title: Rudi Garcia

text: On 5 October 2014, Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referee's decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture. The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2. After the match, Garcia said, "It a pity that here [in Turin] the penalty area is 17 metres. But I'm happy with my team, who showed great personality. There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost." Roma ultimately finished the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A, 17 points behind Juventus, just like the previous season.


title: Rudi Garcia

text: Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10, in late October, of the 2015–16 season. The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points.


title: Rudi Garcia

text: On 13 January 2016, Garcia and his coaching assistants, Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux, were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions, and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches. Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia. News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Roma's official website, with club president James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts: "On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma, I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club. We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change."


title: Rudi Garcia

text: On 20 October 2016, on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent, Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal. He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi. Garcia's appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million. On 23 October, Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a "Classique" match in Ligue 1, Garcia's first competitive match as manager of the club. He left the club on 22 May 2019.


title: Rudi Garcia

text: On 14 October 2019, Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager, taking over from Sylvinho. During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign, Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages, where they later beat Juventus in the round of 16. He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City, but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich. However, he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season, after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places.


title: Rudi Garcia

text: Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite, first as a reporter for post-match interviews, and then as a studio pundit.


title: Rudi Garcia

text: After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference, saying, "What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom. But things mustn't change, this freedom should last forever."


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: The Brønsted–Lowry theory (also called proton theory of acids and bases) is an acid–base reaction theory which was proposed independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry in 1923. The fundamental concept of this theory is that when an acid and a base react with each other, the acid forms its conjugate base, and the base forms its conjugate acid by exchange of a proton (the hydrogen cation, or H). This theory is a generalization of the Arrhenius theory.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: In the Arrhenius theory, acids are defined as substances that dissociate in aqueous solution to give H (hydrogen ions), while bases are defined as substances that dissociate in aqueous solution to give OH (hydroxide ions).


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: In 1923 physical chemists Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Thomas Martin Lowry in England both independently proposed the theory that carries their names. In the Brønsted–Lowry theory acids and bases are defined by the way they react with each other, which allows for greater generality. The definition is expressed in terms of an equilibrium expression


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: The equilibrium sign, ⇌, is used because the reaction can occur in both forward and backward directions. The acid, HA, can lose a proton to become its conjugate base, A. The base, B, can accept a proton to become its conjugate acid, HB. Most acid–base reactions are fast, so the components of the reaction are usually in dynamic equilibrium with each other.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: Acetic acid, , is an acid because it donates a proton to water () and becomes its conjugate base, the acetate ion (). is a base because it accepts a proton from and becomes its conjugate acid, the hydronium ion, ().


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: The reverse of an acid–base reaction is also an acid–base reaction, between the conjugate acid of the base in the first reaction and the conjugate base of the acid. In the above example, acetate is the base of the reverse reaction and hydronium ion is the acid.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: One hallmark of the Brønsted–Lowry theory in contrast to Arrhenius theory is that it does not require an acid to dissociate.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: The essence of Brønsted–Lowry theory is that an acid only exists as such in relation to a base, and "vice versa". Water is amphoteric as it can act as an acid or as a base. In the image shown at the right one molecule of acts as a base and gains to become while the other acts as an acid and loses to become .


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: The hydrogen ion, or hydronium ion, is a Brønsted–Lowry acid in aqueous solutions, and the hydroxide ion is a base, by virtue of the self-dissociation reaction


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: Thus, the ammonium ion, , plays the same role in liquid ammonia as does the hydronium ion in water and the amide ion, , is analogous to the hydroxide ion. Ammonium salts behave as acids, and amides behave as bases.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: Some non-aqueous solvents can behave as bases, that is, proton acceptors, in relation to Brønsted–Lowry acids.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: where S stands for a solvent molecule. The most important such solvents are dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO, and acetonitrile, , as these solvents have been widely used to measure the acid dissociation constants of organic molecules. Because DMSO is a stronger proton acceptor than the acid becomes a stronger acid in this solvent than in water. Indeed, many molecules behave as acids in non-aqueous solution that do not do so in aqueous solution. An extreme case occurs with carbon acids, where a proton is extracted from a bond.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: Some non-aqueous solvents can behave as acids. An acidic solvent will increase basicity of substances dissolved in it. For example, the compound is known as acetic acid because of its acidic behaviour in water. However it behaves as a base in liquid hydrogen chloride, a much more acidic solvent.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: In the same year that Brønsted and Lowry published their theory, G. N. Lewis proposed an alternative theory of acid–base reactions. The Lewis theory is based on electronic structure. A Lewis base is defined as a compound that can donate an electron pair to a Lewis acid, a compound that can accept an electron pair. Lewis's proposal gives an explanation to the Brønsted–Lowry classification in terms of electronic structure.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: In this representation both the base, B, and the conjugate base, A, are shown carrying a lone pair of electrons and the proton, which is a Lewis acid, is transferred between them.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: Lewis later wrote in "To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen." In Lewis theory an acid, A, and a base, B, form an adduct, AB, in which the electron pair is used to form a dative covalent bond between A and B. This is illustrated with the formation of the adduct HN−BF from ammonia and boron trifluoride, a reaction that cannot occur in aqueous solution because boron trifluoride reacts violently with water in a hydrolysis reaction.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: These reactions illustrate that BF is an acid in both Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry classifications and emphasizes the consistency between both theories.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: In this case the acid does not dissociate; it is the base, HO that dissociates. A solution of B(OH) is acidic because hydrogen ions are liberated in this reaction.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: There is strong evidence that dilute aqueous solutions of ammonia contain negligible amounts of the ammonium ion


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: The reactions between oxides in the solid or liquid state are not included in Brønsted–Lowry theory. For example, the reaction


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: does not fall within the scope of the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases. On the other hand, magnesium oxide acts as a base when it reacts with an aqueous solution of an acid.


title: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: According to the Lux–Flood theory, compounds such as MgO and SiO in the solid state may be classified as acids or bases. For example, the mineral olivine may be regarded as a compound of a basic oxide, MgO, with an acidic oxide, silica, SiO. This classification is important in geochemistry.


Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke, (born Prince Alexander Albert of Battenberg; 23 November 1886 – 23 February 1960) was a British Royal Navy officer, a member of the Hessian princely Battenberg family and the last surviving grandson of Queen Victoria.


title: Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke

text: Prince Alexander was born in 1886 at Windsor Castle in Berkshire and was educated at Wellington College and at the Britannia Royal Naval College. His father was Prince Henry of Battenberg, the son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julie "née" Countess of Hauke. His mother was Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, the fifth daughter and the youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.


text: Prince Henry of Battenberg was the product of a morganatic marriage and took his style of "Prince of Battenberg" from his mother, Julia von Hauke, who was created Princess of Battenberg in her own right. At his birth, Alexander was styled "His Serene Highness Prince Alexander of Battenberg" because the child of a morganatic marriage is ineligible for "Grand-Ducal Highness" status. However, three weeks after his birth, on 13 December 1886, he was styled "His Highness" under a Royal Warrant passed by his grandmother Queen Victoria.


text: He was baptised in the White Drawing Room of Windsor Castle on 18 December 1886. His godparents were Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, (his maternal grandmother), Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine (his paternal grandfather), the Prince of Wales (his maternal uncle), Prince Alexander of Battenberg (his paternal uncle), and Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine (his maternal first cousin and paternal second cousin).


text: Prince Alexander was the brother-in-law to Alfonso XIII of Spain, who married Alexander's sister, Princess Victoria Eugenia, in 1906.


text: Prince Alexander passed a qualifying examination to become service cadet in the Royal Navy in March 1902, and subsequently joined the cadet training ship HMS "Britannia" at Dartmouth on 8 May 1902. He served in the Royal Navy from 1902 to 1908 and in 1910, became one of the earliest members of The Castaways' Club, an exclusive dining club for Naval officers who resigned while still junior but who wished to keep in touch with their former service. Several of his Mountbatten cousins were also subsequently members, including his first cousins once removed the Marquess of Milford Haven and Duke of Edinburgh. On 11 July 1908, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Hessian Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous.


text: In 1909, he joined the British Army, being appointed Second Lieutenant (on probation) in the Grenadier Guards on 4 August 1909. He was confirmed in the rank on 22 November 1911, and was promoted to Lieutenant on 15 August 1913. He was seconded to the staff to act as an extra aide-de-camp on 10 April 1915 and promoted to captain the same year.


text: On 1 June 1917, he was authorised to wear the insignia of the Russian Order of St Vladimir, fourth class with Swords, awarded "for distinguished service to the Allied cause." He resigned his commission on 19 June 1919 and was placed on the General Reserve of Officers, ranking as a Captain with seniority of 15 July 1915. He held several other foreign orders and decorations: Grand Cross and Collar of Order of Charles III (Spain), Order of Leopold, with swords (Belgium), Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky (Russia), Order of Naval Merit, fourth class (Spain), Order of the Nile (Egypt), Order of the Crown (Romania), and Croix de Guerre, with palms (France).


text: During World War II, despite being in his mid-fifties, the Marquess joined the Royal Air Force and was commissioned an acting pilot officer on 6 June 1941. On 6 August, he was regraded as a pilot officer (on probation). He was confirmed in his rank on 6 June 1942 and was promoted to flying officer (war-substantive) on 6 August 1942. During the war, he was a staff officer attached to air chief marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory. He relinquished his commission on 21 May 1945, retaining the rank of flight lieutenant.


