly demonstrated. Yet for many others, Davis became a folk hero. Still others thought of him as an unsavory character, but probably truthful about the police and the shootout.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Serving five to 15 years on the November 1988 convictions for illegal gun possession, Davis was acquitted of another alleged drug dealer's murder. But in a third murder trial, about another alleged drug dealer, Davis was convicted, and sentenced to 25 years to life. After converting to Islam, he changed his name. Maintaining his innocence, he continued to allege that the police had framed him. A prevalent view attributes his infamous acquittal, rather, to racial bias by a proverbial "Bronx jury." But particularly with the Mollen Commission's 1990s exposure of widespread criminality, including drug dealing and violence, by New York City police officers, and then a 2003 independent documentary favoring Davis's explanation, his story continues to provoke divided reactions.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: An aspiring rapper, Davis was known by peers as musically talented, played multiple instruments. He was also entrepreneurial, reputedly operating small music studios in the Bronx and Manhattan, while also repairing and modifying motorcycles. Davis's peers acknowledge that by midway through adolescence, Davis was dealing drugs, but claim that he ceased once the woman expecting his first child miscarried and then he learned of her crack use, which he blamed for the miscarriage. Davis had one child, a daughter Larrima Davis, born in 1986.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Davis's arrest record, beginning in early 1983, included a 1984 robbery conviction and subsequent probation violation. By the November 1986 shootout, a court hearing for it had been postponed four times. Soon after the successful manhunt, the Bronx District Attorney's office alleged that, as "The New York Times" then paraphrased, "Davis was part of a small, loosely organized, 'very violent' group of gunmen who have robbed, assaulted and slain drug dealers in the Bronx and northern Manhattan in recent months".


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Approaching trial, the district attorney's office had one witness outside of law enforcement: Roy L. Gray, who admitted under oath to steering "traffic to coke spots." Allegedly, on October 26, 1986, in Manhattan's Washington Heights section, Gray was robbed of $2, and four days later, October 30, in the borough's Harlem section, spotted the robber, later understood as Davis, about to rob some cocaine dealers, too. Reportedly, Gray thus alerted the police, and then rode in the police car that chased the getaway car, carrying Davis and two other men, to the Bronx's Highbridge section, where, along Jerome Avenue, upon issuing three gunshots at the police, the three men evaded arrest by vanishing into an apartment building.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: In early November, acting on a tip, police sought Davis but failed to find him at his sister's apartment within 1231 Fulton Avenue in the Bronx's Morrisania section. They returned to the apartment on November 19, when the infamous shootout occurred. After it, the police department explained the raid as an effort to question him, but later reexplained it as an attempt to arrest him, albeit without an arrest warrant for him. Months later, once the police alleged a Jerome Avenue car chase with gunshots fired at police 20 days before the infamous raid, "officials from the Bronx District Attorney's office and the Police Department deflected questions about why no warrant had been issued for Mr. Davis's arrest after the Jerome Avenue incident. Each agency referred questions to the other." At some point, a senior police official argued that "once you move to introduce an accusatory instrument, you lose the benefit of being able to talk to that person."


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: In any case, the police reported that Gray, as a robbery victim of Davis, examined photos and provided the "positive identification" of Davis, that Davis's fingerprints were in the getaway car, that two shell casings, recovered from the scene, matched the pistol on Davis at his December 6 arrest, and that ballistics tests tied this gun to the killings of four suspected drug dealers in Manhattan just hours before the October 30 car chase from Manhattan to the Bronx. Davis maintained, instead, that the police had framed him for these murders. Similarly, Davis's attorneys William Kunstler and Lynne Stewart as well as Davis's peers and family would altogether contend that five years before the shootout, certain police officers had recruited Davis, age 15, to deal drugs under their sponsorship, and thereupon tolerated, likewise, the dealing of Davis's peers soon working under him, but began harassing them and communicating death threats for Davis once he stopped dealing drugs in late 1986 while withholding drug proceeds, reputedly some $40,000.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: On the evening of Wednesday, November 19, 1986, acting on a tip, an NYPD team of 27 from the 41st Precinct and the Emergency Service Unit, the ESU, converged on the six-story apartment building at 1231 Fulton Avenue where two of Davis's sisters had adjoining apartments on the ground floor. At about 8:30 p.m., 15 officers surrounded the building and 12 others entered; nine of these went to the three-room apartment of Davis's sister Regina Lewis and seven entered it. Inside were Davis, his girlfriend, his sister, her husband, and four children. Lewis's two infant children were asleep in the bedroom at the rear.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Interviewed the next day, Regina Lewis reportedly once she answered a door knock, the police entered the living room with guns drawn, ordered the adults to get the children out, and called, "Come out, Larry, you don't have a chance—we've got you surrounded." At trial, the police alleged that Davis had fired first. The jury believed the events presented by the defense, in which an officer entered the apartment with a shotgun and fired at Davis, while he was seated behind a desk holding his baby. The officer, thinking he had hit Davis, was then shot in the neck by Davis with a handgun. The police took cover, returning fire as they retreated. In the confusion, no one kept track of Davis, who slipped into his other sister's apartment and escaped out a back window. Lewis had complained to her brother about him bringing guns to the apartment and told him to get out; he did leave but returned. She also quoted him as telling her, "If I'm caught in the street, the police are going to shoot me. But I am going to shoot them first."


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Police collected the shotgun and the expended shells from the .45-caliber pistol that Davis took with him. A .32-caliber revolver and .357 Magnum pistol were also left behind. Ballistics tests would later link the .32-caliber revolver to the Manhattan drug dealer killing and the .45 caliber pistol to the four dead Bronx dealers. A police official said that all escape routes had been covered by officers but none apparently saw Davis leave. He also said that the wounded officers were unable to return fire effectively due to the presence in the apartment of the two infants and other bystanders. Davis fired four shotgun rounds and nine .45 caliber pistol shots; the police fired four shotgun rounds and 20 pistol shots. Neither Davis nor the two infants with him in the bedroom were wounded.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: In the following year, three of the wounded officers accused the NYPD of "negligent" and "reckless" planning and execution of the raid, and blamed the Bronx detectives for creating "chaos" by bursting into the apartment before Emergency Service Unit officers could seal off escape routes.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: The six wounded officers were carried across the street to the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital and the manhunt began. The surrounding area and the rest of the building were searched immediately. Police stakeouts were set up at terminals, bridges and tunnels leading out of the city and a nationwide alarm was issued. As the manhunt spread, raids were staged in Chicago, Albany, Newark and other cities where Davis had relatives or friends. A man who said he was Davis called ABC-TV, expressing fears he would be beaten by police and stating he would not be taken alive.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Acting on a tip that Davis had been seen entering his mother's home four days after the escape, police searched the building while interviewing Mary Davis in a laundromat across the street. She suffered an apparent heart attack shortly thereafter. As she recuperated three days later, she urged her son to call the NAACP, who had offered to help arrange a safe surrender.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: On the afternoon of December 5, 1986, police received another tip that Davis had been seen entering the Bronx housing project where his sister Margaret lived. They surrounded the 14-story building, closed off local streets and posted sharpshooters on nearby rooftops. After searching his sister's second-floor apartment, police began a systematic canvass of all 312 units. At some point during the day, Davis forced his way at gunpoint into Apartment 14-EB, where Elroy and Sophia Sewer lived with their two daughters, just as neighbor Theresa Ali, and her 2-year-old son, arrived for a visit. Mr. Sewer arrived home at 8 P.M. to find his family and the neighbors being held hostage by Mr. Davis. At 11:45 p.m. Davis released the two visitors and sent Mr. Sewer out to pick up food from a nearby Chinese restaurant. He also ordered Mr. Sewer to call Mr. Davis' mother's and sister's tapped telephones and give false location information. When the husband returned with the food he was stopped for questioning by the police and, at 12:45 a.m., informed them that his wife and two daughters were being held hostage by Mr. Davis.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Police set up a command post in a nearby apartment and by 1:30 a.m. had established telephone contact. At one point, Davis threatened to kill the hostages with a hand grenade, at other points he chatted with negotiators about stereo equipment, asked about a lawyer, and showed concern for his own safety, saying that he was afraid police would harm him. Throughout, negotiators repeated "There is no use running, you have nowhere to hide now." To assure Davis that he would not be harmed, police showed him the press credentials of three reporters in a nearby apartment and allowed him to speak to his girlfriend. At about 7 a.m. Larry Davis laid down his .45-caliber pistol and surrendered. As he was taken from the building in handcuffs, residents leaned out of their windows, clapped, and chanted Davis's name.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: The Bronx County District Attorney, along with the District Attorney in Manhattan and in Long Island, had many charges against Larry Davis. They included weapons possession, murder of drug dealers, attempted murder of police, kidnapping, and automobile theft. Despite three trials in two years, prosecutors were unable to convince a jury of that Larry Davis was guilty for any but the weapons charge—the ones he used in shooting the police officers—until a jury convicted him and his brother, Eddie Davis, in the August 1986 killing of a drug dealer.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: The four killings occurred in October 1986. The prosecution, contending that Davis was a crack dealer who specialized in the armed robbery of rival crack dealers, called over 50 witnesses, encompassing ballistic evidence and fingerprints on a cash box placing Davis at the crime scene. Davis's attorneys William Kunstler and Lynne Stewart, in their opening and closing arguments, contended that the prosecution's evidence was fabricated, framing Davis to excuse the infamous raid. They contended Davis had been recruited into a drug ring by rogue police officers, aiming to kill him in the raid. The jury found conflicting testimony from witnesses, and discrepancies in times stated by prosecution witnesses. After deliberating for nine days—then the longest in Bronx history for a single defendant—the jury acquitted Davis.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Davis faced numerous charges from the infamous shootout, where he shot six police officers: nine counts of attempted murder, six counts of aggravated assault, eight counts of criminal weapons possession, and two counts of criminal firearm use. Convicted only on criminal weapons possession, Davis was sentenced to 5 to 15 years in prison. During jury selection, the defense accused the prosecution of refusing black women, likely to empathize with Davis. The judge ruled that the defense, likewise abusing peremptory challenges, had excluded white jurors on racial reasoning. Dismissing the first six seated jurors, then, Judge Fried declared a mistrial. A second mistrial was declared, at the request of both sides, once the new jury's only white member expressed concern that acquitting Davis would subject him to harassment by police. Finally seated was a jury of ten blacks and two Hispanics. During trial, ballistic experts incriminated the .45-caliber pistol allegedly seized at Davis's capture. Several wounded officers, including "point man" Thomas McCarren, who had entered first, identified Davis as the shooter. McCarren testified that once he entered the apartment, Davis rose from a sofa and, carrying a handgun, ran down a narrow hall to a back bedroom, prompting pursuit by McCarren, who next sustained gunfire to his mouth upon seeing Davis fire the pistol at him. But a 12-gauge shotgun slug was embedded in the bedroom's dresser drawer. The defense implicated that McCarren, carrying a shotgun, had fired first, missing Davis but putting the slug in the dresser drawer. McCarren countered that he had earlier given his shotgun to a detective assigned to cover the building's rear, and himself had only a 38-caliber revolver while entering the apartment. In any case, the defense contended that Davis, knowing that police officers sought to kill him, shot in self-defense. They charged that police officers were corrupt and involved in the drug trade. Davis's mother testified that two weeks before the raid, a police officer had pushed her and threatened to kill him. She testified, further, that she had warned her son, and had complained to the police department's Civilian Complaint Review Board, which sustained her complaint. On November 20, 1988, after deliberating 38 hours over five days, the jury acquitted Davis of all charges, except six counts of criminal possession of a weapon. Interviewed afterward, the jury forewoman said Davis was a "young and innocent kid who got recruited by a few corrupt policemen." McCarren, most seriously wounded, forced into retirement, called it "a racist verdict," and added, "The day this happened, a bunch of good honest police officers went to lock up Larry Davis because he had killed people, and not for anything else." Defense attorney Kunstler said, "The jury understood what happened—that he acted in self-defense." Defense attorney Stewart quipped, "I really think that the black community is no longer going to have black Sambos—they're going to have black Rambos."


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Victor Lagombra, reputedly a "mid-level" crack dealer in Harlem, Manhattan, was murdered in September 1986. Davis went on trial for the murder in October 1989. The prosecution accused Davis of robbing two drug dealers when surprised by Lagombra walking into the apartment, prompting Davis's "cold-blooded act of savagery." Ballistics tests tied Davis's 32-caliber revolver to the killing. Two defense witnesses testified that, on the day of the murder, Davis was in Florida making a rap album. After the five-week trial, the jury returned from its three-day deliberation on a Saturday night, December 4, 1989, with the verdict: not guilty. Although not Davis's attorney in this case, William Kunstler repeated that Davis had helped rogue police officers sell drugs, and said that the chronic accusations against Davis reflect a conspiracy.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Raymond Vizcaino, reputedly a drug dealer in the Bronx, was murdered in August 1986. In January 1987, Davis's older brother Eddie Davis was arrested and charged. Allegedly, Eddie and Larry, along with two others, attempting robbery at a Webster Avenue apartment, shot through the door, killing Vizcaino. A jury convicted Eddie Davis in June 1989. Larry Davis's trial began five months later. On the night of March 14, 1991, the jury found him guilty. Already serving 5 to 15 years on weapons convictions, Davis received another 25 years to life. Once sentenced, creating a loud scene until the judge expelled him, Davis spoke for about an hour, airing again his longstanding complaint that the police and the judicial system were conducting a vendetta against him.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: hamlet of Wallkill. At approximately 7 p.m. on February 20, 2008, a correctional officer overseeing the block yard noticed inmates congregating around an argument between two inmates. When the officer went to break it up, he found Davis using his walking cane to fend off an inmate from attacking him with a 9 inch (23 cm) long metal shiv. Davis was unsuccessful and was stabbed numerous times. The officer called for assistance and the attacker was restrained and taken to the Special Housing Unit to remain in segregated custody. Davis was taken to the facility infirmary where first aid was rendered. Davis lost much blood, lost consciousness and eventually showed no vital signs. Not being a trauma level infirmary, the supervising nurse called for an emergency transport by ambulance to St. Luke's Hospital in nearby Newburgh, where he was pronounced dead on arrival.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: After questioning by the state police and the New York State Department of Correctional Services's (DOCS) inspector general's office, another inmate, Luis Rosado an alleged self-made Crip, 42, from the Lower East Side of Manhattan was charged with murder.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: Rosado was already serving a sentence of 25 years to life for murder and assault charges in the early 1980s, and had been denied parole in 2007. He was arraigned at Shawangunk Town Court the next morning. DOCS officials said both he and Davis had long disciplinary records, including fights with other inmates, but there was no record of any previous violence between the two.


title: Larry Davis (born 1966)

text: On July 31, 2008, an Ulster County grand jury indicted Rosado on nine felony charges related to the stabbing, including three different counts of murder, assault, criminal possession of a weapon and possession of prison contraband. The murder charges carried a potential sentence of life without parole. After his arrest, Rosado was moved to Clinton Correctional Facility, located in upstate New York close to the Canadian border. On Wednesday, February 25, 2009, Luis Rosado pleaded guilty to first-degree manslaughter in Ulster County Court and was sentenced to an additional 10 years in prison, to be served consecutively with his current 25-to-life sentence for murder.


title: Westfield, New Jersey

text: Westfield is a town in Union County, New Jersey, United States, located southwest of Manhattan. As of the 2010 United States census, the town's population was 30,316, reflecting an increase of 672 (+2.3%) from the 29,644 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 774 (+2.7%) from the 28,870 counted in the 1990 Census.


title: Westfield, New Jersey

text: In March 2018, Bloomberg ranked Westfield as the 99th highest-income place in the United States, and the 18th highest-income location in New Jersey. According to a 2014 nationwide survey, Westfield was ranked as the 30th-safest city to live in the United States.


title: Westfield, New Jersey

text: The town has been one of the state's highest-income communities. Based on data from the American Community Survey for 2013–2017, Westfield residents had a median household income of $159,923, ranked 8th in the state among municipalities with more than 10,000 residents, more than double the statewide median of $76,475.


title: Westfield, New Jersey

text: History says that Westfield took its name from the rich "fields west of Elizabeth Town, and hence for over one hundred years went by the name of West Fields." Town records say that "the settlement of Westfield dates back to the last year (1699) of the seventeenth century. It was the result of the 'Clinker Lot Division.' Almost immediately after the division emigration from the older parts of the town of Elizabeth began to set towards the interior,—especially to the territory lying between the Rahway river, on the east, and the mountains, on the west. It was not, however, until 1720 that the settlers became numerous enough to constitute a distinct community."


title: Westfield, New Jersey

text: The old village area, now the downtown district, was settled in 1720 as part of the Elizabethtown Tract.