title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Nomura has stated that Kairi's name can be interpreted as "sea", as the on'yomi pronunciation of the Japanese word for "sea" is .


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is the initial player-controlled character of "Kingdom Hearts II", featured during the game's prologue segment. Introduced as a youth living in a virtual simulation of Twilight Town, he discovers himself to be Sora's Nobody, born when Sora transformed into a Heartless to restore Kairi's heart during the events of the first game. He is also revealed to be a defector from Organization XIII, which sought to utilize his ability to wield the Keyblade. Roxas serves as the main protagonist of "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days", which revolves around the circumstances leading to his eventual defection from the Organization. Roxas sacrifices his own existence to merge with Sora at the end of "Kingdom Hearts II"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s prologue sequence, but is restored in a replica body during the events of "Kingdom Hearts III".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is one of the three playable characters of "Birth by Sleep". He is a Keyblade wielder who is trained by Master Eraqus alongside Aqua and Ventus, developing a strong sibling-like bond and sharing his dream of becoming a Keyblade Master with them; gameplay-wise, he performs slower, heavier-hitting attacks than Aqua and Ventus. During an exam to obtain the Mark of Mastery, Master Xehanort manipulates the trials to stimulate the darkness that resides inside of Terra, for which he is denied the rank. He is thus easily manipulated by Xehanort's encouragements to channel his darkness into power, and becomes Xehanort's first vessel. Terra is ultimately freed from Xehanort's control and restored to normal during the events of "Kingdom Hearts III".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: , commonly nicknamed , is one of the three playable characters of "Birth by Sleep" who is later revealed to be a member of the Dandelions who survived the Keyblade War before being displaced from his time to escape the destruction of Daybreak Town. Throughout the plot of "Birth by Sleep", Xehanort intended Ventus to recreate χ-blade for his agenda. After Ventus sacrifices his heart to prevent the χ-blade's completion, his comatose body is sealed within Castle Oblivion while his heart takes refuge within Sora's, which factors into the physical appearance of Roxas. In "Kingdom Hearts III", Sora becomes aware of Ventus's heart within him and uses the power of waking to send it back to his body, reviving him. Ventus later aids Sora and his allies in the final battle with Xehanort.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is a Keyblade Master who serves as one of the three playable characters of "Birth by Sleep", and the sole playable character of "A Fragmentary Passage", a direct sequel bundled in "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue". She is also playable during one fight in "Kingdom Hearts III". She is a nimble character who specializes in magic attacks while dealing weak physical damage. As the only one among her friends to achieve the rank of Keyblade Master by the start of the game, she is tasked by Master Eraqus to watch over Terra and retrieve Ventus when he runs away from home. While attempting to protect Ventus and save Terra from Xehanort's control, she becomes trapped in the realm of darkness, where she remains suspended in time throughout the series while fending off the endless swarms of Heartless. In "Kingdom Hearts III", Sora rescues her from the realm of darkness, and she joins him in the final battle against Xehanort.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is the main antagonist of the Dark Seeker Saga, the first phase in the "Kingdom Hearts" series. Initially introduced as the original form of the sentient Heartless Ansem and Nobody Xemnas, Xehanort is further reestablished as an elderly Keyblade Master from the Destiny Islands who acquired the means to transplant his heart into the bodies of others, which he uses to orchestrate the events of the games up to "Kingdom Hearts III" to suit his agenda. Throughout the series, Xehanort is driven by an obsessive interest in the Keyblade War, a historic cataclysm that resulted in the universe's present, fragmented state. In "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", he attempts to use the hearts of his pupils Ventus and Vanitas to forge the χ-blade and unlock Kingdom Hearts to incite another war, desiring to create a new world where light and darkness exist in perfect balance. He also transfers his heart into Terra's body, prolonging his own life. However, he is defeated through the combined efforts of Ventus, Terra and Aqua, sustaining amnesia in the process. In "", Xehanort returns to his original form following the destruction of Ansem and Xemnas, who are revealed to have been created to reenact his original plan by gathering seven "guardians of light" and thirteen "seekers of darkness" in the form of the Princesses of Heart and Organization XIII, respectively; he also uses time travel to assemble Ansem, Xemnas, and other versions of himself from across time into a new Organization, sending their hearts into replica bodies to co-exist with their present self. In "Kingdom Hearts III", where he is defeated and his past selves are eliminated during a showdown against Sora's group, Xehanort surrenders and allows his heart to pass on together with his former friend Eraqus. In "Kingdom Hearts χ", he is revealed to be Ephemer's descendant.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Introduced in "Chain of Memories", is revealed in "Kingdom Hearts II" to be Kairi's Nobody, created when Sora releases Kairi's heart from within himself during the events of the first game. She has the ability to change, rearrange, or erase the memories of Sora and those close to him, for which she is called a witch. Originating at Castle Oblivion, she is forced by Marluxia to alter Sora's memories so he remembers her as a close friend from the Destiny Islands, allowing Marluxia to manipulate him. She later defies Marluxia to reveal the truth to Sora, and oversees the year-long process to restore Sora and his friends' memories to their original state. Naminé also saves Riku in "Reverse/Rebirth" from Zexion, disguising herself as Kairi. In "Kingdom Hearts II", Naminé visits Roxas in the virtual Twilight Town to help him discover his true identity as Sora's Nobody. Naminé returns in the game's final world to help Kairi escape from the Organization's dungeon, after which she merges with Kairi to complete her. In "Kingdom Hearts III", Naminé plays a role in summoning the Lingering Will to help Sora against Terra-Xehanort after being temporarily separated from Kairi's heart. Later, when Kairi's body is destroyed by Xehanort, Naminé's heart is released and stored in a replica body provided to Ansem the Wise and his apprentices by Riku, restoring Naminé's existence as a separate person.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is a group created by Xehanort in his plan to acquire the χ-blade, introduced as thirteen Nobodies who seek the power of Kingdom Hearts to become complete humans, with Xehanort's Nobody Xemnas ranked first as their leader. With the exception of Xemnas using Ansem's name, each Organization member's name is an anagram of their original self's name with the letter "X" inserted. While Nobodies initially lack true emotion and morality at first, they gradually grow hearts over time. In "Dream Drop Distance", it is revealed that the Organization's true purpose is to serve as vessels for Xehanort's heart in his plan to forge the χ-blade, with a second, "real" Organization XIII being assembled from several of the Organization's older members, who willingly return to their Nobody forms, and various incarnations of Xehanort brought from the past using artificial replica bodies. The first Organization's members also serve as computer-controlled party members of "358/2 Days", and are playable in the game's "Mission Mode". Excluding Xemnas and Roxas, the initial members and their original names are, in order of rank:


