title: Careem

text: In November 2015, Careem announced a Series C round investment of million led by The Abraaj Group. In October 2016, the company reached an agreement with regulators in Dubai whereby customers are able to book all taxicabs and limousines operating in Dubai via the Careem mobile app. In December 2016, the company raised million in a Series D round, based on a billion valuation for the company. Saudi Telecom in this funding round invested in a 10% stake in Careem. In October 2018, the company secured million funding from its existing investors.


title: Careem

text: On 26 March 2019, Uber agreed to acquire the company for billion, including billion in cash and billion in convertible notes, making Careem the first unicorn startup company in the Middle East outside of Israel.


title: Careem

text: In 2018, Careem announced it was launching a food delivery service app called Careem Now, delivering food and pharmaceuticals, initially in Dubai and Jeddah. In 2019, the service expanded into Riyadh and Amman, and announced it was also launching in Pakistan. On 21 April 2020, the service expanded its Dubai service into delivering groceries and other essential products.


title: Careem

text: On 4 May 2020, Uber Eats announced they were exiting the United Arab Emirates and that their services would be offered through Careem Now.


title: Careem

text: In Pakistan, Careem employs women drivers. Women are also employed as drivers in Egypt and Jordan. In Saudi Arabia, women make up 80% of the company's customers. Careem is planning to have a female workforce of 20,000 by the year 2020. In Saudi Arabia, Careem and Uber have started recruiting women, as part of the Saudi Women to drive movement. Women were legally allowed to start driving on 24 June 2018, and Uber and Careem women drivers were able to start working on the same day.


title: Careem

text: Due to the impact of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, Careem announced on its blog it was laying off 31% of its workforce, amounting to 536 employees.


title: Careem

text: Uber and Careem faced heavy criticism in Egypt at the beginning of 2016 by local taxi drivers for operating without official taxi licenses. Taxi drivers organized several protests and sit-ins demanding that the Egyptian government intervene to halt the activities of the TNCs. A committee was organized by the Egyptian government to assess the complaints of the protesting taxi drivers and standardize taxi services in Egypt. They ruled in favor of the TNCs, ensuring that they can operate legally and provided legal protection for the TNC drivers who had been facing attacks by both state police and angry taxi drivers.


title: Careem

text: In January, 2018, Careem discovered data on more than 14 million riders and 558,800 drivers were breached. The company waited until late April, 2018, to disclose this breach because they "wanted to make sure we had the most accurate information before notifying people". According to investigations conducted by the company, there was no initial evidence of fraud or misuse.


title: Careem

text: Careem has been a supporter of Cricket for a Cause for the past two years and has supported the league's efforts to raise funds for children in developing nations. Moreover, in Pakistan, Careem and Robin Hood Army took the initiative to feed more than 10,000 people across the nation.


title: Bovine serum albumin

text: Bovine serum albumin (BSA or "Fraction V") is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a protein concentration standard in lab experiments.


title: Bovine serum albumin

text: The nickname "Fraction V" refers to albumin being the fifth fraction of the original Edwin Cohn purification methodology that made use of differential solubility characteristics of plasma proteins. By manipulating solvent concentrations, pH, salt levels, and temperature, Cohn was able to pull out successive "fractions" of blood plasma. The process was first commercialized with human albumin for medical use and later adopted for production of BSA.


title: Bovine serum albumin

text: The full-length BSA precursor polypeptide is 607 amino acids (AAs) in length. An N-terminal 18-residue signal peptide is cut off from the precursor protein upon secretion, hence the initial protein product contains 589 amino acid residues. An additional six amino acids are cleaved to yield the mature BSA protein that contains 583 amino acids.


title: Bovine serum albumin

text: BSA has three homologous but structurally different domains. The domains, named I, II, and III, are broken down into two sub-domains, A and B.


title: Bovine serum albumin

text: BSA, like other serum albumins, is critical in providing oncotic pressure within capillaries, transporting fatty acids, bilirubin, minerals and hormones, and functioning as both an anticoagulant and an antioxidant. There are approximately 6 different long chain fatty acid binding sites on the protein, the three strongest of which are located one per each domain. BSA can also bind other substances such as salicylate, sulfonamides, bilirubin, and other drugs, which bind to “site 1” in subdomain IIA, while tryptophan, thyroxine, octanoate and other drugs that are aromatic in nature bind to “site 2” in subdomain IIIA.


title: Bovine serum albumin

text: BSA is often used a model for other serum albumin proteins, especially human serum albumin, to which it is 76% structurally homologous.


title: Bovine serum albumin

text: BSA has numerous biochemical applications including ELISAs (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. Because BSA is a small, stable, moderately non-reactive protein, it is often used as a blocker in immunohistochemistry. During immunohistochemistry, which is the process that uses antibodies to identify antigens in cells, tissue sections are often incubated with BSA blockers to bind nonspecific binding sites. This binding of BSA to nonspecific binding sites increases the chance that the antibodies will bind only to the antigens of interest. The BSA blocker improves sensitivity by decreasing background noise as the sites are covered with the moderately non-reactive protein. During this process, minimization of nonspecific binding of antibodies is essential in order to acquire the highest signal to noise ratio. BSA is also used as a nutrient in cell and microbial culture. In restriction digests, BSA is used to stabilize some enzymes during the digestion of DNA and to prevent adhesion of the enzyme to reaction tubes, pipette tips, and other vessels. This protein does not affect other enzymes that do not need it for stabilization. BSA is also commonly used to determine the quantity of other proteins, by comparing an unknown quantity of protein to known amounts of BSA (see Bradford protein assay). BSA is used because of its ability to increase signal in assays, its lack of effect in many biochemical reactions, and its low cost, since large quantities of it can be readily purified from bovine blood, a byproduct of the cattle industry. Another use for BSA is that it can be used to temporarily isolate substances that are blocking the activity of the enzyme that is needed, thus impeding polymerase chain reaction (PCR). BSA has been widely used as a template to synthesize nanostructures.


title: Chemical energy

text: Chemical energy is the energy of chemical substances that is released when they undergo a chemical reaction and transform into other substances. Some examples of storage media of chemical energy include batteries, food, and gasoline (as well as oxygen gas, which is of high chemical energy due to its relatively weak double bond and indispensable for chemical-energy release in gasoline combustion). Breaking and re-making of chemical bonds involves energy, which may be either absorbed by or evolved from a chemical system. If reactants with relatively weak electron-pair bonds convert to more strongly bonded products, energy is released. Therefore, relatively weakly bonded and unstable molecules store chemical energy.


title: Chemical energy

text: Energy that can be released or absorbed because of a reaction between chemical substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants, if the initial and final temperature is the same. This change in energy can be estimated from the bond energies of the reactants and products. It can also be calculated from formula_1, the internal energy of formation of the reactant molecules, and formula_2, the internal energy of formation of the product molecules. The internal energy change of a chemical process is equal to the heat exchanged if it is measured under conditions of constant volume and equal initial and final temperature, as in a closed container such as a bomb calorimeter. However, under conditions of constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat change is not always equal to the internal energy change, because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy. (The heat change at constant pressure is equal to the enthalpy change, in this case the enthalpy of reaction, if initial and final temperatures are equal).


title: Chemical energy

text: A related term is the heat of combustion, which is the energy mostly of the weak double bonds of molecular oxygen released due to a combustion reaction and often applied in the study of fuels. Food is similar to hydrocarbon and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, the energy released is analogous to the heat of combustion (though assessed differently than for a hydrocarbon fuel — see food energy).


title: Chemical energy

text: Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules. This arrangement may be the result of chemical bonds within a molecule or interactions between them. Chemical energy of a chemical substance can be transformed to other forms of energy by a chemical reaction. For example, when a fuel is burned, the chemical energy of molecular oxygen and the fuel is converted to heat. Green plants transform solar energy to chemical energy (mostly of oxygen) through the process of photosynthesis, and electrical energy can be converted to chemical energy and vice versa through electrochemical reactions.


title: Chemical energy

text: The similar term chemical potential is used to indicate the potential of a substance to undergo a change of configuration, be it in the form of a chemical reaction, spatial transport, particle exchange with a reservoir, etc. It is "not" a form of potential energy itself, but is more closely related to free energy. The confusion in terminology arises from the fact that in other areas of physics not dominated by entropy, all potential energy is available to do useful work and drives the system to spontaneously undergo changes of configuration, and thus there is no distinction between "free" and "non-free" potential energy (hence the one word "potential"). However, in systems of large entropy such as chemical systems, the total amount of energy present (and conserved according to the first law of thermodynamics) of which this chemical potential energy is a part, is separated from the amount of that energy — thermodynamic free energy (from which chemical potential is derived) — which (appears to) drive the system forward spontaneously as the global entropy increases (in accordance with the "second" law).


title: The Twits

text: The Twits is a humorous children's book written by Roald Dahl and illustrated by Quentin Blake. It was written in 1979, and first published by Jonathan Cape in 1980. The story features The Twits (Mr. and Mrs. Twit), a spiteful, idle unkempt couple who continuously play nasty practical jokes on each other to amuse themselves, and exercise their wickedness on their monkeys. "The Twits" was adapted for the stage in November 2007.


title: The Twits

text: In 2003, "The Twits" was listed at number 81 in "The Big Read", a BBC survey of the British public of the top 200 novels of all time. In 2012, the titular Twits appeared on a Royal Mail commemorative postage stamp.


title: The Twits

text: The idea of "The Twits" was triggered by Dahl's desire to 'do something against beards', because he had an acute hatred of them. The first sentence of the story is, 'What a lot of hairy-faced men there are around nowadays.'


title: The Twits

text: A hideous, vindictive, spiteful couple known as the Twits live together in a brick house without windows. They continuously play nasty practical jokes on each other out of hatred for each other.


title: The Twits

text: They also keep a family of pet monkeys, the Muggle-Wumps. The Twits, who are retired circus trainers, are trying to create the first upside-down monkey circus. They will always demand the monkeys stand on their heads for hours on end.


title: The Twits

text: Mr. Twit uses glue called "Hugtight" in hopes of catching birds for Mrs. Twit to make into a bird pie. The monkeys try to warn the birds before they land on the tree, but the English-speaking birds do not understand the monkeys' African language.