text: Anti-German feeling during World War I led George V to change the name of the Royal House in July 1917 from the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to the House of Windsor. He also relinquished, on behalf of his various relatives who were British subjects, the use of all German titles and styles.


text: The Battenberg family relinquished their titles of "Prince and Princess of Battenberg" and the styles of "Highness" and "Serene Highness". Under royal warrant, they instead took the surname "Mountbatten", an Anglicised form of Battenberg. As such, Prince Alexander became Sir Alexander Mountbatten. On 7 November 1917, he was created Marquess of Carisbrooke, Earl of Berkhamsted and Viscount Launceston.


text: In the 1930s, author E.F. Benson dedicated two of his famous novels, "Mapp and Lucia" and "Lucia's Progress", to the Marquess of Carisbrooke.


text: On 19 July 1917, he married Lady Irene Denison (4 July 1890 – 16 July 1956), the only daughter of the 2nd Earl of Londesborough and Lady Grace Adelaide Fane, at the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace.


text: According to the published diaries of Cecil Beaton, in his later years Lord Carisbrooke had a longtime male lover, Simon Fleet. More is written about Lord Carisbrooke and his wife in the published diaries of James Lees-Milne and Henry "Chips" Channon.


text: Lord Carisbrooke, who received no state allowance, became the first member of the British royal family to work in the commercial sector. He began his career working as an entry-level clerk in the offices of Lazard Brothers bankers. He later worked for a company that oversaw housing estates, and before long he took control of social work for the tenants.


text: Lord Carisbrooke, died in 1960, aged 73, at Kensington Palace, and his ashes were buried within the Battenberg Chapel in St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham on the Isle of Wight. The title Marquess of Carisbrooke became extinct upon his death.


title: Boutique

text: A boutique () is a small shop that deals in fashionable clothing or accessories. The word is French for "shop", which derives ultimately from the Ancient Greek ἀποθήκη ("apothēkē") "storehouse".


title: Boutique

text: The term "boutique" and also "designer" refer (with some differences) to both goods and services, which are containing some element that is claimed to justify an extremely high price.


title: Boutique

text: The term "boutique" entered common English parlance in the late 1960s. In Europe, Avenue Montaigne and Bond Street were the focus of much media attention for having the most fashionable stores of the era.


title: Boutique

text: Some multi-outlet businesses (Chain stores) can be referred to as boutiques if they target small, upscale niche markets. Although some boutiques specialize in hand-made items and other unique products, others simply produce T-shirts, stickers, and other fashion accessories in artificially small runs and sell them at high prices.


title: Boutique

text: In the late 1990s, some European retail traders developed the idea of tailoring a shop towards a lifestyle theme, in what they called "concept stores," which specialized in cross-selling without using separate departments. One of the first concept stores was 10 Corso Como in Milan, Italy, founded in 1990, followed by Colette in Paris and Quartier 206 in Berlin. Several well-known American chains such as Tiffany & Co., Urban Outfitters, Dash, and The Gap, Australian chain Billabong and, though less common, Lord & Taylor, adapted to the concept store trend after 2000.


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: The Bridges of Madison County (also published as Love in Black and White) is a 1992 best-selling romance novel by American writer Robert James Waller that tells the story of a married Italian-American woman (WWII war bride) living on a Madison County, Iowa, farm in the 1960s. While her husband and children are away at the State Fair, she engages in an affair with a "National Geographic" photographer from Bellingham, Washington, who is visiting Madison County to create a photographic essay on the covered bridges in the area. The novel is presented as a novelization of a true story, but it is in fact entirely fictional.


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: The novel is one of the bestselling books of the 20th century, with 60 million copies sold worldwide. It was adapted into a feature film in 1995 and a musical in 2013.


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: Without expecting to, Robert James Waller conceived of "The Bridges of Madison County" in the early 1990s. On leave from his teaching job at the University of Northern Iowa, Waller was photographing the Mississippi River with a friend when he decided to photograph the covered bridges of Madison County, Iowa. This event, alongside a song Waller wrote years earlier about "the dreams of a woman named Francesca", gave him the idea for the novel, which he completed in eleven days. After he had written "Bridges", Waller came to believe that he had based the character of Francesca Johnson on his wife, Georgia, whom Francesca physically resembles.


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: According to Marc Eliot, Waller's novella is a modernization of the Noël Coward play "Still Life" (1934), which was adapted into David Lean's film "Brief Encounter" (1945). "Still Life" is about "the desperation, guilt, and temptations of two married people who meet, fall in love, commit adultery, and then separate forever". In "The New York Times", Brigitte Weeks said that "Bridges" had appealed to "middle-aged, world-weary people" in a manner similar to the writings of James A. Michener, though it features more sexuality than Michener's books. "The Bridges of Madison County" received multiple comparisons to Erich Segal's "Love Story" (1970) for its plot and prose. For "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers said that Waller's prose was modeled on Walt Whitman's work, but instead resembled a greeting card. Travers also said that "Bridges" exists within a tradition of "great romantic crocks" like Pat Conroy's "The Prince of Tides" (1986). "The New York Times Magazine" found the novella's prose comparable to that of "Jonathan Livingston Seagull" (1970) by Richard Bach. "The Independent" Nicolette Jones found the novella reminiscent of the books published by Mills & Boon, while Owen Gleiberman found it more similar to an anecdote than to a regular narrative.


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: "Orlando Sentinel" "Publishers Weekly" found "The Bridges of Madison County" "Quietly powerful and thoroughly credible". L.S. Klepp of "Entertainment Weekly" called "Bridges" "a short, poignant story, moving precisely because it has the ragged edges of reality". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the novella's "compelling" story for "elevating to a spiritual level the common fantasy, in which a virile stranger materializes in the kitchen of a quiet housewife and takes her into his arms."


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: The book debuted on the "New York Times" bestseller list in August 1992 and slowly climbed to number 1, and remained on the list for over three years (164 consecutive weeks), through October 8, 1995.


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: "The Bridges of Madison County" was made into a 1995 film of the same name, adapted by Richard LaGravenese and directed by Clint Eastwood. It stars Eastwood and Meryl Streep.


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: "The Bridges of Madison County" was adapted into a Tony Award-winning musical with music and lyrics by Jason Robert Brown and the book by Marsha Norman. The musical premiered at the Williamstown Theatre Festival on August 1, 2013. Directed by Bartlett Sher, the cast featured Elena Shaddow as Francesca and Steven Pasquale. The musical began previews on Broadway at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre on January 17, 2014 and officially opened on February 20, 2014 with Kelli O'Hara as Francesca and Steven Pasquale as Robert Kincaid. Directed by Bartlett Sher, the sets are by Michael Yeargan, costumes by Catherine Zuber, and lighting by Donald Holder. Hunter Foster played the role of Bud Johnson, the husband of Francesca. It closed in May of the same year after 100 performances.


title: The Bridges of Madison County

text: In 2018, the Argentine theatrical director Luis "Indio" Romero directed the actors Facundo Arana and Araceli González in a Spanish version of the work.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: A Walk in the Woods is a 2015 American biographical comedy-drama film directed by Ken Kwapis and starring Robert Redford, Nick Nolte and Emma Thompson. Based on the 1998 book of the same name by Bill Bryson, it was released on September 2, 2015, by Broad Green Pictures.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: Author Bill Bryson (Robert Redford), after living for ten years in the UK, moved to New Hampshire. Now in his 60s, he had been living there peacefully. A television interview reports that he has published several popular books and there is speculation he will be writing more. Bryson, however, has no such plans.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: Bryson and his wife Catherine (Emma Thompson) attend a funeral. Afterwards, he takes a stroll up to the nearby Appalachian Trail, and suddenly decides he will hike its entire length. Catherine objects, presenting many accounts of accidents and murders on the trail. She relents on condition that he not travel alone. He agrees and searches for a friend willing to join him. Everyone declines his invitation; some declare him insane. Finally, he is contacted by Stephen Katz (Nick Nolte), an old friend who offers to be a hiking companion. Despite appearances, Stephen claims to be fit enough for the challenge. Bill's wife is unhappy with his choice, but relents.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: Within less than a mile of their departure point, as groups of hikers overtake and pass them, they begin to grasp the difficulty of their ambition. Shortly after, a group of young children effortlessly runs by them up the trail, laughing and calling out to each other. Seeing others pass by so easily motivates them to carry on. And so they move on, day by day, making more or less pleasant acquaintances, having more or less pleasant experiences. Some time later they reach a hut, having hiked miserably through pouring rain. Carved into the log wall is an Appalachian Trail map showing the trail and their present location. They realize they have finished less than half of the trail after spending three months on it. Eventually they trek into a restricted section posted "for experienced hikers only". While maneuvering their heavy and awkward backpacks alongside a precipitous drop, Bill trips and pulls Stephen with him down a steep, rocky cliff. They fall about fifteen feet onto a ledge spacious enough to be comfortable, but far enough below the trail to be unable to get back up to resume the hike. They spend the night there with no clear hope of rescue. Luckily, the next day they are awakened by early morning hikers who are able to get them off the ledge.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: Eventually, they decide they have had enough and end their journey. When comfortably back at home, Bill, going through his mail, finds a series of post cards from Stephen that were mailed from their various stops along the trail. The last one reads: "What's next?' Bill sits down and begins typing on his computer, "A WALK IN THE WOODS."