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is a replica created by Vexen from the real Riku's combat data, first appearing as an antagonist in "Chain of Memories". Initially appearing to be the real Riku under the influence of darkness, his true nature is revealed after he battles Sora to protect Naminé, who previously altered his memories so that he believed himself to be real as part of Marluxia's plan to manipulate Sora. The game's "Reverse/Rebirth" story mode depicts Riku's confrontations with his replica, who is eventually destroyed in a fight meant to prove his own right to exist after discovering his origins. In "Kingdom Hearts III", Riku finds the replica's heart in the realm of darkness and gives it refuge within his own heart. A past version of the replica called "Dark Riku" also appears in the game as a member of the real Organization XIII, masquerading as the real Riku's younger self. After Dark Riku is defeated, Riku Replica sacrifices himself to extract Dark Riku's heart from its vessel, which he provides for Naminé.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is the former sage king of Radiant Garden, first appearing in the "Reverse/Rebirth" storyline of "Chain of Memories" as a bandaged figure known as . His true identity is uncovered in "Kingdom Hearts II", simultaneously revealing the similarly named antagonist to be an impostor. Nine years prior to the first game's events, Ansem studies the darkness in people's hearts for the benefit of his world after taking an amnesic Terra-Xehanort in. After meeting with King Mickey and learning his research may be connected to a crisis happening in other worlds, Ansem ceases his experiments. However, Xehanort secretly continues the experiments under Ansem's name alongside Ansem's other pupils—Braig, Dilan, Even, Aeleus, and Ienzo—who exile Ansem to a world of nothingness and form Organization XIII. Ansem disguises himself as DiZ, an acronym for "Darkness in Zero", and escapes to exact revenge on the Organization.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: In "Chain of Memories", DiZ guides Riku through Castle Oblivion under the guise of Xehanort's Heartless. Together with Riku and Naminé, DiZ oversees the restoration of Sora, Donald, and Goofy's memories throughout "358/2 Days", moving them from Castle Oblivion to Twilight Town for safekeeping. When Roxas unwittingly begins absorbing Sora's memories, DiZ orders Riku to retrieve Roxas, whom he places inside a simulation of Twilight Town to eventually merge with Sora. In "Kingdom Hearts II", DiZ's plans fall apart when Sora does not function as he wants upon awakening. Realizing the harm he has brought upon Sora and his friends, DiZ becomes remorseful and loses his lust for revenge. Ansem reveals himself to Mickey at the World That Never Was while attempting to digitally encode Xemnas' Kingdom Hearts within a machine. The hearts overload the machine and cause it to self-destruct, with Ansem allowing himself to be engulfed by the blast to atone for his mistakes.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: In the epilogue of "Birth by Sleep", Ansem is revealed to be alive in the realm of darkness, where he relays his intact memories of Sora to Aqua. In "Dream Drop Distance", a digital copy of Ansem appears within Sora's heart to present Riku with research data he has hidden regarding Roxas, Xion, and Ventus's hearts. During the events of "Kingdom Hearts III", Ansem is brought back to the realm of light by Xehanort's Heartless to locate one of his former test subjects for the Organization before being rescued by Vexen's intervention. Following Xehanort's defeat, Ansem resumes his role as ruler of Radiant Garden.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is a Keyblade wielder and antagonist who first appears in "Birth by Sleep", created by Master Xehanort from darkness extracted from Ventus's heart as part of the man's plan to forge the χ-blade. Vanitas was initially faceless at the time of his creation until Ventus connected his heart to the newborn Sora, considering Sora as a "brother" like Ventus since their connection defined him as a person. Though he aids Xehanort's scheme, Vanitas acted on his own whims to lure Ventus away from home in order to strengthen him into his equal to commence their reunion while attacking him and his friends with the Unversed manifesting from Vanitas's negative emotions. While Vanitas succeeded in merging back into Ventus during their final confrontation at the Keyblade Graveyard, their reunion produces an unstable χ-blade, which is destroyed along with Vanitas in a metaphysical battle against Ventus within their combined heart. However, after briefly appearing alongside Young Xehanort in "Dream Drop Distance" in reaction to the presence of Ventus's heart within Sora's. Vanitas is inducted into the real Organization XIII as one of the thirteen seekers of darkness in "Kingdom Hearts III", using a replica body with the intention of reclaiming Ventus's heart. Vanitas returns to his original time upon being defeated a second time. In "Kingdom Hearts III: Re Mind" and "Kingdom Hearts: Dark Road", it is revealed that Vanitas is an incarnation of one of the thirteen True Darknesses, who was sealed within Ventus during the events of "Union χ" before being extracted by Xehanort.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: While developing "Birth by Sleep", Nomura created Vanitas's relationship with Ventus under suggestion from the game's Osaka development team, as he enjoyed the idea of adding more connections between characters. He chose the name "Vanitas"—Latin for "emptiness"—for its similarity to Ventus's name, and because its Japanese translation, , could be reinterpreted as Sora's name, which means "sky". A secret boss based on Vanitas called the appears in "Birth by Sleep".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: is introduced in "Birth by Sleep" as one of the few remaining Keyblade Masters alongside Xehanort, revealed to be descended from the Keyblade users that survived the Keyblade War. In charge of the Land of Departure, he is both a mentor and father figure to Terra, Aqua and Ventus, and is noted for being biased against the existence of darkness in favor of light, a key factor behind his eventual falling out with Xehanort. Nomura described his relationship with Xehanort as that of old friends and classmates. At the start of the game, Eraqus passes Aqua the Mark of Mastery but denies Terra, basing his decision on the darkness in Terra's heart. He sends Terra and Aqua to deal with the appearance of the Unversed and the disappearance of Master Xehanort, and also sends Aqua to retrieve Ventus, fearing that Xehanort will use Ventus to create the χ-blade. When Ventus confronts him over this and confirms his fears, Eraqus attempts to destroy Ventus to foil Xehanort's plan, but is stopped by Terra. After battling with his student, he is struck down by Xehanort and fades away, leaving his Keyblade behind. However, the game's secret ending reveals that Eraqus had hidden his own heart within Terra, allowing Terra to resist Xehanort's influence after being possessed by him. Eraqus returns in "Kingdom Hearts III", emerging from Terra's restored body and persuading Xehanort to surrender, after which their hearts ascend to the afterlife. "Dark Road" explores Eraqus's childhood and his friendship with Xehanort, which will eventually lead to the events of "Birth by Sleep".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Eraqus' name is an anagram of "Square", referencing series developer company Square Enix. He also bears a resemblance to "Final Fantasy" series creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. An additional boss modeled after Eraqus' armor, called the , appears in "Birth by Sleep Final Mix" as an opponent in the Mirage Arena.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: The are a group of Keyblade Masters trained under the Master of Masters, each a leader of one of the five Unions established to gather light and combat darkness. First appearing in "Kingdom Hearts χ", the Foretellers are each given a copy of the Book of Prophecies, which details their master's prediction of the future and the manifestation of worlds. After the Master disappears, the Foretellers' paranoia of a traitor among themselves results in infighting that eventually leads to the Keyblade War and the destruction of the world. With the exception of Ava, the Foretellers appear in the epilogue of "Kingdom Hearts III", where they are summoned by Luxu and informed of the events that occurred in their absence.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: The are a group of Keyblade wielders recruited by Ava, each deemed strong enough to resist the darkness. They are sent to another world before the Keyblade War to prevent being caught in the battle and to help rebuild the world in its aftermath. In the new world, five of the Dandelions, including Ventus and Lauriam, are chosen to retain their memories of the Keyblade War and become the new Union leaders, forming the joint group Union Cross to ensure the event would never repeat itself. The other Dandelions, like Elrena, had their memories rewritten to forget the events leading to the Keyblade War. When the digital Daybreak Town is about to be destroyed, the Dandelions escape and are sent to the future, appearing in different times.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Mickey Mouse is depicted in the "Kingdom Hearts" series as the king of Disney Castle, frequently referred to in-game as "King Mickey" or simply . He is also an experienced Keyblade Master, alternatively wielding a golden version of Sora's "Kingdom Key" retrieved from the realm of darkness, and the "Star Seeker" he is seen using during his apprenticeship to Yen Sid in "Birth by Sleep". Mickey is absent for most of the original game, which sees him departing his world to discover a solution to the Heartless' invasion, leaving instructions for Donald and Goofy telling to find and protect the Keyblade wielder. He has a more active role fighting alongside Sora and his allies in later installments, which first required the approval of Disney. He is a playable character in "Kingdom Hearts II", stepping in to replace Sora whenever the player is defeated during certain boss battles until he is able to revive Sora. He is also available for play in the "Mission Mode" of "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" as an unlockable character.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: In various games, Donald Duck and Goofy serve as the player's main computer-controlled partners. They are both depicted as members of Disney Castle's royal court; Donald is a magician who is proficient with a variety of offensive and supportive spells, and Goofy is a peaceful knights' captain who performs supportive and defensive techniques with a shield. In "Kingdom Hearts", Donald and Goofy embark on a journey to find their missing king, with orders from a letter left by Mickey to find the Keyblade wielder. They accompany Sora for this reason, initially viewing him as little more than a means to track down the king, and reluctantly abandoning him upon the discovery that Riku is the rightful owner of Sora's Keyblade. However, both eventually grow to care for Sora as a friend and remain with him. The two are also unlockable characters for play in "358/2 Days"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "Mission Mode".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Maleficent, an evil fairy and the antagonist of the 1959 film "Sleeping Beauty", appears as a secondary antagonist in the "Kingdom Hearts" series. During the first game, she leads a group of other Disney villains—Hades from "Hercules", Jafar from "Aladdin", Ursula from "The Little Mermaid", Oogie Boogie from "The Nightmare Before Christmas", and Captain Hook from "Peter Pan"—to capture the Princesses of Heart and harness the power of Kingdom Hearts, which she intends to use to conquer all worlds. In reality, she is an unwitting pawn of Xehanort, who first informs her of the princesses during the prequel "Birth by Sleep" as part of his own plan to gather components for the χ-blade. Her defeat results in her becoming trapped in the realm of darkness, but she returns after her raven forces Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather to recall their memories of her, allowing her to resume her conquest of worlds. Following Maleficent's attempts to acquire a new lair after losing Hollow Bastion, she and Pete proceed to search for the Master of Master's Black Box for much of "Kingdom Hearts III" before witnessing Luxu summoning the Foretellers.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Pete is included in "Kingdom Hearts II" as Maleficent's bumbling henchman who first encounters Sora's group while amassing a Heartless army for her, unaware of her earlier defeat. Originally a steamboat captain based on his depiction in "Steamboat Willie", Pete is banished to another dimension by Queen Minnie for incessantly causing mischief around Disney Town under the masked superhero guises "Captain Justice" and "Captain Dark", as seen in "Birth by Sleep". He becomes indebted to Maleficent when she frees him, and he vows to help conquer the worlds in return. He makes recurring appearances throughout "Kingdom Hearts II" and later installments, menacing Sora's group alongside Maleficent and various other Disney villains. A version of Pete based on his depiction in "" also appears in the "Country of the Musketeers" world based on the film.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Yen Sid is the sorcerer from "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" segment of "Fantasia", appearing as King Mickey's old mentor and a retired Keyblade Master who resides in the Mysterious Tower. He first appears in "Kingdom Hearts II", where he informs Sora's group of their task at hand on Mickey's behalf. In addition to providing counsel to the main characters of "Birth by Sleep", he proctors Sora and Riku's Mark of Mastery exam in "Dream Drop Distance" to prepare them for an inevitable showdown with Master Xehanort, training Kairi and Lea to serve as two of the potential seven "guardians of light" as well.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: The Princesses of Heart, known as the in the Japanese language version, are maidens whose hearts are made of pure light and devoid of darkness, with the original character Kairi as one such maiden. The roster of the other Princesses includes five official Disney Princesses—Snow White from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", Cinderella from the Disney film of the same name, Aurora from "Sleeping Beauty", Belle from "Beauty and the Beast", and Jasmine from "Aladdin", plus Alice from "Alice in Wonderland". "Kingdom Hearts III" introduces new inheritors of the original maidens' powers called the —including Rapunzel from "Tangled" and the sisters Anna and Elsa from "Frozen"—with only Kairi retaining her original role.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Throughout the original game, Maleficent kidnaps the princesses for their ability to summon the Keyhole to Kingdom Hearts when brought together. Xehanort's Heartless "Ansem" later uses six of the princesses' hearts to forge a Keyblade with the power to unlock people's hearts, intending to free Kairi's heart from Sora's. Sora restores their hearts after using Ansem's Keyblade on himself to revive Kairi, destroying it. The other princesses remain at Hollow Bastion to contain the darkness spilling from the Keyhole until the door to Kingdom Hearts is sealed, subsequently returning to their homeworlds. In the prequel "Birth by Sleep", it is revealed that Master Xehanort seeks out the Princesses of Heart, spurring Maleficent into gathering them as well; it is later explained in "Dream Drop Distance" that the princesses' hearts represent the seven fragments of light broken off from the χ-blade, which Xehanort intends to use in his plan to forge the weapon. To prevent this, Yen Sid prepares to substitute the princesses with seven Keyblade wielders to clash with Xehanort's reformed Organization XIII.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Several games in the "Kingdom Hearts" series feature computer-controlled characters that are added to the player's party in a specific world. The first game features six different party members in addition to Donald and Goofy: Tarzan in the Deep Jungle; Aladdin in Agrabah; Ariel in Atlantica from "The Little Mermaid"; Jack Skellington in Halloween Town from "The Nightmare Before Christmas"; Peter Pan in Never Land; and Beast from "Beauty and the Beast" in Hollow Bastion, a world exclusive to the series. In addition, there are six characters that can be acquired as summoned allies in the game: adult Simba from "The Lion King", Genie from "Aladdin", Dumbo, Bambi, Tinker Bell from "Peter Pan", and Mushu from "Mulan". "Chain of Memories" features the same party and summoned characters from the first game, with the inclusion of Cloud Strife as an additional summon.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Aladdin, Jack, and the Beast return as party members in "Kingdom Hearts II", with Ariel appearing in a non-playable capacity, and Peter Pan appearing as a summon in tandem with Tinker Bell. Adult Simba is featured as a full party member in "The Lion King"s Pride Lands, while Mushu becomes a supporting ally in tandem with new party member Mulan in the film's Land of Dragons. Other new party members include "Final Fantasy X" character Auron in the "Hercules"-inspired Olympus Coliseum world, Jack Sparrow in the "Pirates of the Caribbean"s Port Royal, and Tron in Space Paranoids. Chicken Little and Stitch are included as new summons.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: "Birth by Sleep" removes the standard party system utilized by previous games, instead using characters as temporary partners during certain portions of the game. These characters are Prince Phillip in Enchanted Dominion, based on "Sleeping Beauty"; Hercules and Zack Fair in Olympus Coliseum, with the latter being based on his "" appearance; and Stitch, named "Experiment 626", in the "Lilo & Stitch"-inspired Deep Space.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Hercules and Jack Sparrow return as party members in "Kingdom Hearts III", with new party members including Woody and Buzz Lightyear from "Toy Story", Rapunzel and Flynn Rider from "Tangled", James P. Sullivan and Mike Wazowski from "Monsters, Inc.", Marshmallow from "Frozen", and Baymax from "Big Hero 6", all in worlds based on their respective films. Wreck-It Ralph, Simba, Ariel, and Stitch also appear as summonable "Link" characters alongside the "Meow Wow" Dream Eater from "Dream Drop Distance".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: One of the common elements in the "Kingdom Hearts" series is the inclusion of levels based on various Disney and Pixar films, as well as related media. Several key characters from the films appear in their respective worlds, closely following their roles from the film and play a small role in the main story.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Several characters from the Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck universes appear in the "Kingdom Hearts" series, most of them appearing at the original world Disney Castle and its adjacent urban area, Disney Town. Minnie Mouse is portrayed as the queen of Disney Castle who rules in the absence of her husband, King Mickey. Daisy Duck, Donald Duck's girlfriend, is Queen Minnie's lady-in-waiting. Pluto reprises his role as Mickey's pet and makes recurring appearances throughout the series, accompanying Donald and Goofy's search for the king in the first game. Chip 'n' Dale act as Disney Castle's technicians, managing the Gummi Ship that Sora's party uses to travel between worlds; they play a major role in "Coded", where they construct the machine used to digitize the contents of Jiminy Cricket's journal. Donald's nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie appear as shop owners in "Kingdom Hearts" and "Kingdom Hearts II", where they attempt to save up money to go on their own adventure. Scrooge McDuck appears in "Kingdom Hearts II", "Birth by Sleep", and "Kingdom Hearts III" where he attempts to open business venues, such as a transit system between worlds, an ice cream business, and a restaurant in Twilight Town. The Beagle Boys, as depicted in "", reprise their roles from the film as Pete's minions in the "Dream Drop Distance" level "Country of the Musketeers". Other characters such as Horace Horsecollar, Clarabelle Cow, and Clara Cluck make minor appearances in "Kingdom Hearts II" and "Birth by Sleep". Ludwig Von Drake does not appear physically, but is mentioned on the Classic Kingdom posters found in Twilight Town in "Kingdom Hearts III".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Characters from other Disney films also play prominent roles in the games' story. Jiminy Cricket appears as a chronicler of Sora's travels, recording information about the people, places and events they encounter in his journals; he also retains his role from "Pinocchio" as the title character's conscience. Merlin from "The Sword in the Stone" acts as Sora's mentor in performing magic, and he keeps an enchanted book that allows players access to the Hundred Acre Wood world based on Disney's "Winnie the Pooh" franchise. The Fairy Godmother from "Cinderella" appears in Merlin's house in "Kingdom Hearts", where she transforms "summon gems" collected throughout the game into summoned allies; she also appears in "Birth by Sleep" as a resident of her original world, the Castle of Dreams. The One Hundred and One Dalmatians are featured in a side-quest in the first game, where players retrieve Pongo and Perdita's 99 puppies scattered throughout the game's worlds in exchange for prizes. Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather from "Sleeping Beauty" appear in "Kingdom Hearts II", where they provide Sora with new clothes that grant him access to Drive Forms. "Kingdom Hearts III" includes Remy from Pixar's "Ratatouille" as the chef of Scrooge McDuck's bistro, where he hosts a cooking minigame.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: In addition to Disney elements, "Kingdom Hearts" features characters from other Square Enix-developed titles, most prominently "Final Fantasy". A majority of the games include Moogles, small creatures that are a recurring element throughout the "Final Fantasy" series; they serve to run shops where players can create and purchase items used in the game.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: "Kingdom Hearts" prominently depicts several "Final Fantasy" characters as residents of the ruined world Radiant Garden, known as Hollow Bastion prior to "Kingdom Hearts II". Led by Squall Leonheart from "Final Fantasy VIII", who goes by the name out of shame for his inability to save his home, the group also includes "Final Fantasy VII" characters Aerith Gainsborough, a flower girl and healer; Yuffie Kisaragi, a friendly ninja; and Cid Highwind, an expert in the games' "Gummi Ship" feature. These characters form the "Hollow Bastion Restoration Committee" in "Kingdom Hearts II", with the goal of rebuilding their destroyed world following Maleficent's defeat, using the home of Merlin as a base. In both games, Leon and Yuffie are featured as opponents in the Olympus Coliseum. The Restoration Committee return in "Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind", helping Riku search for clues to the missing Sora's disappearance.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Youthful versions of "Final Fantasy X" characters Tidus and Wakka, as well as "Final Fantasy VIII" character Selphie Tilmitt, make recurring appearances as residents of the Destiny Islands. The three serve as optional sparring partners early in the first game.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Cloud Strife appears in "Kingdom Hearts" at Olympus Coliseum, based on Disney's "Hercules". In the game, he is a mercenary hired by Hades to kill Hercules in exchange for the whereabouts of Sephiroth, who is an optional boss included in the North American, PAL, and "Final Mix" releases of the game. Cloud and Tifa Lockhart later appear in "Kingdom Hearts II" as allies of the Hollow Bastion Restoration Committee; Sephiroth also returns here as an optional boss, and is depicted as the embodiment of Cloud's darkness.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Younger incarnations of "Final Fantasy VIII" characters Seifer Almasy, Fujin, and Raijin—the latter two named "Fuu" and "Rai", respectively—appear in "Kingdom Hearts II" as members of Twilight Town's self-proclaimed disciplinary committee. Twilight Town also depicts "Final Fantasy IX"s Vivi Ornitier as an admirer of Seifer, and "Final Fantasy VI"s Setzer Gabbiani as a champion of the local Struggle sport; neither character was designed by Nomura, who included them under pressure from his staff.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: The Gullwings from "Final Fantasy X-2"—Yuna, Rikku and Paine—are depicted as fairy-like creatures in "Kingdom Hearts II", where they are initially sent by Maleficent to spy on the Hollow Bastion Restoration Committee, but later switch sides to help Sora's group in exchange for treasure.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Kefka Palazzo and the Warring Triad from "Final Fantasy VI" appear as a Heartless boss named "Mysterious Sir" in "Kingdom Hearts Union χ". The recurring "Final Fantasy" summoned beings Shiva, Ramuh, Ifrit and Leviathan also appear as Heartless bosses in the game.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: The main characters of "The World Ends with You"—Neku Sakuraba, Yoshiya "Joshua" Kiryu, Shiki Misaki, Daisukenojo "Beat" Bito, and Raimu "Rhyme" Bito—appear in "Dream Drop Distance" as players of a Reapers' Game in Traverse Town. They are depicted as figments of their original selves, saved from fading out of existence by Joshua following Shibuya's destruction.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: The SS-01 SchwarzGheist from "Einhänder" appears as a Gummi Heartless boss in "Kingdom Hearts III" under the name "SchwarzGheist".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: The characters of the "Kingdom Hearts" series have had various types of merchandise modeled after their likeness. Square Enix has released a collection of Formation Arts figurines that feature several of the main characters from the first game. A series of Play Arts action figures has also been released. Other merchandise includes jewelry and key chains modeled after character apparel and accessories. The characters are also featured on posters, desktop wallpapers, and trading cards that are part of the "Kingdom Hearts" Trading Card Game.