title: The Twits

text: Once a week the Roly-Poly bird flies to visit the monkeys, to secretly save the birds by acting as an interpreter of languages. On a Tuesday night, a group of four boys see the ladder next to this tree and they decided to walk up into it, not thinking or knowing that glue was on it. On the Wednesday morning Mr Twit sees that the boys have scared them away. Out of rage Mr Twit charges at them, but they get away. Mr Twit tries several times to catch the birds and, tired of not getting anywhere, Mr. Twit decides to go buy guns with his wife to kill them.


title: The Twits

text: The Muggle-Wumps come up with an idea to use Mr. Twit's glue to attach the Twits' furniture to their ceiling, while the birds come up with an idea to smear glue on the Twits' heads. Shocked, the Twits rush into their home and see the resulting mess. Mr. Twit suggests that they stand on their heads so that they are 'the right way up'. The Roly-Poly bird then offers to fly the Muggle-Wumps all the way back to Africa, and the Muggle-Wumps escape.


title: The Twits

text: Hours later both Mr and Mrs. Twit are putting all their weight down on the heads and catch the 'Dreaded Shrinks'- with their bodies compressing 'downwards.' Their head shrinks into their neck, their necks shrink into their bodies, their bodies shrink into their legs, and their legs shrink into their feet. Their feet shrink into nothing but two pairs of shoes and old clothes. Mr. and Mrs. Twit are then nowhere to be seen.


title: The Twits

text: Mr. Twit is a wicked person, having hair that covers his entire face, with the exception of his forehead, eyes, and nose. His hair (which he falsely believes makes him appear 'wise and grand' but is widely agreed by everyone else makes him look like a twit), is spiky and hard. Because he never washes it, his beard holds scraps of food stuck there while he ate, including tinned sardines, Stilton cheese, and corn flakes. Occasionally, he licks these scraps out and eats them when he is hungry.


title: The Twits

text: As part of a plan to make Mrs. Twit feel that she is shrinking, he slowly extended her chair and cane until she was convinced that she was getting shorter.


title: The Twits

text: Instead of wiping his mouth with a cloth, Mr. Twit simply wipes it on his sleeve. Mr. Twit is a drinker with a fondness for beer; he even drinks alcohol at breakfast. He is known to be very quiet when he is plotting. He and his wife mistreat their monkeys, the Muggle-Wumps. They have kept Muggle-Wump and his family locked up in a cage in the garden.


title: The Twits

text: The dreaded shrinks demolished Mr. Twit into nothing. All that was left of the Twits was two bundles of old clothes, two pairs of shoes and a walking stick.


title: The Twits

text: Mrs. Twit is the hideously ugly, menacing wife of Mr. Twit. She is said to have quite a nice face once, but her ugly thoughts began to show on her face until she was so ugly, you couldn't bear to look at her.


title: The Twits

text: She takes advantage of her glass eye to play practical jokes in revenge against her husband, and demonstrates multiple acts of cruelty and viciousness throughout the story: the main reason behind her use of a walking cane was as a weapon against innocent children and animals, she participates in the torment of the couple's pet monkeys the Muggle-Wumps, and she once served Mr. Twit a lunch of worms disguised as spaghetti.


title: The Twits

text: Albeit, while she frequently demonstrates acts of stupidity, she has also exhibited intelligence: she managed to manoeuvre her way out of being carried off into the sky by balloons by chewing through several of the strings and landing safely on the ground. Aside from this, she is portrayed as being hideous, cruel, and unhygienic.


title: The Twits

text: Mrs. Twit removes her glass eye and drops it in her husband's beer mug while he isn't looking. It isn't until he empties the mug that he sees the eye sitting in there, startling him something awful. Mrs. Twit laughs, gloating that this proves she is always watching him.


title: The Twits

text: In revenge for the glass eye trick, Mr. Twit places a frog in Mrs. Twit's bed, and frightens Mrs. Twit by claiming the item in her bed is a 'Giant Skillywiggler', with 'teeth like screwdrivers' with which it would bite off her toes. Mrs. Twit then faints, at which point Mr. Twit splashes a jugful of cold water onto her face. She soon recovers, as the frog hops onto her face to get near the water.


title: The Twits

text: Seeking revenge for the Frog Trick, Mrs. Twit places worms from the garden in cooked spaghetti, which Mr. Twit eats, being re assured by Mrs. Twit that it is merely a new kind called 'Squiggly Spaghetti' she has recently bought. When he has eaten it, Mrs. Twit joyfully reveals the truth, to Mr. Twit's horror and disgust.


title: The Twits

text: In revenge for the Wormy Spaghetti, Mr. Twit glues pieces of wood no thicker than a penny onto Mrs. Twit's cane each night, as well as onto the legs of her chair, making Mrs. Twit believe that she is slowly shrinking.


title: The Twits

text: Mr. Twit then frightens her by claiming that she has contracted an illness called the 'shrinks', by which she will be caused to disappear. Mr. Twit then claims that to cure the shrinks, Mrs. Twit will have to be 'stretched'. Mr. Twit then ties Mrs. Twit up in the garden to 60 gas balloons intending to leave her there for a while to teach her a lesson.


title: The Twits

text: However, once Mrs. Twit makes the mistake of saying that if the strings break, it's goodbye for her, Mr. Twit pretends to tie some more strings to her ankles, before cutting through the strings and sending her skywards. Mrs. Twit eventually returns by biting through several of the balloon strings so she sinks slowly down, eventually collapsing on Mr. Twit in the garden and beating him senseless with her long walking stick immediately afterwards.


title: The Twits

text: There is a 'Big Dead Tree' in the Twits' garden, which Mr. Twit uses to trap birds by spreading HUGTIGHT Sticky Glue on the branches. Captive birds are then made into a pie by Mrs. Twit. During the story four schoolboys are caught instead of birds, but escape by unfastening their trousers and falling to the ground outside the Twits' garden after Mr. Twit said that he will make boy pie instead of bird pie. It is this use of glue that gives the captive monkey Muggle-Wump and his family the idea of using it against the Twits.


title: The Twits

text: Using their friend the Roly-Poly Bird as an interpreter of languages, Muggle-Wump and his wife and children convey the warning that any bird landing on the Big Dead Tree will be cooked into Mrs. Twit's Bird Pie. When Mr. Twit, in retaliation, spreads glue on the monkeys' cage (which serves as a substitute perch), the monkeys alter the warning. The birds end up landing on the Twits' roof.


title: The Twits

text: This enrages Mr. Twit, who doesn't want to keep waiting for his pie, so the Twits decide to go to the shop and buy a gun each. During their absence on this errand, Muggle-Wump plots a final trick: to turn the Twits' house upside down. With the help of the birds, Muggle-Wump removes the carpet from the floor, as well as all of the tables, chairs, and other objects in the house, and uses Mr. Twit's glue to stick the objects upside down to the ceiling, leaving the floor absolutely bare.


title: The Twits

text: By doing this, the Twits will believe that they have been turned upside down, as they will be standing on what looks like the ceiling of their house and will stand on their heads to be the right way up. To keep their heads glued to the ground, two birds will put a small amount of glue on the Twits' heads right before they enter the house so that when they stand on their heads, they will be stuck.


title: The Twits

text: Just as the preparations for this trick are finished, the twits return home. Everything goes as planned, the Twits believed they've been turned upside down and so stand on their heads to counter it, only to be stuck to the bare floor. However, heads are not made to be stood upon. With so much weight on it from above, the Twits literally get 'the shrinks', as was mentioned earlier in the book. However, this time it's not a trick; it's the real thing. After a week or so, the Twits disappear, and everyone who knew of them shouts 'hooray!'. Meanwhile, The Muggle-Wumps and the Roly-Poly bird escape to their native African land.


title: The Twits

text: Since February 2003, a feature film adaptation of the book has been in development by Vanguard Animation and its founder John H. Williams. As part of a multi-picture deal with Walt Disney Pictures, Vanguard was set to produce a CG animated/live-action film, with John Cleese and Kirk DeMicco writing the screenplay.


title: The Twits

text: In November 2004, it was reported that Mark Mylod signed up to direct the feature, and that Cleese may star in the film. In October 2006, after the executive/regime changes at Disney, the project moved to Working Title and Universal. By January 2012, the official site of Vanguard Animation stated that Conrad Vernon, the director of "Shrek 2" and "Monsters vs. Aliens", would direct the film.


title: The Twits

text: In April 2022, it was reported an animated television series for Netflix was now turned into a feature film with "Spirit Untamed" co-director Ennio Torresan Jr. set to replace Vernon as director.