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: The project dates back to at least 2005, when Robert Redford first announced his plans to make the film. At various points directors such as Chris Columbus, Barry Levinson and Larry Charles were involved. However, Ken Kwapis ended up directing the picture.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: Redford initially wanted Paul Newman to costar in the film with him, to the point where Redford temporarily abandoned the project after Newman's death, unable to picture any other actor suitable for the role. However, while directing "The Company You Keep", Redford was so impressed by the performance of Nick Nolte that he was eventually cast in the role.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: Larry Charles (of "Borat" and "Brüno") was briefly attached as director, but eventually the job went to Ken Kwapis, whose most recent film was "Big Miracle" and who was a key figure on the U.S. television series "The Office".


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: Principal photography of the film began on May 5, 2014, in Los Angeles. Exterior locations were largely filmed at Amicalola Falls State Park, in Dawsonville, Georgia, including scenes at The Lodge at Amicalola Falls.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2015. Shortly after, Broad Green Pictures acquired distribution rights to the film, and gave it a wide theatrical release starting September 2, 2015.


title: A Walk in the Woods (film)

text: "A Walk in the Woods" has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 47%, based on 165 reviews, with an average rating of 5.42/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Amiable yet less compelling than any road trip movie starring Robert Redford and Nick Nolte should be, "A Walk in the Woods" is ultimately a bit too pedestrian." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 51 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: The fifth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" was originally aired on CBS from September 22, 2011, to May 10, 2012, over 24 episodes.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: At the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, "The Big Bang Theory" was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series, but "Modern Family" on ABC won. The show was also nominated for Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control for a Series and Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing For A Comedy Series.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: Jim Parsons (Sheldon Cooper) was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for "The Werewolf Transformation", but lost out to Jon Cryer. Mayim Bialik (Amy Farrah Fowler) was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver", but lost out to Julie Bowen.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: Penny regrets sleeping with Raj, however, it turns out they didn't actually have sex. Leonard breaks up with Priya, Amy pushes Sheldon in their relationship and they eventually become boyfriend and girlfriend, Penny and the other women become a clique of their own, Howard prepares for his wedding and going to the International Space Station and Leonard asks Penny out as they begin "Leonard and Penny 2.0". Amy is absent in episodes 20 and 21.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: Several high-profile celebrities appear in the season. In "The Transporter Malfunction", actor Leonard Nimoy appears as a voice actor, playing an action-figure Spock that Sheldon imagines talking to him. In the following episode, "The Hawking Excitation", cosmologist Stephen Hawking appears as a guest star. Astronaut Mike Massimino appears in "The Friendship Contraction" and "The Countdown Reflection".


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: Stephen Hawking went on to appear in the season 6 episode "The Extract Obliteration" and the season 7 episode "The Relationship Diremption". Mike Massimino later appeared in the season 6 episodes "The Decoupling Fluctuation" and "The Re-Entry Minimization".


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: The season finale depicts Howard Wolowitz traveling to the International Space Station (ISS) on board a Soyuz rocket. Thanks to technical consulting from astronaut Mike Massimino, who also plays himself on the show, the production crew was able to put together sets that realistically depicts the Soyuz capsule and the ISS. The Soyuz capsule was constructed based on photos from NASA, the Kansas Cosmosphere for dimensions, and scavenged parts from an aerospace junkyard in Los Angeles.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: The fifth season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of seven critics gave the season a positive review.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: Oliver Sava of "The A.V. Club" gave the season a B+ rating. He described Raj as the "weak link of the show" as he has not "[evolved] like the rest of the cast" and is "trapped in season one mode". Sava gave high ratings to episodes where Raj did not feature prominently, such as "The Pulled Groin Extrapolation" or "The Russian Rocket Reaction" and described "The Wiggly Finger Catalyst" (an episode focusing on Raj) as "one of the series' worst", giving it a D+ rating. Sava's favorite relationship on the series is between Amy and Penny.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: Jenna Busch of IGN disliked the previous season but said that season 5 "is far more balanced"; Busch gave season 5 episodes ratings between 5.5 and 9, with an average rating of 8.0. She also noted that the show has "matured" by including other women in the main cast.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: Tom Gliatto from "People" gave the season 3 out of 4 stars, stating that it is "bright and obvious as a cartoon, yet written with a clean, precise patter of jokes".


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: The season premiered on CBS on September 22, 2011. It was released on DVD with an aspect ratio of format on September 11, 2011, in Region 1, on September 2, 2012, in Region 2 and October 3, 2012, in Region 4. The episodes can also be purchased on Amazon Video or the iTunes store in the US. And released on DVD in the UK with Ultraviolet.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: In Canada, "The Big Bang Theory" aired on CTV Television Network. The season premiere ("The Skank Reflex Analysis") garnered 3.72 million viewers and the finale was watched by 4.04 million households. Most episodes were the most watched programme in Canada that week. The highest rating in season 5 was 4.05 million, for "The Infestation Hypothesis", and the lowest rating was 3.17 million, for "The Stag Convergence".


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: Samsara is a 2011 American non-narrative documentary film of international imagery directed by Ron Fricke and produced by Mark Magidson, who also collaborated on "Baraka" (1992), a film of a similar vein, and "Chronos" (1985).


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: Completed over a period of five years in 25 countries around the world, it was shot in 70 mm format and output to digital format. The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival and received a limited release in August 2012.


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: The official website describes, "Expanding on the themes they developed in "Baraka" (1992) and "Chronos" (1985), "Samsara" explores the wonders of our world from the mundane to the miraculous, looking into the unfathomable reaches of humanity's spirituality and the human experience. Neither a traditional documentary nor a travelogue, Samsara takes the form of a nonverbal, guided meditation."


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: "Samsara" is directed by Ron Fricke and produced by Mark Magidson. The pair had collaborated on "Baraka" (1992) and reunited in 2006 to plan "Samsara". They researched locations that would fit the conceptual imagery of saṃsāra, to them "meaning 'birth, death and rebirth' or 'impermanence'". They gathered research from people's works and photo books as well as the Internet and YouTube, resources not available at the time of planning "Baraka". They considered using digital cameras but decided to film in 70 mm instead, considering its quality superior. Fricke and Magidson began filming "Samsara" the following year. Filming lasted for more than four years and took place in 25 countries across five continents. Three years into filming, the pair began assembling the film and editing it. They pursued several pick-up shoots to augment the final product.


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: The crew used three 70 mm cameras for filming; two cameras manufactured by Panavision and one specialty time-lapse camera designed by Fricke. While the scenes were captured on 65 mm negative film, they were output to Digital Cinema Package (DCP), a digital output. Magidson described the process, "We're doing a combination of what we think is the best of both technologies, the best way to image capture and then the best way to output. Once we get into the digital environment, we're able to refine the imagery, we're able to save shots that we'd have to otherwise trash really for various reasons." Where they cut their negatives for "Baraka", the negatives for "Samsara" were scanned then worked on digitally. The pair used the Telecine process to format the film to ProRes for the editing process and used Final Cut for editing.


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: The crew shot from a bird's-eye view a scene of pilgrims surrounding the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. A 40-floor building was recently constructed next to the mosque that surrounded the Kaaba, so the filmmakers were able to film the pilgrims with permission of the building's owner.


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: The score was composed by Michael Stearns, Lisa Gerrard and Marcello De Francisci. Stearns previously collaborated with the filmmakers on "Baraka" and "Chronos", and Gerrard on "Baraka". Unlike "Baraka", "Samsara" was edited without music, and the composers worked on numerous sequences as separate pieces, before connecting. Magidson explained of the pieces, "It's a piece of music you can listen to as music as well that interprets their feelings to know that imagery in that sequence visually, so they're kind of interpreting it musically." The scoring process lasted between six and seven months.


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: "Samsara" was filmed in nearly one hundred locations across 25 countries over the course of exactly five years. Some locations include: Angola, Brazil, China, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Israel/Palestine, Italy, Japan, Mali, Myanmar, Namibia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and United States.


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: Fricke and Magidson emphasized avoiding a particular political view in assembling the film. Fricke said, "We just try to keep it in the middle and then we form little blocks of content and then we set them aside until we have enough. We did all of this without music or sound effects. We just let the image guide the flow and then we started stringing the blocks together." Nicolas Rapold of "The New York Times" wrote that Samsara's lack of a specific message is "a departure from similarly expansive, globally conscious nonfiction films in vogue now, like the critically acclaimed work of Michael Glawogger ('Workingman's Death,' which depicts the same sulfur mines as 'Samsara') and Nikolaus Geyrhalter ('Abendland') that also serve as probing sociological critique."


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: "Samsara" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2011. In March 2012, Oscilloscope Laboratories acquired the rights to distribute "Samsara" in the United States. The film had a limited release in two theaters on , 2012. By its fifth weekend (September 14–16), "Samsara" had expanded to 60 theaters and achieved the highest-grossing documentary release of 2012. On , distributor Oscilloscope Laboratories announced that at $1.8 million in box office earnings, "Samsara" had become the highest-grossing film in Oscilloscope's (relatively short) history.


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 76% based on reviews from 79 critics and reports a rating average of 7.00/10. It reports the critics' consensus that "it's a tad heavy-handed in its message, but Samsara's overwhelmingly beautiful visuals more than compensate for any narrative flaws." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 65% based on 23 reviews, reflecting "generally favorable reviews."