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: Overall, the characters within the "Kingdom Hearts" series have been well received and have garnered praise for the quality of their voice acting as well as their visual style. IGN, GameSpy, and "Game Informer" all praised the animation quality of the characters. IGN's David Smith's impressions of the characters were very positive, referring to them as an "engaging cast", and stating the "characters' acting is helped immensely by the facial expressions and body". The design of the characters created specifically for "Kingdom Hearts" was seen as the highlight of the first game, stating "the majority of its best visual moments are based on original designs". One complaint he expressed was "the odd bit of cheating with the lip-synching, where textured facial features are substituted for full 3D animation". GameSpy stated the Disney characters "slide perfectly into Square's visual style", and complemented the realistic characters from "Pirates of the Caribbean", describing them as "remarkably accurate".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: GameSpot commented the first game created a "fascinating world" using the Disney and "Final Fantasy" characters. GameSpy stated the inclusion of the Disney and Square Enix characters was handled well. The main character Sora has also received press comments. In January 2007, Sora was listed the 4th biggest dork of 2006 by "Game Informer", citing the Atlantica singing portions of the game. IGN listed him as a possible character in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl"; though he was not chosen as the "reader's choice".


title: Characters of Kingdom Hearts

text: GameSpy praised the voice cast and voice acting in the first and third games. G4TV awarded "Kingdom Hearts II" "Best Voice Over" in their 2006 G-phoria Awards. "Game Informer" praised the voice acting of the third game, particularly the performances by Haley Joel Osment, Christopher Lee, and James Woods. They also stated the voice talent "shines across the board." Reception towards the voice acting in "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", however, was decidedly mixed, with praise aimed at the performances of Jesse McCartney, Mark Hamill and Leonard Nimoy, while Willa Holland and Jason Dohring's performances received a more mixed reaction, with GameSpot referring to Dohring's performance as "abysmal".