title: The Twits

text: An animated series based on "The Twits", part of an "animated series event" based on Dahl's novels, was being developed by Netflix. On April 20, 2022, it was reported that the series was now being turned into an animated film.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: Paul Gerald Cattermole (born 7 March 1977) is an English singer. He was a member of the group S Club 7, but left the group in 2002.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: Cattermole was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire. He was a member of the National Youth Music Theatre and appeared in "Pendragon" (1994). He studied theatre. Simon Fuller picked him for S Club 7.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: Cattermole became a member of S Club 7 after a series of auditions, along with members Tina Barrett, Jon Lee, Bradley McIntosh, Jo O'Meara, Hannah Spearritt and Rachel Stevens in 1999. During five years they released four number one singles and one number one album. They also had a series of TV shows, which were: "Miami 7", "L.A. 7", "Hollywood 7" and "Viva S Club". Over the five years they were together, S Club 7 had four UK No.1 singles, one UK No.1 album, a string of hits throughout Europe, including a top-ten single in the United States, Asia, Latin America and Africa.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: They recorded a total of four studio albums, released eleven singles and went on to sell over fourteen million albums worldwide. Their first album, "S Club", had a strong 1990s pop sound, similar to many artists of their time. However, through the course of their career, their musical approach changed to a more dance and R&B sound. The concept and brand of the group was created by Simon Fuller, also their manager through 19 Entertainment; they were signed to Polydor Records. Their television series went on to last four series, seeing the group travel across the United States and eventually ending up in Barcelona, Spain. It became popular in 100 different countries where the show was watched by over 90 million viewers. As well as the popularity of their television series, S Club 7 won two Brit Awards. Cattermole stayed with the band until June 2002.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: In June 2002 Cattermole reunited with his old school friends and formed the nu metal band Skua — described as having a "Limp Bizkit vibe" as well as comparing their style to Rage Against the Machine. The band split in 2003, after they failed to sign with a record label and the number of shows was low.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: After a five-year on hiatus, it was announced in October 2008 that O'Meara, Cattermole, and McIntosh were to perform as S Club 3. The group consisted of a series of university and nightclub gigs, where they performed a set list consisting of a selection of songs from their "Greatest Hits" album. This had been performing in various nightclubs, universities and Butlins holiday camps around the United Kingdom. Cattermole sang with his own band at a charity concert called 'The Sounds of Summer' at 'The Lord Taverners' club in London on 27 July 2011. Barrett joined the group for one performance in March 2014, and eventually replaced Paul fully from 2015.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: In January 2014 Skua reformed. On 14 July the band released their first single, "Falling". On 20 July, the released another two singles, "Got Not Choice" and "Out Of Control". Their debut album, "Kneel", was released on 14 October. Due to commitments with S Club 7's reunion, Skua found themselves lacking a frontman and the project halted having only released one album. The album was promoted only by the band themselves mainly via social media, no record labels were involved.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: In October 2014, it was confirmed that the original lineup would reunite for the first time in over a decade for BBC Children in Need. S Club 7 announced their plans for an arena reunion tour, promptly entitled Bring It All Back 2015, which toured the UK in May 2015. After the S Club 7 full reunion tour, Cattermole decided to leave S Club 3 too.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: In 2015 Cattermole toured in a production of "The Rocky Horror Show" in the role of Eddie. He left the tour when received a back injury after a dancer fell on him during an dance number.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: In a 2018 interview with "Loose Women" Cattermole revealed that, since leaving "The Rocky Horror Show" cast, he was "working on odd jobs" to make ends meet, and that he had later found regular work as a station manager for a community radio station in Swanage. He also said that he had asked to participate in reality shows such as "Celebrity Big Brother", "Strictly Come Dancing" and "Dancing on Ice", but he was not invited to be a contestant. In 2022, it was revealed that Cattermole had begun providing online tarot cards services.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: Cattermole and Hannah Spearritt first met as members of the National Youth Music Theatre in 1994. At the time, Cattermole was 17 years old and Spearritt was 14. They appeared together in "Pendragon". In 1999, Cattermole and Spearritt both were selected as members of a seven-member pop group named S Club 7, where they became good friends. In May 2001, the friendship developed into romantic relationship. They kept their relationship a secret for the first six months, waiting until November 2001 to make a public announcement. Their S Club colleagues were supportive of the relationship. Cattermole departed from the band in 2002 but the couple continued to date until early 2006. In June 2015, Cattermole and Spearritt started a romantic relationship again, splitting in November the same year.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: Cattermole had been declared bankrupt in 2014. In January 2018, he auctioned his Brit Award for Best British Breakthrough Act up on eBay, saying "there are bills to pay." The award eventually closed at £66,100. Cattermole also listed his 2002 Brit for "Don't Stop Movin'" (Best British Single), which hit the same figures, but was ultimately relisted to eventually sell for a more modest £3,000. Cattermole said that half of the payments would go towards paying bills, but was still deciding what to do with the other half.


title: Paul Cattermole

text: In February 2018 in an interview with "Loose Women", Cattermole stated the depth of his financial burden and thanked the TV producers for giving him a shirt to wear for the interview.


title: Cobia

text: The cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a species of carangiform marine fish, the only extant representative of the genus "Rachycentron" and the family Rachycentridae. Other common names include black kingfish, black salmon, ling, lemonfish, crabeater, prodigal son, codfish and black bonito.


title: Cobia

text: Attaining a maximum length of 2 m (78 in) and maximum weight of 78 kg (172 lb), the cobia has an elongated, fusiform (spindle-shaped) body and a broad, flattened head. The eyes are small and the lower jaw projects slightly past the upper. Fibrous villiform teeth line the jaws, the tongue, and the roof of the mouth. The body of the fish is smooth with small scales. It is dark brown in color, grading to white on the belly with two darker brown horizontal bands on the flanks. The stripes are more prominent during spawning, when they darken and the background color flashes.


title: Cobia

text: The large pectoral fins are normally carried horizontally, perhaps helping the fish attain the profile of a shark. The first dorsal fin has six to nine independent, short, stout, sharp spines. The family name Rachycentridae, from the Greek words "rhachis" ("spine") and "kentron" ("sting"), was inspired by these dorsal spines. The mature cobia has a forked, slightly lunated tail, which is usually dark brown. The fish lacks a swim bladder. The juvenile cobia is patterned with conspicuous bands of black and white and has a rounded tail. The largest cobia taken on rod and reel came from Shark Bay, Australia, and weighed 60 kg (135 lb).


title: Cobia

text: The cobia resembles its close relatives, the remoras of the family Echeneidae. It lacks the Remora's dorsal sucker and has a stouter body.


title: Cobia

text: The cobia is normally solitary except for annual spawning aggregations, and it sometimes congregates at reefs, wrecks, harbours, buoys, and other structural oases. It is pelagic, but it may enter estuaries and mangroves in search of prey.


title: Cobia

text: It is found in warm-temperate to tropical waters of the West and East Atlantic Ocean, throughout the Caribbean, and in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India, Australia, and off the Pacific coast of Japan. The cobia has been reported in various locations of the eastern Mediterranean Sea since 1978, following either entry via the Suez Canal or escape from mariculture.


title: Cobia

text: It is eurythermal, tolerating a wide range of temperatures, from 1.6 to 32.2°C. It is also euryhaline, living at salinities of 5.0 to 44.5 ppt.


title: Cobia

text: The cobia feeds primarily on crabs, squid, and fish. It follows larger animals such as sharks, turtles, and manta rays to scavenge. It is a very curious fish, showing little fear of boats.


title: Cobia

text: The predators of the cobia are not well documented, but the mahi-mahi ("Coryphaena hippurus") is known to feed on juveniles and the shortfin mako shark ("Isurus oxyrinchus") eats the adult.


title: Cobia

text: The cobia is frequently parasitized by nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, copepods, and acanthocephalans.


title: Cobia

text: The cobia is a pelagic spawner, releasing many tiny (1.2 mm), buoyant eggs into the water, where they become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching. The larvae are also planktonic, being more or less helpless during their first week until the eyes and mouths develop. The male matures at two years and the female at three years. Both sexes lead moderately long lives of 15 years or more. Breeding activity takes place diurnally from April to September in large offshore congregations, where the female is capable of spawning up to 30 times during the season.


title: Cobia

text: The cobia makes seasonal migrations. It winters in the Gulf of Mexico, then moves north as far as Massachusetts for the summer, passing Florida around March.


title: Cobia

text: The cobia is sold commercially and commands a relatively high price for its firm texture and excellent flavor. However, no designated wild fishery exists because it is a solitary species. It has been farmed in aquaculture. The flesh is usually sold fresh. It is typically served in the form of grilled or poached fillets. Chefs Jamie Oliver and Mario Batali each cooked several dishes made with cobia in the "Battle Cobia" episode of the Food Network program "Iron Chef America", which first aired in January, 2008. Thomas Keller's restaurant, The French Laundry, has offered cobia on its tasting menu.


title: Cobia

text: This fish is considered to be one of the most suitable candidates for warm, open-water marine fish aquaculture in the world. Its rapid growth rate and the high quality of the flesh could make it one of the most important marine fish for future aquaculture production.


title: Cobia

text: Currently, the cobia is being cultured in nurseries and offshore grow-out cages in parts of Asia, the United States, Mexico, and Panama. In Taiwan, cobia of 100 to 600 g are cultured for 1.0 to 1.5 years until they reach 6 to 8 kg. They are then exported to Japan, China, North America, and Europe. Around 80% of marine cages in Taiwan are devoted to cobia culture. In 2004, the FAO reported that 80.6% of the world's cobia production was in China and Taiwan. Vietnam is the third-largest producer, yielding 1,500 tonnes in 2008. Following the success of cobia aquaculture in Taiwan, emerging technology is being used to demonstrate the viability of hatchery-reared cobia in collaboration with the private sector at exposed offshore sites in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas, and the largest open ocean farm in the world is run by a company called Open Blue off the coast of Panama.


title: Cobia

text: Greater depths, stronger currents, and distance from shore all act to reduce environmental impacts often associated with finfish aquaculture. Offshore cage systems could become a more environmentally sustainable method for commercial marine fish aquaculture. However, some problems still exist in cobia culture, including high mortality due to stress during transfer from nursery tanks or inshore cages to the offshore grow-out cages, as well as disease.


title: Cobia

text: The cobia are more susceptible to multiple parasitic and bacterial infections like Amyloodinium sp, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Lactococcus garvieae.


title: Maîtresse-en-titre

text: The maîtresse-en-titre () was the chief royal mistress of the King of France. The title came into use during the reign of Henry IV and continued through the reign of Louis XV. It was a semi-official position which came with its own apartments. The position could come with significant power, as some mistresses were known to advise the king, broker favors for clients, forge alliances, and negotiate with foreign diplomats. In contrast, the title "petite maîtresse" was the title of a mistress who was not officially acknowledged.


title: Maîtresse-en-titre

text: From the reign of Louis XIV, the term has often been applied, both in translation ("official mistress") and in the original French, to refer to the main mistress of any monarch or prominent man when his relationship with her is not clandestine, e.g. Vibeke Kruse, Nell Gwynn, Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, Lola Montez, Magda Lupescu.


title: Maîtresse-en-titre

text: While the King may have many mistresses, there were normally only one official "Maîtresse-en-titre". Below are examples of those with this position. For a full list of all the mistresses of a French King, regardless of their position as official or not, please see List of French royal mistresses.


title: Kanchana 2

text: Kanchana 2 (marketed as Muni 3: Kanchana 2) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language horror comedy film written, produced and directed by Raghava Lawrence, who enacted dual roles in it. It is the third installment in the Muni (film series). The film stars Nithya Menen, Taapsee Pannu and Kovai Sarala and was released worldwide on 17 April 2015. The film was remade in Kannada as "Kalpana 2" (2016) starring Upendra.


title: Kanchana 2

text: Raghava is a cameraman for the channel "Green TV" where his crush Nandini also works. When Green TV drops down to second position in the ratings, Nandini advises to shoot a horror program to bring their channel back to first position. After the board members agree on this plan, Nandini decides on a location with a house with an intense haunted look, without knowing the fact that it is actually haunted. She sets out with Raghava, his watchman Mayil, Dr. Prasad, and the show's anchor Pooja to complete the task.


