title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: Tymoshchuk played his first match for Bayern against Milan in the 2009 Audi Cup, coming on as a second-half substitute. He also started in the final against Manchester United, where he was substituted off in the 77th minute; Bayern won the match 7–6 on penalties. He scored his first goal for Bayern against Juventus in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League. On 8 May 2010, Tymoshchuk won his first trophy with Bayern, the 2009–10 Bundesliga, followed one week later by the 2009–10 DFB-Pokal title. In total, Tymoshchuk made 21 Bundesliga appearances in the 2009–10 season, ten as a substitute, but failed to start a match in the whole of the second half of the season.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: In late July 2010, Bayern manager Louis van Gaal described Tymoshchuk's prospects as "not very bright", adding, "If a player doesn't play or doesn't have bright prospects then I would leave if I were them." Nevertheless, from October 2010 until March 2011, Tymoshchuk started all of Bayern's matches.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: In 2011, new Bayern manager Jupp Heynckes said Tymoshchuk would play more under him. Tymoshchuk was given a chance to start in matches at the time the team was plagued with injuries, filling in at central defence. He started in central defence alongside Jérôme Boateng in the Champions League final in Munich, which Bayern lost to Chelsea on penalties. Before the final, Heynckes said, "Tymoshchuk is a great team player. He's really important for us, and in situation, when three players are disqualified, his experience and ability to play in different positions is really useful for us." Because Tymoshchuk played a bigger role under Heynckes than under Van Gaal, he became an important part of the team. Goalkeeper Manuel Neuer said of Tymoshchuk, "For me the main job – not to let goals in. As a result, I love partners who have the same job. Anatoliy – is quite an aggressive footballer, but it's a smart aggression. He knows perfectly, when to choose the right position, to stop the attack of the opponent, and when to use such a move, like taking the ball harshly. No doubt, Tymoshchuk is doing a great job at Bayern!"


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: After winning the 2012–13 Champions League with Bayern, Tymoshchuk returned to Zenit, despite receiving offers from different clubs around Europe. Russian media claim Tymoshchuk was signed by Zenit not only because of his skills as player, but for his ability to integrate the Russians and the foreigners in the team and stop the rumoured conflicts among groups in the squad. Tymoshchuk himself said the return to Zenit was the last transfer in his career, indicating he would finish his playing career with the club.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: In 2014, Zenit lost 4–2 to Borussia Dortmund, with Dortmund scoring twice in the first five minutes of the match. Tymoshchuk has said there was a chance for his team to score when the scoreline was 3–2, but they never did.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: On 6 July 2015, Tymoshchuk signed an 18-month contract with Kazakhstan Premier League side Kairat. He captained the team in his league debut. He helped the team to its 2015 Kazakhstan Cup title. Tymoshchuk left Kairat upon the completion of his contract in November 2016. Without officially announcing his retirement, he began studying for his PRO coaching license.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: Since his debut in 2000, Tymoshchuk has become a key member of the Ukraine national team. He gained recognition for his performance during the 2006 FIFA World Cup in which Ukraine reached the quarter-finals, being named man of the match in Ukraine's victory over Tunisia. Tymoshchuk has been described as one of the catalysts for Ukraine's first World Cup appearance. In 2009, he won Cyprus International Football Tournaments.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: On 11 October 2010, in a friendly match against Brazil, Tymoshchuk became the second Ukraine player to earn 100 caps, after Andriy Shevchenko, who reached the milestone in a friendly against Canada just two days prior.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: On 20 December 2011, Tymoshchuk was named the best footballer in the history of Ukraine; he finished first in a nationwide poll to determine the key individuals in the Ukrainian game since the nation's independence in 1991. After Shevchenko's retirement in 2012, Tymoshchuk inherited the captaincy of the team.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: He is the most capped Ukrainian player with 144 appearances as of 29 June 2016. In August 2016, Tymoshchuk officially retired from international football.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: During his playing career, he was "a deep-lying midfielder who is comfortable on the ball and capable of ferocious long-range shooting".


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: Tymoshchuk is married to Nadiya Tymoshchuk (née Navrotska). The couple met in his hometown Lutsk while living in the same neighbourhood. Their twins were born three months prematurely in April 2010. In July, it was determined the children were growing well and would be released from hospital. In summer 2016, Nadiya, who currently lives in Munich together with children, announced she was filing for divorce.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: Tymoshchuk's favorite player is Lothar Matthäus and he admitted the historical team in which he most wanted to play with was the Germany national team in 1990, alongside Matthäus. He is also a fan of the Ukrainian band Okean Elzy and Russian painter Mikhail Vrubel. He is an avid collector of wines, t-shirts and icons.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: Tymoshchuk's lucky number is four. He can speak Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, some basic Croatian and German.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: Tymoshchuk and his father have since 2000 organized tournaments, the International Anatoliy Tymoshchuk Junior Cup, for children from Ukraine and neighbour states in Lutsk. The winners get cups and money awards. The mission of the tournament was to encourage children to continue their football training by giving them a chance to participate in a real competition.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: Tymoshchuk has twice played on Zinedine Zidane's team at charity matches, an experience he truly enjoyed.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: On 11 March 2022, the Ukrainian Association of Football (UAF) stripped Tymoshchuk of his (Ukrainian) coaching licence and titles because of his role at Zenit St Petersburg and for not speaking against Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine. The UAF stated that his "conscious choice" to continue at Zenit "damages the image of Ukrainian football". Reports also surfaced suggesting he might be a Russian spy. A Polish sport commentator described his case as that of "a collaborator, erased from Ukrainian sport history". No evidence has been presented to support the claims against Tymoshchuk other than his lack of comment on the war.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

text: When criticising Tymoshchuk, Russian sports journalist Vasily Utkin said that "[Tymoshchuk] cares only and exclusively about money," and claimed that whilst a player for Zenit, he asked the club for large numbers of tickets with the purpose of reselling them. However, that story was quickly disproved by others. Former Zenit player Vladislav Radimov called it "complete nonsense" and provided a story how Tymoshchuk at one point gave him two tickets to a game, but refused to take money from him for those tickets. Russian sports journalist Alexey Andronov also spoke out in defence of Tymoshchuk, and said how at one point Tymoshchuk gave him and another journalist tickets to a game, but didn't take any money from them for those tickets. He also pointed out how players requesting tickets from their club for friends is a normal practice in Russia, but unheard of in other European leagues.


title: John Rubinstein

text: Rubinstein is the son of Polish parents. His mother, Aniela (née Młynarska), a dancer and writer, was a Roman Catholic native of Warsaw, the daughter of conductor Emil Młynarski. His father was Polish-Jewish concert pianist Arthur Rubinstein. He attended El Rodeo Public School in Beverly Hills (K–2), Cours La Cascade in Paris, France (1954), and St. Bernard's School (3–8) and Collegiate School (New York City) (9–12) in New York City. He studied theater and music at the University of California, Los Angeles (1964–1967), and later composition at the Juilliard School in New York.


title: John Rubinstein

text: He made his Broadway acting debut in 1972 and received a Theatre World Award for creating the title role in the musical "Pippin", directed by Bob Fosse. In 1980 he won the Tony, Drama Desk, Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle, and Drama-Logue Awards for his portrayal of James Leeds in Mark Medoff's "Children of a Lesser God", directed by Gordon Davidson.


title: John Rubinstein

text: Other Broadway appearances were in Neil Simon's "Fools", directed by Mike Nichols, and Herman Wouk's "The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial", which earned him a Drama Desk nomination; he replaced William Hurt as Eddie in David Rabe's "Hurlyburly", replaced David Dukes in David Henry Hwang's "M. Butterfly", and starred in "Getting Away with Murder", by Stephen Sondheim and George Furth, directed by Jack O'Brien, and "Ragtime", by Terrence McNally, Stephen Flaherty, and Lynn Ahrens. In 2014, he joined the Broadway cast of the hit revival of "Pippin", directed by Diane Paulus, this time playing Pippin's father, Charlemagne; and subsequently repeated that role on the national tour throughout the United States and Japan in 2014–15.


title: John Rubinstein

text: In 1987, he made his off-Broadway debut at the Roundabout Theater as Guildenstern in Tom Stoppard's "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", with Stephen Lang and John Wood, and subsequently performed in "Urban Blight" and "Cabaret Verboten". In 2005, he received the Lucille Lortel Award for Best Lead Actor in a Play, as well as nominations for both the Outer Critics' and Drama League Awards, for his portrayal of George Simon in Elmer Rice's "Counsellor at Law".


title: John Rubinstein

text: His appearances in regional theaters include the musicals "Camelot" (at various times as "Tom of Warwick", "Mordred" and "King Arthur") and "South Pacific"; the role of "Billy" in David Rabe's "Streamers", "Ariel" in "The Tempest", "Marchbanks" in Shaw's "Candida", both Sergius and Bluntschli (alternating nights with Richard Thomas) in Shaw's "Arms and the Man", several roles in Arnold Weinstein's "Metamorphoses", directed by Paul Sills at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, "Sight Unseen" at L.A.'s Odyssey Theatre, "The Torch-Bearers", and "Our Town" at the Williamstown Theatre Festival, Arthur Miller's "Broken Glass" at Monterey Peninsula College, and Warren Smith in "On a Clear Day You Can See Forever".


title: John Rubinstein

text: In 1985 he starred in "Merrily We Roll Along" at the La Jolla Playhouse, in a version newly re-written by Stephen Sondheim and George Furth, directed by James Lapine. He was the original Andrew Ladd III in A. R. Gurney's "Love Letters" at the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, opened the play in New York off-Broadway, and later performed it on Broadway, in San Francisco, Boston, Los Angeles, Washington D.C., and on the QE II. He created the role of Molina in "Kiss Of The Spider Woman", and the role of Kenneth Hoyle in Jon Robin Baitz's "Three Hotels". In 1997, he played Tateh in the American premiere run of the musical "Ragtime", by Terrence McNally, Stephen Flaherty, and Lynn Ahrens, at the Shubert Theater, Los Angeles, receiving both an L.A. Drama Critics Circle nomination and a Drama-Logue Award as Best Actor in a Musical, and continued in the show both in Vancouver and on Broadway. He appeared opposite Donald Sutherland in Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt's "Enigmatic Variations" at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, and at the Savoy Theatre in London's West End. He played the Wizard of Oz in "Wicked" at the Pantages Theatre for 18 months; and co-starred in the world premiere of the musical version of the film "Grumpy Old Men" at the Manitoba Theatre Centre.