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad () is a city, commissionary and municipal corporation in Moradabad district of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Moradabad is situated on the banks of the Ramganga river, at a distance of from the national capital, New Delhi and 344 km north-west of the state capital Lucknow.


title: Moradabad

text: Founded by Rustam Khan, the governor of Katehar under the Mughal emperor Shahjahan, Moradabad is named after prince Murad Bakhsh, the youngest son of the emperor. Soon after its establishment, the city replaced Sambhal as the seat of the governor of Katehar. Moradabad was subsequently annexed into the Kingdom of Rohilkhand by Ali Mohammed Khan in 1740. The city came under the control of Oudh State in 1774 after the fall of Rohillas in the First Rohilla War and was then ceded to the British East India Company by the Nawab of Oudh in 1801. In the early nineteenth century, the Rohilkhand area was divided among the Rampur State and two districts - Bareilly and Moradabad; Moradabad became the headquarters of the latter.


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad was connected with railway lines during the latter half of the nineteenth century. A line connecting Moradabad to Chandausi was built in 1872 and it was continued up to Bareilly in 1873. The Bareilly-Moradabad chord via Rampur was completed in 1894, which was extended to Saharanpur in 1886. A branch line to Aligarh via Chandausi was opened in 1894, while Moradabad was linked to Ghaziabad in 1900. Moradabad is the divisional headquarters of Northern Railway (NR). The city is known as "Pital Nagri" ("Brass City") for its famous brass handicrafts industry. In October 2014, "Livemint" included Moradabad in its list of "25 Emerging Cities To Watch Out For In 2025".


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad was originally called Chaupala. It was a stronghold of the Katehria Rajputs, who had built a mud-brick fort overlooking the Ganges. Little remains of the settlement from this period, except for some monuments to widows of the Katehria chieftains. Under the Mughal Empire, Chaupala was the seat of a pargana; it is mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari as being part of the sarkar of Sambhal. It produced a revenue of 1,340,812 dams for the imperial treasury and it provided a force of 500 infantry and 100 cavalry to the Mughal army.


title: Moradabad

text: The modern city of Moradabad was founded by Rustam Khan Dakhani, Mughal governor of Sambhal, during the reign of Shah Jahan. In 1624, Raja Ramsukh, leader of the Katehrias, had rebelled and invaded the Tarai region. The raja of Kumaon had complained to Shah Jahan, who then sent Rustam Khan to deal with the disturbance. Rustam Khan did so "with great vigor": he not only captured Chaupala and put Ramsukh to death, but also refounded the city as Rustamnagar (named after himself), building a new fort and great mosque and making the place his new capital. The ruins of which were still visible as of the early 20th century in the form of a wall along the riverfront. The mosque is also extant, with an inscription dated to 1632. The fort and mosque remain among the oldest major monuments in Moradabad today.


title: Moradabad

text: The name "Rustamnagar" was short-lived, however. Shah Jahan soon called Rustam Khan to his court and demanded an explanation for why he had exceeded his orders. In an attempt to placate the emperor, Rustam Khan said that he had named it "Muradabad" in honor of the young prince, Murad Bakhsh. The emperor was satisfied and permitted Rustam Khan to remain in charge of the new city, which now came to replace Sambhal as the Mughal governors' capital, and the name Muradabad (or Moradabad) has been in use ever since.


title: Moradabad

text: During summers the temperature is usually from 43 °C to 30 °C and during winters it is from 25 °C to 5 °C.


title: Moradabad

text: According to the 2011 census Moradabad City has a population of 887,871. The population of Moradabad district was 4,772,006, roughly equal to the nation of Singapore or the US state of Alabama. It is the second most populated district in the state of Uttar Pradesh. This gives it a ranking of 26th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 25.25%.


title: Moradabad

text: Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Police Academy, Moradabad is situated in the heart of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Police Services Officer and State Police Service officers of UP cadre and Uttrakhand Cadre are trained here before the appointment.


title: Moradabad

text: The Police Training College was earlier known as Police Training School (PTS), established in Allahabad in 1878 under an Assistant Superintendent of Police. It was shifted to Moradabad in 1901. The academy has two other police colleges under its administration: Police Training College and Police Training School. The former is used to train police officers of the rank of inspector and sub-inspector, and the latter is used to train head constables and constables.


title: Moradabad

text: Besides the above Inspector-General of Police, western zone, Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) also sits in Moradabad.


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad has Battalion headquarters of 9/23/24 Bn. of U.P. Provincial Armed Constabulary, also have their offices here. Moradabad is the largest police establishment of U.P. Police after Lucknow.


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad is a major industrial city of Uttar Pradesh and one of India's biggest export hubs. Its metalcrafts industry alone accounts for more than 40% of total handicraft exports from India.


title: Moradabad

text: By 2018 it had a metalcraft business turnover of ₹9700 crores out of which ₹5400 crores was export revenue and the same year Moradabad was counted amongst India's manufacturing hubs by The Economic Times.


title: Moradabad

text: And by the year 2020 it had increased further to reach ₹15000 crores out of which ₹10000 crores was export revenue.


title: Moradabad

text: In October 2014, Livemint included Moradabad in its list of "25 Emerging Cities To Watch Out For In 2025".


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad is popularly known as the Brass City of the country. Countries like Britain, the US, Middle East, Germany and Canada import brassware from Moradabad. In Moradabad, there are about 600 export units and 9000 industries in the district. Moradabad exports goods worth Rs. 4500 crore yearly. Products such as iron sheet, metal wares, aluminum, artworks and glassware are exported. The export of mint is done in several crores from Moradabad. Due to upsurge of exports and popularity in foreign particularly in America, Europe, Italy and other countries, a large number of exporters are launching their units and started their export. Moradabad is one of the seven industrial corridors declared by the State Government in Industrial Policy 1999–2002.


title: Moradabad

text: Mohammed Yar Khan is known as the founder of Moradabad's brass industry; he migrated from Afghanistan in the 1800s and started the export industry. He was awarded various medals from British Empire exhibitions in United Kingdom.


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad Special Economic Zone (SEZ), the only Uttar Pradesh Government developed SEZ in northern India, headed by the Development Commissioner, Noida SEZ and locally governed by the Assistant Development Commissioner, was set up in 2003 at Pakbara – Dingarpur Road in Moradabad on a 421.565-acre plot of land. Government of UP, through UPSIDC, being developers to this SEZ project has so far invested a sum of ₹1100 million on its development. Moradabad SEZ provides excellent infrastructure, supportive services and sector specific facilities for the Handicraft Trade. Proximity to Delhi/ NCR and availability of skilled and dedicated manpower makes it ideal for setting up various industries in Handicrafts & its allied filed. Moradabad SEZ was operationalized since April, 2007 when it started with only one unit, however till today in spite of the global slowdown in the handicraft trade for past four years; this zone has now 22 operational Units.


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad SEZ has 465 developed plots of varying sizes. Future expansion of this has been strategically planned and soon it will be available for few more export sectors.


title: Moradabad

text: Infrastructure, supportive services and trade related facilities have been substantially upgraded during the last few years. Moradabad SEZ offers access to the global telecommunication network, uninterrupted power supply and efficient local transport system. An ultra-modern RSU Telephone Exchange has been installed in the Zone, besides the availability of all the mobile frequencies in and around the zone through various mobile communication towers. An independent feeder line has since been provided for uninterrupted power supply, the reliability and quality of power supply has improved with the pre-commissioned 32 / 11 KVA / 5.0 MVA Power Sub-station within Moradabad SEZ. Proximity to Delhi/ NCR provides easy access to the financial and commercial infrastructure of the capital. Customs Wing ensures prompt and on the spot clearances of export/import consignments through web based system called "sezonline".


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad railway station is one of the major railway stations of Indian Railways. It lies on Lucknow-Moradabad line, Delhi-Moradabad line and Moradabad-Ambala line. More than 250 trains pass through and stop at Moradabad Railway Station every day. It is directly connected with Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Agra, Aligarh, Ghaziabad, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Haridwar, Dehradun, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Ambala, Guwahati, Dibrugarh, Kolkata, Jamshedpur, Varanasi, Ahmedabad, Patna.


title: Moradabad

text: Shatabdi Express, Rajdhani Express, Garib-Rath Express Many Super fast, mail and passenger trains stop at Moradabad.


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad is called an inter-change station due to a five line junction. Moradabad Railway Station is One of the Oldest Railway Station Of India. It was built in 1873, and was electrified in 2012.


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad railway station is category 'A' railway station. It has a tourist information centre, post office, telegraph office, General Railway Police Office, computerized reservation counters, retiring room, vegetarian and non vegetarian refreshment rooms, tea stall and bookstall. It also has the Tatkal seat booking counter.


title: Moradabad

text: Moradabad Airport is under construction. The nearest international airport is Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi, 178 km away.


title: Moradabad

text: Bareilly Airport is a nearest major domestic airport to Moradabad which is located around 85km from Moradabad,it is connected to cities like Mumbai, New Delhi and Bengaluru with direct flights


title: Shishapangma

text: Shishapangma, also called Gosainthān, is the 14th-highest mountain in the world, at above sea level. In 1964, it became the last of the 8,000-metre peaks to be climbed. This was due to its location entirely within Tibet and the restrictions on visits by foreign travelers to the region imposed by Chinese authorities.


title: Shishapangma

text: Geologist Toni Hagen explained the name as meaning a "grassy plain" or "meadow" (') above a "comb" or a "range" (' or ") in the local Tibetan language, thereby signifying the "crest above the grassy plains".


title: Shishapangma

text: On the other hand, Tibetologist Guntram Hazod records a local story that explains the mountain's name in terms of its literal meaning in the Standard Tibetan language: ', which means "meat of an animal that died of natural causes", and ', which means "malt dregs left over from brewing beer". According to the story, one year a heavy snowfall killed most of the animals at pasture. All that the people living near the mountain had to eat was the meat of the dead animals and the malt dregs left over from brewing beer, and so the mountain was named Shisha Pangma ("), signifying "meat of dead animals and malty dregs".


title: Shishapangma

text: The Sanskrit name of the mountain, "Gosainthan", means "place of the saint" or "Abode of God". The name is in use in popular literature. For example, in the comic strip "Tintin In Tibet", a fictional Air India flight had crashed at Gosainthan. Tintin, Captain Haddock and the Sherpa team travelged to Gosainthan in search of Chang Chong-Chen.