title: Kanchana 2

text: While shooting on a nearby beach, Nandini discovers a "Thali" and after the discovery, mysterious events start taking place and she decides to visit a priest. The priest discovers that the "Thali" is actually haunted, and lets Nandini out of his room, and returns the "Thali" to the spirit. Nandini does not seem to believe it, and the priest challenges her to check the place where she had taken it from. After Nandini and Pooja disturb the "Thali" for a second time, it does not leave them. She rushes to the priest, and helps her. As instructed by him, she prepares a coffin and a groomed woman's corpse which has the "Thali". They move to a distance and shoot to see that the coffin literally breaks open and the dead woman is dragged by the ghost.


title: Kanchana 2

text: All the members escape out of fear and Raghava collapses. The priest is also killed and Nandini becomes possessed by the ghost. Raghava and Nandini move into another house, where the haunted Nandini is planning something, and to their surprise, Raghava's mother, and Nandini's sister-in-law also come to stay there. Several changes occur in Nandini which only Raghava notices at first; she starts smoking at night and even thrashes him. Soon, the family realise that she is possessed. Nandini (now possessed as Ganga) influences Shiva's ghost, to be sent into Raghava. When Raghava's mother and Nandini's sister-in-law return, they are beaten up. They retreat to a church and learn about Shiva and Ganga.


title: Kanchana 2

text: Past: Ganga is handicapped, but Shiva loves her. Unfortunately, Marudhu killed and buried them when Ganga refused to marry his insane son Shankar. Marudhu also killed Shiva and Ganga's family and made Shiva's best friend insane. Before dying, Shiva killed Shankar.


title: Kanchana 2

text: Present: When Raghava (possessed as Shiva) killed Marudhu's brother, Marudhu learns that a spirit killed him, and gets a tantrik to revive a dead Shankar to kill Shiva and Ganga. Shiva battles Shankar and eventually defeats him. Ganga takes her revenge by killing Marudhu. Shiva returns Raghava safely to his family and promises to return whenever they needed him. The story of Shiva and Ganga restores Green TV back to first position.


title: Kanchana 2

text: Raghava Lawrence began work on the third installment in the "Muni" franchise in 2012, then titled "Muni 3: Ganga". He said that he had two different storylines for the sequel. Taapsee Pannu was selected as the female lead. Anjali was said to have been signed for the title role of Ganga, but she was later replaced by Nithya Menen. Lawrence introduced his brother Elvin in the film, who danced in a music video. Lawrence was reported to be appearing in six different looks in the film. Pooja Ramachandran was also chosen and was said to be playing the role of an anchor. In October 2013, Lawrence injured himself while filming and the making of the film was stopped for over three months. The film was in production for over two years.


title: Kanchana 2

text: The soundtrack features five songs composed by C. Sathya, S. Thaman, debutants Ashwamithra and Leon James, with the latter contributing two songs to the album.


title: Kanchana 2

text: The film was released on 17 April 2015 in around 750 screens worldwide alongside Mani Ratnam's "O Kadhal Kanmani". The Telugu version was released later on 1 May 2015 in around 550 screens.


title: Kanchana 2

text: "The Times of India" gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The comedy is broad and low-brow, banking on gay humour and the reactions of the characters when they are spooked by the presence of the ghost. It becomes too childish at times but you laugh nevertheless...the film does what it promises — we chuckle, cower, cry and at times, cringe". Behindwoods gave the film 2.75 out of 5 stars and said, "Looks like Lawrence has mastered the genre, so well that he knows how to keep the audience at the edge of their seats. His creative imagination has made this film different from the usual horror comedy films". "Rediff" rated the film 2.5 on 5, calling it "an enjoyable film" and wrote, "The plot may be out of date and the comedy absurd, but the antics of the familiar characters and their enthusiasm make you laugh despite yourself". "Sify" wrote, ""Kanchana 2" is no different from Lawrence's earlier horror comedies...The formula is the same – mix crass comedy with lots of horror, dead person's spirit getting into hero/heroine body, slapstick humour, glamour, melodrama, ladies sentiments, fight scenes...Add five songs, haunted house, scream and wailing sounds, it works".


title: Kanchana 2

text: "Indo-Asian News Service" gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The movie, which follows a very clichéd and dated format of horror template, suffers heavily due to the lack of a good story" and called it "undoubtedly a weak film in the franchise".


title: Kanchana 2

text: "The Hindu" wrote, "The acting isn’t the problem; the predictable story is..."Kanchana-3", which is hinted at before the end credits, needs to do better if the franchise has to survive".


title: Kanchana 2

text: On its first day, the film grossed nett in Tamil Nadu alone and around worldwide. The film had a "phenomenal" opening, earning nett in Tamil Nadu in two days. "Kanchana 2" earned nett in Tamil Nadu in its opening weekend. The film netted in Karnataka, in Kerala and from the rest of India. In Chennai city alone, the film made in three days.


title: Kanchana 2

text: "Ganga", the Telugu version collected share in its first week with a gross of . The final share was , making it the third highest earning dubbed film in AP/Telangana after "I" and "Enthiran".


title: Kanchana 2

text: The film opened with in the United States on a limited release. In UK and Ireland, the film made in the opening weekend. In Malaysia, the film had a very good opening, grossing in its first three days.


title: Kanchana 2

text: A sequel to the film, Kanchana 3 was released on 19, April 2019. While it was actually connected to , due to Kanchana being a bigger hit and more interesting than Kanchana 2, and Kanchana 2 being a different story, it was not the sequel to the previous film and it had the cast from the previous film reprising their roles.


title: Kanchana 2

text: The dialogue from this film "Motta Siva Ketta Siva" inspired a 2017 film of same name also starred Raghava Lawrence.


title: Noel Blanc

text: Noel Barton Blanc (born October 19, 1938) is an American commercial producer and retired voice actor. He is the son of the late cartoon voice actor, Mel Blanc.


title: Noel Blanc

text: Blanc was born on October 19, 1938 in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of voice actor Mel Blanc, and throughout Noel's childhood and early adulthood, he worked with his father on the "Looney Tunes" voices so that when Mel Blanc eventually retired or died, Noel could take over for his father. In 1961, Noel performed some of Mel's voices, uncredited, when Mel was injured in a car accident. Following his father's death, Noel voiced Elmer Fudd (a character that was originally Arthur Q. Bryan's role that Mel inherited after Bryan's death and occasionally during Bryan's lifetime), The Tasmanian Devil, Porky Pig and other characters in "Tiny Toon Adventures"; he was one of several successors to his father in the immediate aftermath of Mel's death, others including Jeff Bergman, Joe Alaskey, and Greg Burson. Warner Bros. had been splitting up the various voice-acting roles to prevent any one of them from being a singular successor. He later contributed voice work to "".


title: Noel Blanc

text: On January 29, 1962, Noel and his father Mel formed Blanc Communications Corporation, a media company which remains in operation. Together, they produced over 5000 public service announcements and commercials, appearing with Kirk Douglas, Lucille Ball, Vincent Price, Phyllis Diller, Liberace, and The Who. Kirk Douglas' son, Joel Douglas, was one of the executives at Blanc Communications Corporation and helped to develop and produce commercials.


title: Noel Blanc

text: Blanc has been married three times; he first married Larraine Zax in 1967, they divorced in 1972. Blanc then married actress Martha Smith in 1977, the marriage lasted for nine years until they divorced in 1986. Blanc married his third wife Katherine Hushaw at the Warner Bros. Studios on June 3, 1998.


title: Noel Blanc

text: In February 1991, Blanc was injured in his personal helicopter, when the aircraft collided with a small plane above Santa Paula Airport. Two other people were also injured, including Kirk Douglas, and two people in the plane were killed. Blanc suffered multiple fractures to his right leg, five broken ribs, a bruised lung, and a bruised kidney. He was taken to the intensive care unit at Santa Paula Hospital.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: Pamelyn Wanda Ferdin (born February 4, 1959) is an American animal rights activist and a former child actress. Ferdin's acting career was primarily during the 1960s and 1970s, though she appeared in projects sporadically in the 1980s and later years. She began her acting career in television commercials, made 250 television shows and films and gained renown for her work as a voice actress supplying the voice of Lucy Van Pelt in "A Boy Named Charlie Brown" (1969), as well as in two other "Peanuts" television specials.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: She had supporting roles in "The Beguiled" (1971) with Clint Eastwood and Geraldine Page, and a lead role in the exploitation film "The Toolbox Murders" (1978) with Cameron Mitchell. She also supplied the voice of Fern Arable in "Charlotte's Web" (1973). Ferdin distanced herself from acting in the late 1970s, worked as a registered nurse and shifted into animal rights activism, working as an activist and protester in animal-protection programs in New York City and Los Angeles.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: Born in Los Angeles on February 4, 1959, to Kenneth and Wanda (Jacewitz) Ferdin, she began her career at age three, appearing in a hair color commercial. She has two older sisters, Valerie and Wendy, who acted when they were young. Ferdin attended Herbert Hoover High School in Glendale, California.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: In a 2016 interview with The Washington Times, she said she would have liked to have experienced "what it was like to be a normal kid in high school — without always going in and then being taken out, going back and forth."


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: She has said that she regretted not having many aspects of a normal childhood and that her mother pushed her into acting. In 2016, she said, "My mom put me in the business. I had a very Hollywood mother. She put me in, and I just started getting role after role after role."


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: Ferdin played the Bumsteads' daughter Cookie in the 1968–1969 CBS revival series "Blondie". She was subsequently cast as Felix Unger's daughter Edna in the 1970s ABC series version of "The Odd Couple" and Paul Lynde's daughter Sally on the short-lived "The Paul Lynde Show".


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: She appeared on "" in 1968 as one of a group of orphaned children led by an alien with sinister motives in the episode "And the Children Shall Lead" and in the 1977 series "Space Academy" as Laura Gentry.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: Ferdin's distinctive voice secured her voiceover roles, and she was cast to provide the voice of Lucy van Pelt in three "Peanuts" cartoons: the 1969 TV special "It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown", a 1969 feature film "A Boy Named Charlie Brown" and the 1971 TV special "Play It Again, Charlie Brown". She provided the voice of Sally, the little girl in the 1971 animated TV special of Dr. Seuss's "The Cat in the Hat". Ferdin was a frequent guest star on episodic television in the 1960s and 1970s, with appearances on "Bewitched", "Green Acres", "The Andy Griffith Show", "Branded", "Daniel Boone", "Custer", "The Monkees", "The Flying Nun", "The Second Hundred Years", "Gunsmoke", "Shazam!", "The High Chaparral", "Mannix", "The Brady Bunch", "Family Affair", "Love, American Style", "Marcus Welby, M.D.", "Sigmund and the Sea Monsters", "Apple's Way", "The Streets of San Francisco", "Baretta", "CHiPS", and "240-Robert".