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: Kenneth Turan, reviewing for the "Los Angeles Times", called "Samsara" "as frustrating as it is beautiful." Turan expressed frustration that the filmmakers did not name the more obscure locations, such as the Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center in the Philippines. The critic also took issue with some of the film's "disconcerting" images. Turan concluded, "Some of the connections made are too obvious, like following images of ammunition with a portrait of a severely wounded veteran, while others are completely elusive. Shots of the devastation Katrina left behind in New Orleans are beautifully spooky, but does it say anything useful to follow that with images of Versailles? The makers of 'Samsara' want to free our minds, but their technique makes us their prisoners more often than not."


title: Samsara (2011 film)

text: In the "Chicago Sun-Times", Roger Ebert awarded "Samsara" a full four stars, writing that it provided "an uplifting experience" through its use "of powerful images, most magnificent, some shocking, all photographed with great care in the highest possible HD resolution." Ebert extolled the film's capturing of images of what may eventually be lost to humanity and noted that there were also images that could reflect the reason for these losses. Katie Walsh, writing for indieWire's "The Playlist", applauded "Samsara"s "technical achievements" and noted that the film used the "intellectual montage" technique. Walsh said the film was similar to "Man with a Movie Camera", but took "the idea to new global and spiritual heights." She said of the film's entirety, "While one can discuss the technical prowess of these shocking and beautiful images, it doesn't do justice to the spiritual cinematic power of this work."


title: Anton Corbijn

text: Anton Johannes Gerrit Corbijn van Willenswaard (; born 20 May 1955) is a Dutch photographer, film director and music video director. He is the creative director behind the visual output of Depeche Mode and U2, having handled the principal promotion and sleeve photography for both bands over three decades. Some of his works include music videos for Depeche Mode's "Enjoy the Silence" (1990), U2's "One" (version 1) (1991), Bryan Adams' "Do I Have to Say the Words?", Nirvana's "Heart-Shaped Box" (1993) and Coldplay’s "Talk" (2005) and "Viva la Vida" (2008), as well as the Ian Curtis biographical film "Control" (2007), "The American" (2010), "A Most Wanted Man" (2014), based on John le Carré's 2008 novel of the same name and "Life" (2015), after the friendship between "Life" magazine photographer Dennis Stock and James Dean.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: Anton Johannes Gerrit Corbijn van Willenswaard was born on 20 May 1955 in Strijen in the Netherlands, where his father had been appointed as parson to the Dutch Reformed Church the previous year. His father, Anton Corbijn van Willenswaard (1917–2007), took up the same position in Hoogland (1966) and Groningen (1972), moving his wife and four children with him. His mother, Marietje Groeneboer (1925–2011), was a nurse and was raised in a parson's family. Photographer and director Maarten Corbijn (born 1960) is a younger brother. Grandfather Anton Johannes (Corbijn) van Willenswaard (1886–1959) was an art teacher at Christian schools in Hilversum and an active member in the local Dutch Reformed Church in Hilversum.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: Corbijn began his career as a music photographer when he saw the Dutch musician Herman Brood playing in a café in Groningen around 1975. He took a lot of photographs of the band Herman Brood & His Wild Romance and these led to a rise in fame for Brood and in exposure for Corbijn.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: From the late 1970s the London-based "New Musical Express" (NME), a weekly music paper, featured his work on a regular basis and would often have a photograph by him on the front page. One such occasion was a portrait of David Bowie wearing a loincloth backstage in New York when starring in "The Elephant Man". In the early years of London-based "The Face", a glossy monthly post-punk life style / music magazine, Corbijn was a regular contributor. He made his name photographing in black-and-white but in May 1989 he began taking pictures in colour using filters. His first venture in this medium was for Siouxsie Sioux. Between 1998–2000, in collaboration with the painter Marlene Dumas, he worked on a project called "Stripping Girls", which took the strip clubs and peep shows of Amsterdam as their subject; while Corbijn later exhibited photographs, Dumas took Polaroids which she then used as sources for her paintings.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: Corbijn has photographed Jimmy Page and Robert Plant (formerly of Led Zeppelin), Bob Dylan, Joy Division, Tom Waits, Bruce Springsteen, Prāta Vētra, Peter Hammill, Miles Davis, Kate Bush, Björk, Captain Beefheart, Kim Wilde, Marc Almond, Robert De Niro, Stephen Hawking, Elvis Costello, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Morrissey, Peter Murphy, Simple Minds, Clint Eastwood, The Cramps, Roxette, Herbert Grönemeyer, Annie Lennox, and Eurythmics, amongst others. Perhaps his most famous and longest standing associations are with Depeche Mode and U2. Corbijn's work relationship with Depeche Mode began with the filming of a music video for their 1986 single "A Question of Time". Corbijn says that he soon "started to realise that [his] visuals and their music went really well together. Then [he] did some live photos, and it eventually turned into designing the whole live set. That's what [he's] been doing for them since 1993." Corbijn has directed 20 of the bands music videos, the most recent of his works being Depeche Mode's 2017 "Where's the Revolution". He has also designed most of the covers for Depeche Mode's albums and singles from 1990's "Violator" album and onwards. Corbijn's work with U2 includes taking pictures of the band on their first US tour, taking pictures for their albums "The Joshua Tree" and "Achtung Baby" albums (et al.), and directing a number of accompanying videos.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: Other album covers featuring work by Corbijn include those for Springsteen, Nick Cave, Siouxsie's second band The Creatures, Bryan Adams, Metallica, Therapy?, The Rolling Stones, Bon Jovi, The Killers, Simple Minds, R.E.M., The Bee Gees, Saybia, Clannad and Moke.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: Corbijn began his music video directing career when Palais Schaumburg asked him to direct a video. After seeing the resulting video for "Hockey", the band Propaganda had Corbijn direct "Dr. Mabuse". After that he directed videos for David Sylvian, Echo & the Bunnymen, Golden Earring, Front 242, Depeche Mode, Roxette and U2. His first video in colour was made for U2 in 1984 for their single "Pride (In the Name of Love)". In 2005 Palm Pictures released a DVD collection of Corbijn's music video output as part of the Director's Label series.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: In 1994 Corbijn directed a short film about Captain Beefheart/Don Van Vliet for the BBC called "Some Yoyo Stuff". He made his feature film debut with "Control", a film about the life of Joy Division frontman Ian Curtis. It premiered to rave reviews at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2007. The film is based on Deborah Curtis' book "Touching from a Distance" about her husband and the biography "Torn Apart" by Lindsay Reade (Tony Wilson's ex-wife) and Mick Middles. Although shown outside the Palme d'Or competition, "Control" was the big winner of the Director's Fortnight winning the CICAE Art & Essai prize for best film, the "Regards Jeunes" Prize award for best first or second directed feature film and the Europa Cinemas Label prize for best European film in the sidebar. It also received a special mention for the Caméra d'Or prize for best debut feature film. In addition, the film also won the Michael Powell award for best new British feature at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: In 2010, Corbijn returned as a director with the character-based thriller "The American", starring George Clooney.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: On 26 October 2011, Corbijn directed a webcast by Coldplay from the Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid, Spain.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: His film "A Most Wanted Man" was released in 2014. The John le Carré novel of the same name, which is loosely based on the true War on Terror story of Murat Kurnaz, was set in part in Hamburg, as parts of the film were.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: In February 2014, he started filming his next project "Life" about James Dean and photographer Dennis Stock.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: On 23 and 25 July 2018, Corbijn filmed the last two concerts of Depeche Mode's Global Spirit Tour at the Waldbühne in Berlin. Some of this footage, intertwined with the stories of six life-long fans in the audience, became the film "Spirits in the Forest", which was released in theaters worldwide on 21 November 2019. In Corbijn's interview with "NME" he spoke about the origins behind the idea of this film and said that they (him and Depeche Mode) "decided to look at the reason for why Depeche Mode was still growing... they're the biggest cult band in the world. It's unbelievable." He further adds that "it's in the DNA of [Depeche Mode] to have these connection to their fans... there's something unusual about it and the fans go to great lengths", which inspired him to make the film in the style that he did.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: Author William Gibson refers to a fictitious portrait by Corbijn of the character Hollis Henry in his 2007 novel "Spook Country". A Corbijn photograph has served as the author's portrait on many of Gibson's books, including "Neuromancer".


title: Anton Corbijn

text: Corbijn is the subject of Josh Whiteman's 2009 documentary film "Shadow Play – The making of Anton Corbijn".


title: Anton Corbijn

text: In May 2011 Corbijn presented Mandela Landscape, an artwork consisting of Corbijn's portrait of Nelson Mandela stitched by Dutch textile artist Berend Strik. Both the original work and 80 signed art prints will be sold to fund the international edition of "ZAM Magazine", an independent platform of African talent.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: On 19 December 2011, he was announced as being on the jury for the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival, scheduled to be held in February 2012.


title: Anton Corbijn

text: At this occasion, the Berlinale Special screened "Anton Corbijn – Inside Out", an 80 min-documentary. at the Haus der Berliner Festspiele.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: The Constitution of 1956 was the fundamental law of Pakistan from March 1956 until the 1958 Pakistani coup d'état. It was the first constitution adopted by independent Pakistan. There were 234 articles 13 parts and 6 schedules.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: Pakistan became independent of the United Kingdom in 1947, but remained a British Dominion, like Canada and Australia, until 1956. Under Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the Government of India Act 1935 - with certain adaptations - served as the working constitution of Pakistan; still, the need of a full independence and a constitution to be framed by the elected representatives of the people was all the more necessary for the free citizens of a sovereign state. Therefore, the first Constituent Assembly was formed under the Independence Act and was entrusted with two separate functions:


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: The powers and functions of the central legislature under the Government of India Act were conferred on the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly could, however, amend the Indian Independence Act (1947) or the Government of India Act (1935) and no Act of the British Parliament could be extended to Pakistan without legislation by the Constituent Assembly. The first Constituent Assembly originally consisted of 69 members; subsequently the number of members was increased to 79.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: The first major step in the framing of a constitution for Pakistan was taken by the Constituent Assembly on 12 March 1949, when it passed a resolution on the 'Aims and Objectives of the Constitution', popularly known as the Objectives Resolution. It laid the foundation of the constitution and indicated the broad outline of its structure. The resolution was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. While moving the Resolution, he said:


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: The resolution was debated for five days. The leading members of the government and a large number of non-Muslim members, especially from East Bengal, took a prominent part. Non-Muslim members expressed grave apprehensions about their position and role in the new policy. Hindu members of the Constitutional Assembly argued that the Objectives Resolution differed with Muhammad Ali Jinnah's (Quaid-e-Azam) view in all the basic points. Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya said:


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: Birat Chandra Mandal declared that Jinnah had "unequivocally said that Pakistan will be a secular state." Bhupendra Kumar Datta went a step further: "...were this resolution to come before this house within the life-time of the Great Creator of Pakistan, the Quaid-i-Azam, it would not have come in its present shape..."