title: Shishapangma

text: Shishapangma is located in south-central Tibet, five kilometres from the border with Nepal. It is the only eight-thousander entirely within Chinese territory. It is also the highest peak in the Jugal Himal, which is contiguous with and often considered part of Langtang Himal. The Jugal/Langtang Himal straddles the Tibet/Nepal border. Since Shishapangma is on the dry north side of the Himalayan crest and farther from the lower terrain of Nepal, it has less dramatic vertical relief than most major Himalayan peaks.


title: Shishapangma

text: Some of Shishapangma's ascents are not well verified, or still in dispute, with climbers potentially having only reached the slightly lower central (or west) summit at , which is still almost two hours of dangerous ridge-climbing from the true summit at . Respected Himalayan chronicler and record keeper Elizabeth Hawley famously got Ed Viesturs (amongst others) to re-climb the true main summit of Shishapangma in his quest to climb all 14 eight-thousanders, as she would not accept central (or west) summit ascents as being full ascents of Shishapangma for her "Himalayan Database" .


title: Shishapangma

text: Thirty-one people have died climbing Shishapangma, including Americans Alex Lowe and Dave Bridges in 1999, veteran Portuguese climber Bruno Carvalho, and noted Bulgarian climber Boyan Petrov, who disappeared on 3 May 2018. Nevertheless, Shishapangma is regarded as one of the easiest eight-thousanders to climb. The most common ascent, via the Northern Route, traverses the northwest face and northeast ridge and face, and has relatively easy access, with vehicle travel possible to base camp at . Routes on the steeper southwest face are more technically demanding and involve of ascent on a 50-degree slope.


title: Shishapangma

text: Shishapangma was first climbed, via the Northern Route, on 2 May 1964 by a Chinese expedition led by Xǔ Jìng. In addition to Xǔ Jìng, the summit team consisted of Zhāng Jùnyán (张俊岩), Wang Fuzhou, Wū Zōngyuè (邬宗岳), Chén Sān (陈三), Soinam Dorjê (索南多吉), Chéng Tiānliàng (成天亮), Migmar Zhaxi (米马扎西), Dorjê (多吉), and Yún Dēng (云登).


title: Knorr (brand)

text: Knorr (, , ) is a German food and beverage brand. It has been owned by the British company Unilever since 2000, when Unilever acquired Best Foods, excluding Japan, where it is made under licence by Ajinomoto. It produces dehydrated soup and meal mixes, bouillon cubes and condiments.


title: Knorr (brand)

text: It was known as Royco in Indonesia, Kenya, and the Netherlands, and as Continental in Australia and New Zealand. Knorr is also produced in India and Pakistan.


title: Knorr (brand)

text: Knorr was founded in 1838 by Carl Heinrich Theodor Knorr (1800–1875). Knorr headquarters are in Heilbronn, Germany. Products previously sold under the Lipton brand are now being absorbed into the Knorr product line. With annual sales topping €3 billion, Knorr is Unilever's biggest selling brand.


title: Knorr (brand)

text: An Israeli company, based in Haifa, Israel Edible Products, produces kosher soups for Knorr that are sold in Israel and the United States.


title: Knorr (brand)

text: In 1912, the first Knorr bouillon cube was introduced. Carl Heinrich Knorr began experimenting with drying vegetables and seasoning to preserve nutrition and flavour, which led to Knorr's first launch of dried soups across Continental Europe in 1873. The bouillon cube is typically made from vegetables, meat .


title: Knorr (brand)

text: Knorr is available around the world. By 2000, the Knorr brand expanded to nearly ninety countries, from eight countries in 1957. In Japan, Knorr is owned by Ajinomoto.


title: Knorr (brand)

text: The small red imp-like figure on packaging is known as "Knorrli" and was first used as a brand mascot in 1948.


title: 480i

text: 480i is the video mode used for standard-definition digital television in the Caribbean, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Laos, Western Sahara, and most of the Americas (with the exception of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay). The "480" identifies a vertical resolution of 480 lines, and the "i" identifies it as an interlaced resolution. The field rate, which is 60 Hz (or 59.94 Hz when used with NTSC color), is sometimes included when identifying the video mode, i.e. 480i60; another notation, endorsed by both the International Telecommunication Union in BT.601 and SMPTE in SMPTE 259M, includes the frame rate, as in 480i/30. The other common standard definition digital standard, used in the rest of the world, is 576i.


title: 480i

text: It originated from the need for a standard to digitize analog TV (defined in BT.601) and is now used for digital TV broadcasts and home appliances such as game consoles and DVD disc players.


title: 480i

text: Although related, it should not be confused with the analog "525 lines" resolution, mandated by CCIR Systems M and J and usually paired with NTSC color. This association explains why 480i is sometimes inaccurately called "NTSC", even though NTSC only exists in the analog domain.


title: 480i

text: For analog NTSC, there are a total of 525 scanning lines per frame of which originally 483 lines were visible (241.5 visible lines per field + 21 lines of vertical blanking per field = 483 + 42 = 525 lines per frame) and later 480 (240 complete lines per field). [For quad video recording systems, the math suggests 15 transverse head passes, each consisting of 16 lines of video, are required to complete one field.]


title: 480i

text: A full frame consists of two fields. One field contains the odd-numbered lines and the other contains the even ones. By convention an NTSC video frame is considered to start with an even field followed by an odd field. The disparity of the line numbering compared to other systems is solved by defining the line numbering to start five equalizing pulses (or 2 and a half lines) earlier than on all other systems, including Systems A (405-line) and E (819-line) even though they had no equalizing pulses, on the first equalizing pulse following an active line or half line. This has the effect of placing a half line of video at the end of the even (first) field and the beginning of the odd (second field). Thus the line numbers correspond to the real lines of the video frame. On all other systems, the field was considered to start with the falling edge of the first field pulse which gave the confusing position that the odd field (first) had a half a line of video occupying the latter half of a whole line and ended with a whole line of video but half a scanning line (and vice versa for the even field). The NTSC convention solved this confusion.


title: 480i

text: For DV-NTSC only 480 lines are used. The digitally transmitted horizontal resolution is usually 720 samples (which includes 16 samples for the horizontal sync and horizontal blanking) or 704 visible pixels with an aspect ratio of 4:3 (with vertically rectangular pixels) and therefore a display resolution of 640 × 480 (VGA); that is standard-definition television (SDTV) with a 4:3 aspect ratio (with square pixels).


title: 480i

text: The field rate (not the frame rate) is usually (60/1.001) = 59.94 hertz for color TV and is often incorrectly rounded up to 60 Hz. There are several conventions for written shorthands for the combination of resolution and rate: 480i60, 480i/30 (EBU/SMPTE always use frame rate to specify interlaced formats) and 480/60i. 480i is usually used in countries that conventionally use NTSC (most of the Americas and Japan), because the 525 transmitted lines at 60 hertz of analogue NTSC contain 480 visible ones.


title: 480i

text: In each case of the use of the ‘60’ terminology, it is merely shorthand for 59.94, to differentiate it from 30 (29.97) or 24 (23.976).


title: 480i

text: Color information is stored using the YCbCr color space (different from NTSC that used YIQ) with sampling (also different from NTSC) and following Rec. 601 colorimetry.


title: Randall Wallace

text: Randall Wallace (born July 28, 1949) is an American screenwriter, film director, producer, and songwriter who came to prominence by writing the screenplay for the historical drama film "Braveheart" (1995). His work on the film earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and a Writers Guild of America Award in the same category. He has since directed films such as "The Man in the Iron Mask" (1998), "We Were Soldiers" (2002), "Secretariat" (2010) and "Heaven Is for Real" (2014).


title: Randall Wallace

text: Born in Jackson, Tennessee, he lived in Memphis and Henderson County, Tennessee before moving to Virginia. Wallace began writing stories at the age of seven. He graduated from E.C. Glass High School in Lynchburg, Virginia and attended Duke University, where he studied Russian, religion, and literature and was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He put himself through a graduate year of seminary by teaching martial arts. Wallace holds a black belt in karate.


title: Randall Wallace

text: After managing an animal show at Nashville's Opryland, Wallace moved to Hollywood to pursue a career in singing and songwriting. He began writing short stories, novels and scripts for movies. Wallace was taken under the wing of leading television producer Stephen J. Cannell and spent several years writing for television in the late 1980s and early 1990s.


title: Randall Wallace

text: He gained recognition and commercial success by penning the screenplay for "Braveheart" (1995), which was inspired by a trip to Scotland to learn more about his Scottish roots. While there, he discovered the legend of the medieval Scottish patriot William Wallace; he is not, however, related to William Wallace in any way. "Braveheart" became Wallace's first screenplay to be produced, after drawing the interest of Mel Gibson, who went on to produce, direct and star in the film. It ended up as one of the most successful films of 1995, earning over $200 million. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including a Best Original Screenplay nomination for Wallace, and won five, including the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director. "Braveheart" also won one Golden Globe Award and four BAFTA Awards.


title: Randall Wallace

text: Wallace made his directorial debut with his own screenplay in "The Man in the Iron Mask" (1998), starring Leonardo DiCaprio, John Malkovich, Gabriel Byrne, Jeremy Irons and Gérard Depardieu. Shortly after, he wrote the screenplay for "Pearl Harbor" (2001), directed by Michael Bay and starring Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett and Kate Beckinsale.


title: Randall Wallace

text: This was followed by Wallace's second film as director "We Were Soldiers" (2002), on which Wallace re-teamed with Mel Gibson. It was about the Battle of Ia Drang (1965) during the Vietnam War, based on the memoir by Lieutenant General Hal Moore.


title: Randall Wallace

text: Wallace directed Disney’s "Secretariat" (2010), the true story of the racehorse that won the Triple Crown in 1973. The film chronicled the struggles and courage of owner Penny Chenery-Tweedy, portrayed by Academy Award-nominated actress Diane Lane. Wallace also wrote the end title song, "It’s Who You Are", which was released with the "Secretariat" soundtrack.


title: Randall Wallace

text: Wallace's next directorial project was the religious drama "Heaven Is for Real" (2014), based on the story of the same name.