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: She had a brief and uncredited role in "The Reluctant Astronaut" (1967) and was featured in the Walt Disney musical "The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band" (1968). She appeared as Mary Constable in the supernatural TV movie "Daughter of the Mind" and as Abby Clarkson in the horror film "The Mephisto Waltz" (1971) with Alan Alda. The same year, Ferdin appeared in "The Christine Jorgensen Story", based on the life of the first trans woman in the United States to undergo sex reassignment surgery, and in "The Beguiled" alongside Clint Eastwood and Geraldine Page. She then appeared in the Kurt Vonnegut adaptation "Happy Birthday Wanda June", and in the exploitation horror film "The Toolbox Murders" (1978).


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: She voiced Fern Arable, the little girl who raises Wilbur the pig, in the 1973 animated film "Charlotte's Web".


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: Ferdin was considered for the role of Regan MacNeil, the demon-possessed girl in the 1973 William Friedkin film "The Exorcist", but casting directors decided she was too well-known and cast the less familiar actress Linda Blair.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: Her last acting roles were as the voice of the character Shelley Kelley in the Kids' WB series "Detention" in 1999 and as Christmas the Horse in the feature film "Elf Sparkle Meets Christmas the Horse" in 2008.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: In 2020, Ferdin co-hosted two episodes of the television talk show "Ken Boxer Live" on TVSB TV, originating in Santa Barbara, California.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: After leaving her job as a public relations director in the mid-1990s, Ferdin began working for the Center for Animal Care and Control in New York City. In August 2004, Ferdin accepted the presidency of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), according to statements filed under oath in U.S. District Court in New Jersey. The incumbent, Kevin Kjonaas, resigned after being indicted on charges of conspiracy and interstate stalking. When Kjonaas and six other SHAC activists were jailed in 2006, Ferdin vowed to continue the campaign. According to salon.com, she defined her role as "a squeaky-clean representative for SHAC USA," but warned that if the SHAC seven were convicted, "[P]eople, I think, are going to get hurt. There's going to be a lot of violence."


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: In 2004, she accused the parents of Kelly Keen, a three-year-old child killed in a coyote attack, of murdering their daughter and using the story of an animal attack to cover up the crime. This was part of her protest against public efforts to control the coyote population near suburban homes.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: On June 22, 2006, Ferdin was sentenced to 90 days in jail for trespassing and "targeted demonstration" outside the home of an employee of the Los Angeles Department of Animal Services. She stated that the conviction "is not going to affect my speaking out and exposing the atrocities occurring at our six city shelters". She served 36 hours and was released before serving the full sentence due to prison overcrowding.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: In December 2006, Ferdin's group, the Animal Defense League, Los Angeles (ADLLA), announced that it had been awarded $75,000 against the city of Los Angeles for an anti-strategic lawsuit against public participation motion.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: Her ex-husband, Jerry Vlasak, "sits on a precarious perch within the animal rights movement," according to a profile in The Los Angeles Times in 2006. "Through his Animal Liberation Press Office, he is the spokesman for shadowy groups that sabotage labs, vandalize homes, firebomb properties and make death threats via late-night phone calls. But he works in the wide open, operating a website, issuing press releases, talking to journalists."


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: In 2008, Ferdin was found in contempt of court, after allegedly violating an injunction. The conviction was overturned and she filed a federal lawsuit against UCLA for harassment.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: She graduated from the Los Angeles County Medical Center School of Nursing in the spring of 1981 and got her first nursing job on the medical ward at UCLA Medical Center.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: She has been a vegan since the mid-1990s. She promotes adopting rather than buying pets as well as having pets spayed or neutered.


title: Pamelyn Ferdin

text: As of December 2020, she has finished her memoirs, co-authored by Richard Riis, and is seeking a publisher.


title: Chobani

text: Chobani is an American food company specializing in strained yogurt. The company was founded in 2005 by Hamdi Ulukaya, a Turkish businessman. Chobani sells thick, Greek-style yogurt with a higher protein content than traditional yogurt and is one of the main companies to popularize this style of yogurt in the US. The company has also expanded to non-dairy, plant-based products such as dairy-free vegan yogurt and oat milk. Chobani produces a variety of Greek yogurt products, oat drinks, and snacks. Chobani's yogurt's market share in the U.S. rose from less than 1% in 2007 to more than 20% in 2021, and is the top-selling Greek yogurt brand in the United States and operates the largest yogurt facility in the world. In April 2016, Chobani announced it was giving 10 percent of its ownership stake to its employees.


title: Chobani

text: Chobani was founded in 2005 by the Turkish Kurd and businessman Hamdi Ulukaya. He chose the name "Chobani" as a variation of the Turkish word "çoban", "shepherd".


title: Chobani

text: Chobani was inspired by Ulukaya's childhood spent raising sheep and goats and making cheese with his family. Not impressed by the yogurt options available in the United States, Ulukaya made strained yogurt at his home in Upstate New York. He hired a yogurt master from Turkey, with whom he developed his own recipe. Using different bacterial cultures at differing temperatures and fermentation durations, they tested hundreds of recipes to come up with a yogurt with the desired taste, texture, and natural shelf life. Strained yogurt is thicker, creamier and tangier, with a higher protein content, as the whey is strained out. Ulukaya bought a plant in the town of South Edmeston, New York, that was being closed by Kraft Foods; Ulukaya purchased it with a Small Business Administration Loan. Ulukaya hired several of the former Kraft employees and launched his brand in 2007. In 2009, the chain stores Stop & Shop and ShopRite began carrying Chobani, and by the middle of 2009, Chobani was selling 200,000 cases a week. Later that same year, a major breakthrough came when the warehouse club stores BJ's Wholesale Club and Costco began carrying the brand. Ulukaya began adding new product lines to his brand in 2010. By 2010, Chobani realized over $1 billion in annual sales and became the leading seller of Greek yogurt in the U.S.


title: Chobani

text: In November 2011, Chobani expanded into Victoria, Australia through the purchase of Victorian dairy company Bead Foods. It then invested $30m to expand the facility and began manufacturing from the Dandenong South plant in December 2012. In 2012, the brand opened its second plant in what became the world's largest yogurt facility in Twin Falls, Idaho, with an initial investment of $750 million. The move created approximately 7,000 jobs, and unemployment rates in the region dropped from 6.3% to 2.4%. Chobani also opened its first brick-and-mortar cafe in SoHo, New York City in July 2012.


title: Chobani

text: Following the success of its product in Australia, in 2014 Chobani expanded its distribution to Asia and Latin America, beginning with Singapore, Malaysia, and Panama. The company announced plans for the Caribbean as well. In April 2014, Chobani reached a deal with private-equity firm TPG for a $750-million investment, which funded the company's expansion and the launch of a new line of products. In 2014 the company launched Chobani Oats, a blend of Greek yogurt, steel-cut oats and fruit; Seasonal varieties, including watermelon and pink grapefruit; Chobani Indulgent, a dessert yogurt; and a 4%-fat plain Greek yogurt. Chobani introduced its products in Mexico in August 2016.


title: Chobani

text: In 2017, Chobani surpassed Yoplait as the No. 2 manufacturer in overall yogurt. The company also announced a $20 million expansion of the Twin Falls plant, with a 70,000 square-foot facility and a new global research and development center. When Chobani was launched, Greek yogurt made up less than 1% of the yogurt market in the U.S. As of 2017, Greek yogurt accounted for 50% of U.S. yogurt sales.


title: Chobani

text: Chobani named in December 2020 that former finance chief of 8th Avenue Food & Provisions Jody Macedonio would be the company's new CFO.


title: Chobani

text: In September 2022, Chobani withdrew its plans for an initial public offering of more than $10 billion citing current market conditions. It filed to go public in July 2021.


title: Chobani

text: Initial Chobani yogurt flavors included plain, vanilla, strawberry, peach, and blueberry. Later products included a yogurt-based condiment, plant-based beverages with organic oats as well as milk and cream from the company's yogurt-making process, four flavors of iced coffee, a nutritional shakes, and probiotic yogurt and drinks. Restaurants offering Chobani products include Tim Hortons.


title: Chobani

text: Approximately 30% of Chobani's workforce consists of refugees and immigrants. In 2016, following reports on Chobani's practice of employing refugees, the company received calls for boycotts and death threats.


title: Chobani

text: In April 2016, Chobani announced it was giving 10 percent of its ownership stake to its employees. The company allotted shares to its employees based on tenure, reportedly helping some of the company's longest serving employees become millionaires. In October 2016, the company announced that it was implementing a program to give six weeks of paid parental leave to new parents. In 2021, wages increased for the company's hourly workers, making up 70% of people employed by the company, from $13 to at least $15.


title: Chobani

text: Since its founding, Chobani has been involved in philanthropic endeavors. The company's philanthropy focuses on improving childhood nutrition, strengthening the communities near its plants in New York and Idaho, and supporting those in need after major disasters in the U.S.


title: Chobani

text: In the spring of 2018, CEO Hamdi Ulukaya appeared on the Ellen DeGeneres Show and Good Morning America to announce that the company was celebrating its 10th anniversary as a national brand by giving a Chobani yogurt to every person in America.


title: Chobani

text: In November 2018, Chobani announced a new partnership with the national nonprofit Operation Homefront, with the aim of raising $1 million for America's military families for financial assistance and support. Chobani donated $500,000 and the company pledged to match up to $250,000 in additional donations facilitated by a new Chobani product called "Hero Batch" Red, White and Blueberry Greek yogurt, which was designed by military veterans at Chobani.


title: Chobani

text: In May 2019, CEO Ulukaya pledged to pay the student lunch debt for all Warwick school district students in Rhode Island and urged other companies to step up to fight food insecurity across the country.


title: Chobani

text: In October 2019, Chobani launched a limited edition product, "Farmer Batch", with a portion of profits going to the American Farmland Trust (AFT).