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: However, Muslim scholars and a large portion of the people of Pakistan were of the view that this was exactly what the Quaid-a-Azam wanted and that it was a good step forward in the constitutional history of Pakistan. They also argued that objective resolution provided the minorities with equal rights and that they had no compulsion, whatsoever, in adopting or converting into Islam.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: After nine years of efforts, Pakistan was successful in framing a constitution. The Constituent Assembly adopted it on 29 February 1956, and it was enforced on 23 March 1956, proclaiming Pakistan to be an Islamic republic.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: The Constitution of 1956 was lengthy and detailed; it contained 234 articles divided into thirteen parts and six schedules. The Constitution of 1956 provided for federal system with the principle of parity between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The Federal Legislature was to perform like the British Parliament. The Centre was invested with such powers as to take unilateral action in emergency and it could influence the provincial autonomy.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: The Constitution of 1956 provided for the parliamentary form of government, where real executive authority was vested in a cabinet, collectively responsible to the legislature. The cabinet was presided over by the Prime Minister. The Constitution declared that there would be only one house of parliament known as the National Assembly and equality between the two Wings (i.e. East Pakistan and West Pakistan) was maintained in it. The Queen of Pakistan was replaced by a President, who was to be elected by the Electoral College of Pakistan composed of members of the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: Familiar democratic rights and freedoms such as freedom of speech and expression, of assembly and association, of movement and of profession were all provided in the Constitution, with the usual qualifications. With regards to civil rights, familiar rights such as rights of life, liberty and property were granted, again with the usual qualifications and safeguards. The executive was given power to enforce the fundamental rights and the courts were to decide if a law was repugnant to any provisions of the fundamental rights.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: Despite the province of East Pakistan accounting for a clear majority of the total population of Pakistan, the representation in the National Assembly was set at half of the total membership. This meant that East Pakistan was underrepresented in the Assembly under this Constitution.


title: Constitution of Pakistan of 1956

text: On 7 October 1958, President Iskander Mirza staged a "coup d'état". He abrogated the constitution, imposed martial law and appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Aziz Ahmad as Secretary General and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, three weeks later General Ayub—who had been openly questioning the authority of the government prior to the imposition of martial law—deposed Iskandar Mirza on 27 October 1958 and assumed the presidency, which practically formalized the militarization of the political system in Pakistan. Four years later a new document, Constitution of 1962 was adopted. This was eventually succeeded by the Constitution of 1973.


title: Nancy Walton Laurie

text: Nancy Walton Laurie (born May 15, 1951) is an American heir to the Walmart fortune. She is also a businesswoman and a philanthropist.


title: Nancy Walton Laurie

text: Nancy Walton was born on May 15, 1951. She is the younger daughter of Bud Walton, the brother and business partner of Walmart founder Sam Walton. She grew up in Versailles, Missouri, where she met future husband Bill Laurie. At Bud's death, she and her sister Ann Walton Kroenke inherited a stake in Walmart now worth over $9 billion.


title: Nancy Walton Laurie

text: With her husband, she donated US$25 million to the University of Missouri for the construction of a new sports arena for the Missouri Tigers in 2001, to be named after their daughter Paige Laurie, who did not attend the university. However, it was revealed shortly after the 2004–05 basketball season started that Paige Laurie paid her USC roommate to do much of her homework for her, even after the roommate left the university due to financial issues. The Lauries gave up the naming rights on November 23, 2004, to the university, which then renamed the arena with the university's common nickname "Mizzou" and removed all mention of Elizabeth Paige Laurie from the venue, beyond the bare minimum required to acknowledge the Lauries' gift. They have also endowed the E. Paige Laurie Professorship for the Equine Center at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Missouri. According to "The Los Angeles Times", they have also made charitable gifts for "a cancer research center" and "a shelter for abused women" and "a children's hospital."


title: Nancy Walton Laurie

text: Laurie is the founder of the Nancy Walton Laurie Leadership Institute at the Chi Omega sorority. She was the president and founder of a New York City dance company called the Cedar Lake Contemporary Ballet, which closed in 2015. She is the owner of the Columbia Performing Arts Centre, a dance studio located in Columbia, Missouri.


title: Nancy Walton Laurie

text: Laurie married Bill Laurie, after a courtship that occurred when they both attended the University of Memphis (then known as Memphis State University).


title: Nancy Walton Laurie

text: The couple resides primarily in the Las Vegas Valley, owning a mansion in Henderson, Nevada and Bel Air, California. They also have homes in Columbia, Missouri, where they own an equine farm where they breed appaloosa horses, and Bel Air, California. In January 2015, she filed a lawsuit through her company, LW Partnership, against Mohamed Hadid, a property developer who is building a retaining wall next to the Bel Air house, alleging Hadid damaged the roots of a eucalyptus tree. According to the Center for Investigative Reporting, Walton uses "at least 2.3 million gallons (8.7 million liters) per year" to water her Bel Air estate.


title: Zeher

text: Zeher: A Love Story () is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language mystery thriller film directed by debutant Mohit Suri and produced by Mahesh Bhatt. The film stars Emraan Hashmi, Shamita Shetty and Udita Goswami. It is an adaptation of the 2003 American film "Out of Time".


title: Zeher

text: In a small town in Goa steeped in azure seas and sultry secrets, the chief of local police station, Siddharth finds himself caught in the midst of a brewing storm. He is going through a divorce with his wife, Sonia whom he still loves, but finds himself involved with a local married woman named Anna. Unable to cope with the pressures of his wife's success who is in the special police force, he continues his secret relationship with Anna.


title: Zeher

text: Things get even more complicated when Siddharth realizes that Anna's husband, Sean is abusive and Anna is dying from cancer. Being a good soul, Siddharth does not have it in him to abandon this woman who seems to have given him some affection in recent times.


title: Zeher

text: In the heat of the moment, Siddharth takes an irrational decision to give Anna the money he recovered in a drug raid, for her medication in a final effort to save her. Things are not what they seem since Anna dies in a fire that very night. Siddharth now races to uncover a murky tail of drug money, murder and deceit, because all the evidence points to him.


title: Zeher

text: With Sonia heads the case, Siddharth is now in a race against time to find out the real truth behind Anna's murder, recover the drug money and also win his Sonia's love back.


title: Zeher

text: After a bunch of wild goose chases, Siddharth finds out that Anna is alive and was actually controlling Sean and Siddharth in the whole plot for getting the insurance money. Siddharth finds this out and while confronting Anna with the truth, Anna points a gun at him. In the scuffle that follows, Sonia shoots Anna and she provides the alibi for him stating that Anna's death was an accident.


title: Zeher

text: The soundtrack of Zeher was composed by Anu Malik, Roop Kumar Rathod, Mithoon, Jal: the Band and Naresh Sharma with lyrics were penned by Sayeed Quadri and Shakeel Azmi.


title: Zeher

text: According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fourth highest-selling.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Valérian and Laureline (), also known as Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent () or just Valérian, is a French science fiction comics series, created by writer Pierre Christin and artist Jean-Claude Mézières. It was first published in "Pilote" magazine in 1967; the final installment was published in 2010. All of the "Valérian" stories have been collected in comic album format, comprising some twenty-one volumes plus a short story collection and an encyclopaedia.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The series focuses on the adventures of the dark-haired Valérian, a spatio-temporal agent, and his redheaded female colleague, Laureline, as they travel the universe through space and time. Valérian is a classical hero, kind, strong and brave, who follows the orders of his superiors even if he feels, deep down, that it is the wrong thing to do. On the other hand, his partner Laureline combines her superior intelligence, determination and independence with sex appeal. Influenced by classic literary science fiction, the series mixes space opera with time travel plots. Christin's scripts are noted for their humour, complexity and strongly humanist and left-wing liberal political ideas while Mézières' art is characterized by its vivid depictions of the alien worlds and species Valérian and Laureline encounter on their adventures. The series is considered a landmark in European comics and pop culture, and influenced other media as well; traces of its concepts, storylines and designs can be found in science fiction films such as "Star Wars" and "The Fifth Element".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Many of the stories have been translated into several languages, including English. The series has received recognition through a number of prestigious awards, including the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême. An animated television series, "", was released in 2007, and a feature film directed by Luc Besson, "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets", was released in 2017.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The original setting for the series was the 28th century. Humanity has discovered the means of travelling instantaneously through time and space. The capital of Earth, Galaxity, is the centre of the vast Terran Galactic Empire. Earth itself has become a virtual utopia with most of the population living a life of leisure in a virtual reality dream-state ruled by the benign Technocrats of the First Circle. The Spatio-Temporal Service protects the planets of the Terran Empire and guards against temporal paradoxes caused by rogue time-travellers. Valérian and Laureline are two such spatio-temporal agents.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: However, since the end of the story "The Wrath of Hypsis" ("Les Foudres d'Hypsis"), in which Galaxity disappears from space-time as a result of a temporal paradox, the pair have become freelance trouble-shooters travelling through space and time offering their services to anyone willing to hire them while also searching for their lost home.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In the first two albums Valérian travels through time in a two-seater device, the "XB27", which transports him to the various relay stations that Galaxity has hidden throughout time (e.g. in "Les Mauvais Rêves" ("Bad Dreams") the relay is hidden below a tavern). In subsequent stories Valérian and Laureline use the saucer-shaped Astroship "XB982", which made its debut appearance in 1969 in the short story "The Great Collector" ("Le Grand Collectionneur"). The astroship is able to travel anywhere using a spatio-temporal jump, a sort of hyperspace drive enabling near-instant transportation anywhere in space and time.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The initial albums were generally straightforward good versus evil adventure stories. However, thanks to Pierre Christin's interest in politics, sociology and ethnology, as the series progressed the situations typically arose from misunderstandings or ideological differences between various groups that could be resolved through reason and perseverance. The core theme of the stories is an optimistic liberal humanism: the adventures are not about defeating enemies but about exploring, facing challenges, and celebrating diversity. Thus, according to the academic John Dean, Christin "as a rule works into his narratives political, environmental and feminist concerns – thereby showing social ills are universal, no matter on what planet you land".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Another concept that developed was Galaxity as a proxy for Western democracy; contrary to its benign self-image it is actually imperialistic and prone to a corrupt real-politik. Other themes include:


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: These themes are underpinned by the vivid drawings of Jean-Claude Mézières, whose "visually stunning backgrounds: complex architecture, futuristic machines, otherworldly landscapes and odd-looking aliens", are what John Dean calls "staples of Mézières' seeming boundless visual inventiveness", resulting in what the artist Pepo Pérez likens to ""National Geographic", but on a cosmic scale".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Valérian was born on Earth, in Galaxity, capital of the Terran Galactic Empire in the 28th century. He joined the Spatio-Temporal Service in the year 2713. He has been trained to think that Galaxity is always right – even when he receives orders that go against his morals he will, reluctantly, follow them. He much prefers to be a man of action than sitting around pondering what course to take next.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The early stories present Valérian as a typical square-jawed hero figure, who is strong and dependable (although an early running joke was that despite being a time-traveller he is always running late, especially when summoned by his boss). However, as the series progresses, he is increasingly portrayed as somewhat knuckle-headed. In "World Without Stars" ("Le Pays sans étoile"), he gets recklessly drunk on the colonists' home-made booze, in "On the False Earths" ("Sur les terres truquées"), the historian, Jadna, views him as useful only as cannon fodder and nothing else while in "Heroes of the Equinox" ("Les Héros de l'Equinoxe"), he comes across as woefully inadequate compared with the champions he is competing against. Although devoted to Laureline, he has been led astray by other women, such as in "Heroes of the Equinox" and "Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: When Galaxity disappears in "The Wrath of Hypsis" he contemplates following his fellows into oblivion, much to Laureline's horror. Even afterwards, he feels the loss of Galaxity much more than Laureline, as it is his birthplace.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The name Valérian comes from Eastern Europe, although its origin is Latin, from "valere" ("to be strong"). Valérian was created by Mézières and Christin as a reaction to the fearless boy-scout (e.g. "The Adventures of Tintin") and American superhero characters that were prevalent in comics available in France at the time. Instead they sought to devise a "banal character" with "no extraordinary means of action". Eventually, with Christin feeling that they had gone too far with this angle and that the Valérian character had become too stupid, from "The Ghosts of Inverloch" ("Les Spectres d'Inverloch") onwards, Valérian was made more sympathetic and given a greater piece of the action.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets", a 2017 movie by Luc Besson, Valérian is played by Dane DeHaan.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Laureline is a peasant girl from 11th-century France. In the debut adventure, "Bad Dreams", she rescues Valérian from the enchanted Forest of Arelaune. When she accidentally discovers Valérian is a time-traveller, he is forced to bring her back with him to Galaxity where she is trained as a Spatio-Temporal Agent and assigned as his partner.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In the early stories, Laureline generally sits in the background while Valérian saves the day in whatever situation the pair have found themselves, but her position changes as the series develops. "World Without Stars", the fourth serial published in "Pilote", the two characters are separated for most of the adventure, with Laureline stepping out from under Valérian's shadow for the first time, and she proves to be more than an equal to Valérian in ensuring that their mission succeeds.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: "Welcome to Alflolol" ("Bienvenue sur Alflolol") brings Laureline's rebellious nature to the fore; unlike Valérian, she has not been born and raised by Galaxity and is prepared not only to question Galaxity's authorities but to rebel openly against them when their orders run contrary to her sense of morality. It also demonstrates her impulsive streak; she sides with the native Alflololians against Galaxity and Valérian with no thought for the personal consequences she may have to face herself. Her position as the true star of the series is cemented in "Ambassador of the Shadows" ("L'Ambassadeur des Ombres"), which is virtually a solo adventure for her as she searches the vast space station Point Central for the kidnapped Valérian and the Earth Ambassador. Later, when acting as independent agents, it is Laureline who questions the ethics of some of the jobs they are forced to take to make ends meet, notably in "The Living Weapons" ("Les Armes Vivantes").


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Despite being independent and efficacious, Laureline is not afraid to exploit her considerable sex appeal if it is to her advantage. For example, she attracts the attention of the Emperor of Valsennar in "World Without Stars" and, dressed in leather gear and boots, she manipulates Crocbattler and Rackalust in "Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos" and regularly charms the Shingouz when negotiating with them for information. She has appeared nude in some adventures. Mézières drew a picture of her for the French edition of "Playboy" in 1987.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: She also has a certain affinity for animals such as the Alflololian Goumon in "Welcome to Alflolol", the Grumpy Converter from Bluxte, first seen in "Ambassador of the Shadows", and the Tüm Tüm (de Lüm) and the Tchoung-Tracer, both introduced in "On the Frontiers" ("Sur les Frontières").


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The name "Laureline" was invented by Mézières and Christin who were seeking a name that would sound "medieval" and "soft". The name has proven popular and there are now several thousand women in France named Laureline, the first one born in 1968, just a year after the publication of "Bad Dreams". There have also been variations such as "Loreline" and "Laurelyne". Laureline was initially created just for the first story, "Bad Dreams", but recognising that they had a female character who was different from the bimbo types common to comics of the time, Mézières and Christin fell for her and, in response to positive reader feedback, retained her for the subsequent stories.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets", a 2017 movie by Luc Besson, Laureline is played by Cara Delevingne.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Mr Albert is Galaxity's contact on 20th-century Earth. He makes his first appearance in "Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopeia". He is a retired gentleman who drives an obsolete Renault 4CV and lives in the suburbs of Paris, France. He maintains a wide range of contacts in government and scientific circles as well as with many experts in fields outside the mainstream such as ufology, telepathy, and sorcery. He is also a pigeon fancier and uses his carrier pigeons to relay messages between some of his contacts. Unlike Valérian he tries to avoid getting involved in the thick of the action and never acts impulsively, always preferring to take his time about things. He enjoys the finer things in life: gourmet cuisine, fine wines and likes to take things easy.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The character of Albert is partially influenced by that of August Faust, the main character in the strip "The Extraordinary and Troubling Adventure of Mr August Faust" ("L'extraordinaire et Troublante Aventure de M. August Faust"), written by Fred and drawn by Mézières in 1967.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The Shingouz are aliens who make their first appearance in "Ambassador of the Shadows" and re-appear regularly throughout the subsequent albums. They are brown, short-furred creatures, slightly less than a metre tall, resembling flightless birds with a snout instead of a beak.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Shingouz have a high alcohol tolerance and preference for strong alcoholic beverages, which they consume in large quantities. The Shingouz society is capitalist to the extreme. Shingouz want a profit from everything they do. They are especially adept in trading important and sensitive information to interested parties. Valérian and Laureline have struck up a relationship with a group of three Shingouz who have a particularly useful network of contacts in all the major space communities. They are especially fond of Laureline, which she often uses to her advantage in striking favourable deals with them.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In the feature film "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets", the Shingouz are replaced with the similar negotiating species Dogan Daguis.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Childhood friends Jean-Claude Mézières and Pierre Christin had previously collaborated on the comic strip "Le Rhum du Punch" ("Rum Punch") in 1966 while both were living and working in the United States. Upon their return to France they initially intended to create a Western strip but, with the genre already well represented in French comics thanks to "Lucky Luke", "Blueberry" and "Jerry Spring", Christin instead proposed that they turn their hand to science fiction, a genre he felt was unrepresented in French comics at the time. The decision to work in the science fiction genre was also influenced by the political climate in France at the time; Mézières and Christin saw "Valérian" as a "backdoor" means to react against the prevailing doctrine of Gaullism. Although science fiction was not a favourite of "Pilote" editor René Goscinny, Goscinny wanted his magazine to be diverse and innovative and so agreed to commission "Valérian".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: There had been French science fiction comics before "Valérian" such as Kline's "Kaza the Martian" (a childhood favourite of Mézières), Roger Lecureux and Raymond Poivet's "Les Pionniers de l'Espérance" "(The Pioneers of Hope)" (which Christin found tired and repetitive) and Jean-Claude Forest's "Barbarella". "Barbarella" is famous for its strong female titular character, but Christin has denied any influence on the character of Laureline, stating that she was inspired by Simone de Beauvoir's "The Second Sex" as well as the burgeoning feminist movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, contemporary reviews of the early stories by Jean-Pierre Andrevon describe the books as "Forestian". Mézières and Christin were also heavily influenced by literary science fiction such as that by Isaac Asimov (especially "The End of Eternity"), Jack Vance (especially "The Blue World"), and John Brunner. Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier have also suggested that Poul Anderson's "Time Patrol" books, about an official organization dedicated to protecting time from interference, are a major influence on the series.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Christin has also cited the whodunit genre—notably novels by Georges Simenon and Ed McBain—as an influence on "Valérian" since they taught him, as a writer, that all characters in a narrative must be seen to have motivations.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Mézières' drawings in the early albums were influenced by such "comic-dynamic" artists as Morris ("Lucky Luke"), André Franquin ("Spirou et Fantasio") and Jack Davis ("Mad" magazine), leading Jean-Pierre Andrevon to refer to "Valérian" as "a kind of "Lucky Luke" of space-time". As the series progressed, Mézières developed a more realistic style, akin to that of Jijé, though in more recent albums he has returned to the more cartoonish style of the earlier stories.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: "Valérian's" arrival on the French comics scene was contemporaneous with the debuts of other notable French science fiction strips including "Luc Orient" by Greg and Eddy Paape and "Lone Sloane" by Philippe Druillet. The success of these strips would eventually lead to the creation of "Métal Hurlant", the highly influential French comics magazine dedicated to science fiction. The influence of "Valérian" has been noticed in such strips as "" (by Víctor Mora and Carlos Giménez) and "Gigantik" (by Mora and José Maria Cardona). The visual style of "Valérian" has also influenced some American comics artists, notably Walt Simonson and Gil Kane. Sometimes the impact of "Valérian" has gone beyond mere influence; following a complaint by Mézières, the artist Angus McKie admitted that several panels of his strip "So Beautiful and So Dangerous" were copied from "Ambassador of the Shadows".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Outside of comics, the "Valérian" series has been particularly influential on science fiction and fantasy film.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Several commentators, such as Kim Thompson of "The Comics Journal", film critic Jean-Philippe Guerand and the newspaper "Libération", have noted certain similarities between the "Valérian" albums and the "Star Wars" film series. Both series are noted for the "lived-in" look given to their various settings and for the diverse alien creatures they feature. Mézières' response upon seeing "Star Wars" was that he was "dazzled, jealous... and furious!". As a riposte, Mézières produced an illustration for "Pilote" magazine in 1983 depicting the "Star Wars" characters Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa meeting Valérian and Laureline in a bar surrounded by a bestiary of alien creatures typical of that seen in both series. "Fancy meeting you here!" says Leia. "Oh, we've been hanging around here for a long time!" retorts Laureline. Mézières has since been informed that Doug Chiang, design director on "The Phantom Menace", kept a set of "Valérian" albums in his library.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Mézières has also noticed similarities between some of the sets in the 1982 film "Conan the Barbarian" and the planet seen in "Birds of the Master" ("Les Oiseaux du Maître") and between some of the production sketches for the alien fighters in the 1996 film "Independence Day" and Valérian and Laureline's astroship.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The 1999 Danish film "Mifune's Last Song", directed by Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, features a character, Rud, who is a fan of "Linda and Valentin" (as "Valérian" is known in Denmark) who believes the character of Liva is in fact Linda (i.e. Laureline).


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Jean-Claude Mézières himself has worked as a concept artist on a number of science fiction film projects. The first of these was in 1984 for director Jeremy Kagan who was attempting to adapt René Barjavel's novel "La Nuit des temps" ("The Ice People"). The film was never made. This was followed, in 1985, by a proposed adaptation of Arkady and Boris Strugatsky's novel "Hard to Be a God" for director Peter Fleischmann. This film was eventually finished in 1989 though Mézières' concepts for the film were barely used. The art Mézières produced for both projects was later published in "Mézières Extras".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In 1991 Mézières began work producing concept art for the director Luc Besson for his film "The Fifth Element". When the project stalled and Besson moved on to work on the film "Léon" in 1994, Mézières returned to "Valérian" for the album "The Circles of Power" ("Les Cercles du Pouvoir"). This featured a character, S'Traks, who drove a flying taxi around a great metropolis on the planet Rubanis. Mézières sent a copy of the album to Besson who was inspired to change the background of Korben Dallas, the lead character of "The Fifth Element", from a worker in a rocketship factory to that of a taxi driver who flies his cab around a Rubanis-inspired futuristic New York City. Mézières produced further concept drawings for Besson, including flying taxi cabs. He also re-used certain aspects of the design of the space liner seen in the 1988 "Valérian" album "On the Frontiers" for the Fhloston Paradise liner seen in second half of the film. "The Fifth Element" was finally completed and released in 1997. The importance of the four classical elements to the film is similar to the significance the elements have in the two-part "Valérian" story "Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopeia" and "Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos". However, Besson has claimed that he first came up with the idea for the film at the age of 16 which would pre-date the publication of these two albums.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: "Valérian" and its creators have also received recognition through a number of prestigious awards. Most notably, in 1984, Jean-Claude Mézières was honoured with the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême for his comics work, including "Valérian". Mézières and Christin also received a European Science Fiction Society award for "Valérian" in 1987 and the album "Hostages of the Ultralum" ("Otages de l'Ultralum") won a Tournesal award, given to the comic that best reflects the ideals of the Green Party, at the 1997 Angoulême International Comics Festival. The encyclopedia of the alien creatures found in the "Valérian" universe "Les Habitants du Ciel: Atlas Cosmique de Valérian et Laureline" ("The Inhabitants of the Sky: The Cosmic Atlas of Valerian and Laureline") received a special mention by the jury at the 1992 Angoulême International Comics Festival in the Prix Jeunesse 9–12 ans (Youth Prize 9–12 years) category.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: "Valérian" has also been nominated for a Haxtur Award in 1995 for "The Circles of Power" and for a Harvey Award in 2005 for "The New Future Trilogy", an English-language compilation of three of the albums.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: "Valérian" first appeared on 9 November 1967 in issue #420 of the Franco-Belgian comics magazine "Pilote", and every "Valérian" story from "Bad Dreams" to "The Wrath of Hypsis" was initially serialised in "Pilote". The second "Valérian" story, "The City of Shifting Waters" ("La Cité des Eaux Mouvantes"), was the first to be collected in graphic novel album format by Dargaud. Since "On the Frontiers", every "Valérian" story has debuted in album format. Seven short stories were also published in the digest-sized "Super Pocket Pilote" in 1969 and 1970 and later collected in "Across the Pathways of Space" ("Par Les Chemins De l’Espace") in 1997. The series was originally published under the title "Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent". However, with the publication of "The Order of the Stones" in 2007, the series now goes under the title "Valérian and Laureline".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: On 22 January 2010, the last album, "L'OuvreTemps" ("The Time Opener"), was published. With this album the authors concluded the entire comic series with the intention to prevent the series from becoming weak, or staggering behind newer comics. However, Christin has written a 270-page Valérian and Laureline novel, "Valérian et Laureline: Lininil a disparu" (Valérian and Laureline: Lininil Has Disappeared), and indicated that Valérian and Laureline will continue to live on in a yet unspecified form.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The first "Valérian" album to be translated into English was "Ambassador of the Shadows" which was serialised across four issues of the magazine "Heavy Metal" in 1981 (Volume 4, Number 10 (January 1981) to Volume 5, Number 1 (April 1981)).


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: "Ambassador of the Shadows" was later republished in English in album format as were "World Without Stars", "Welcome to Alflolol" and "Heroes of the Equinox" by the short-lived Dargaud-USA and Dargaud-Canada between 1981 and 1984 and in the United Kingdom by Hodder-Dargaud in 1984 and 1985.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In 1989 it was announced that NBM Publishing were going to reissue the four English language albums published by Dargaud-USA and also release a translation of "Empire of a Thousand Planets" but nothing seems to have come of this.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: "Heroes of the Equinox" was republished in July 1996 in black and white by "Fantasy Flight Publishing" (an offshoot of "Fantasy Flight Games") in two issues as standard American sized comic-books as part of an unsuccessful attempt to translate and print several European comic book series including "Spirou et Fantasio" and "Lucky Luke".


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In November 2004, iBooks published "Valérian: The New Future Trilogy", collecting the albums "On the Frontiers", "The Living Weapons" and "The Circles of Power" in one volume reduced to standard American graphic novel size. These were the only "Valérian" stories "iBooks" published and the company has since declared bankruptcy.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Since July 2010, UK publisher Cinebook has been publishing English language editions of Valérian. These began at a rate of one volume every six months. However, as the cinematic release of Luc Besson's film" Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets "approached, the rate increased to one every three months. Twenty-two volumes had been published by the end of 2017. Pursuant the individual softcover title releases, the publisher announced in December 2016 a complete hardcover book series, "aka" "Intégrales", of Valérian, slated to launch in 2017 as "Valerian - The Complete Collection". Completed in 2018, each outing in the seven-volume series collects 3-4 titles of the original individual book releases. An international effort, Cinebook's release was, save for the language, identical to the ones concurrently released in French, Dutch, Portuguese (Brazil only), and Standard Chinese.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: Many of the "Valérian" stories have, be it in part or in whole as a series, been translated from their original French into several other languages besides English, including German (as "Valerian und Veronique"), Dutch (as "Ravian: Tijd/ruimte-agent"), the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish) (as "Linda og/och Valentin"), Finnish (as "Valerian ja Laureline" and previously as "Avaruusagentti Valerianin seikkailuja"), Spanish, Portuguese (as "Valérian, agente espácio-temporal"), Serbian (as "Valerijan"), Italian, Turkish, Polish, Indonesian and Standard Chinese. "Intégrale' editions have been published in several of these languages as well, of which the later, aforementioned Cinebook version and those of its international companions incidentally, were merely slightly updated editions, only enhanced with a long interview with the two creators and film director Luc Besson, spread over the individual volumes of the collection.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The notion of making an animated adaptation of "Valérian" dates back to at least 1976. In 1982, Mézières produced concept art for an episode titled "The Asteroids of Shimballil" ("Les Astéroïdes de Shimballil") which was later published in 2000 as an appendix to the album release of "Bad Dreams". In 1991, "Dargaud Films" financed the production of a three-minute pilot, directed by Bernard Deyriès and animated by "Studio 32" in Paris and Luxembourg, but nothing came of this venture. Several stills from this pilot episode were published in "Mézières Extras". Another pilot, directed by Florient Ferrier, was made by the French animation studio 2 Minutes in 2001. Nothing came of this attempt either.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: An animated series entitled "Time Jam: Valerian and Laureline" made its debut on Canal+ Family in France on 20 October 2007. In total, forty 26-minute episodes have been made. The series is a Franco–Japanese co-production, directed by Philippe Vidal.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The scripts were written by a French team under the supervision of Peter Berts; while Charles Vaucelles was responsible for the realisation of the characters and Vincent Momméja was responsible for the design of the locations and spacecraft. Music is by Alexandre Azzaria. In the French dub of the series Valérian is voiced by Gwendal Anglade and Laureline by Mélodie Orru. Three trailers were released to promote the series: the first on 24 April 2006, the second on 10 October 2006 and the third on 30 August 2007.<ref name="Blog/3rdTrailer">


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: The series differs from the original comics in that Valerian comes from the year 2417, instead of 2720, and meets Laureline in the year 912 instead of 1000. Whereas in the comics Valerian takes Laureline back to the 28th century without any trouble, in the animated series this results in Earth disappearing from the Solar System.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: According to Animation World Network, ""Time Jam - Valerian & Laureline" sets out to answer the question: Where on Earth has Earth gone? Valerian and Laureline, our two young heroes, seem to be the only representatives of the human race in the unsafe galaxy where the nightmarish Vlagos are conspiring to control the world. Sent out on an assignment by the head of STS (the Spatial-Temporal Service), Valerian and Laureline discover the existence of a time-portal, a mysterious phenomenon, which may hold the key to the recovery of Earth. The series from Dargaud Marina mixes 2D and CGI animation with an anime touch". The series has also been sold to Belgium, Spain, Israel and Morocco.


title: Valérian and Laureline

text: In 2012, it was announced that Luc Besson planned to make a movie for the big screen of Valérian and Laureline. The film was shot in January 2016 and stars Dane DeHaan and Cara Delevingne. It was released on 21 July 2017.


title: Amy Winehouse discography

text: The discography of English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse consists of two studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, five extended plays, 14 singles (including three as a featured artist), three video albums and 14 music videos. At the time of her death on 23 July 2011, Winehouse had sold over 1.75 million singles and over 3.98 million albums in the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, she had sold about 3.4 million tracks and 2.7 million albums in the United States as of the same date.


title: Amy Winehouse discography

text: Winehouse's debut album, "Frank", was released in October 2003 and peaked at number three on the UK Albums Chart. However, none of the four singles released from the album managed to reach the top 50 of the UK Singles Chart. Her second album, "Back to Black", was released in October 2006, reaching number one on the UK Albums Chart and number seven on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States. The album was certified 11-times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and was the best-selling album of 2007 in the UK. The first single from the album, "Rehab", peaked at number seven in the UK and at number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US. The album's second single, "You Know I'm No Good", reached number 18 in the UK. Other singles included the title track, which peaked at number eight in the UK, "Tears Dry on Their Own" and "Love Is a Losing Game". A deluxe edition of the album was released in the UK in November 2007 and also topped the UK chart. By October 2018, "Back to Black" had sold 3.93 million copies, becoming the 13th best-selling album in the UK of all time.


title: Amy Winehouse discography

text: Winehouse collaborated with other artists, as a vocalist on the song "Valerie" on Mark Ronson's solo album, "Version". The song peaked at number two in the UK. She also collaborated with former Sugababes member Mutya Buena on "B Boy Baby", the final single from Buena's debut solo album, "Real Girl". Winehouse's last studio recording was the song "Body and Soul", a duet with Tony Bennett. The song appears on Winehouse's posthumous compilation album "" and Bennett's album "Duets II". In 2015, the critically acclaimed documentary film "Amy", which depicts the life and death of Winehouse, spawned an original soundtrack of the same name that includes Winehouse's well known tracks, previously unheard tracks, rare live sessions, covers and tracks created by film composer Antônio Pinto. It is Winehouse's second posthumous compilation album. The soundtrack peaked at number 19 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Direct and indirect band gaps

text: In semiconductor physics, the band gap of a semiconductor can be of two basic types, a direct band gap or an indirect band gap. The minimal-energy state in the conduction band and the maximal-energy state in the valence band are each characterized by a certain crystal momentum (k-vector) in the Brillouin zone. If the k-vectors are different, the material has an "indirect gap". The band gap is called "direct" if the crystal momentum of electrons and holes is the same in both the conduction band and the valence band; an electron can directly emit a photon. In an "indirect" gap, a photon cannot be emitted because the electron must pass through an intermediate state and transfer momentum to the crystal lattice.


title: Direct and indirect band gaps

text: Examples of direct bandgap materials include amorphous silicon and some III-V materials such as InAs and GaAs. Indirect bandgap materials include crystalline silicon and Ge. Some III-V materials are indirect bandgap as well, for example AlSb.


title: Direct and indirect band gaps

text: Interactions among electrons, holes, phonons, photons, and other particles are required to satisfy conservation of energy and crystal momentum (i.e., conservation of total k-vector). A photon with an energy near a semiconductor band gap has almost zero momentum. One important process is called radiative recombination, where an electron in the conduction band annihilates a hole in the valence band, releasing the excess energy as a photon. This is possible in a direct band gap semiconductor if the electron has a k-vector near the conduction band minimum (the hole will share the same k-vector), but not possible in an indirect band gap semiconductor, as photons cannot carry crystal momentum, and thus conservation of crystal momentum would be violated. For radiative recombination to occur in an indirect band gap material, the process must also involve the absorption or emission of a phonon, where the phonon momentum equals the difference between the electron and hole momentum. It can also, instead, involve a crystallographic defect, which performs essentially the same role. The involvement of the phonon makes this process much less likely to occur in a given span of time, which is why radiative recombination is far slower in indirect band gap materials than direct band gap ones. This is why light-emitting and laser diodes are almost always made of direct band gap materials, and not indirect band gap ones like silicon.


title: Direct and indirect band gaps

text: The fact that radiative recombination is slow in indirect band gap materials also means that, under most circumstances, radiative recombinations will be a small proportion of total recombinations, with most recombinations being non-radiative, taking place at point defects or at grain boundaries. However, if the excited electrons are prevented from reaching these recombination places, they have no choice but to eventually fall back into the valence band by radiative recombination. This can be done by creating a dislocation loop in the material. At the edge of the loop, the planes above and beneath the "dislocation disk" are pulled apart, creating a negative pressure, which raises the energy of the conduction band substantially, with the result that the electrons cannot pass this edge. Provided that the area directly above the dislocation loop is defect-free (no non-radiative recombination possible), the electrons will fall back into the valence shell by radiative recombination, thus emitting light. This is the principle on which "DELEDs" (Dislocation Engineered LEDs) are based.


title: Direct and indirect band gaps

text: The exact reverse of radiative recombination is light absorption. For the same reason as above, light with a photon energy close to the band gap can penetrate much farther before being absorbed in an indirect band gap material than a direct band gap one (at least insofar as the light absorption is due to exciting electrons across the band gap).


title: Direct and indirect band gaps

text: This fact is very important for photovoltaics (solar cells). Crystalline silicon is the most common solar-cell substrate material, despite the fact that it is indirect-gap and therefore does not absorb light very well. As such, they are typically hundreds of microns thick; thinner wafers would allow much of the light (particularly in longer wavelengths) to simply pass through. By comparison, thin-film solar cells are made of direct band gap materials (such as amorphous silicon, CdTe, CIGS or CZTS), which absorb the light in a much thinner region, and consequently can be made with a very thin active layer (often less than 1 micron thick).


title: Direct and indirect band gaps

text: The absorption spectrum of an indirect band gap material usually depends more on temperature than that of a direct material, because at low temperatures there are fewer phonons, and therefore it is less likely that a photon and phonon can be simultaneously absorbed to create an indirect transition. For example, silicon is opaque to visible light at room temperature, but transparent to red light at liquid helium temperatures, because red photons can only be absorbed in an indirect transition.