title: Randall Wallace

text: Wallace is the "New York Times" bestselling author of seven novels and the lyricist of the hymn "Mansions of the Lord", originally written for "We Were Soldiers" and performed as the recessional for President Ronald Reagan's national funeral.


title: Randall Wallace

text: In 2008, Wallace wrote several songs with singer/songwriter Richard Marx. One of those songs, "Flame In Your Fire", appears on Marx's album "Emotional Remains".


title: Randall Wallace

text: In interviews he has acknowledged a deep commitment to Christianity, which he credits as an influence on his approach to filmmaking.


title: Randall Wallace

text: In addition to his work as a filmmaker, Wallace is the founder of Hollywood for Habitat for Humanity and the father of two sons. In 1999, he formed his own company, Wheelhouse Entertainment, which is focused on creating entertainment for worldwide audiences based on the classic values of love, courage and honor.


title: Randall Wallace

text: Wallace served as the commencement speaker at the Liberty University graduation ceremony on May 14, 2011.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: In mathematics, specifically differential calculus, the inverse function theorem gives a sufficient condition for a function to be invertible in a neighborhood of a point in its domain: namely, that its "derivative is continuous and non-zero at the point". The theorem also gives a formula for the derivative of the inverse function.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: In multivariable calculus, this theorem can be generalized to any continuously differentiable, vector-valued function whose Jacobian determinant is nonzero at a point in its domain, giving a formula for the Jacobian matrix of the inverse. There are also versions of the inverse function theorem for complex holomorphic functions, for differentiable maps between manifolds, for differentiable functions between Banach spaces, and so forth.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The theorem was first established by Picard and Goursat using an iterative scheme: the basic idea is to prove a fixed point theorem using the contraction mapping theorem.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: For functions of a single variable, the theorem states that if formula_1 is a continuously differentiable function with nonzero derivative at the point formula_2; then formula_1 is injective (or bijective onto the image) in a neighborhood of formula_2, the inverse is continuously differentiable near formula_5, and the derivative of the inverse function at formula_6 is the reciprocal of the derivative of formula_1 at formula_2:


title: Inverse function theorem

text: It can happen that a function formula_1 may be injective near a point formula_2 while formula_12. An example is formula_13. In fact, for such a function, the inverse cannot be differentiable at formula_14, since if formula_15 were differentiable at formula_6, then, by the chain rule, formula_17, which implies formula_18. (The situation is different for holomorphic functions; see #Holomorphic inverse function theorem below.)


title: Inverse function theorem

text: For functions of more than one variable, the theorem states that if is a continuously differentiable function from an open set formula_19 of formula_20 into formula_21, and the derivative formula_22 is invertible at a point (that is, the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of at is non-zero), then there exist neighborhoods formula_23 of formula_2 in formula_19 and formula_26 of formula_14 such that formula_28 and formula_29 is bijective. Writing formula_30, this means that the system of equations formula_31 has a unique solution for formula_32 in terms of formula_33 when formula_34. Note that the theorem "does not" say formula_1 is bijective onto the image where formula_36 is invertible (the determinant of the Jacobian matrix is nonzero) but that it is locally bijective where formula_36 is invertible.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: Moreover, the theorem says that the inverse function formula_38 is continuously differentiable, and its derivative at formula_5 is the inverse map of formula_22; i.e.,


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The hard part of the theorem is the existence and differentiability of formula_15. Assuming this, the inverse derivative formula follows from the chain rule applied to formula_46. (Indeed, formula_47) Since taking the inverse is infinitely differentiable, the formula for the derivative of the inverse shows that if formula_1 is formula_49-th differentiable, with nonzero derivative at the point , then the inverse is also formula_49-th differentiable. Here formula_49 is a positive integer or formula_52.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: There are two variants of the inverse function theorem. Given a continuously differentiable map formula_53, the one is


title: Inverse function theorem

text: In the first case (when formula_22 is surjective), the point formula_14 is called a regular value. Since formula_69, the first case is equivalent to saying formula_14 is not in the image of critical points formula_2 (a critical point is a point formula_2 such that the kernel of formula_22 is nonzero). The statement in the first case is sometimes also called the submersion theorem.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: These variants are restatements of the inverse functions theorem. Indeed, in the first case when formula_22 is surjective, we can find an (injective) linear map formula_75 such that formula_76. Define formula_77 so that we have:


title: Inverse function theorem

text: Thus, by the inverse function theorem, formula_79 has inverse near formula_80; i.e., formula_81 near formula_6. The second case (formula_22 is injective) is seen in the similar way.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The determinant formula_88 is nonzero everywhere. Thus the theorem guarantees that, for every point in formula_89, there exists a neighborhood about over which is invertible. This does not mean is invertible over its entire domain: in this case is not even injective since it is periodic: formula_90.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: If one drops the assumption that the derivative is continuous, the function no longer need be invertible. For example formula_91 and formula_92 has discontinuous derivative


title: Inverse function theorem

text: formula_93 and formula_94, which vanishes arbitrarily close to formula_95. These critical points are local max/min points of formula_1, so formula_1 is not one-to-one (and not invertible) on any interval containing formula_95. Intuitively, the slope formula_99 does not propagate to nearby points, where the slopes are governed by a weak but rapid oscillation.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: As an important result, the inverse function theorem has been given numerous proofs. The proof most commonly seen in textbooks relies on the contraction mapping principle, also known as the Banach fixed-point theorem (which can also be used as the key step in the proof of existence and uniqueness of solutions to ordinary differential equations).


title: Inverse function theorem

text: Since the fixed point theorem applies in infinite-dimensional (Banach space) settings, this proof generalizes immediately to the infinite-dimensional version of the inverse function theorem (see Generalizations below).


title: Inverse function theorem

text: An alternate proof in finite dimensions hinges on the extreme value theorem for functions on a compact set.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: Yet another proof uses Newton's method, which has the advantage of providing an effective version of the theorem: bounds on the derivative of the function imply an estimate of the size of the neighborhood on which the function is invertible.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: To prove existence, it can be assumed after an affine transformation that formula_100 and formula_101, so that formula_102.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: By the fundamental theorem of calculus if formula_103 is a C function, formula_104, so that formula_105. Setting formula_106, it follows that


title: Inverse function theorem

text: Now choose formula_108 so that formula_109 for formula_110. Suppose that formula_111 and define formula_112 inductively by formula_113 and formula_114. The assumptions show that if formula_115 then


title: Inverse function theorem

text: and formula_120. Thus formula_121 is a Cauchy sequence tending to formula_122. By construction formula_123 as required.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: On the other hand if formula_129, then formula_130. Using the geometric series for formula_131, it follows that formula_132. But then


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The proof above is presented for a finite-dimensional space, but applies equally well for Banach spaces. If an invertible function formula_1 is C with formula_139, then so too is its inverse. This follows by induction using the fact that the map formula_140 on operators is C for any formula_49 (in the finite-dimensional case this is an elementary fact because the inverse of a matrix is given as the adjugate matrix divided by its determinant).


title: Inverse function theorem

text: Here is a proof based on the contraction mapping theorem. Specifically, following T. Tao, it uses the following consequence of the contraction mapping theorem.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: Basically, the lemma says that a small perturbation of the identity map by a contraction map is injective and preserves a ball in some sense. Assuming the lemma for a moment, we prove the theorem first. As in the above proof, it is enough to prove the special case when formula_142 and formula_143. Let formula_144. The mean value inequality applied to formula_145 says:


title: Inverse function theorem

text: for all formula_151 in formula_152. Then the early lemma says that formula_153 is injective on formula_152 and formula_155. Then


title: Inverse function theorem

text: is bijective and thus has the inverse. Next, we show the inverse formula_15 is continuously differentiable (this part of the argument is the same as that in the previous proof). This time, let formula_158 denote the inverse of formula_1 and formula_160. For formula_161, we write formula_162 or formula_163. Now, by the early estimate, we have


title: Inverse function theorem

text: As formula_168, we have formula_169 and formula_170 is bounded. Hence, formula_56 is differentiable at formula_172 with the derivative formula_173. Also, formula_148 is the same as the composition formula_175 where formula_176; so formula_148 is continuous.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: It remains to show the lemma. First, the map formula_1 is injective on formula_152 since if formula_180, then formula_181 and so


title: Inverse function theorem

text: which is a contradiction unless formula_183. (This part does not need the assumption formula_184.) Next we show formula_185. The idea is to note that this is equivalent to, given a point formula_172 in formula_187, find a fixed point of the map


title: Inverse function theorem

text: where formula_189 such that formula_190 and the bar means a closed ball. To find a fixed point, we use the contraction mapping theorem and checking that formula_191 is a well-defined strict-contraction mapping is straightforward. Finally, we have: formula_192 since


title: Inverse function theorem

text: As it might be clear, this proof is not substantially different from the previous one, as the proof of the contraction mapping theorem is by successive approximation.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: i.e., expressing formula_33 as functions of formula_196, provided the Jacobian matrix is invertible. The implicit function theorem allows to solve a more general system of equations:


title: Inverse function theorem

text: for formula_172 in terms of formula_122. Though more general, the theorem is actually a consequence of the inverse function theorem. First, the precise statement of the implicit function theorem is as follows:


title: Inverse function theorem

text: To see this, consider the map formula_213. By the inverse function theorem, formula_214 has the inverse formula_215 for some neighborhoods formula_216. We then have:


title: Inverse function theorem

text: In differential geometry, the inverse function theorem is used to show that the pre-image of a regular value under a smooth map is a manifold. Indeed, let formula_222 be such a smooth map from an open subset of formula_20 (since the result is local, there is no loss of generality with considering such a map). Fix a point formula_2 in formula_225 and then, by permuting the coordinates on formula_20, assume the matrix formula_227 has rank formula_228. Then the map formula_229 is such that formula_230 has rank formula_231. Hence, by the inverse function theorem, we find the smooth inverse formula_215 of formula_191 defined in a neighborhood formula_234 of formula_235. We then have


title: Inverse function theorem

text: That is, after the change of coordinates by formula_215, formula_1 is a coordinate projection (this fact is known as the submersion theorem). Moreover, since formula_240 is bijective, the map


title: Inverse function theorem

text: is bijective with the smooth inverse. That is to say, formula_56 gives a local parametrization of formula_225 around formula_2. Hence, formula_225 is a manifold. formula_221 (Note the proof is quite similar to the proof of the implicit function theorem and, in fact, the implicit function theorem can be also used instead.)


title: Inverse function theorem

text: More generally, the theorem shows that if a smooth map formula_247 is transversal to a submanifold formula_248, then the pre-image formula_249 is a submanifold.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The inverse function theorem is a local result; it applies to each point. "A priori", the theorem thus only shows the function formula_1 is locally bijective (or locally diffeomorphic of some class). The next topological lemma can be used to upgrade local injectivity to injectivity that is global to some extent.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: Proof: First assume formula_251 is compact. If the conclusion of the theorem is false, we can find two sequences formula_252 such that formula_253 and formula_254 each converge to some points formula_151 in formula_19. Since formula_1 is injective on formula_19, formula_259. Now, if formula_260 is large enough, formula_254 are in a neighborhood of formula_259 where formula_1 is injective; thus, formula_264, a contradiction.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: In general, consider the set formula_265. It is disjoint from formula_266 for any subset formula_267 where formula_1 is injective. Let formula_269 be an increasing sequence of compact subsets with union formula_251 and with formula_271 contained in the interior of formula_272. Then, by the first part of the proof, for each formula_260, we can find a neighborhood formula_274 of formula_275 such that formula_276. Then formula_277 has the required property. formula_221 (See also for an alternative approach.)