title: Chobani

text: In 2012, Chobani became an official sponsor of the U.S. Olympic Team and premiered their first national commercial during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.


title: Chobani

text: Hamdi Ulukaya launched the Chobani Food Incubator in 2016 to support entrepreneurs at food and beverage startup companies with a nonequity investment, resources, mentorship and programming. In 2018, the company announced the creation of the Chobani Incubator Food Tech Residency. Participants in the incubator program have included Banza, Misfit Juicery, Chloe's Fruit, Pique Tea Crystals, NOKA, MatchaBar, and Ithaca Cold-Craftede.


title: Chobani

text: In November 2019, the Chobani Incubator introduced its new Vets Cohort to help current and former armed service members who are also food entrepreneurs grow their business. The program was formed through a partnership with the Institute for Veterans and Military Families at Syracuse University.


title: Chobani

text: In 2013, Chobani was ordered to change their yogurt's labeling in England and Wales after a judge ruled that the wording "Greek yoghurt" (rather than Greek-style) misled consumers into thinking the yogurt was made in Greece (yogurt imported from Greece is sold in Britain, and is the only type sold as "Greek").


title: Chobani

text: On September 3, 2013, Chobani pulled some of its Greek-style yogurt from supermarket shelves after hearing of "swelling or bloating" in cups. The company said it has investigated and found a type of mold commonly found in dairy that may be to blame. Chobani announced a voluntary recall on September 5 in cooperation with the FDA. On September 9, 2013, the FDA reported at least 89 people reported becoming sick after eating the yogurt.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: Aindrita Ray (born 3 March 1985) is an Indian actress, primarily appearing in Kannada films. She made her acting debut in 2007, starring in "Meravanige" and went on to appear in several commercially successful films, establishing herself as a leading contemporary actress of Kannada cinema. She is perhaps well known for her critically acclaimed performance as Devika, a mentally challenged girl, in "Manasaare".


title: Aindrita Ray

text: Aindrita Ray was born as the youngest daughter into a Bengali family in Udaipur, Rajasthan, where she spent her childhood, before moving to Mumbai. With her father, A. K. Ray, being a prosthodontist in the Indian Air Force, she along with her family moved from one place to another, finally settling in Bangalore.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: Ray studied at Baldwin Girls High School, Bangalore. Later, she joined M. R. Ambedkar Dental College, Bangalore to pursue a bachelor's degree in dental science. While studying, she did part-time modelling, appearing in television advertisements, which paved way for her entry into the film industry. She started acting in Kannada movies, and once in a while appearing in Amateur/Short films.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: Aindrita Ray trained under fashion choreographer M. S. Sreedhar. She was also seen in a song in the 2006 Kannada movie "Jackpot", starring Harsha and Dhyaan.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: Aindrita Ray began her acting career in the 2008 film "Meravanige", playing Nandini, the love interest of the lead actor played by Prajwal Devaraj. The film received a moderate success at the box office, with Rediff.com lauding her performance and her dancing capabilities. Later, in the same year, she made a cameo appearance in "Mast Majaa Madi", which had an ensemble cast.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: In 2009, Ray appeared in "Vaayuputra", an action movie, alongside the debutant Chiranjeevi Sarja. This was followed by a brief appearance in the successful film, "Love Guru", directed by Prashant Raj. However, she got her biggest break in the film "Junglee" and then Turning point movie was Manasaare for her critically acclaimed role of a mentally challenged girl. She received many awards and accolades for her role, which included Suvarna Award for Best Actress and a nomination for Filmfare Awards. This was followed by director Suri's "Junglee", which found a moderate success.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: In 2010, she starred in five films. "Veera Parampare" was the only successful movie among "Nooru Janmaku", "Nannavanu", "Januma Janumadallu" and a Bollywood parallel cinema, "A Flat". She was nominated by Filmfare for the Best Actress category for "Veera Parampare".


title: Aindrita Ray

text: After a series of flops, Ray was cast in the supporting role in the Puneeth Rajkumar starrer "Paramathma". She was widely acclaimed by the critics for her obsessive character role. She was also noticed by the critics in "Dhool". The other films, "Manasina Maathu" and "Kaanchana", however were failures.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: In 2012, she starred in "Parijatha", opposite Diganth, which found moderate success. Her other films include "Tony", with Srinagara Kitty in the lead and "Rajani Kantha", with Duniya Vijay.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: In 2014, she made her Bengali film debut with "Bachchan", opposite Jeet and directed by Raja Chanda, which incidentally was a remake of the Kannada movie "Vishnuvardhana".


title: Aindrita Ray

text: In 2017, Ray appeared in Raja Chanda's Bengali film "Amar Aponjon", alongside Soham Chakraborty, Priyanka Sarkar and Subhashree Ganguly.


title: Aindrita Ray

text: In 2021, she is appearing in Hardik Gajjar's Hindi feature film "Bhavai" opposite Pratik Gandhi, releasing in theatres on 1 October.


title: Kashyap (caste)

text: The Kashyap Rajput or Kashyap are a caste in India. They are sometimes called the Koshyal or Kanshilya.


title: Kashyap (caste)

text: "Kashyap" is originally one of the eight primary gotras (clans) of the Brahmins, being derived from Kashyapa, the name of a rishi (hermit) from whom the eponymous gotra Brahmins believe to have descended. The Brahmanical clan system was later emulated by people as an early example of the sanskritisation process. In more recent times, the All-India Kashyap Rajput Mahasabha pressure group was established prior to the 1941 census of British India to lobby the census authorities to record the caste as "Kashyap Rajput" rather than by any other name.


title: Kashyap (caste)

text: There were proposals in 2013 that some or all of the communities related to Kashyap in the state should be reclassified as Scheduled Castes under India's system of positive discrimination; this would have involved declassifying them from the Other Backwards Class category. Whether or not this would happen was a significant issue in the campaign for the 2014 Indian general election.


title: Kashyap (caste)

text: They are among 17 OBC communities that were again proposed for Scheduled Caste status by the Samajwadi Party-controlled Government of Uttar Pradesh. However, this proposal, which relates to votebank politics, has been stayed by the courts; the prior attempt had been rejected by the Government of India.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: Ylona Jade Garcia(; born 28 February 2002) is a Filipino-Australian singer, songwriter and actress. Garcia made her breakthrough in the Philippines in 2015 when she became a part of the television series Pinoy Big Brother where she finished as first runner-up at the end of the competition. She is currently based in the United States consistently releasing music and is now working internationally through 88rising.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: Ylona Jade Garcia was born on February 28, 2002, in Sydney, Australia to Filipino parents, Peter Garcia and Caridad Navalle-Garcia; both of whom are medical practitioners based in Australia. She is the third among five siblings. At a young age, Garcia began performing as a front act for several Filipino singers and musicians such as Martin Nievera, Sarah Geronimo and Rivermaya's former lead vocalist Bamboo Mañalac during their concert stops in Australia. Garcia also performed at the Filipino Fiesta in September 2014 where she sang Zedd and Ariana Grande's song "Break Free" with a video of the performance uploaded on her YouTube channel. She has also participated in numerous singing competitions and won in two notable ones namely the Urban Star Sydney Championship in December 2014, for which she received the "Most Promising Talent" award, and the Fast Track Australian Singing Competition in March 2015 as part of the junior division. Garcia also finished third in the National Urban Star Competition reaping through the Judge's Choice segment for the "Coolest Artist" and the "Artist with the 'Wow' Factor" awards.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: In 2015, Garcia auditioned to become a housemate for the of the of ABS-CBN's reality television series "Pinoy Big Brother", where she passed after showcasing her talents in singing, acting and dancing as well for her "confidence and candid remarks." She entered the house on the second day with Franco Rodriguez, who was later hailed as the second runner-up; Kyle Secades and Zonia Mejia. During her time in the house, Garcia composed and recorded two songs, "Win the Fight" (2015), for which she composed and recorded with her fellow housemate Jimboy Martin; and "Magmahal Muli" (2005, lit. "To Love Again"), for which she recorded with her fellow housemate Bailey May; originally composed and recorded by Sam Milby and Say Alonzo from the first season of "Pinoy Big Brother" (2005). The songs were later featured on the extended play "PBB 737" (2015) and was released on Spotify on 9 August 2015. After passing four eviction nights as a nominated housemate, she was selected as one of the four finalists after garnering 19.84% of the public vote and exited the Big Brother house on the fiftieth day, for the of the special season to commence. However, during an episode of ABS-CBN's noontime variety series "It's Showtime!" (2009), Garcia and her fellow finalists Jimboy Martin, Bailey May and Rodriguez were instructed to return to the Big Brother house. During her second time in the house, Garcia participated in the final weekly task, "Short Film Festival," with her fellow finalists and the five remaining housemates of the second part of the second special season, and was cast in "Pinoy Big Brother"'s romantic comedy film "Trending: Love" (2015, stylized as "TRENDING: LOVE"), where she portrayed the fictional character Sophie Mendoza.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: On 14 August 2015, Garcia participated in the "Teen Power: The Kabataang Pinoy Concert Party" with her former "Pinoy Big Brother: 737" housemates and finalists from the first part of the second special season, as well as other teenage actors and musicians including Alexa Ilacad and Gimme 5. On 8 November 2015, Garcia was hailed as the first runner-up to Martin during the Big Night ceremony at the Albay Astrodome in Legazpi, Albay, garnering 42.24% of the public vote. In the same month, she was cast with May as part of the extended cast of ABS-CBN's romantic comedy television series "On the Wings of Love" (2015–16), where they portrayed the fictional character Audrey Olivar and Harry Fausto respectively At the end of 2015, Star Music named Garcia as their representative for their "#SpotifySpotlight" segment in 2016.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: In 2016, Ylona revealed on the musical variety television show "ASAP" that her debut studio album would be released "very, very, very, very soon." On 21 January 2016, Coca-Cola announced Ylona as one of the ambassadors for their "Taste the Feeling" campaign together with Bailey May, James Reid, Nadine Lustre, Maine Mendoza, Alden Richards, Liza Soberano, Enrique Gil, Janella Salvador, and Enchong Dee. On 31 January 2016, Ylona was announced as the "Celebrity VJ" for the month of February for the music television network Myx. On 4 February 2016, Ylona was signed by Star Music. She eventually announced that her upcoming debut studio album will be released soon; hinting possibilities of her debut studio album releasing sometime during early-mid 2016.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: In the same year, she joined the reality music competition "We Love OPM: The Celebrity Sing-Offs" as part of "Team Yeng: Oh My Girls". She, together with Alexa Ilacad and "GirlTrends" member Krissha Viaje were coached and trained by their mentor "Pop Rock Royalty" Yeng Constantino. The girls finished the competition as runner-ups just behind the grand winner, Team Erik's "Tres Kantos".


title: Ylona Garcia

text: In 2018, Garcia became a member of the teen pop group ASAP G!. Other members of the group are Isabela Vinzon, Jayda Avanzado, Kyle Echarri, Jeremy Glinoga and Darren Espanto. The group formed on 3 June 2018 and disbanded in November 2018, when the show was reformatted into ASAP Natin 'To.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: On 3 May 2020, Ylona Garcia released the music video for her single "Walk In My Timbs" which features R&B artist Jay-R. The song made its official debut performance on 8 May through Philippine morning show Umagang Kay Ganda. Jay-R revealed that Ylona is the actual writer of the song while praising her amazing writing skills at a very young age which makes him inspire and learn a lot from her.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: On 3 December 2020, Ylona Garcia performed on 88rising's Double Happiness Winter Festival performing her single "Spilt Milk" and a cover of "Winter Things" by Ariana Grande.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: On 24 February, American-Asian international record label 88rising released a mysterious photo of Garcia on Twitter with its caption "sooner than you think". The label on 27 February officially announced the addition of Garcia as their new artist and will be handled by "Paradise Rising", a label under 88rising and Globe Telecom that focuses on Filipino artists.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: Garcia on 1 March announced that she is gearing up for her next comeback announcing the single's title "All That" alongside the release of the song's video teaser on her official social media platforms. On 3 March, Paradise Rising released the official music video of Garcia's single "All That". The song garnered attention and reached more than one million views on YouTube in four days.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: In an announcement made by 88rising on August 26, Garcia was confirmed to be making her next comeback with a brand new single "Don't Go Changing" for the "Head in the Clouds" album. On November 7, Garcia flamed up the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California


title: Ylona Garcia

text: In January 2022, Garcia released her new single "Entertain Me", released in partnership with the tactical shooter game VALORANT. The song was used in the game's trailer for its new Agent, Neon. On the 25th, Ylona disclosed that she has since relocated to Los Angeles, California, in the US and will stay in the country for good to further pursue her career in music.


title: Ylona Garcia

text: On August 2022, Ylona becomes the first Filipino to be featured on the pages of American fashion magazine V for its Fall 2022 edition. On Instagram, V referred to Ylona as "the new global voice leading R&B Pop."


title: Ylona Garcia

text: Ylona Garcia as of October 2022, has released nine official music videos. One collaboration MV with Bailey May, two MV featuring Jay-R and one MV featuring the duo of Luna Kareem and Ruba Kareem popularly known as "Jamilah" and six MVs as a lead artist.


title: Emperor Ninkō

text: Before Ninkō's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name ("imina") was . He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of Emperor Kōkaku, the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood. Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809, having been adopted by his father's chief wife , also known as . His birth mother was one of his father's concubines named . Ayahito's Imperial Family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace.


title: Emperor Ninkō

text: Prince Ayahito was enthroned as Emperor on 31 October 1817, after his father retired from the throne. Following his father the Retired Emperor's wishes, he attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices. These included, among other things, restoring the title "tennō", which identified the Emperor. Among Ninkō's innovations was the establishment of the "Gakushūsho" (the predecessor of the "Gakushūin") for the Court Nobility just outside the Imperial Palace. One major event during his reign was the Tenpō famine which lasted from 1833 to 1837. The famine was most severe in northern Honshū and was caused by flooding and cold weather. Ninkō's reign also saw some deterioration of the Shōgun's power. The Tenpō famine and other concurring natural disasters hit hard, and shook the faith of the people in the ruling Shōgun. In 1837, Ōshio Heihachirō led a revolt in Osaka against corrupt officials who refused to help feed the impoverished residents of the city. That same year also had an incident take place where an American merchant vessel was driven away by coastal artillery. While order was eventually restored, long term resentment resonated with the commoners against the ruling government. It is unclear though what role, if any, the Emperor played during this period of unrest.


title: Emperor Ninkō

text: Emperor Ninkō died on 21 February 1846 and was enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, , which is at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in "Tsuki no wa no misasagi," at Sennyū-ji are this Emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi, Go-Momozono and Kōkaku. The shrine complex also encompasses the "misasagi" of Ninkō's immediate successor – Kōmei. Empress Dowager Yoshikō is also entombed at this Imperial mausoleum complex.


title: Emperor Ninkō

text: The years of Ninkō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō". While is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.


title: Emperor Ninkō

text: Emperor Ninkō's family included 7 sons and 8 daughters from various concubines, but only the future Emperor Komei (Komei"-tennō"), Princess Sumiko (Sumiko"-naishinnō") and Princess Chikako (Chikako"-naishinnō") survived beyond childhood.


title: William Stryker

text: The Reverend William Stryker is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. A minister and former sergeant with a strong hatred for mutants, he is usually depicted as an enemy of the X-Men. He is also the father of Jason Stryker.


title: William Stryker

text: The character has appeared in the "X-Men" film series, portrayed by Brian Cox in "X2" (2003), Danny Huston in "" (2009), and Josh Helman in "" (2014) and "" (2016). In 2009, William Stryker was ranked by IGN as the 70th-greatest comic book villain of all time.


title: William Stryker

text: Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Brent Anderson, William Stryker first appeared in the 1982 graphic novel "". His character was modeled after Jerry Falwell.


title: William Stryker

text: Reverend William Stryker is a religious fanatic with a military history. Characterized by his unequivocal hatred of mutants, Stryker's hatred goes so far as to kill his own wife Marcy Stryker and their mutant son immediately after birth in Nevada. Crazed and outraged, Stryker then makes a suicide attempt. As time passes, he is convinced that Satan has a plot to destroy humankind by corrupting prenatal souls, the result of this corruption being mutants. Additionally, Stryker eventually comes to see his mutant son's birth as a sign from God, directing him to his true calling: ensuring the eradication of all mutants.


title: William Stryker

text: Driven by this conviction, Stryker then becomes a popular but controversial preacher and televangelist. While his followers, including a secret paramilitary Purifiers group, commit hate crimes against mutants, Stryker arranges to have Professor Xavier kidnapped, brainwashed, and attached to a brainpower machine that will kill all living mutants. In order to stop this scheme, the X-Men are forced to join forces with Magneto. His bigotry's extent becomes obvious when he attempts to kill Kitty Pryde in front of a television audience resulting in a NYPD officer shooting him.


title: William Stryker

text: Stryker appeared in the "X-Treme X-Men" storyline (as he was assumed forgotten in-universe). This time, it was revealed that Stryker had been serving a prison sentence as a result of the events of his previous actions. Lady Deathstrike makes way onto the airplane where Stryker was being transferred. Once there, his ally kills his guards and rescues him, then it is revealed that the two are lovers, and he immediately begins a crusade against the X-Men, focusing on Wolverine, Cannonball, the X-Treme X-Men team and Shadowcat against whom he apparently keeps a grudge. Stryker sent a group of his followers against several of the X-Men, and kidnapped Pryde. Along the way, Kitty convinced Stryker that mutants were not an abomination, and he seemed to turn over a new leaf as he merged with the sentient artificial intelligence calling itself Reverend Paul and put inside a containment tube.


title: William Stryker

text: However, Stryker returns as a major player at the start of the 2005 "Decimation" storyline, following the "House of M" storyline, in which he deemed the mutant population's sudden massive reduction in numbers as a sign of God, saying "[God] made the first step and now we have to take the next", basically rallying for genocide on TV. He was featured mostly in "New X-Men" as the main villain, but also appeared in other comics set during this time frame. With the Xavier Institute's student Icarus's help, he caused a bus to explode, killing about one quarter of the academy's de-powered students. Then he planned Wallflower's assassination, ordering one of his snipers to shoot Wallflower in the head. He next tried to kill Dust, though it was actually X-23. The deaths of Wallflower and Dust were Stryker's prime objectives, as he had been informed by Nimrod that both females would destroy his army. Stryker finally attacked the institute with the Purifiers, killing Quill, leaving Onyxx and Cannonball critically wounded, and hurting Bishop, Emma Frost and other students. After the Purifiers were defeated, Stryker was killed by Elixir, Wallflower's enraged boyfriend who causes catastrophic damage to Stryker's brain via a tumor's rapid growth.


title: William Stryker

text: Bastion resurrected Stryker with a Technarch to join Bastion's new Purifiers. Bastion revealed Stryker has the second highest number of mutant kills as the Purifiers' founder, and is surpassed only by the Sentinels' creator Bolivar Trask.


title: William Stryker

text: Bastion charges Stryker to locate Hope Summers and Cable, following the two's return from the future in the "Second Coming" event. His Purifiers, in conjunction with Cameron Hodge's Right footsoldiers, engage the X-Men and New Mutants. The Purifiers take out Magik with a weaponized ritual, Illyana Rasputin is abducted by demons. They also disrupt Nightcrawler's teleportation with a sonic attack, leading to disorientation. The battle culminates when Wolverine orders Archangel to take out Stryker, shifting into the Death persona and slices Stryker in half at the waist via wings.


title: William Stryker

text: It is later revealed that Stryker did not actually murder his son Jason Stryker, and had in fact raised the boy in secret, alleviating his son's apparently debilitating mutation with the help of A.I.M. After Stryker's death, Jason continues his father's work by joining the Purifiers.


title: William Stryker

text: During the "Weapons of Mutant Destruction" storyline, Stryker made his presence known (after being restored to life as a cyborg) and has formed the Weapon X Project's latest incarnation with some humans' help that he swayed to his side like Dr. Aliana Alba. He sets his sites on having his scientists work on Adamantium cyborgs to eradicate mankind. In order to refine these Adamantium cyborgs, Stryker has the Weapon X Project target Old Man Logan, Sabretooth, Warpath, Domino and Lady Deathstrike because these mutants have special abilities within Weapon X's interest. After the Adamantium cyborgs apprehend Lady Deathstrike to harvest genetic material for the Weapon X Project to use for their Adamantium Cyborgs, Old Man Logan and Sabretooth evade the Adamantium cyborgs as Stryker and the Weapon X Project were able to get their tissue samples. In addition, Stryker also has the Adamantium cyborgs target Amadeus Cho's Hulk form for a blood sample. When the Hulk and the mutants on Old Man Logan's side raid the Weapon X Project's base and frees Lady Deathstrike and Warpath, Stryker sets the base to self-destruct where its employees were killed in the process. It was also shown that Stryker was starting a project that involves the Hulk's blood that is part of ingredients for Mutant/Hulk hybrids. Following some further investigations, Old Man Logan's group and the Hulk raided the Weapon X Project's central command. The Hulk did not want Old Man Logan, Sabretooth and Lady Deathstrike to kill him. As Old Man Logan, Sabretooth, and Lady Deathstrike disputed with the Hulk, Stryker took the opportunity to get away as the group soon join the fight against Bobby Andrews's mutated H-Beta form. As the Hulk fights H-Beta and then the H-Alpha after it killed H-Beta, Stryker and Dr. Alba escaped in their helicopter upon them losing control of H-Alpha.


title: William Stryker

text: In the alternate timeline seen in the 2005 "Age of Apocalypse" storyline, William Stryker was raised by a preacher father who cared for him and other children from their town after most were slaughtered by mutants. However, in a horrible stroke of irony his father was later killed by other surviving humans. As such he had to live in hiding, learning to depend on the kindness of both humans and mutants, making this version a far more tolerant person than his 616 universe counterpart. He takes the Prophet guise and begins to avenge humanity along with X-Terminated. He breaks into the apartment of Krakken, an engineer who built ovens to incinerate humans, and murders him but not his family. Before killing Krakken, Prophet reveals he previously destroyed one of Krakken's eyes and then finished the job by cutting off his head. William studies the Sentinels and mutants hunt of humans in order to refine his skills in taking them down. He says he has learned their weaknesses and despite their powers, his will and skill is more powerful. With ease, Prophet makes his way up an attacking Sentinel, cuts into its head and flips away as the robot is destroyed from the damage. He says his talents were obtained by watching the slaughter of thousands and his victories honor them. As Weapon X leads his final attack on the last surviving City of Men, Prophet allows them to escape by throwing an explosive at Weapon X. He then leads his team out of the city. Once clear the city is destroyed by Weapon X.


title: William Stryker

text: The "Ultimate Marvel" iteration is an Admiral named William Stryker Sr., the leader of the anti-mutant conspiracy within the U.S. Government, and also linked to the Legacy Virus's creation before presumably killing himself. Stryker's views on mutants were also passed onto his son.


title: William Stryker

text: The Ultimate version of William Stryker Jr. was a reverend. Living in Manhattan with his wife Kate Stryker and son John Stryker, he suffered a great tragedy when his family was killed when the "Ultimatum Wave" struck New York. William miraculously survived, but could not come to grips with his grief. He attempted to lead a spiritual congregation of survivors at a special tent set up in Central Park, but was unable to successfully conduct his service. Stryker met a group of men who knew that the mutant Magneto was responsible for the Ultimatum Wave and encouraged his rapidly-growing hatred of all mutants. They provided him with armaments and weaponry acquired from a cache of destroyed Sentinels and Stryker became the leader of an anti-mutant militia. Stryker led the Purifier forces in an attack on the Xavier Mansion during the Ultimatum Wave and emerged as the only survivor after the reformed Weapon X Team led by Rogue managed to slaughter all the Purifiers present except himself. Stryker escaped and began hallucinating visions of his deceased abusive father who egged on his hatred of mutants and religious fervor until he was ready to once again strike back against the mutants. After the reveal that mutants were the creation of human experimentation, Stryker orchestrated a massive attack in Times Square and began rounding up mutants to force them to repent under punishment of death. The X-Men appeared but were betrayed by Rogue who had made a deal with Stryker to make her normal beforehand in exchange for her services. During the struggle, the Shroud killed him by phasing an arm through his abdomen. With his last breath, he manipulated a wave of Nimrod Sentinels to kill every mutant in the country. While the numerous waves of Nimrods started hunting mutants around the whole country, others had the command to build a giant Sentinel, where Stryker's mind was transferred. With his new body, Stryker led an assault against Kitty Pryde's team of mutants before Pryde managed to damage Stryker's machine body enough to destroy him permanently.


title: Benthic zone

text: The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. The name comes from ancient Greek, βένθος (bénthos), meaning "the depths." Organisms living in this zone are called benthos and include microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and fungi) as well as larger invertebrates, such as crustaceans and polychaetes. Organisms here generally live in close relationship with the substrate and many are permanently attached to the bottom. The benthic boundary layer, which includes the bottom layer of water and the uppermost layer of sediment directly influenced by the overlying water, is an integral part of the benthic zone, as it greatly influences the biological activity that takes place there. Examples of contact soil layers include sand bottoms, rocky outcrops, coral, and bay mud.


title: Benthic zone

text: The benthic region of the ocean begins at the shore line (intertidal or littoral zone) and extends downward along the surface of the continental shelf out to sea. Thus, the region incorporates a great variety of physical conditions differing in: depth, light penetration and pressure. The continental shelf is a gently sloping benthic region that extends away from the land mass. At the continental shelf edge, usually about deep, the gradient greatly increases and is known as the continental slope. The continental slope drops down to the deep sea floor. The deep-sea floor is called the abyssal plain and is usually about deep. The ocean floor is not all flat but has submarine ridges and deep ocean trenches known as the hadal zone.


title: Benthic zone

text: For comparison, the pelagic zone is the descriptive term for the ecological region above the benthos, including the water column up to the surface. Depending on the water-body, the benthic zone may include areas that are only a few inches below water, such as a stream or shallow pond; at the other end of the spectrum, benthos of the deep ocean includes the bottom levels of the oceanic abyssal zone.


title: Benthic zone

text: For information on animals that live in the deeper areas of the oceans see aphotic zone. Generally, these include life forms that tolerate cool temperatures and low oxygen levels, but this depends on the depth of the water.


title: Benthic zone

text: As with oceans, the "benthic zone" is the floor of the lake, composed of accumulated sunken organic matter. The "littoral zone" is the zone bordering the shore; light penetrates easily and aquatic plants thrive. The "pelagic zone" represents the broad mass of water, down as far as the depth to which no light penetrates.


title: Benthic zone

text: Benthos are the organisms that live in the benthic zone, and are different from those elsewhere in the water column; even within the benthic zone variations in such factors as light penetration, temperature and salinity give rise to distinct differences, delineated vertically, in the groups of organisms supported. Many organisms adapted to deep-water pressure cannot survive in the upper parts of the water column: the pressure difference can be very significant (approximately one atmosphere for each 10 meters of water depth). Many have adapted to live on the substrate (bottom). In their habitats they can be considered as dominant creatures, but they are often a source of prey for Carcharhinidae such as the lemon shark.


title: Benthic zone

text: Because light does not penetrate very deep into ocean-water, the energy source for the benthic ecosystem is often marine snow. Marine snow is organic matter from higher up in the water column that drifts down to the depths. This dead and decaying matter sustains the benthic food chain; most organisms in the benthic zone are scavengers or detritivores. Some microorganisms use chemosynthesis to produce biomass.


title: Benthic zone

text: Benthic organisms can be divided into two categories based on whether they make their home on the ocean floor or a few centimeters into the ocean floor. Those living on the surface of the ocean floor are known as epifauna. Those who live burrowed into the ocean floor are known as infauna. Extremophiles, including piezophiles, which thrive in high pressures, may also live there. An example of benthos organism includes invertebrates ("Chorismus antarcticus").


title: Benthic zone

text: Sources of food for benthic communities can derive from the water column above these habitats in the form of aggregations of detritus, inorganic matter, and living organisms. These aggregations are commonly referred to as marine snow, and are important for the deposition of organic matter, and bacterial communities. The amount of material sinking to the ocean floor can average 307,000 aggregates per m per day. This amount will vary on the depth of the benthos, and the degree of benthic-pelagic coupling. The benthos in a shallow region will have more available food than the benthos in the deep sea. Because of their reliance on it, microbes may become spatially dependent on detritus in the benthic zone. The microbes found in the benthic zone, specifically dinoflagellates and foraminifera, colonize quite rapidly on detritus matter while forming a symbiotic relationship with each other.


title: Benthic zone

text: Modern seafloor mapping technologies have revealed linkages between seafloor geomorphology and benthic habitats, in which suites of benthic communities are associated with specific geomorphic settings. Examples include cold-water coral communities associated with seamounts and submarine canyons, kelp forests associated with inner shelf rocky reefs and rockfish associated with rocky escarpments on continental slopes. In oceanic environments, benthic habitats can also be zoned by depth. From the shallowest to the deepest are: the epipelagic (less than 200 meters), the mesopelagic (200–1,000 meters), the bathyal (1,000–4,000 meters), the abyssal (4,000–6,000 meters) and the deepest, the hadal (below 6,000 meters).


title: Benthic zone

text: The lower zones are in deep, pressurized areas of the ocean. Human impacts have occurred at all ocean depths, but are most significant on shallow continental shelf and slope habitats. Many benthic organisms have retained their historic evolutionary characteristics. Some organisms are significantly larger than their relatives living in shallower zones, largely because of higher oxygen concentration in deep water.


title: Benthic zone

text: It is not easy to map or observe these organisms and their habitats, and most modern observations are made using remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), and rarely submarines.


title: Benthic zone

text: Benthic macroinvertebrates have many important ecological functions, such as regulating the flow of materials and energy in river ecosystems through their food web linkages. Because of this correlation between flow of energy and nutrients, benthic macroinvertebrates have the ability to influence food resources on fish and other organisms in aquatic ecosystems. For example, the addition of a moderate amount of nutrients to a river over the course of several years resulted in increases in invertebrate richness, abundance, and biomass. These in turn resulted in increased food resources for native species of fish with insignificant alteration of the macroinvertebrate community structure and trophic pathways. The presence of macroinvertebrates such as Amphipoda also affect the dominance of certain types of algae in Benthic ecosystems as well. In addition, because benthic zones are influenced by the flow of dead organic material, there have been studies conducted on the relationship between stream and river water flows and the resulting effects on the benthic zone. Low flow events show a restriction in nutrient transport from benthic substrates to food webs, and caused a decrease in benthic macroinvertebrate biomass, which lead to the disappearance of food sources into the substrate.