title: John Rubinstein

text: In 1987, Rubinstein made his directorial debut at the Williamstown Theatre Festival, staging Aphra Behn's "The Rover", with Christopher Reeve and Kate Burton; the following season he directed the first American-cast production of Christopher Hampton's "Les Liaisons Dangereuses". Off-Broadway, he directed the New York premieres of "Phantasie" (by Sybille Pearson) and "Nightingale" (by Elizabeth Diggs), and the world premiere of A. R. Gurney's "The Old Boy". At the Cape Playhouse in Dennis, Massachusetts, he staged "Wait Until Dark". For NYU, he directed productions of "The Three Sisters" and "Macbeth"; for UCLA, "Company"; and for USC, "Brigadoon", "Into the Woods", "On The Town", "City of Angels", "The Most Happy Fella", and "Grand Hotel".


title: John Rubinstein

text: In Los Angeles, at Interact Theatre Company, of which he has been a member since 1992, he co-directed and starred in the revival of Elmer Rice's "Counsellor at Law", winning the Dramalogue and L.A. Drama Critics Circle awards in both categories, as well as Ovation Awards for Ensemble Acting and Sound Design; the production itself won 22 awards; he also directed and acted in Sondheim and Lapine's "Into the Woods" and "A Little Night Music", and in Meredith Willson's "The Music Man". He also directed Sheridan's "The Rivals" and Frank Loesser's "Guys and Dolls".


title: John Rubinstein

text: In 2011, he provided commentary for the online broadcasting of the XIV International Tchaikovsky Competition, a classical music competition held in Moscow, Russia. Twice, in 2013 and 2015, Rubinstein appeared in a performance of "The Defiant Requiem" at Avery Fisher Hall, Lincoln Center.


title: John Rubinstein

text: Rubinstein is also the narrator of many audiobooks, and is known as the voice of Jonathan Kellerman's character Alex Delaware.


title: John Rubinstein

text: In 2016, it was announced that he would join fellow Tony-winner Christian Borle in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory as Grandpa Joe, directed by Jack O'Brien.


title: John Rubinstein

text: He currently teaches a course in musical theater audition techniques at the University of Southern California, and directs their spring musicals.


title: John Rubinstein

text: Rubinstein's feature films include "21 Grams", "Red Dragon", "Mercy", "Another Stakeout", "Someone to Watch Over Me", "Daniel", "The Boys from Brazil", "Rome & Jewel", "Jekyll", "Kid Cop", "Getting Straight", "Zachariah", "The Trouble with Girls", and "The Car". He appears in the film "Being the Ricardos" as Jess Oppenheimer.


title: John Rubinstein

text: Since 1965 he has acted in over 200 television films and miniseries episodes including "The American Clock", "Mrs. Harris", "Perfect Murder, Perfect Town", "The Sleepwalker", "The Two Mrs. Grenvilles", "Movieola" and "".


title: John Rubinstein

text: He received an Emmy Award nomination for his portrayal of Jeff Maitland III in the ABC series "Family", a role he played on a recurring basis over the course of the series; he also composed the series’ theme music. He starred for two years with Jack Warden in the CBS series "Crazy Like a Fox". He has played recurring parts on "The Fosters", "The Mentalist", "Desperate Housewives", "Parenthood", "No Ordinary Family", "Greek", "The Wizards of Waverly Place", "Dirty Sexy Money", "Day Break", "The Practice", "", "The Young and the Restless", and "Barbershop".


title: Shishupala

text: Shishupala (, lit. "protector of children", IAST: "Śiśupāla"; sometimes spelt Sisupala) was the king of the Chedi kingdom, and an antagonist in the Mahabharata. He was the son of King Damaghosha and Srutashubha, the sister of Vasudeva and Kunti, as well as the cousin of Nanda. He was slain by Krishna, his cousin and an avatar of Vishnu, at the great coronation ceremony of Yudhishthira, as a punishment for his opprobrious abuse made against him. He is also referred to as Chaidya ("(Prince) of the Chedis"). Shishupala is considered to be the third and last birth of Vishnu's gatekeeper Jaya.


title: Shishupala

text: The Mahabharata states that Shishupala was born with three eyes and four arms. His parents were inclined to cast him out but were warned by a voice from heaven ("ākāśavāṇī") not to do so, as his time had not come. It also foretold that his superfluous body parts would disappear when a certain person took the child into his lap and that he would eventually die at the hands of that same person. Coming to visit his cousin, Krishna placed the child on his lap and the extra eye and arms disappeared, thus indicating Shishupala's death was destined at the hands of Krishna. In the Mahabharata, Shishupala's mother Shrutasubha persuaded her nephew, Krishna, that he would pardon his cousin Shishupala for a hundred offences.


title: Shishupala

text: Rukmi, the prince of Vidarbha, was very close to Shishupala. He wanted his sister Rukmini to marry Shishupala. But before the ceremony could take place, Rukmini chose to elope with Krishna. This made Shishupala hate Krishna.


title: Shishupala

text: When Yudhishthira undertook the Rajasuya Yajna, he sent Bhima to obtain the fealty of Shishupala, now king after his father's death. Shishupala accepted Yudhishthira's supremacy with no protest, and was invited to the final ceremony at Indraprastha.


title: Shishupala

text: At that event, the Pandavas decided that Krishna would be the special honoured guest of the sacrificial ceremony. This angered Shishupala and he started insulting Krishna, calling him a mere cowherd and worthless to be honoured as a king. He also started insulting Bhishma, calling his vow to remain a celibate throughout life as an act of cowardice. Bhishma became furious and threatened Shishupala, but Krishna calmed him down. Through this act, he committed his 100th sin and was pardoned by Krishna. When he insulted Krishna again, he committed his 101st sin. Krishna then released his Sudarshana Chakra on Shishupala, killing him on the spot. Shishupala's soul was liberated and attained salvation by merging into Krishna's body.


title: Shishupala

text: The Shishupala Vadha is a work of classical Sanskrit poetry ("kāvya") composed by Māgha in the 7th or 8th century. It is an epic poem consisting of 20 "sarga"s (cantos) of about 1800 highly ornate stanzas and is considered one of the six Sanskrit "mahakavya"s, or "great epics". It is also known as the "Māgha-kāvya" after its author. Like other "kavya"s, it is admired more for its exquisite descriptions and lyrical quality than for any dramatic development of the plot. His sons were killed in the Kurukshetra War .


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a heat-resistant ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), or copper (Cu). The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature. As RTD elements are fragile, they are often housed in protective probes.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: RTDs, which have higher accuracy and repeatability, are slowly replacing thermocouples in industrial applications below 600 °C.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Common RTD sensing elements for biomedical application constructed of platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), or copper (Cu) have a repeatable resistance versus temperature relationship ("R" vs "T") and operating temperature range. The "R" vs "T" relationship is defined as the amount of resistance change of the sensor per degree of temperature change. The relative change in resistance (temperature coefficient of resistance) varies only slightly over the useful range of the sensor.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Platinum was proposed by Sir William Siemens as an element for a resistance temperature detector at the Bakerian lecture in 1871: it is a noble metal and has the most stable resistance–temperature relationship over the largest temperature range. Nickel elements have a limited temperature range because the amount of change in resistance per degree of change in temperature becomes very non-linear at temperatures over 300 °C (572 °F). Copper has a very linear resistance–temperature relationship; however, copper oxidizes at moderate temperatures and cannot be used over 150 °C (302 °F).


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The significant characteristic of metals used as resistive elements is the linear approximation of the resistance versus temperature relationship between 0 and 100 °C. This temperature coefficient of resistance is denoted by α and is usually given in units of Ω/(Ω·°C):


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Pure platinum has α = 0.003925 Ω/(Ω·°C) in the 0 to 100 °C range and is used in the construction of laboratory-grade RTDs. Conversely, two widely recognized standards for industrial RTDs IEC 60751 and ASTM E-1137 specify α = 0.00385 Ω/(Ω·°C). Before these standards were widely adopted, several different α values were used. It is still possible to find older probes that are made with platinum that have α = 0.003916 Ω/(Ω·°C) and 0.003902 Ω/(Ω·°C).


title: Resistance thermometer

text: These different α values for platinum are achieved by doping – carefully introducing impurities, which become embedded in the lattice structure of the platinum and result in a different "R" vs. "T" curve and hence α value.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: To characterize the "R" vs "T" relationship of any RTD over a temperature range that represents the planned range of use, calibration must be performed at temperatures other than 0 °C and 100 °C. This is necessary to meet calibration requirements. Although RTDs are considered to be linear in operation, it must be proven that they are accurate with regard to the temperatures with which they will actually be used (see details in Comparison calibration option). Two common calibration methods are the fixed-point method and the comparison method.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The three main categories of RTD sensors are thin-film, wire-wound, and coiled elements. While these types are the ones most widely used in industry, other more exotic shapes are used; for example, carbon resistors are used at ultra-low temperatures (−273 °C to −173 °C).


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The current international standard that specifies tolerance and the temperature-to-electrical resistance relationship for platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) is IEC 60751:2008; ASTM E1137 is also used in the United States. By far the most common devices used in industry have a nominal resistance of 100 ohms at 0 °C and are called Pt100 sensors ("Pt" is the symbol for platinum, "100" for the resistance in ohms at 0 °C). It is also possible to get Pt1000 sensors, where 1000 is for the resistance in ohms at 0 °C. The sensitivity of a standard 100 Ω sensor is a nominal 0.385 Ω/°C. RTDs with a sensitivity of 0.375 and 0.392 Ω/°C, as well as a variety of others, are also available.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer greater stability, accuracy and repeatability in some cases than thermocouples. While thermocouples use the Seebeck effect to generate a voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance and require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally varies nearly linearly with temperature per the Callendar–Van Dusen equation.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The platinum detecting wire needs to be kept free of contamination to remain stable. A platinum wire or film is supported on a former in such a way that it gets minimal differential expansion or other strains from its former, yet is reasonably resistant to vibration. RTD assemblies made from iron or copper are also used in some applications. Commercial platinum grades exhibit a temperature coefficient of resistance 0.00385/°C (0.385%/°C) (European Fundamental Interval). The sensor is usually made to have a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C. This is defined in BS EN 60751:1996 (taken from IEC 60751:1995). The American Fundamental Interval is 0.00392/°C, based on using a purer grade of platinum than the European standard. The American standard is from the Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association (SAMA), who are no longer in this standards field. As a result, the "American standard" is hardly the standard even in the US.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Lead-wire resistance can also be a factor; adopting three- and four-wire, instead of two-wire, connections can eliminate connection-lead resistance effects from measurements (see below); three-wire connection is sufficient for most purposes and is an almost universal industrial practice. Four-wire connections are used for the most precise applications.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: RTDs in industrial applications are rarely used above 660 °C. At temperatures above 660 °C it becomes increasingly difficult to prevent the platinum from becoming contaminated by impurities from the metal sheath of the thermometer. This is why laboratory standard thermometers replace the metal sheath with a glass construction. At very low temperatures, say below −270 °C (3 K), because there are very few phonons, the resistance of an RTD is mainly determined by impurities and boundary scattering and thus basically independent of temperature. As a result, the sensitivity of the RTD is essentially zero and therefore not useful.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Compared to thermistors, platinum RTDs are less sensitive to small temperature changes and have a slower response time. However, thermistors have a smaller temperature range and stability.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The two most common ways of measuring temperatures for industrial applications are with resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and thermocouples. The choice between them is typically determined by four factors.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: These elements nearly always require insulated leads attached. PVC, silicone rubber or PTFE insulators are used at temperatures below about 250 °C. Above this, glass fibre or ceramic are used. The measuring point, and usually most of the leads, require a housing or protective sleeve, often made of a metal alloy that is chemically inert to the process being monitored. Selecting and designing protection sheaths can require more care than the actual sensor, as the sheath must withstand chemical or physical attack and provide convenient attachment points.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The RTD construction design may be enhanced to handle shock and vibration by including compacted magnesium oxide (MgO) powder inside the sheath. MgO is used to isolate the conductors from the external sheath and from each other. MgO is used due to its dielectric constant, rounded grain structure, high-temperature capability, and its chemical inertness.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The simplest resistance-thermometer configuration uses two wires. It is only used when high accuracy is not required, as the resistance of the connecting wires is added to that of the sensor, leading to errors of measurement. This configuration allows use of 100 meters of cable. This applies equally to balanced bridge and fixed bridge system.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: For a balanced bridge usual setting is with R2 = R1, and R3 around the middle of the range of the RTD. So for example, if we are going to measure between , RTD resistance will range from 100 Ω to 138.5 Ω. We would choose R3 = 120 Ω. In that way we get a small measured voltage in the bridge.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: In order to minimize the effects of the lead resistances, a three-wire configuration can be used. The suggested setting for the configuration shown, is with R1 = R2, and R3 around the middle of the range of the RTD. Looking at the Wheatstone bridge circuit shown, the voltage drop on the lower left hand side is V_rtd + V_lead, and on the lower right hand side is V_R3 + V_lead, therefore the bridge voltage (V_b) is the difference, V_rtd - V_R3. The voltage drop due to the lead resistance has been cancelled out. This always applies if R1=R2, and R1, R2 » RTD, R3. R1 and R2 can serve the use of limiting the current through the RTD, for example for a PT100, limiting to 1mA, and 5V, would suggest a limiting resistance of approximately R1 = R2 = 5/0.001 = 5,000 Ohms.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The four-wire resistance configuration increases the accuracy of measurement of resistance. Four-terminal sensing eliminates voltage drop in the measuring leads as a contribution to error. To increase accuracy further, any residual thermoelectric voltages generated by different wire types or screwed connections are eliminated by reversal of the direction of the 1 mA current and the leads to the DVM (digital voltmeter). The thermoelectric voltages will be produced in one direction only. By averaging the reversed measurements, the thermoelectric error voltages are cancelled out.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The highest-accuracy of all PRTs are the "Ultra Precise Platinum Resistance Thermometers" (UPRTs). This accuracy is achieved at the expense of durability and cost. The UPRT elements are wound from reference-grade platinum wire. Internal lead wires are usually made from platinum, while internal supports are made from quartz or fused silica. The sheaths are usually made from quartz or sometimes Inconel, depending on temperature range. Larger-diameter platinum wire is used, which drives up the cost and results in a lower resistance for the probe (typically 25.5 Ω). UPRTs have a wide temperature range (−200 °C to 1000 °C) and are approximately accurate to ±0.001 °C over the temperature range. UPRTs are only appropriate for laboratory use.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Another classification of laboratory PRTs is "Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers" (Standard SPRTs). They are constructed like the UPRT, but the materials are more cost-effective. SPRTs commonly use reference-grade, high-purity smaller-diameter platinum wire, metal sheaths and ceramic type insulators. Internal lead wires are usually a nickel-based alloy. Standard PRTs are more limited in temperature range (−200 °C to 500 °C) and are approximately accurate to ±0.03 °C over the temperature range.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: "Industrial PRTs" are designed to withstand industrial environments. They can be almost as durable as a thermocouple. Depending on the application, industrial PRTs can use thin-film or coil-wound elements. The internal lead wires can range from PTFE-insulated stranded nickel-plated copper to silver wire, depending on the sensor size and application. Sheath material is typically stainless steel; higher-temperature applications may demand Inconel. Other materials are used for specialized applications.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The application of the tendency of electrical conductors to increase their electrical resistance with rising temperature was first described by Sir William Siemens at the Bakerian Lecture of 1871 before the Royal Society of Great Britain. The necessary methods of construction were established by Callendar, Griffiths, Holborn and Wein between 1885 and 1900.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: The Space Shuttle made extensive use of platinum resistance thermometers. The only in-flight shutdown of a Space Shuttle Main Engine — mission STS-51F — was caused by multiple failures of RTDs which had become brittle and unreliable due to multiple heat-and-cool cycles. (The failures of the sensors falsely suggested that a fuel pump was critically overheating, and the engine was automatically shut down.) Following the engine failure incident, the RTDs were replaced with thermocouples.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: In 1871 Carl Wilhelm Siemens invented the Platinum Resistance Temperature Detector and presented a three-term interpolation formula. Siemens’ RTD rapidly fell out of favour due to the instability of the temperature reading. Hugh Longbourne Callendar developed the first commercially successful platinum RTD in 1885.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: A 1971 paper by Eriksson, Keuther, and Glatzel identified six noble metal alloys (63Pt37Rh, 37Pd63Rh, 26Pt74Ir, 10Pd90Ir, 34Pt66Au, 14Pd86Au) with approximately linear resistance temperature characteristics. The alloy 63Pt37Rh is similar to the readily available 70Pt30Rh alloy wire used in thermocouples.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Temperature sensors are usually supplied with thin-film elements. The resistance elements are rated in accordance with BS EN 60751:2008 as:


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Resistance-thermometer elements functioning up to 1000 °C can be supplied. The relation between temperature and resistance is given by the Callendar-Van Dusen equation:


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Here formula_6 is the resistance at temperature "T", formula_7 is the resistance at 0 °C, and the constants (for an α = 0.00385 platinum RTD) are:


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Since the "B" and "C" coefficients are relatively small, the resistance changes almost linearly with the temperature.


title: Resistance thermometer

text: For positive temperature, solution of the quadratic equation yields the following relationship between temperature and resistance:


title: Resistance thermometer

text: Then for a four-wire configuration with a 1 mA precision current source the relationship between temperature and measured voltage formula_12 is


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: The Quiet Earth is a 1985 New Zealand post-apocalyptic science fiction film directed by Geoff Murphy and starring Bruno Lawrence, Alison Routledge and Peter Smith as three survivors of a cataclysmic disaster. It is loosely based on the 1981 science fiction novel of the same name by Craig Harrison. Other sources of inspiration have been suggested: the 1954 novel "I Am Legend", "Dawn of the Dead", and especially the 1959 film "The World, the Flesh and the Devil", of which it has been called an unofficial remake.


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: July 5 begins as a normal winter morning near Hamilton, New Zealand. At 6:12 a.m., the sun darkens for a moment, and a red light surrounded by darkness is briefly seen.


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: Zac Hobson is a scientist employed by Delenco, part of a United States-led international consortium working on "Project Flashlight" – an experiment to create a wireless global energy grid to power military equipment. He awakens abruptly; when he turns on his radio, he is unable to receive any transmissions. He drives into the city, which he finds deserted. Investigating a fire, he discovers the burning wreckage of a passenger jet, but there are no bodies, only empty seats. Every living animal and human appears to have vanished between the ticks of a clock.


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: Zac enters his laboratory, but fails to contact any of the other labs around the world. In an underground lab, he discovers the dead body of Perrin, his superior, at the primary Flashlight Grid control panel; a monitor displays the message "Operation Flashlight Complete". The mass disappearance seems to coincide with the moment Flashlight was activated. The lab is suddenly and automatically sealed because of radiation, so he improvises a gas bomb to escape. He listens to his own voice on a tape recorder describing the project as having "phenomenal destructive potential", then notes: "Zac Hobson, July 5th. One: there has been a malfunction in Project Flashlight with devastating results. Two: it seems I am the only person left on Earth." He refers to the phenomenon as "The Effect".


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: After a week of trying to contact another human being, Zac moves into a mansion. His mental state begins to deteriorate. He puts on a woman's nightgown and alternates between exhilaration and despair. He assembles cardboard cutouts of famous people (including Adolf Hitler, Elizabeth II, and Pope John Paul II), plays a loud fanfare and cheers from large speakers, and addresses the cutouts from a balcony. He declares himself "President of this Quiet Earth", then goes on a destructive rampage after the power blacks out. He bursts into a church, shoots a statue of Jesus off a crucifix, and announces that he is God. After accidentally crushing an empty pram with an enormous earthmover, he puts the barrel of a shotgun into his mouth, but desists. This event serves to break his insanity.


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: Zac settles into a more normal routine. One morning, a young woman named Joanne appears. Zac is attracted to her, and after a few days they have sex. They find a third survivor, a Māori man named Api. The three determine why they survived: at the instant of The Effect, they were all at the moment of death: Api was being drowned during a fight, Joanne was electrocuted by a faulty hairdryer, and Zac had overdosed on pills in a suicide attempt. He had realized the experiment posed serious dangers and was guilt-ridden for not speaking out. The discovery of his body, with his lab ID and tape recorder nearby, would have the consequence of exposing Project Flashlight and ending the experiment before it was too late.


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: A love triangle develops, but Zac is more concerned about his scientific observations: universal physical constants are changing, causing the Sun's output to fluctuate and become highly unstable. Zac fears The Effect will occur again (and that the Sun will soon collapse in any case and obliterate the Earth) and decides to destroy the Delenco facility. Api has provided the possible answer – if the still-active Flashlight Grid is balanced, and is continually destabilizing the Sun, then knocking out the facility would make the Grid fail. The three put aside their personal conflicts and drive a truckload of explosives to the installation, only to be stopped at the perimeter when Zac detects dangerous levels of ionising radiation emanating from the plant. He says that he will go to town to retrieve a remote control device to send the truck into the facility.


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: While Zac is gone, Joanne and Api have sex. Afterward, Api tells Joanne that he will sacrifice himself by driving the truck; he doubts that Zac's device will be capable of controlling the vehicle. They then hear the truck. Zac drives the truck onto the gas-bomb-weakened roof of the laboratory, which caves in. Just as the Second Effect occurs, he triggers the explosives.


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: Once again, a bright red light is seen surrounded by a dark tunnel. Zac awakens on a beach at twilight. There are strange cloud formations, resembling waterspouts, rising out of the ocean. He walks to the water's edge, then sees an enormous ringed planet slowly rise over the horizon. As the only survivor of this new Effect, Zac stares in confusion and despair at his unearthly surroundings.


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: The precise meaning of the final scene is left to the audience. In his commentary on the Umbrella Entertainment DVD release, writer/producer Sam Pillsbury states, "...we all thought it was quite simple; I mean, our intention was just that, what happened was, he died at the moment of the effect for a second time and he's now found himself in another world, what the hell's he gonna do...", he then says, more or less jokingly, that director Geoff Murphy being "a Catholic or lapsed Catholic, [it] may well have been something to do with purgatory, and y'know, you being trapped in cyclical and going back into having to relive your thing until you work out your karma, [something; possibly 'if I'm not'] mixing my metaphors; anyway, enigmatic is good, I think, to a certain extent..."


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: Walter Goodman of "The New York Times" wrote, "...it's easy to watch most of the time and never positively painful." "Variety" wrote, "One of New Zealand's top directors, Geoff Murphy has taken a man-alone theme and turned it imaginatively to strong and refreshing effect in "The Quiet Earth"." Sheila Benson of the "Los Angeles Times" called Lawrence's screen presence "electrifying".


title: The Quiet Earth (film)

text: It has since become a cult film. In 2014, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson named it one of his favorite science fiction films. The film placed tenth in a 2014 public poll by Stuff.co.nz of the best New Zealand films of all time.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: Rosemary's Baby is a 1967 horror novel by American writer Ira Levin; it was his second published book. It was the best-selling horror novel of the 1960s, selling over 4 million copies. The high popularity of the novel was a catalyst for a "horror boom", and horror fiction would achieve enormous commercial success.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: The book centers on Rosemary Woodhouse, a young woman who has just moved into the Bramford, a historic Gothic Revival-style New York City apartment building, with her husband, Guy, a struggling actor. Guy has so far appeared only in small roles in the stage plays "Luther", "Nobody Loves an Albatross", and various TV commercials. The pair is warned that the Bramford has a disturbing history involving witchcraft and murder, but they discount this. Rosemary wants to start a family, but Guy prefers waiting until his career is more established.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: Neighbors Minnie and Roman Castevet, an eccentric, elderly couple, welcome Rosemary and Guy to the Bramford. Rosemary finds them meddlesome and annoying, but Guy begins frequently visiting them.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: After the lead actor in a new stage play suddenly goes blind, Guy is cast in the role. Immediately afterward, Guy unexpectedly agrees with Rosemary that they should have their first child. That night, Rosemary dreams of a rough sexual encounter with a huge, inhuman creature with yellow eyes. The next morning Rosemary finds claw marks on her breasts and groin, which Guy dismisses as resulting from his hangnail, which he has cut. Rosemary subsequently learns that she is pregnant.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: Rosemary falls severely ill; but her intense pain and weight loss are ignored by others and attributed to hysteria. Her doctor and Minnie feed her strange and foul concoctions. Rosemary also develops a peculiar craving for raw meat.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: Guy's performance in the play garners favorable notices, and other increasingly significant roles follow. Guy soon begins talking about a career in Hollywood.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: Rosemary's friend, Edward "Hutch" Hutchins, also becomes mysteriously ill. He had sent Rosemary a warning, leading to her discovery that Roman Castevet is the leader of a Satanic coven. She suspects her unborn baby is wanted as a sacrifice to the devil. Despite her growing conviction, she is unable to convince anyone, particularly Guy. Ultimately, Rosemary discovers the coven's real intent for wanting her baby, whom she wanted to name Andrew ("Andy") but whom the coven insists will be renamed Adrian. He is the Antichrist, and Satan sired him, not Guy.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: Cherry Wilder wrote that ""Rosemary's Baby" is one of the most perfectly crafted thrillers ever written".


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: David Pringle described "Rosemary's Baby" as "this sly, seductive impeccably-written horror novel ... is an expertly constructed story, a playwright's book, in which every physical detail and line of dialogue counts."


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: In 1968, the novel was adapted as a movie of the same name, starring Mia Farrow, with John Cassavetes as Guy. Ruth Gordon, who played Minnie Castevet, won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Roman Polanski, who wrote and directed the film, was nominated for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. The exterior shots of the fictional Bramford apartment were filmed at the Dakota on Central Park West in New York.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: A made-for-TV movie sequel to the Polanski film, "Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby", was produced in 1976.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: In 2014, the novel was adapted as an NBC television miniseries, with Zoe Saldaña as Rosemary. The two-part miniseries aired on Mother's Day of that year. Neither the remake nor the TV miniseries garnered critical acclaim.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: Thirty years later Levin published a sequel to the novel, titled "Son of Rosemary" (1997). Levin dedicated it to Mia Farrow.


title: Rosemary's Baby (novel)

text: "Rosemary's Baby" was published in Spanish translation during the Francoist dictatorship. The Francoist censors cut passages from this translation, claiming the cut passages "glorified Satan". As of April 2019, all the Spanish-language editions of the book still retain these cuts.


title: Gwyneth Strong

text: Gwyneth Strong (born 2 December 1959) is an English actress. She has appeared in "Shadows" (1975), "Angels" (1976), "Crown Court" and "Z-Cars" (1977), "Play for Today" (1980-1984), "Silent Witness" (1996). However, she is best known for her role as Cassandra, the love interest and, later, wife of Rodney (Nicholas Lyndhurst), in "Only Fools and Horses" (1989-2003), and for playing Geraldine Clough in seven episodes of "EastEnders" in 2016.


title: Gwyneth Strong

text: Strong's first acting appearance was in the Royal Court Theatre's production "Live Like Pigs", when she was 13. In 1973, whilst a pupil at Holland Park School, she appeared in the horror film "Nothing But the Night" as Mary Valley, and had a role as Princess Dagmar, younger sister of the Princess of Wales, later Queen Alexandra, in the series Edward the Seventh.


title: Gwyneth Strong

text: She was a regular in the children's TV series "The Flockton Flyer" between 1977 and 1979, as Jan Carter. Another of her early television appearances came in 1982 when she appeared as Carol Dalston in the "Minder" episode "Poetic Justice, Innit?."


title: Gwyneth Strong

text: Strong gained mainstream recognition as Cassandra Parry, the love interest and later wife of Rodney Trotter, in "Only Fools and Horses", debuting in the series' sixth season. She also appeared in the "Observation" segment about Detective Samantha Smith made for the 1990 series of "The Krypton Factor", the two-part drama serial "The Missing Postman" as WPC Rachel McMahon, the BBC drama "Real Women" from 1997 to 1998, as Hetty in ITV's "Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married" (1999), and in BBC drama "Casualty" in 2013 as Jim Brodie's wife, Elizabeth.


title: Gwyneth Strong

text: Strong featured in the television film "It's A Lovely Day Tomorrow" (1975), written by Bernard Kops and directed by John Goldschmidt, depicting the real-life drama of the Bethnal Green tube disaster in the Second World War. She also appeared in the "True Confessions" two-part episode of the series "A Touch of Frost", reuniting her on screen with her "Only Fools and Horses" co-star David Jason.


title: Gwyneth Strong

text: She appeared on the West End stage in 2008, in the musical "Our House", in which she played Kath Casey. In May 2010, Strong appeared in "Midsomer Murders" “The Made-to-Measure Murders” as Katie Soper. In 2011, Strong joined the cast of "" at the Aldwych Theatre.


title: Gwyneth Strong

text: In September 2016, she joined the cast of the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", in the recurring role of Geraldine Clough, a rival darts player against the Queen Vic.


title: Gwyneth Strong

text: Stong was a child actor, her parents were both in the industry, her father a director, her mother in production at the BBC. Strong married her long-term partner, former "Footballers' Wives" and "Eldorado" star Jesse Birdsall, in 2000. They have a son Oscar (b. 1988) and a daughter Lottie (b. 1991). She also has 2 grandchildren: Baxter and Bertie. Strong is patron of the charity: Ovarian Cancer Action.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: Run is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by N. Linguswamy starring Madhavan and Meera Jasmine (in her Tamil debut). The film also features Vivek, Sunil (in the Telugu version), Atul Kulkarni, Raghuvaran and Anu Hasan in supporting roles, while Vidyasagar composed the film's music. The film released on 5 September 2002 and won positive reviews from critics, prompting the film to be partially reshot in Telugu and remade in Hindi under the same name by the cinematographer, Jeeva.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: Shiva lives in Srirangam, who comes to Chennai to gain admission in a college. He stays with his sister and her husband. Shiva doesn't like his brother-in-law and never talks to him, despite several attempts made by his sister to convince both. Shiva meets Priya during a bus journey and falls for her. He again meets her on a few more occasions and proposes to her, but she warns him to stop following her despite being in love with him. Shiva learns that Priya's brother Bhaskar is a local gangster, who attacks when anyone follows Priya. Priya does not want Shiva to get beaten by Bhaskar and advises him to stop following her, but Shiva is not scared of this.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: One day, Bhaskar's henchmen spot Shiva and Priya together and try to attack him, but Shiva thrashes them, ultimately giving courage for Priya to go against Bhaskar. Shiva's brother-in-law learns about Shiva's love and offers help which makes them talk to each other, much to the happiness of Shiva's sister. Bhaskar arrives to attack Shiva's family, but Shiva threatens to attack Bhaskar's family, thereby frightening him. Priya decides to elope with Shiva.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: Bhaskar chases after them along with his men where the couple are tracked down, and the goons start attacking Shiva. Priya interferes and challenges Bhaskar to attack Shiva single-handedly without any help of his men. Bhaskar accepts and starts attacking Shiva, but Shiva retaliates and hits back Bhaskar, who gets severely injured. He takes a sword, but rather than killing him. Shiva spares Bhaskar, who accepts his defeat and lets Shiva and Priya unite with each other.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: Madhavan signed the film in January 2002 after being impressed with Linguswamy's narration and through the project, made his first appearance in an action-orientated role. Madhavan had wanted to do an action film after being instructed by director Mani Ratnam to move away from romantic drama films and lost eight kilograms to portray "Run"'s lead role. Jyothika was originally selected to play the lead role in the film, but was later released from her contract. The makers then signed on Raima Sen to portray the lead role, before deciding to change the lead actress again after the actress struggled with the Tamil dialogues. But Meera Jasmine was consequently signed on to make her first appearance in Tamil films. Atul Kulkarni was signed on to play an antagonist in the film, and marked a rare move for the actor towards regular villain roles. Raghuvaran, Anu Hasan and Vivek were also signed on to work on the film, with the latter filming a separate comedy track.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: The scenes were shot at locations in Chennai, Karaikudi, and Srirangam, among other places, while the songs were shot abroad in Denmark and Switzerland. The team also filmed scenes at the M.G. R. Film City, Chennai, where action sequences were filmed. The film completed production in one schedule, with Madhavan remarking about the well organised structure of the shoot.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: The film's release was postponed from July 2002 to September 2002 to finish off post-production works. However, the commercial failure of Rajinikanth-starrer "Baba" (2002) means that the makers pre-poned the film to the earliest release date in September, in order to avoid other competition. The makers of the film chose to release the film on a Thursday instead of a Friday, in order to avoid a box office clash with Prabhu Solomon's Vikram-starrer, "King" (2002). The film opened in September 2002 to critical acclaim and also performed well at the box office. Nowrunning.com wrote, "director Linguswami has given a very enjoyable film with good music by Vidyasagar and brilliant cinematography by Jeeva", adding "Madhavan has proved in this film that he can also do action and that too convincingly". Another critic noted "there is nothing new about the film's story but, Madhavan's new incarnation as an action hero and Linguswamy's racy screenplay has made this a thoroughly enjoyable experience".


title: Run (2002 film)

text: The film went on to become amongst the highest grossing Tamil films of the year in 2002, and became actor Madhavan's most profitable film at the time of release. Vivek also won the Best Comedian Award at the Filmfare Awards 2002 for his performance in the film. The film was later dubbed and released in Telugu under the same name during April 2003, with the comedy portions re-shot with Telugu actors. The film's cinematographer, Jeeva, later remade the film in Hindi with Abhishek Bachchan, Bhumika Chawla and Vijay Raaz in the leading roles. The film completed 150 day run at some theaters.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: The music was composed by Vidyasagar, with lyrics written by Na. Muthukumar, Pa. Vijay, Thamarai, Yugabharathi, Arivumathi and Viveka. The soundtrack won critical acclaim and became Vidyasagar's most successful album at the time of the release.


title: Run (2002 film)

text: A film titled "Kadhal Pisase", named after the song from the film, was released in 2012. A popular scene involving Madhavan closing a subway shutter was later parodied in the spoof film "Thamizh Padam" (2010), while it was also referred to in "Vettai" (2012), in which the actor and director had collaborated again.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: Lassina Chamste Soudine Franck Traoré (born 12 January 2001) is a Burkinabé professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ukrainian Premier League club Shakhtar Donetsk and the Burkina Faso national team.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: Traoré began his football career in the youth ranks of Rahimo FC in his hometown of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. He was scouted by Ajax and brought to South Africa, where was stalled at the clubs' satellite club Ajax Cape Town until he was old enough to legally transfer to Amsterdam.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: Shortly after his 18th birthday, Traoré moved to Europe joining Ajax in January 2019, on a three and a half year contract. He had previously played for Rahimo in Burkina Faso and was on the books of Ajax Cape Town in South Africa where he finished as top scorer of the reserves team before departing for the Netherlands.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: Traoré was named on the bench for the first time in Ajax's fateful second leg defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League on 8 May 2019, before making his debut in the final seconds of their 4–1 win over Utrecht in the league four days later. He would have to wait over five months for his next first-team appearance as a late substitute in a 4–0 win against Feyenoord on 27 October 2019.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: On 24 October 2020, Traoré scored five goals and assisted a further three in a record-breaking 13–0 league victory over VVV-Venlo. Three days later, Traoré earned a penalty-kick and scored his first goal in European competition in a 2–2 draw away to Atalanta in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: On 18 June 2021, it was announced that Traoré had joined Ukrainian Premier League side Shakhtar Donetsk for a fee of €10 million. On 22 September, Traoré scored twice in Shakhtar's 3–0 win against rivals Dynamo Kyiv in the 2021 Ukrainian Super Cup.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: Traoré made his international debut for Burkina Faso on 4 May 2017, during a friendly match against Benin.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: Lassina Traoré is not remarkably tall at 1.83 m, but his muscularity makes him well suited for a physical playing style. As a team player, he is technically competent beyond being a typical ‘target man’.


title: Lassina Traoré

text: Traoré's mother was a former professional footballer and captained the Burkina Faso women's national football team. His cousin, Bertrand Traoré, is also a professional footballer, who plays as a right winger for Aston Villa.


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: Trolls: TrollsTopia is an animated streaming television series produced by DreamWorks Animation based on the 3D computer-animated comedy musical films "Trolls" and "Trolls World Tour", and the sequel to "". The series premiered on Hulu and Peacock on November 19, 2020. A second season was released on March 18, 2021, a third season was released on June 10, 2021,


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: a fourth season was released on September 2, 2021, a fifth season was released on December 9, 2021, a sixth season was released on February 17, 2022, and a seventh and final season was released on August 11, 2022.


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: On January 17, 2020, DreamWorks announced a new "Trolls" TV series, titled "Trolls: TrollsTopia", to be distributed exclusively on Hulu and Peacock. The series was originally scheduled to be released on April 15, 2020. The announcement came alongside those for DreamWorks films "" and "", other DreamWorks and Universal-related properties such as "Cleopatra in Space", "Where's Waldo?", "The Mighty Ones" and "", and new episodes of "Curious George".


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: Due to the effects of COVID-19 on Peacock's original release schedule, many of the planned originals, including this series, have been delayed. Hulu had not announced any delays and would release the series on schedule. The release date for the series on Hulu was confirmed to be November 19, 2020. The first trailer was released on November 5, 2020.


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: The first screenshot was seen in the TV Kids magazine's October 2020 issue. Universal had signed a long-term agreement with Sky, with "Trolls: TrollsTopia" being confirmed to be among the shows included in the contract, which would see customers in Ireland and the United Kingdom getting to see the shows on the aforementioned platform.


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: In that same month, an storyboard of an episode titled "Dinner with Dante" was leaked onto Tumblr, but was removed shortly afterwards. It revolved around a Classical Troll named Dante Crescendo. At the same time, the series' animatic opening credits sequence was leaked. Jim Mortensen confirmed that the leaks were stolen.


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: Notable returning staff from "Trolls: The Beat Goes On!" include Matthew Beans (executive producer), Alex Geringas (composer and songwriter).


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: Animator and director Jim Mortensen had also returned for the series, but as of February 2020, he left production of the show.


title: Trolls: TrollsTopia

text: Outside the United States, it aired on YTV in Canada on December 14, 2020. The series will air on DreamWorks Channel Asia.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: The Fatherland Front (, VF) was the right-wing conservative, nationalist and corporatist ruling political organisation of the Federal State of Austria. It claimed to be a nonpartisan movement, and aimed to unite all the people of Austria, overcoming political and social divisions. Established on 20 May 1933 by Christian Social Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss as the only legally permitted party in the country, it was organised along the lines of Italian Fascism, except that the Fatherland Front was fully aligned with the Catholic Church and did not advocate any racial ideology, as later Italian Fascism did. It advocated Austrian nationalism and independence from Germany on the basis of protecting Austria's Catholic religious identity from what they considered a Protestant-dominated German state.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: The Fatherland Front, which was strongly linked with Austria's Catholic clergy, absorbed Dollfuss's Christian Social Party, the agrarian "Landbund" and the right-wing paramilitary "Heimwehren", all of which were opposed to Marxism, "laissez-faire" capitalism and liberal democracy. It established an authoritarian and corporatist regime, the Federal State of Austria, which is commonly known in German as the "Ständestaat" ("corporate state"). According to the Fatherland Front this form of government and society implemented the social teaching of Pope Pius XI's 1931 encyclical "Quadragesimo anno". The Front banned and persecuted all its political opponents, including Communists, Social Democrats—who fought against it in a brief Civil War in February 1934—but also the Austrian Nazis who wanted Austria to join Germany. Chancellor Dollfuss was assassinated by the Nazis in July 1934. He was succeeded as leader of the VF and Chancellor of Austria by Kurt Schuschnigg, who ruled until the invigorated Nazis forced him to resign on 11 March 1938. Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany the next day.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: The Fatherland Front maintained a cultural and recreational organisation, called "New Life" "(Neues Leben)", similar to Germany's Strength Through Joy. The "League of Jewish Front Soldiers" ("Bund Juedischer Frontsoldaten"), the largest of several Jewish defense paramilitaries active in Austria at the time, was incorporated into the Fatherland Front.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: The role of the Fatherland Front has been a contentious point in post-War Austrian historiography. While many historians consider it to be the exponent of an Austrian and Catholic-clerical variant of fascism—dubbed "Austrofascism"—and make it responsible for the failure of liberal democracy in Austria, conservative authors stress its credits in defending the country's independence and opposition to Nazism.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: While the Front's aim was to unite all Austrians, superseding all political parties, social and economic interest groups (including trade unions), it only enjoyed the support of certain parts of the society. It was mainly backed by the Catholic church, the Austrian bureaucracy and military, most of the rural population—including both landowners and peasants—(with its centre of gravity in western Austria), some loyalists to the Habsburg dynasty, and a significant part of the large Jewish community of Vienna. The VF was strongly linked with the Catholic student fraternities of the "Cartell-Verband"—that maintained networks similar to old boys in English-speaking countries—in which most VF leaders had been members.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: Despite its self-identification as a unifying force, in reality the front was opposed by both the Austrian Nazis and the Social Democrats. Support for the latter, concentrated in Vienna and industrial towns, came from unionised workers and the party's paramilitary "Republikanischer Schutzbund" ("Republican Protection League"), whose February 1934 uprising (or "Austrian Civil War") was crushed in a few days. The Austrian Nazis, by then dominating Austria's existing pan-German nationalist movement, were supported by a part of the secular, urban middle and lower middle class, including civil servants and public sector workers, professionals, teachers and students. However they did not have a mass following as in Germany.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: After World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary sealed by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain, three political camps controlled the fate of the Austrian First Republic: the Social Democrats, the Christian Social Party, and the German nationalists, organised in the Greater German People's Party and the "Landbund". Since 1921 the Christian Social Party had formed coalition governments along with the German nationalists; Chancellor Ignaz Seipel, a proponent of Catholic social teaching, advocated the idea of a "corporated" state surmounting the parliamentary system, based on the encyclicals "Rerum novarum" (1891) by Pope Leo XIII and "Quadragesimo anno" (1931) by Pope Pius XI.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: On 10 May 1932, the Christian Social politician Engelbert Dollfuss was designated Chancellor of Austria by President Wilhelm Miklas. Dollfuss formed another right-wing government together with the "Landbund" and the "Heimatblock", the political organisation of the paramilitary Heimwehr forces. He began to surpass the slim majority of his government in parliament ruling by emergency decrees, and on 15 March 1933 finally prevented the gathering of the National Council. Two months later the "Fatherland Front" was founded by Chancellor Dollfuss as a merger of his Christian Social Party, the Heimwehr forces and other right-wing groups, and was intended to collect all "loyal Austrians" under one banner.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: On 30 May 1933, the government banned the "Republikanischer Schutzbund", the paramilitary troops of the Social Democratic Party; the Communist Party and the Austrian Nazi Party were prohibited shortly afterwards. From 12 February 1934 onwards, the remaining "Schutzbund" forces revolted against their disbanding, sparking the Austrian Civil War against Heimwehr troops and the Austrian Armed Forces. After the suppression, the Social Democratic Party too was declared illegal and dissolved. Social Democratic officials like the Vienna mayor Karl Seitz were deposed and replaced by VF politicians.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: On 1 May the Federal State of Austria was declared a one-party state under the authoritarian leadership of the VF. Thereafter, the organisation held a monopolistic position in Austrian politics with both civilian and military divisions. Dollfuss remained its undisputed leader until his assassination during the Nazi July Putsch on 25 July 1934. He was succeeded by Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg, while his VF fellow Justice Minister Kurt Schuschnigg became chancellor.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: In 1936, Schuschnigg also took over the leadership of the VF. The Front was declared a corporation under public law and the only legal political organisation in Austria. Its symbol was the crutch cross ("Kruckenkreuz"), and its official greeting was "Österreich!" ("Austria!") or "Front heil!". The party flag was adopted as the second state flag of Austria. Though membership was obligatory for officials, the VF never became a mass movement. By the end of 1937 it had 3 million members (with 6.5 million inhabitants of Austria); it could however never win the support of its political opponents, neither from the circles of the Social Democrats nor from the Austrian Nazis.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: Schuschnigg acknowledged that Austrians were Germans and that Austria was a "German state" but he strongly opposed an "Anschluss" and passionately wished for Austria to remain independent from Germany.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: Schuschnigg's government had to face the increasing pressure by its powerful neighbour Nazi Germany under Austrian-born Adolf Hitler. The state's fate was sealed when the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini made rapprochement towards the German Nazis. To ease tensions, Schuschnigg on 11 July 1936 concluded an agreement, whereafter several conspirators of the 1934 July Putsch were released from prison. Nazi confidants like Edmund Glaise-Horstenau and Guido Schmidt joined Schuschnigg's cabinet, while Arthur Seyss-Inquart attained the office of a State Councillor, though the Austrian Nazi Party remained illegal.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: On 12 February 1938 Hitler summoned Schuschnigg to his Berghof residence, constraining the readmission of the Nazi Party and the replacement of the Austrian chief of staff Alfred Jansa by Franz Böhme to pave the way for a Wehrmacht invasion. Schuschnigg had to appoint Seyss-Inquart Minister of the Interior, encouraging the political activation of the Austrian Nazis.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: Realizing that he was in a bind, Schuschnigg announced a referendum on Austrian independence. In hopes of increasing the likelihood of a "Yes" vote, he agreed to lift the ban on the Social Democrats and their affiliated trade unions in return for their support of the referendum, dismantling the one-party state. This move came too late. Schuschnigg was finally forced to resign under German pressure on 11 March and was succeeded by Seyss-Inquart. The Fatherland Front was immediately banned after the "Anschluss", the annexation of Austria to Germany, two days later.


title: Fatherland Front (Austria)

text: After the Second World War, in 1945, former members of the Fatherland Front like Julius Raab and Leopold Figl founded the conservative and Christian democratic Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) that became one of the two major parties of the Second Austrian republic. Unlike the Fatherland Front, the ÖVP was fully committed to democracy and put less emphasis on religion.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: A Commonwealth citizen is a citizen or qualified national of a Commonwealth of Nations member state. Most member countries do not treat citizens of other Commonwealth states any differently from foreign nationals, but some grant limited citizenship rights to resident Commonwealth citizens. In 16 member states, resident non-local Commonwealth citizens are eligible to vote in elections. The status is most significant in the United Kingdom, and carries few or no privileges in many other Commonwealth countries.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: Commonwealth citizenship was created out of a gradual transition from an earlier form of British nationality. Before 1949, all citizens of the British Empire were British subjects and owed allegiance to the Crown. Although the Dominions (Australia, Canada, Ireland, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa) created their own nationality laws following the First World War, they mutually maintained British subjecthood as a common nationality with the United Kingdom and its colonies. However, divergence in Dominion legislation and growing assertions of independence from London culminated in the creation of Canadian citizenship in 1946 and its separation from British subject status. Combined with the impending independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, nationality law reform became necessary.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: The British Nationality Act 1948 redefined "British subject" as any citizen of the United Kingdom, its colonies, or other Commonwealth countries. "Commonwealth citizen" was also defined in this Act as having the same meaning. This change in naming indicated a shift in the base theory of British nationality, that allegiance to the Crown was no longer a requirement to hold British subject status. The change was also necessary to retain a number of newly independent countries that wished to become republics rather than retain the monarch as head of state. The common status of Commonwealth citizenship would instead be maintained voluntarily by the various members of the Commonwealth.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: At first, all Commonwealth citizens held the automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom. This was first restricted by Parliament with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, which imposed immigration controls on subjects originating from outside the British Islands. The Immigration Act 1971 relaxed controls on patrials, those whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, and effectively gave preferential treatment to Commonwealth citizens from white-majority countries.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: Outside the United Kingdom, in some member states Commonwealth citizens also initially retained eligibility to vote in elections, to preferred paths to citizenship, and to welfare benefits. These privileges were removed on independence in most countries but retained in some. British subjects/Commonwealth citizens were eligible to vote in New Zealand until 1975, Canada at the federal level until 1975 (not fully phased out in provinces until 2006), and Australia until 1984 (though subjects on the electoral roll in that year are still eligible).


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: By the 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent. Parliament updated nationality law to reflect the more modest geographical boundaries of the United Kingdom and its remaining territories. The British Nationality Act 1981 redefined "British subject" in such a way that it no longer also meant "Commonwealth citizen".


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: Commonwealth citizenship is acquired by virtue of being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state or, in the United Kingdom, a country listed in Schedule 3 of the British Nationality Act 1981. This list closely follows the composition of the organisation, but is not always the same. For example, the Maldives left the Commonwealth in 2016 before rejoining in 2020. The country was removed from Schedule 3 in 2017, but legislation was not updated to relist it until 2021. Conversely, although Zimbabwe has not been a part of the Commonwealth since 2003, Zimbabwean citizens retain Commonwealth citizenship because the country remains on Schedule 3.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: Most classes of British nationals other than British citizens are also considered Commonwealth citizens. British Overseas Territories citizens, British Overseas citizens, British subjects, and British Nationals (Overseas) all have this additional status. However, British protected persons and non-citizen nationals of other Commonwealth countries (such as Overseas Citizens of India) are not considered Commonwealth citizens.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: Acquisition and loss of Commonwealth citizenship is tied to the domestic nationality regulations of each member state; there is no separate process for obtaining this status. It is automatically lost if an individual is no longer a citizen or qualified national of a member state, or if their country is removed from Schedule 3.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: Commonwealth citizens have different entitlements in each Commonwealth country, which individually have separate legislation specifying what, if any, rights they are afforded. The organization does not have a permissive system of free movement or labour and in over half of the member states, Commonwealth citizens do not receive substantially different treatment than foreign nationals.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: In 16 countries and all three Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom, Commonwealth citizens may register to vote after fulfilling residence requirements. In Australia, Bermuda, and the Cayman Islands, they no longer have the right to register as electors, but voters who were already registered before that right was ended may continue to participate in elections. Commonwealth citizens are also eligible to serve in one or both houses of the national legislature in Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the United Kingdom.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: All Commonwealth citizens may receive consular assistance from British embassies and consulates in foreign non-Commonwealth nations where their home countries have not established diplomatic or consular posts. They are eligible to apply for British emergency passports, if their travel documents have been lost or stolen and permission has been given by their national governments. Additionally, Australia issues Documents of Identity in exceptional circumstances to resident Commonwealth citizens who are unable to obtain valid travel documents from their countries of origin and must travel urgently.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: When residing in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth citizens are generally exempt from registering with local police, may be employed in non-reserved Civil Service posts, and are eligible to enlist in the British Armed Forces.


title: Commonwealth citizen

text: Access to voting in these countries is open to all resident foreign nationals and is not exclusive to Commonwealth citizens:


title: Graeme Garden

text: David Graeme Garden OBE (born 18 February 1943) is a Scottish comedian, actor, author, artist and television presenter, best known as a member of The Goodies and a regular panellist on "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue".


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden was born in Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and raised in Preston, Lancashire, England, only son (with a daughter) of (1910-1982), an eminent orthopaedic surgeon who created the Garden classification of hip fractures, and his wife Janet Ann (née McHardy). R. S. Garden's parents, John and Elizabeth, farmed at Macduff, Banff and Buchan, Aberdeenshire. Garden was educated at Repton School, and studied medicine at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he joined the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club and served as its president in 1964, while also performing in the 1964 Footlights revue, "Stuff What Dreams Are Made Of" at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden qualified in medicine at King's College London, but has never practised. Asked how he justified making jokes rather than saving lives, he answered:


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden was co-writer and performer in the classic BBC radio comedy sketch show, "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again", in the late 1960s. Garden was studying medicine during the first few series of the show, this commitment making cast membership difficult for him during the third series as he was following a midwifery course in Plymouth. However, he continued sending in scripts for the radio show by mail, and he rejoined the cast upon his return to his medical studies in London. On several occasions, his medical qualifications are lampooned in the show; in the 25th Anniversary Show, David Hatch asks him if he is still a writer. Garden: "Here's something I wrote this morning". Hatch: "It's a prescription". "Yes," says Garden, "but it's a funny one..."


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden was a permanent panellist on the long-running BBC Radio improvisation show "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue", in a cast which included Tim Brooke-Taylor, for almost fifty years. He also starred in and co-wrote, with Barry Cryer, "You'll Have Had Your Tea", a direct spin-off of ISIHAC, and has contributed to several books from the series including guides to the game Mornington Crescent.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden wrote for and appeared with Barry Cryer and Alison Steadman in the 1989 BBC radio comedy sketch show "The Long Hot Satsuma". Garden had a role in Paul B. Davies' 2000 radio play "Spy Nozy and the Poets". In 2001 and 2002, Garden wrote for and appeared in the BBC radio comedy sketch show "The Right Time", along with Eleanor Bron, Paula Wilcox, Clive Swift, Roger Blake and Neil Innes. He was also script editor for "The Hudson and Pepperdine Show".


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden is chair of the spoof radio game show "Beat the Kids". He has also appeared on the UK version of the improvisation television series "Whose Line Is It Anyway?", which has a similar format. He was a co-writer of the BBC Radio 4 comedy "Giles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off", and in 2006, Garden co-devised and appeared on the BBC Radio 4 comedy quiz show, "The Unbelievable Truth".


title: Graeme Garden

text: In 2003, Garden wrote the Radio 4 sitcom "About a Dog", based on an original idea by Debbie Barham, with a second series in 2007.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden has appeared in several of Big Finish's "Doctor Who" audio dramas. In "Bang-Bang-a-Boom!" he plays Professor Fassbinder, a parody of Victor Bergman in "". In "Max Warp" he plays TV presenter Geoffrey Vantage, parodying "Top Gear" presenter Jeremy Clarkson. He also plays Abbot Thelonious (an alias of the Meddling Monk) in the Eighth Doctor audio play "The Book of Kells" in 2010, and subsequently returns as a recurring antagonist to the Eighth Doctor as the Monk (a role previously played on television by Peter Butterworth.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden's best known television work is freeform sitcom "The Goodies", which he wrote and performed along with Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie from 1970 to 1982. The three appeared in the Amnesty International show "A Poke in the Eye (With a Sharp Stick)" (during which they sang their hit song "Funky Gibbon"). Garden and Bill Oddie co-wrote many episodes of the television sitcom "Doctor in the House", including most of the first series episodes, and all of the second series episodes - as well as co-writing episodes of the subsequent "Doctor at Large" and "Doctor in Charge" series. Garden was co-writer and performer in the sketch show "Twice a Fortnight" with Bill Oddie, Terry Jones, Michael Palin and Jonathan Lynn, and also sketch show "Broaden Your Mind" with Tim Brooke-Taylor, with Bill Oddie joining the cast for the second series.


title: Graeme Garden

text: In 1982 Garden and Oddie wrote, but did not perform in, a six-part science fiction sitcom called "Astronauts" for Central which was shown on ITV. The show was set in an international space station in the near future.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden was the voice of the title character in "Bananaman" (1983), in addition to General Blight and Maurice of the Heavy Mob in the children's animated television comedy series, which also featured the rest of the Goodies team. The series parodied comic book super-heroes. Later, Garden wrote for the sitcom "Surgical Spirit" (1994). Graeme Garden has also presented three series of the BBC's health magazine "Bodymatters".


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden appeared in the political sitcom "Yes Minister", in the role of Commander Forrest of the Special Branch in the episode "The Death List". He also appeared as a television presenter in the "Doctor in the House" episode, "Doctor on the Box".


title: Graeme Garden

text: He was a regular team captain on the political satire game show "If I Ruled the World". Brooke-Taylor appeared as a guest in one episode and during the game "I Couldn't Disagree More" he proposed that it was high time "The Goodies" episodes were repeated. Garden was obliged by the rules of the game to refute this statement, and replied, "I couldn't disagree more... it was time to repeat them ten, fifteen years ago."


title: Graeme Garden

text: In 2004, Garden and Brooke-Taylor were co-presenters of Channel 4's daytime game show "Beat the Nation", in which they indulged in usual game show "banter", but took the quiz itself seriously. It was notable for its use of a "laugh track" instead of a studio audience. Garden has hosted the quiz game "Tell the Truth" and presented a series of history programmes, "A Sense of the Past" for Yorkshire Television.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden writes and directs for the corporate video company Video Arts, famous for its training films starring John Cleese.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden has a successful stage career, and has acted in several National Theatre productions, as well as London's West End. He has also acted in several BBC Radio 4 comedy drama series, and television drama including "Peak Practice" and "Holby City". Garden appeared with Tim Brooke-Taylor in the theatre production "The Unvarnished Truth".


title: Graeme Garden

text: In 1986 he appeared in a production of "An Inspector Calls" by J B Priestley at the Royal Exchange, Manchester.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden wrote a play called "The Pocket Orchestra" which ran in London in 2006. In August 2006, Garden and Brooke-Taylor joined up to perform at the Edinburgh Fringe in a show which looked back with some nostalgia to their work with the Goodies and in light entertainment.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden lives in Oxfordshire with his wife Emma, with whom he has a son, Tom. Garden also has a daughter, Sally, and a son, John, from his previous marriage to Mary Elizabeth Wheatley Grice. His son John "JJ" Garden is the occasional keyboardist for the music group Scissor Sisters, and shares songwriting credit on their 2006 album "Ta-Dah".


title: Graeme Garden

text: In 2002, Garden suffered an episode of the condition known as Bell's palsy, where the muscles on one side of the face become paralysed. He was able to continue his work commitments and eventually made a full recovery after some months.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to light entertainment.


title: Graeme Garden

text: Garden is a patron of the disability charity ENRYCH – formerly Ryder-Cheshire Volunteers. The charity works to enable adults with a physical disability to enjoy culture, leisure, learning and sporting opportunities through partnership with a volunteer.


title: Drive shaft

text: A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, tailshaft (Australian English), propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft (after Girolamo Cardano) is a component for transmitting mechanical power and torque and rotation, usually used to connect other components of a drivetrain that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them.


title: Drive shaft

text: As torque carriers, drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, while avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia.


title: Drive shaft

text: To allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and driven components, drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints, jaw couplings, or rag joints, and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic joint.


title: Drive shaft

text: The term "driveshaft" first appeared during the mid-19th century. In Stover's 1861 patent reissue for a planing and matching machine, the term is used to refer to the belt-driven shaft by which the machine is driven. The term is not used in his original patent. Another early use of the term occurs in the 1861 patent reissue for the Watkins and Bryson horse-drawn mowing machine.


title: Drive shaft

text: Here, the term refers to the shaft transmitting power from the machine's wheels to the gear train that works the cutting mechanism.


title: Drive shaft

text: In the 1890s, the term began to be used in a manner closer to the modern sense. In 1891, for example, Battles referred to the shaft between the transmission and driving trucks of his Climax locomotive as the drive shaft, and Stillman referred to the shaft linking the crankshaft to the rear axle of his shaft-driven bicycle as a drive shaft. In 1899, Bukey used the term to describe the shaft transmitting power from the wheel to the driven machinery by a universal joint in his Horse-Power. In the same year, Clark described his Marine Velocipede using the term to refer to the gear-driven shaft transmitting power through a universal joint to the propeller shaft. Crompton used the term to refer to the shaft between the transmission of his steam-powered Motor Vehicle of 1903 and the driven axle.


title: Drive shaft

text: The pioneering automobile industry company, Autocar, was the first to use a drive shaft in a gasoline-powered car. Built in 1901, today this vehicle is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.


title: Drive shaft

text: An automobile may use a longitudinal shaft to deliver power from an engine/transmission to the other end of the vehicle before it goes to the wheels. A pair of short drive shafts is commonly used to send power from a central differential, transmission, or transaxle to the wheels.


title: Drive shaft

text: In front-engined, rear-wheel drive vehicles, a longer drive shaft is also required to send power the length of the vehicle. Two forms dominate: The torque tube with a single universal joint and the more common Hotchkiss drive with two or more joints. This system became known as "Système Panhard" after the automobile company Panhard et Levassor which patented it.


title: Drive shaft

text: Most of these vehicles have a clutch and gearbox (or transmission) mounted directly on the engine, with a drive shaft leading to a final drive in the rear axle. When the vehicle is stationary, the drive shaft does not rotate. Some vehicles (generally sports cars, such as the Chevrolet Corvette C5/C6/C7, Alfa Romeo Alfetta and Porsche 924/944/928), seeking improved weight balance between front and rear, use a rear-mounted transaxle. In some non-Porsche models, this places the clutch and transmission at the "rear" of the car and the drive shaft between them and the engine. In this case the drive shaft rotates continuously with the engine, even when the car is stationary and out of gear. However, the Porsche 924/944/928 models have the clutch mounted to the back of the engine in a bell housing and the drive shaft from the clutch output, located inside of a hollow protective torque tube, transfers power to the rear mounted transaxle (transmission + differential).Thus the Porsche driveshaft only rotates when the rear wheels are turning as the engine-mounted clutch can decouple engine crankshaft rotation from the driveshaft. So for Porsche, when the driver is using the clutch while briskly shifting up or down (manual transmission), the engine can rev freely with the driver's accelerator pedal input, since with the clutch disengaged, the engine and flywheel inertia is relatively low and is not burdened with the added rotational inertia of the driveshaft. The Porsche torque tube is solidly fastened to both the engine's bell housing and to the transaxle case, fixing the length and alignment between the bell housing and the transaxle and greatly minimizing rear wheel drive reaction torque from twisting the transaxle in any plane.


title: Drive shaft

text: A drive shaft connecting a rear differential to a rear wheel may be called a half-shaft. The name derives from the fact that two such shafts are required to form one rear axle.


title: Drive shaft

text: Early automobiles often used chain drive or belt drive mechanisms rather than a drive shaft. Some used electrical generators and motors to transmit power to the wheels.


title: Drive shaft

text: In British English, the term "drive shaft" is restricted to a transverse shaft that transmits power to the wheels, especially the front wheels. The shaft connecting the gearbox to a rear differential is called a "propeller shaft", or "prop-shaft". A prop-shaft assembly consists of a propeller shaft, a slip joint and one or more universal joints. Where the engine and axles are separated from each other, as on four-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive vehicles, it is the propeller shaft that serves to transmit the drive force generated by the engine to the axles.


title: Drive shaft

text: The slip-in-tube drive shaft is a new type that improves crash safety. It can be compressed to absorb energy in the event of a crash, so is also known as a "collapsible drive shaft".


title: Drive shaft

text: These evolved from the front-engine rear-wheel drive layout. A new form of transmission called the transfer case was placed between transmission and final drives in both axles. This split the drive to the two axles and may also have included reduction gears, a dog clutch or differential. At least two drive shafts were used, one from the transfer case to each axle. In some larger vehicles, the transfer box was centrally mounted and was itself driven by a short drive shaft. In vehicles the size of a Land Rover, the drive shaft to the front axle is noticeably shorter and more steeply articulated than the rear shaft, making it a more difficult engineering problem to build a reliable drive shaft, and which may involve a more sophisticated form of universal joint.


title: Drive shaft

text: Modern light cars with all-wheel drive (notably Audi or the Fiat Panda) may use a system that more closely resembles a front-wheel drive layout. The transmission and final drive for the front axle are combined into one housing alongside the engine, and a "single" drive shaft runs the length of the car to the rear axle. This is a favoured design where the torque is biased to the front wheels to give car-like handling, or where the maker wishes to produce both four-wheel drive and front-wheel drive cars with many shared components.


title: Drive shaft

text: At an engine test stand a drive shaft is used to transfer a certain speed or torque from the internal combustion engine to a dynamometer.


title: Drive shaft

text: An automotive drive shaft can typically last about 120,000 kilometres. However, if the vehicle experiencing any of the signs below, drivers should get it checked as soon as possible at a mechanic.


title: Drive shaft

text: A cardan shaft park brake works on the drive shaft rather than the wheels. These brakes are commonly used on small trucks. This type of brake is prone to failure and has led to incidents where the truck has run away on a slope, leading to safety alerts being issued. Heavy vehicles that have this type of park brake usually have a ratchet handle similar to a car's hand brake or parking brake, as opposed to an air brake button or lever.


title: Drive shaft

text: Risk factors for drivers include parking on a steep slope when heavily loaded, not applying the brake with enough force, changing the load or load balance while parked on a slope, or parking where one side of the vehicle is able to slip. Using chocks on the wheels is one way of preventing the vehicle from moving on a slope.


title: Drive shaft

text: Drive shafts have been used on motorcycles since before WW1, such as the Belgian FN motorcycle from 1903 and the Stuart Turner Stellar motorcycle of 1912. As an alternative to chain and belt drives, drive shafts offer long-lived, clean, and relatively maintenance-free operation. A disadvantage of shaft drive on a motorcycle is that helical gearing, spiral bevel gearing or similar is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process.


title: Drive shaft

text: BMW has produced shaft drive motorcycles since 1923; and Moto Guzzi have built shaft-drive V-twins since the 1960s. The British company, Triumph and the major Japanese brands, Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and Yamaha, have produced shaft drive motorcycles.


title: Drive shaft

text: Lambretta motorscooters type A up to type LD are shaft-driven the NSU Prima scooter is also shaft-driven


title: Drive shaft

text: Motorcycle engines positioned such that the crankshaft is longitudinal and parallel to the frame are often used for shaft-driven motorcycles. This requires only one 90° turn in power transmission, rather than two. Bikes from Moto Guzzi and BMW, plus the Triumph Rocket III and Honda ST series all use this engine layout.


title: Drive shaft

text: Motorcycles with shaft drive are subject to shaft effect, where the chassis climbs when power is applied. This effect, which is the opposite of that exhibited by chain-drive motorcycles, is counteracted with systems such as BMW's Paralever, Moto Guzzi's CARC and Kawasaki's Tetra Lever.


title: Drive shaft

text: On a power-driven ship, the drive shaft, or propeller shaft, usually connects the propeller outside the vessel to the driving machinery inside, passing through at least one shaft seal or stuffing box where it intersects the hull. The thrust, the axial force generated by the propeller, is transmitted to the vessel by the thrust block or thrust bearing, which, in all but the smallest of boats, is incorporated in the main engine or gearbox. Shafts can be made of stainless steel or composite materials depending on what type of ship will install them.


title: Drive shaft

text: The portion of the drive train which connects directly to the propeller is known as the "tail shaft."


title: Drive shaft

text: The Shay, Climax and Heisler locomotives, all introduced in the late 19th century, used quill drives to couple power from a centrally mounted multi-cylinder engine to each of the trucks supporting the engine. On each of these geared steam locomotives, one end of each drive shaft was coupled to the driven truck through a universal joint while the other end was powered by the crankshaft, transmission or another truck through a second universal joint. A quill drive also has the ability to slide lengthways, effectively varying its length. This is required to allow the bogies to rotate when passing a curve.


title: Drive shaft

text: Cardan shafts are used in some diesel locomotives (mainly diesel-hydraulics, such as British Rail Class 52) and some electric locomotives (e.g. British Rail Class 91). They are also widely used in diesel multiple units.


title: Drive shaft

text: The drive shaft has served as an alternative to a chain-drive in bicycles for the past century, never becoming very popular. A shaft-driven bicycle (or "Acatène", from an early maker) has several advantages and disadvantages:


title: Drive shaft

text: Drive shafts are one method of transferring power from an engine and PTO to vehicle-mounted accessory equipment, such as an air compressor. Drive shafts are used when there isn't enough space beside the engine for the additional accessory; the shaft bridges the gap between the engine PTO and the accessory, allowing the accessory to be mounted elsewhere on the vehicle.


title: Drive shaft

text: Nowadays new possibilities exist for the production process of drive shafts. The filament winding production process is gaining popularity for the creation of composite drive shafts. Several companies in the automotive industry are looking to adopt this knowledge for their high volume production process.


title: Syracuse Orange football

text: The Syracuse Orange football team represents Syracuse University in the sport of American football. The Orange compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Syracuse is the only FBS school in New York to compete in one of the Power Five conferences.


title: Syracuse Orange football

text: The Orange play their home games in the JMA Wireless Dome, referred to as the JMA Dome on the university's campus in Syracuse, New York. The stadium is also known as "The Loud House".