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The theorem follows from the usual inverse function theorem. Indeed, let formula_280 denote the Jacobian matrix of formula_1 in variables formula_254 and formula_283 for that in formula_284. Then we have formula_285, which is nonzero by assumption. Hence, by the usual inverse function theorem, formula_1 is injective near formula_80 with continuously differentiable inverse. By chain rule, with formula_288,


title: Inverse function theorem

text: where the left-hand side and the first term on the right vanish since formula_290 and formula_291 are holomorphic. Thus, formula_292 for each formula_49. formula_221


title: Inverse function theorem

text: As already noted earlier, it can happen that an injective smooth function has the inverse that is not smooth (e.g., formula_295 in a real variable). This is not the case for holomorphic functions because of:


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The inverse function theorem can be rephrased in terms of differentiable maps between differentiable manifolds. In this context the theorem states that for a differentiable map formula_296 (of class formula_297), if the differential of formula_191,


title: Inverse function theorem

text: is a linear isomorphism at a point formula_300 in formula_301 then there exists an open neighborhood formula_23 of formula_300 such that


title: Inverse function theorem

text: is a diffeomorphism. Note that this implies that the connected components of and containing "p" and "F"("p") have the same dimension, as is already directly implied from the assumption that "dF" is an isomorphism.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The inverse function theorem can also be generalized to differentiable maps between Banach spaces ' and '. Let ' be an open neighbourhood of the origin in ' and formula_305 a continuously differentiable function, and assume that the Fréchet derivative formula_306 of ' at 0 is a bounded linear isomorphism of ' onto '. Then there exists an open neighbourhood ' of formula_307 in ' and a continuously differentiable map formula_308 such that formula_309 for all ' in '. Moreover, formula_310 is the only sufficiently small solution ' of the equation formula_311.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: The inverse function theorem (and the implicit function theorem) can be seen as a special case of the constant rank theorem, which states that a smooth map with constant rank near a point can be put in a particular normal form near that point. Specifically, if formula_312 has constant rank near a point formula_313, then there are open neighborhoods of and of formula_314 and there are diffeomorphisms formula_315 and formula_316 such that formula_317 and such that the derivative formula_318 is equal to formula_319. That is, "looks like" its derivative near . The set of points formula_320 such that the rank is constant in a neighborhood of formula_300 is an open dense subset of ; this is a consequence of semicontinuity of the rank function. Thus the constant rank theorem applies to a generic point of the domain.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: When the derivative of is injective (resp. surjective) at a point , it is also injective (resp. surjective) in a neighborhood of , and hence the rank of is constant on that neighborhood, and the constant rank theorem applies.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: If it is true, the Jacobian conjecture would be a variant of the inverse function theorem for polynomials. It states that if a vector-valued polynomial function has a Jacobian determinant that is an invertible polynomial (that is a nonzero constant), then it has an inverse that is also a polynomial function. It is unknown whether this is true or false, even in the case of two variables. This is a major open problem in the theory of polynomials.


title: Inverse function theorem

text: When formula_322 with formula_323, formula_1 is formula_49 times continuously differentiable, and the Jacobian formula_326 at a point formula_327 is of rank formula_55, the inverse of formula_1 may not be unique. However, there exists a local selection function formula_330 such that formula_331 for all formula_172 in a neighborhood of formula_333, formula_334, formula_330 is formula_49 times continuously differentiable in this neighborhood, and formula_337 (formula_338 is the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of formula_19).


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Bernardo Provenzano (; 31 January 1933 – 13 July 2016) was an Italian mobster and chief of the Sicilian Mafia clan known as the Corleonesi, a Mafia faction that originated in the town of Corleone, and "de facto" the boss of bosses ("il capo dei capi"). His nickname was "Binnu u tratturi" (Sicilian for "Bernie the tractor") because, in the words of one informant, "he mows people down." Another nickname was "il ragioniere" ("the accountant") due to his apparently subtle and low-key approach to running his crime empire, at least in contrast to some of his more violent predecessors.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Provenzano was part of the Corleonesi Mafia clan who backed mob boss Luciano Leggio in the ambush and murder of Michele Navarra in the late 1950s. In 1963, Provenzano became a fugitive after a failed hit. Provenzano also participated in the Viale Lazio massacre in the late 1960s. Salvatore Riina succeeded Leggio in the mid 1970s, and Provenzano became the second in command of the Corleonesi. Provenzano took the reins after Riina was captured in 1993, and Leoluca Bagarella in 1995, both having been sentenced "in absentia" at the Maxi Trial in the mid-1980s to life imprisonment for ordering multiple murders, including the two high-profile bombings (the Capaci massacre and Via D'Amelio massacre) that killed prosecutors Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino. After 43 years living as a fugitive, he was captured in 2006, and subjected to the stringent Article 41-bis prison regime until his death on 13 July 2016.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Provenzano was born the third of seven children on 31 January 1933, in Corleone, Sicily, to farmers Angelo Provenzano and Giovanna Rigoglioso. It was during this period that a series of illegal activities began, especially cattle raiding and the theft of foodstuffs. In August 1958, Provenzano was one of the 14 gunmen who backed mob boss Luciano Leggio in the ambush and murder of Michele Navarra. Leggio subsequently became the head of the Family. Over the next five years, Provenzano helped Leggio hunt down and kill many of Navarra's surviving supporters. In September 1963, Provenzano became a fugitive after a failed hit on one of Navarra's men – at this point, he was not running from the police but from Mafia vendetta. Leggio said of Provenzano: "He shoots like an angel but has the brains of a chicken." On 10 September 1963, an arrest warrant was issued against Provenzano for the murder of one of Navarra's men.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Provenzano participated in the Viale Lazio massacre on 10 December 1969: the killing of Michele Cavataio for his role in the First Mafia War.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: The attack nearly went wrong, as Cavataio was able to shoot and kill Calogero Bagarella, before Provenzano killed him with a Beretta 38/A submachine gun and earned himself a reputation as a Mafia killer with the attack. However, according to Gaetano Grado, one of the participants who turned government witness later, it was Provenzano who botched the attack, shooting too early.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Leggio was captured by police in 1974, and Salvatore Riina was effectively left in charge. Provenzano became the second in command of the Corleonesi, Riina's right-hand man.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: In 1981, Provenzano and Riina unleashed the so-called Second Mafia War, with which they eliminated rival bosses and established a new "Commission", composed only of capomandamenti; during the meetings of the "Commission", Provenzano participated in the decisions and the organization of numerous murders as an influential exponent of the district of Corleone and repeatedly protected, with intimidation, the political career of Vito Ciancimino, the main political referent of the Corleonesi.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: In 1993 after Riina’s arrest, in a meeting at Villabate it was decided that both Bernardo Provenzano and Leoluca Bagarella are in charge of holding Corleone’s mandate together.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Provenzano took the reins of the Corleonesi and all of Cosa Nostra after Riina was arrested in January 1993, and Leoluca Bagarella in June 1995, both having been sentenced "in absentia" at the Maxi Trial in the mid-1980s to life imprisonment for ordering multiple murders, including the two high-profile massacres of the prosecutors Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Provenzano frowned upon the use of telephones and issued orders and communications (even to his family) through small, hand-delivered notes called "pizzini". Many of the notes from Provenzano that police have intercepted sign off with religious blessings, such as one that concluded "May the Lord bless and protect you." According to mob godmother-turned-informant Giuseppina Vitale, Provenzano had appeared at a 1992 Cosa Nostra summit meeting dressed in the purple robes of a Catholic bishop.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Religious behaviour and language progressively became the prominent features of Provenzano's figure. For example, Provenzano systematically underlined verses from the Bible and took notes of relevant passages to be threaded in his "pizzini" through otherwise routine instructions regarding daily business matters. He also recurrently thanked 'Our Lord Jesus Christ', and referred to 'The Divine Providence' and 'Our beloved Lord', expressing the hope that 'He might help us to do the right things'. In particular, the expression "Con il volere di Dio" (With God's will), to date has been counted 43 times, and it often appears more than once in the same piece of communication.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Provenzano used a version of the Caesar cipher, used by Julius Caesar in wartime communications. The Caesar code involves shifting each letter of the alphabet forward three places; Provenzano's "pizzini" code did the same, then replaced letters with numbers indicating their position in the alphabet. For example, one reported note by Provenzano read "I met 512151522 191212154 and we agreed that we will see each other after the holidays..." This name was decoded as "Binnu Riina".


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: In October 2003, Provenzano was driven to France, allegedly by Villabate mobster Salvatore Troia, to undergo prostate surgery at a private clinic near Marseille. Provenzano was also provided with fake travel and medical records, under the name of Salvatore Troia's father, Gaspare Troia, a Sicilian baker. Mario Cusimano, another Villabate mobster who was later arrested, began to collaborate with police in 2005, and revealed to the investigators that the identity card used by Provenzano to go to Marseille had been stamped by Francesco Campanella, former president of the municipal council of Villabate, and in September 2005, Campanella also began to collaborate with police who confirmed that he was the one who had stamped the document. The Italian State Police were able to create a photofit of Provenzano based on the descriptions of informants, as well as doctors and nurses at the Marseilles clinic where Provenzano was admitted for surgery.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: On 25 January 2005, police raided various homes in Sicily and arrested 46 Mafia suspects believed to be helping Provenzano elude the authorities. Although they did not catch the elusive Mafia boss himself, investigators nonetheless unearthed evidence that the 72-year-old Provenzano was still very much alive and in control of the Mafia, in the form of his cryptic handwritten notes, his preferred method of giving orders to his men. Two months later another raid, which netted over 80 Mafiosi took place, although Provenzano was not among those captured, yet again.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Provenzano had been a fugitive from the law since 1963. Until his arrest, the only known photographs of him were taken during the 1950s; the last-known photo was taken in 1959: a serious youth with greased hair wearing a suit for a saint's festival. Provenzano was finally captured on 11 April 2006, by the Italian police near his home town, Corleone. A spokesman for the Palermo police, Agent Daniele Macaluso, said Provenzano had been arrested during the morning near Corleone, 60 km south of Palermo and was being driven back to the Sicilian capital. The police were able to pinpoint Provenzano's exact location by the simplest of connections; they tracked a delivery of clean laundry from his family to his farmhouse hide-out.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: After his arrest, he was held at the maximum security prison in Terni, and subjected to the Article 41-bis prison regime. After one year, he was transferred to a prison in Novara where he tried several times to communicate through "pizzini". The Ministry of Justice then decided to apply "special surveillance" on Provenzano.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: In total, Provenzano was given 20 life sentences plus 49 years and one month, and solitary confinement for 33 years and six months.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: After the arrest of Provenzano, Salvatore Lo Piccolo and Matteo Messina Denaro were thought to be the new leaders of Cosa Nostra. However, about 350 "pizzini" were found at Provenzano's hide-out, some of which had indicated that Provenzano's joint deputies in Palermo were Salvatore Lo Piccolo and Antonio Rotolo, capomandamento of Pagliarelli, a Corleonesi loyalist in the days of Totò Riina. In a message referring to an important decision for Cosa Nostra, Provenzano told Rotolo: ""It's up to you, me and Lo Piccolo to decide this thing"."


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Anti-Mafia prosecutor Antonio Ingroia of the Direzione distrettuale antimafia (DDA) of Palermo said that it was unlikely that there would be an all-out war over who would fill Provenzano's shoes. ""Right now I don't think that's probable"," he said. Of the two possible successors, Ingroia thought Lo Piccolo was the more likely heir to the Mafia throne. ""He's from Palermo, and that's still the most powerful Mafia stronghold"," Ingroia said.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Two months after Provenzano's arrest, on 20 June 2006, authorities issued 52 arrest warrants against the top echelon of Cosa Nostra in the city of Palermo (Operation Gotha).


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: In November 2009, Massimo Ciancimino, the son of former mayor of Palermo Vito Ciancimino, said that Provenzano betrayed the whereabouts of Riina. Police sent Vito Ciancimino maps of Palermo. One of the maps was delivered to Provenzano, then a Mafia fugitive. Ciancimino said the map was returned by Provenzano who indicated the precise location of Riina's hiding place.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: On 19 March 2011, it was confirmed that Provenzano was suffering from bladder cancer, and was transferred from Novara to a prison in Parma; on 9 May 2012, he attempted suicide by putting his head in a plastic bag, with the aim of suffocation, but was foiled when it was observed by a prison police officer.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Provenzano had been romantically linked to Saveria Benedetta Palazzolo, a woman from Mafia family from Cinisi; the couple had two children, Angelo Provenzano and Francesco Paolo Provenzano. Palazzolo and her children lived in hiding until 1992; then, in the spring of that year, they suddenly returned to Corleone.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: Angelo had been a tour guide in Palermo, speaking about Sicilian Mafia history. Francesco Paolo graduated in 2005 with a doctorate in Modern Languages and Cultures at the University of Palermo.


title: Bernardo Provenzano

text: On 13 July 2016, Provenzano died in Milan from complications from bladder cancer at San Paolo Hospital, aged 83. Refused a public funeral by the church and Palermo police chief, Provenzano was cremated in Milan, and on 18 July, his ashes were buried in his family tomb in a cemetery in his hometown of Corleone.


title: 36 Farmhouse

text: 36 Farmhouse is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language suspense comedy drama film. It is written by Subhash Ghai and directed by Ram Ramesh Sharma. It is produced by Subhash Ghai and Rahul Puri with the production houses Mukta Searchlight Films and Zee Studios. It stars Amol Parashar, Barkha Singh, Vijay Raaz, Sanjay Mishra and Flora Saini in pivotal roles. The film premiered on 21 January 2022 on ZEE5.


title: 36 Farmhouse

text: ZEE5 has announced the launch of a trailer on 12 January 2022 and the film will be released on 21 January 2022.


title: 36 Farmhouse

text: First Post has rated the movie as embarrassingly bad. Outlook India too had a similar review, stating that Subhash Ghai is still making the movies of the 1980s.


title: 36 Farmhouse

text: Umesh Upadhyay of Dainik Bhaskar has given 3.5/5 stars stating that the film interestingly shows the title of thirty-six and the music of Subhash Ghai is also strong. Performance of Sanjay Mishra is good while Vijay Raaz's character Raunak Raj Singh looked weak. The dialogue writing has a big hand in it.


title: 36 Farmhouse

text: Archika Khurana of The Times of India has given 2.5/5 stars stating that it is a family drama which is predictable and is a light-hearted to watch. It is based on the concept of 'some steal for need, some steal for greed,' with the farmhouse's inheritance serving as the focal point of the tale. Cinematography explores the property from all angles within the one farmhouse. Sanjay Mishra's makes JP character the most memorable and funny character while other roles were convincing. Overall it is unhurried social commentary on greed, class disparity, family disputes and romance appear to be a half-baked effort.


title: 36 Farmhouse

text: Russel D'Silva of Bollywoodlife.com has given 3/5 stars stating that Subhash Ghai comes back to form in the OTT space with this Amol Parashar and Barkha Singh thriller. The writer and the director together they have shown a pretty decent thriller. It has boasts some good twists and turns, with the climax especially standing out. The performances of Sanjay Mishra and Vijay Raaz rise above the script by their several notches. Overall it is a good watch for a neat, smart and snappy thriller.


title: Lost Ollie

text: Lost Ollie is an American live action/computer animated miniseries created by Shannon Tindle. The series is based on the 2016 children's book "Ollie's Odyssey" by William Joyce.


title: Lost Ollie

text: A lost rabbit toy, Ollie, finds himself at lost and found section at an antique shop. He remembered that he was separated from his best friend, Billy. Having only a few recollections of his past, Ollie decides to take a journey to find Billy. Meanwhile, he slowly rediscovers his own fond memories with Billy and his adopted family alongside their misfortunes and sorrows.


title: Lost Ollie

text: On October 6, 2020, Netflix director Teddy Biaselli revealed that "Lost Ollie" had been picked up by the streaming platform, mentioning that the series had been in the works since 2016.


title: Lost Ollie

text: On March 9, 2021, Jonathan Groff was cast in the title role, with Mary J. Blige, Tim Blake Nelson, Gina Rodriguez, Jake Johnson, and Kesler Talbot also joining the series and production beginning in Vancouver.


title: Lost Ollie

text: Principal photography for the series began on February 1, 2021, with filming taking place inside and outside College Park Elementary from February 9 to February 11 in Port Moody. According to "Production Weekly", filming concluded in March 2021.


title: Lost Ollie

text: Rendy Jones of "RogerEbert.com" gave the series 3.5/4 stars praising its visuals, writing, and characterization. He emphasized the "breathtaking" visuals on the series as well as the dark and sentimental approach to the formula. Stephanie Snyder of "Common Sense Media" gave the series 4/5 stars praising its cinematography and storytelling while criticizing its "inauthentic" Southern accent of the characters. Joel Keller of "Decider" similarly praised its visuals provided by the effects team of ILM while criticizing the characters' "unnatural" accent.


title: Chandni Chowk

text: The Chandni Chowk, also known as Moonlight Square is one of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi, India. It is located close to the Old Delhi Railway Station. The Red Fort monument is located at the eastern end of Chandni Chowk. It was built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor of India Shah Jahan and designed by his daughter Jahanara. The market was once divided by canals (now closed) to reflect moonlight and remains one of India's largest wholesale markets.


title: Chandni Chowk

text: The market's history dates to the founding of the capital city of Shahjahanabad when Emperor Shah Jahan established the Red Fort on the banks of the Yamuna River besides his new capital.


title: Chandni Chowk

text: The original Chandni Chowk, half-moon-shaped square, was located in front of the Municipal Townhall and its reflection used to shine in the moonlit water pool located in front of it. A shallow water channel was built from Yamuna, which ran through the middle of the straight road currently known as the Chandani Chowk bazaar, with roads and shops on either side of the channel. This road had three bazaars. Chandni Chowk, or the Moonlight Square, and its three bazaars were designed and established by Princess Jahanara Begum, Shah Jahan's favourite daughter, in 1650 CE. Originally containing 1,560 shops, the bazaar was 40 yards wide by 1,520 yards long. The bazaar shaped as a square was given elegance by the presence of a pool in the centre of the complex. The pool shimmered in the moonlight, a feature which was responsible for its name. Shops were originally built in a half-moon shaped pattern, now lost. The bazaar was famous for its silver merchants, which also have contributed to the name of "Silver Street" as silver is referred to as "Chandi" in Hindi, a slight variation of which forms Chandni.


title: Chandni Chowk

text: The pool in the chowk was replaced by a clock tower (Ghantaghar) in the 1950s. The centre of the market is still referred to as Ghantaghar. Chandni Chowk was once the grandest Indian market. Mughal imperial processions passed through Chandni Chowk. The tradition was continued when the Delhi Durbar was held in 1903. Delhi Town Hall was built in 1863 by the British.


title: Chandni Chowk

text: The term Chandni Chowk originally referred only to the square that had a reflecting pool. Now the whole straight road which runs through the middle of the walled city, from the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort to Fatehpuri Masjid is called Chandni Chowk. The road was then divided into three following bazaars: