title: Umar Akmal

text: Akmal was bought by Lahore Qalandars for US$140,000 in 2016 season. He performed well and ended up as the highest runs-scorer in PSL 2016 scoring 335 runs in seven innings with four half-centuries. His team didn't qualify for play-offs and finished last in the group stage. He was retained by Lahore Qalandars for 2nd season. He finished the season with 164 runs from 8 matches with only one fifty. He was again retained by Qalandars for 3rd season. He was eventually dropped by Lahore Qalandars for later part of the tournament for his below par performance and disciplinary issues.


title: Umar Akmal

text: Akmal joined Quetta Gladiators for 4th season as a result of a trade. He scored 277 runs in 12 matches in the tournament.


title: Umar Akmal

text: Umar was originally part of the Quetta Gladiators squad for the 2020 season, but was removed a day before the tournament after he was suspended by PCB with immediate effect under Article 4.7.1 of its anti-corruption code, disallowing him from taking part in any cricket-related activity under the board's purview, "pending the investigation being carried out by PCB's Anti-Corruption Unit". He was replaced by Anwar Ali.


title: Umar Akmal

text: Akmal played for three seasons. He played for the Barbados Tridents in 2013, Guyana Amazon Warriors in 2015, and the Trinbago Knight Riders in 2016.


title: Umar Akmal

text: While he was playing for the Barbados Tridents, in the Caribbean Premier League, he had to spend a night in hospital after he suffered mild seizures. Following this, the PCB called him back for a complete medical checkup and also dropped him from the upcoming Zimbabwe tour. On 6 September 2013, he was cleared by a neurologist, saying that the seizure was possibly due to a lack of sleep.


title: Umar Akmal

text: Akmal played for Wayamba United in the 2012 season of the Sri Lankan Premier League (SLPL). Akmal played two games and scored 13 runs. However, Akmal would not play another season as the SLPL folded that year.


title: Umar Akmal

text: Akmal spent two seasons in the Bangladesh Premier League. He played for Chittagong Vikings in the 2015-16 season. The Chittagong Vikings finished bottom of the group that season. Akmal played for the Rajshahi Kings in the 2016-17 season. He played nine games and scored 106 runs at an average of 13.25.


title: Umar Akmal

text: Akmal spent two seasons (2015 and 2016) in the T20 Blast. He played for the Leicestershire Foxes in both seasons. In 2015, he played 4 games and scored 133 runs at an average of 133 with two fifties and a high score of 76*. However, he fared worse in 2016. He played 6 games and scored 134 runs at an average of 33.5 with one 50.


title: Umar Akmal

text: In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Winnipeg Hawks franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament.


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 20 February 2020, Akmal was provisionally suspended by PCB with immediate effect under Article 4.7.1 of its anti-corruption code, disallowing him from taking part in any cricket-related activity under the board's purview, "pending the investigation being carried out by PCB's Anti-Corruption Unit". This prevented Akmal from playing in that season's Pakistan Super League. On 20 March, the PCB formally charged Akmal with two breaches of its anti-corruption code for two unrelated incidents. The charges were laid under article 2.4.4 of PCB's anti-corruption code which deals with "Failing to disclose to the PCB Vigilance and Security Department (without unnecessary delay) full details of any approaches or invitations received by the participant to engage in corrupt conduct under this Anti-Corruption Code". Akmal decided not to contest the charge, forgoing his right to a hearing in front of the PCB's Anti-corruption Tribunal, and instead his case went directly to the disciplinary committee, chaired by Retired Justice Fazal-e-Miran Chauhan. At the disciplinary hearing held on 27 April, Akmal appeared without a lawyer and did not plead guilty. Akmal admitted to being approached by two different men on separate occasions but tried to justify why he did not report these approaches to the PCB. At the end of the hearing, the PCB banned Akmal from all representative cricket for 3 years, with the ban to last until 19 February 2023. It was thought that his 3-year ban, which was longer than his fellow countryman Mohammad Irfan (12 month ban with 6 months suspended) for a similar offense, was due to a lack of remorse on Akmal's part. The following month, he lodged an appeal against his ban. In July 2020, Akmal's ban was reduced to one-and-a-half years, with his suspension running from February 2020 to August 2021. In August 2020, the PCB appealed the ban reduction to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and Akmal appealed to the CAS to have his ban overturned. On 26 February, the CAS reduced Akmal's ban to 12 months, meaning that Akmal can immediately return to playing cricket, subject to first completing a rehabilitation program under the PCB's anti-corruption code. In addition, the CAS imposed a fine of PKR 4.25 million (27,000 USD).


title: Umar Akmal

text: In addition to ban for corruption, Akmal has been involved in several on and off field incidents throughout his international and professional career.


title: Umar Akmal

text: In the final Test match of Pakistan's 2009–10 tour of Australia, Akmal allegedly feigned an injury to protest the dropping of older brother Kamran. Umar denied such rumors and played in the final match without his brother. Pakistan went on to lose that match by 231 runs and lost the three match series 3–0, with Akmal registering scores of only 8 and 15 in the match. He was later fined 2 million Pakistani rupees and put on probation by the PCB for breaching his contract and speaking to the media without approval.


title: Umar Akmal

text: Akmal's name initially popped up in investigations surrounding the Pakistan cricket spot-fixing scandal. His name was mentioned by bookmaker Mazhar Majeed as someone who he was working with. However, no evidence was unearthed that Akmal had accepted any money in exchange for spot-fixing.


title: Umar Akmal

text: In Pakistan's semifinal loss against Sri Lanka in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20, Akmal was fined 50% of his match fee. In the 17th over of the second innings and with Akmal at the non-striker's end, Akmal called for a change of gloves despite instructions from umpires Simon Taufel and Rod Tucker to the contrary. Akmal ignored the umpires and changed his gloves regardless. After the match, Akmal pled guilty and match referee Jeff Crowe handed a level 2 charge and a fine of 50% of match fees, with Crowe noting "Umar showed blatant disregard to both the umpires' requests, which was offensive and unacceptable from an international cricketer and contrary to our unique spirit".


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 1 February 2014, Akmal was arrested by Gulberg Police in Lahore for allegedly not stopping at a traffic signal and subsequently getting into a physical altercation with the traffic warden which resulted in the warden's uniform being torn. Akmal was booked under Section 186, 279 and 353 of the Pakistan Penal Code and a First Information Report (FIR) for "obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions, rash driving or riding on a public way and assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty". Akmal denied the claims and implied that he was physically attacked by the warden. Akmal was released on bail after 12 hours of police detention.


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 16 April 2014, four people were arrested at a party that celebrated Akmal's marriage to Noor Amma, the daughter of Pakistan leg-spinner Abdul Qadir, for violating local by-laws that were in place to curb excessively lavish wedding parties.


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 12 November 2015, Akmal was dropped from Pakistan's T20 side for their series against England for "bringing the PCB and Pakistan Cricket into disrepute." It was reported that Akmal had attended a party while playing for Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited in their Quaid-e-Azam Trophy match against Hyderabad without the PCB's permission. Local newspaper "Daily Kawish Sindhi" had reported that some cricketers allegedly were engaging in "immoral activity" at the party. In Akmal's place, Rafatullah Mohmand was called up. Akmal was later reinstated after an investigation by the PCB into the activities at the party.


title: Umar Akmal

text: During the final of the 2015–16 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 3–6 January 2016, Akmal reportedly wore a uniform that sported a different logo to that of his teammates. This constituted a charge of committing "abuse of cricket equipment or clothing, ground equipment or fixtures and fittings during a match" which is a Level 1 charge of the PCB's code of conduct. As this was Akmal's third such offense, the PCB banned Akmal for one match, which ruled Akmal out of Pakistan's first T20 during their tour of New Zealand. However, Akmal was allowed to play after the ban was lifted on appeal.


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 26 April 2016, it was reported that Akmal was involved in a brawl at a local theater in Faisalabad. Allegedly Akmal had requested that a song be replayed, but the theater administration denied the request at which point Akmal got into an argument and was ushered outside. Akmal was cleared by the PCB the next day.


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 17 May 2017, the PCB fined Akmal and teammate Junaid Khan 50% of match fees as well as being put on one month probation in relation to an incident that occurred during a Pakistan Cup match against Sindh on 27 April 2017. Akmal, who was captaining Punjab at the time, made comments at the coin toss explaining Junaid Khan's absence from that game, implying that Khan had simply decided not to show up. Later in the day, Khan rebutted the comments in the form of a video shot from his hotel room in which he stated that he was "saddened to hear the remarks Akmal made on television, saying 'I ran away from the team'... I am dealing with a case of food poisoning and the team management is aware of that... Umar Akmal knew of this..."


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 16 August 2017, about one month after losing his central contract due to persistent fitness issues, Akmal held an impromptu press conference in which he criticized then Pakistan national team coach Mickey Arthur. It was reported that Akmal had tried to enter the National Cricket Academy (NCA) to work on his fitness, but none of the coaches wanted to work with Akmal since NCA coaches only work with PCB's centrally contracted players. Akmal then took up this issue with the chief selector at the time Inzamam-ul-Haq who then redirected Akmal to Mickey Arthur. It was at this point that Akmal claimed that Arthur used "abusive language" towards Akmal. In a separate statement to the media, Arthur confirmed that an exchange occurred between himself and Akmal but denied using abusive language, instead saying that "he had to earn the right to use our support staff because he is not a contracted cricketer. He can't just walk in here and demand what he wants." The PCB issued a show-cause notice to Umar Akmal and formed a committee to investigate the situation. On 28 September, the PCB fined Akmal 1 million rupees, banned Akmal for 3 matches, and revoked Akmal's No-Objection Certificates (NOC) for the next two months. The revocation of Akmal's NOCs meant that Akmal was ruled out of all but the last two weeks of the Bangladesh Premier League.


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 24 June 2018, Akmal gave an interview with Samaa TV in which he revealed offers to spot-fix during the 2015 World Cup. Akmal reported that he was offered US$200,000 to "leave two balls alone" but Akmal denied accepting the offer. The PCB issued a show-cause notice and asked Akmal to come before anti-corruption unit on 27 June to explain his comments. The International Cricket Council (ICC) also began conducting its own investigations into the matter.


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 1 April 2019, Akmal was fined 20% of his match fee for breaking team curfew ahead of the 5th and final ODI of Pakistan's ODI series against Australia. Akmal headed out to watch an Akon concert on the night of 29 March without getting permission from team management.


title: Umar Akmal

text: On 2 February 2020, it was reported that Umar Akmal exposed himself to a staff member of the NCA while undergoing a fitness test. While undergoing a skin-fold test to measure body fat, Akmal undressed completely in front of the staff member and asked, "Where is the fat?" In response to this incident, the PCB initiated an inquiry that lasted two days. At the end of the inquiry, the PCB decided against handing any punishment, and instead "reminded him of his responsibilities as a senior cricketer".


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding Junhui (; born 1 April 1987) is a Chinese professional snooker player. He is the most successful Asian player in the history of the sport. Throughout his career, he has won 14 major ranking titles, including three UK Championships (2005, 2009, 2019). He has twice reached the final of the Masters, winning once in 2011. In 2016, he became the first Asian player to reach the final of the World Championship.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding began playing snooker at age nine and rose to international prominence in 2002 after winning the Asian Under-21 Championship and the Asian Championship. At age 15, he became the youngest winner of the IBSF World Under-21 Championship. In 2003, Ding turned professional at the age of 16. His first major professional successes came in 2005 when he won the China Open and the UK Championship, becoming the first player from outside Great Britain and Ireland to win the title.


title: Ding Junhui

text: During his career, he has compiled more than 600 century breaks, including six maximum breaks, in professional play. He is the only Asian player to be ranked world number one, which he first achieved in 2014 to become the 11th player to reach the top spot. He is a long-time resident of Sheffield, England, and owns the Ding Junhui Snooker Academy in the same city.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding Junhui was born on 1 April 1987 in Yixing, Jiangsu. At eight years old, Ding tagged along with his father, a pool enthusiast who wanted to practice with a local pool expert. When his father went for a toilet break, Ding took the cue and played with the professional. Ding won the game before his father returned. Since then, Ding's parents supported him in cue sports training, particularly snooker. At age nine, he was taken by his father to the training center of the Chinese national snooker team near Shanghai and persuaded his mother to sell their home and grocery business so Ding could continue playing snooker as a career. The family moved to Dongguan, Guangdong, and Ding left formal education at age 11 to practice snooker for eight hours each day.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding rose to international prominence in 2002 at age 15, when he won the Asian Under-21 Championship, the Asian Championship, and became the youngest ever winner of the IBSF World Under-21 Championship. He was unable to progress much in 2003 when both Asian tournaments were canceled because of the 2002–03 SARS virus outbreak, but he reached the semi-finals of the IBSF World Under-21 Championship, and the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) awarded him a concession to play on the main snooker tour, which enabled him to turn professional in September 2003. In the same year, Ding became the number-one-ranked player in China.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In February 2004, Ding was awarded a wildcard entry to the Masters held in London. In the wildcard round, he beat the world number 16 player Joe Perry. In the first round, he lost 5–6 to Stephen Lee after leading 5–2. In April 2005, Ding celebrated his 18th birthday by reaching the final of the China Open in Beijing, defeating world top 16 ranked players Peter Ebdon, Marco Fu, and Ken Doherty. In the final, Ding beat the world number three Stephen Hendry by 9–5 to win his first ranking tournament. The match was watched by 110 million people on China's national sports channel CCTV-5; it was the largest television audience recorded for a snooker match. In December 2005, Ding beat Jimmy White, Paul Hunter, and Joe Perry to reach the final of the UK Championship. In the final, he beat Steve Davis by 10–6 to become the first player from outside the UK to win the tournament. Ding's provisional world ranking rose from 62 at the start of the 2005–06 season to 27 at the end of the season.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the 2006 China Open, Ding lost 6–2 in the semi-finals to eventual winner Mark Williams. During the Northern Ireland Trophy event, he beat Stephen Lee 6–1 in the semi-finals. In the final, Ding defeated Ronnie O'Sullivan 9–6 to win his third ranking tournament, becoming the third person under 20 to do so after O'Sullivan and John Higgins. In December 2006, Ding won three gold medals at the 2006 Asian Games, winning the single, double, and team snooker competitions. The following week, he reached the quarter-finals of the 2006 UK Championship as the defending champion, but lost 9–5 to his practice partner and eventual winner Peter Ebdon. Ding ended the 2006–07 season ranked world number nine, which was his first top-ten placement.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In January 2007, Ding defeated Cao Xinlong 5–4 to reach the final of the Chinese National Championship in his home town Yixing, Jiangsu. He defeated Xiao Guodong in the final by 6–2 to become the national champion again. On 14 January, Ding made a 147 break in his first-round match against Anthony Hamilton at the Masters, which was Ding's first maximum break and the first maximum break made at the competition since Kirk Stevens' in 1984. The break made Ding the youngest player to make a televised 147—a record previously held by Ronnie O'Sullivan—and the first Chinese player to make a televised maximum. Ding played O'Sullivan in the final, becoming the second-youngest player and the first Asian player to reach a Masters' final.


title: Ding Junhui

text: After Ding won the first two frames, O'Sullivan went on to dominate the match. This, along with the boisterous and hostile nature of the London crowd, led Ding to leave the table in tears during the twelfth frame when he was trailing 8–3 in the best-of-19-frames contest. Ding appeared resigned to defeat, taking little time to consider his shot selection, and shook hands with O'Sullivan after the frame. O'Sullivan consoled Ding and they walked arm-in-arm to the backstage area. Because it was the last frame before the mid-session interval, it was uncertain whether Ding had conceded the match. O'Sullivan won the match in the first frame after the interval; Ding later said he thought the match was a "best of 17".


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding was defeated in the first round of the next two consecutive tournaments, losing 5–2 to Stephen Maguire in the 2007 Malta Cup and 5–1 to Jamie Cope in the Welsh Open. In March 2007, Ding qualified for the televised stages of the World Championship for the first time after beating Mark Davis in the final qualifying round. His losing streak in ranking tournaments continued, with a 5–3 loss to Barry Hawkins in the first round of the China Open and a 10–2 loss against O'Sullivan at the World Championship. Despite this, Ding ended the 2006–07 season ranked world number 11.


title: Ding Junhui

text: The following season, Ding was consistent, reaching the last 16 of all-but-one ranking event. However, he failed to reach a single semi-final, causing him to drop to number 13 in the world rankings. At the 2008 World Snooker Championship, Ding reached the second round for the first time, beating Marco Fu 10–9 before losing 13–7 to Stephen Hendry. During the 2007 Premier League Snooker, Ding recorded 495 unanswered points (most points without reply) against Stephen Hendry, setting a record for the most unanswered points in any professional snooker tournament. The record was surpassed in 2014 when Ronnie O'Sullivan recorded 556 unanswered points against Ricky Walden.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding started the 2008–09 season on a high, winning the Jiangsu Classic after beating Ryan Day 4–0 in the semi-final and Mark Selby 6–5 in the final. In October, he participated in the third event of the World Series of Snooker. Ding won the event after defeating Ken Doherty 6–4 in the final. In the fourth event in November, Ding defeated Mark Selby 4–2 in the semi-final, before losing to John Higgins 5–0 in the final. On 16 December, in his second-round match against John Higgins at the 2008 UK Championship, Ding scored a maximum 147 break in the third frame.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding began the 2009/2010 season by reaching the quarter-finals of the Shanghai Masters. He reached the final of the Grand Prix by defeating Matthew Stevens 5–4 in the first round, Stephen Maguire 5–1 in the second round, Peter Ebdon 5–2 in the quarter-finals, and Mark Williams 6–1 in the semi-finals, losing to Neil Robertson 9–4 in the final. At the 2009 UK Championship, Ding reached the final after defeating Mike Dunn 9–5, Shaun Murphy 9–3, Ali Carter 9–8, and Stephen Maguire 9–5. He went on to defeat John Higgins 10–8 in the final to win his second UK title.


title: Ding Junhui

text: After losing against Mark Selby 1–6 at the Masters and Jamie Cope 3–5 at the Welsh Open, Ding returned to form, scoring nine century breaks on his way to the final of the China Open. He lost to Mark Williams 6–10 despite leading 5–4 at the end of first session. At the World Championship, Ding defeated Stuart Pettman 10–1 in the first round. He lost 10–13 against Shaun Murphy in the second round. Ding ended the season ranked world number five, an increase of eight places from the previous season.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the 2010 Wuxi Classic, Ding lost 8–9 in the final despite leading 8–2. Ding reached the second round of the Shanghai Masters and the quarter-finals of the World Open, where he lost 1–5 to Jamie Cope and 2–3 to Mark Williams. Ding failed to defend his 2010 UK Championship title, losing 8–9 against Mark Allen. In January 2011, Ding reached his second Masters final, beating Jamie Cope 6–3 in the semi-final. Ding won the Masters for the first time, beating Marco Fu 10–4 in the first-ever all-Chinese Masters final.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding had a career-best run at the 2011 World Snooker Championship. He beat Jamie Burnett 10–2 in the first round, advancing to the last 16 of the World Championship for the fourth consecutive year. He played Stuart Bingham in the second round; he was losing 9–12 with his opponent needing one frame for victory but Ding made a comeback, winning four consecutive frames to win 13–12 and reach the quarter-finals of the world championship for the first time in his career. In his quarter-final with Mark Selby, Ding led 10–6 after the first two sessions of the match. Selby built strong momentum by winning the first four frames of the last session to level at 10–10. Ding won the match 13–10 to set up a semi-final against Judd Trump. In their semi-final, Ding and Trump were level at 12–12 after the third session. In the last session, Trump built momentum and led 14–12 but Ding won the next three frames with a 138 break to tie Mark King for highest tournament break and a 119 break. Ding lost the next three frames and lost the match 15–17. He ended the season with career-high ranking of world number four.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the 2011 Wuxi Classic, Ding lost to Mark Selby 5–6 in the semi-finals, failing to reach the tournament's final for the first time. At the World Cup, Ding and Liang Wenbo partnered to represent China. They won the final 4–2 against Northern Ireland. Ding lost 2–5 against Stuart Bingham in the first round of the Australian Goldfields Open. At the second event of the Players Tour Championship, Ding reached the final but lost 0–4 against Judd Trump. Ding was knocked out by Neil Robertson 6–2 in the quarter-finals of the 2011 UK Championship. Ronnie O'Sullivan defeated Ding in the Masters for the third time in his career, losing in the first round 4–6.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding beat Mark Selby in the 2012 Welsh Open to win his fifth ranking tournament and £30,000. Ding's form continued; he won the 2012 Championship League tournament and a place in the 2012 Premier League. Ding reached the semi-finals of the China Open but was eliminated after losing 3–6 to eventual winner Peter Ebdon. Ding ended the season with a defeat in the first round of the World Championship, losing to Ryan Day 10–9 having had a 9–6 lead. After the match, Ding criticized the condition of the tables at the event and the attitude of the audience, saying both were "rubbish". He finished the year ranked world number 11, having dropped seven places during the season.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding did not progress past the second round of the first six ranking events of the 2012–13 season and found himself ranked world number 11 in December.<ref name="2012/13"></ref> He won the minor-ranking Scottish Open, defeating Anthony McGill in the final. Ding's form then improved; at the Welsh Open, he beat Mark King, Mark Allen and Robert Milkins to reach the semi-finals, where he was beaten 5–6 by Stuart Bingham. At the World Open, he was defeated 0–5 by John Higgins in the quarter-finals. His title at the Scottish Open formed part of the Players Tour Championship events; Ding finished sixth on the order of merit to qualify for the finals.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the finals, Ding made the fifth 147 of his career in the first frame of his quarter-final against Allen and made two more century breaks in a 4–3 win. He beat Kurt Maflin 4–0 in the semi-finals; in the final, he recovered from 0–3 against Neil Robertson to take his sixth ranking title with a 4–3 win. Ding made eight century breaks in the 20 frames he won during the tournament; no other player scored more than one. His poor form in tournaments played in China continued; he was beaten 3–5 by Barry Hawkins in the first round of the China Open. Ding beat veteran Alan McManus 10–5 in the first round of the World Championship and recovered from 2–6 after the first session against Mark King in the second round to lead 9–7 after the next session and won 13–9. Ding faced Barry Hawkins in the quarter-finals and played inconsistently throughout the match, losing 7–13. His end-of-season world ranking was 10.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In the second round of the 2013 Wuxi Classic, Ding lost 5–1 to Joe Perry. At the minor-ranking Bluebell Wood Open, he made a rare 146 break while beating Jimmy Robertson in the quarter-finals before losing 4–3 to Marco Fu in the semi-finals.<ref name="2013/14"></ref> In September 2013, Ding won his seventh ranking event title at the Shanghai Masters. The final against Xiao Guodong was the first all-Chinese final of a ranking event in the history of snooker; Ding made a century break and seven more breaks above 50 to win 10–6. He then played at the Ruhr Open, a minor-ranking event, losing to Mark Allen 4–1 in the final.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Following that, Ding played in the first Indian Open, defeating Aditya Mehta 5–0 in the final to become the first player to win back-to-back major-ranking event titles in the same season since Ronnie O'Sullivan in 2003. Ding continued dominating the game in the following major ranking event, the International Championship, where he beat Graeme Dott 9–7 in the semi-finals with a 63-point clearance in the last frame. In the final—the second all-Chinese ranking event final in three ranking events—Ding and Marco Fu compiled seven century breaks; Ding five and Fu two. Ding rallied from 9–8 down to win the final two frames and become the first player to win three consecutive major-ranking events since Stephen Hendry won five consecutively in 1990.


title: Ding Junhui

text: After his hat-trick, Ding reached world number three in the rankings for the first time in his career, before reaching number two just behind Neil Robertson. Ding won two more ranking titles; the German Masters, beating Judd Trump 9–5 in the final, and the China Open by beating Robertson 10–5 in the final to equal Hendry's season record of five wins. He was also the runner-up in the Welsh Open to Ronnie O'Sullivan. At the World Championship, however, Ding was defeated by world number 75 Michael Wasley 10–9 in the first round, which Ding had led 6–3 and 9–8. Ding finished the season ranked world number two—a career high—and was held off the number-one spot by Mark Selby, who won the World Championship. Ding was fined £5,000 and referred to the WPBSA Disciplinary Committee by the WSL for failing to attend their awards dinner.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the start of the 2014–15 season, Ding failed to qualify for the televised stages of the 2014 Wuxi Classic, losing 5–0 to Oliver Brown in the qualifiers. Ding, however, then won the Yixing Open with a 4–2 victory over Michael Holt in the final. At the Shanghai Masters, he was defeated 6–4 by Stuart Bingham in the semi-finals after losing the last four frames of the match. Ronnie O'Sullivan eliminated Ding 6–4 in the semi-finals of the Champion of Champions.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In the third round of the 2014 UK Championship, Ding fought from 5–1 down to send his match against James Cahill to a deciding frame. Ding recovered from needing three snookers in the tenth frame when world 100-ranked Cahill left a free ball. In the final frame, however, Ding missed a red when on a break of 32, which allowed Cahill a chance to knock him out, which he did. Despite the loss, Ding became the 11th world number one and first from Asia thanks to early eliminations of Mark Selby and Neil Robertson.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding held the top spot for a week before Robertson reclaimed it. Ding's poor form continued into 2015 as he was eliminated in the first round in six successive events: 6–3 to Joe Perry at the Masters; 5–4 to Ryan Day at the German Masters; 4–1 to world number 115 Lee Walker at the Welsh Open; 4–3 to Thepchaiya Un-Nooh at the Indian Open; 4–1 to Ricky Walden at the World Grand Prix; and 4–1 to Joe Perry at the 2015 Players Championship Grand Final. His form improved at the China Open as he defeated Marcus Campbell and Mark Davis—both 5–1—and Mark Williams 5–2 to reach the quarter-finals, where he beat John Higgins 5–4 on the colors. In Ding's second ranking-event semi-final of the season, he tied the scores at 5–5 after being 5–3 down to world number 56 Gary Wilson but lost the deciding frame.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In the opening rounds of the World Championship, Ding came back from 4–0 against Mark Davis to win 10–7 and from 5–1 down against John Higgins to win 13–9. Ding lost the first six frames of his quarter-final match against Judd Trump and was beaten 13–4. He ended the season ranked world number four.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In the quarter-finals of the Shanghai Masters, Ding lost 5–4 on the final black to Kyren Wilson. Ding won the Haining Open, defeating Ricky Walden 4–3 in the final. It was Ding's first title carrying ranking points in 16 months. In the main ranking events, he was knocked out in the second round of the International Championship and in the first round of the 2015 UK Championship by amateur player Adam Duffy. After losing to Duffy, Ding's press conference, during which he swore and criticized the conditions at the event, lasted less than one minute. He also failed to qualify for the German Masters and was knocked out in the first round of the Masters by Stuart Bingham.<ref name="2015/16"></ref>


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding made the sixth 147 break of his career in the quarter-finals of the Welsh Open against Neil Robertson; Ding also made a 120 but these were the only frames he won and he was defeated 5–2.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the World Grand Prix, Ding beat Ben Woollaston 4–3, Peter Ebdon 4–0 and Thepchaiya Un-Nooh 4–3 to reach his first semi-final of the season against Shaun Murphy, which he lost 6–3. In the quarter-finals of the PTC Finals, Ding was defeated 4–2 by Barry Hawkins and he lost 5–1 to Lee Walker in China Open qualifying. Ding, who had won five ranking events two seasons before had left the world's top 16 and needed to qualify for the World Championship. He did so by winning three matches, conceding seven frames. He compiled his 400th century break of his career during this run. Ding beat Martin Gould by 10–8 and Judd Trump by 13–10 in the first and second rounds, respectively.> He defeated Mark Williams 13–3 in the quarter-finals and Alan McManus 17–11 in the semi-final, during which he set a new record of seven century breaks; the most scored by a single player in a World Championship match at the Crucible Theatre. With this victory, Ding became the first Asian player to reach the final of the World Championship. He made 15 century breaks during the championship, one short of the record of 16 set by Stephen Hendry in the 2002 Championship. Ding lost the final 14–18 to Mark Selby. His end-of-season world ranking was nine.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding won the 2016 Six-red World Championship, beating Stuart Bingham on the final black in the final by 8–7. Ding won his second Shanghai Masters title, defeating Mark Selby 10–6 in the final. It was the 12th ranking-tournament win of his career and he also became the first player to win the event twice. Ding defeated John Higgins 6–2 and Judd Trump 9–4 to reach the final of the International Championship, where he made a high break of 47 but Mark Selby won the last seven frames to beat him 10–1. In the semi-finals of the 2016 Champion of Champions Ding made four centuries but was beaten 6–5 by Higgins. He lost 6–2 to Jamie Jones in the third round of the UK Championship. In the first round of the Players Championship, Ding recovered from being 4–0 down to Higgins to win 5–4. He then defeated Anthony Hamilton 5–2. Ding was 5–3 up against Marco Fu in the semi-finals but lost the match 6–5.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding was eliminated from the China Open in quarter-finals after losing 5–1 to Kyren Wilson. At the World Championship, Ding beat Zhou Yuelong in the first round by 10–5 and, after leading 6–2 and 9–7, Liang Wenbo was leading Ding 13–11 in the second round. Ding made a 132 break to level the match and a 70 in the decider to progress with a score of 13–12. He played Ronnie O'Sullivan in the quarter-finals. Despite a career-record ten losses and two wins prior to the match, Ding won 13–10. In his semi-final with Mark Selby, Ding made two consecutive centuries to end the third session at 12–12. He won two frames from 16 to 13 down but missed a blue in the next frame and lost 17–15. Ding said his game would continue to improve as he had played with more confidence and aggression throughout the event. He ended the season ranked world number four.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the 2017 World Cup, Ding and China's number-two player Liang Wenbo defeated the English pair Judd Trump and Barry Hawkins in a deciding frame, winning the event 4–3. Ding led the Chinese team at the CVB Snooker Challenge, losing 26–9 to the British team. He lost 6–1 to the captain of the British team Ronnie O'Sullivan. He then participated in the second China Championship but was defeated 5–0 whitewash to Alan McManus in the last 32 in a rematch of the semi-finals of the 2015 World Championship. As the defending Six-red World Champion, Ding lost 6–1 to Marco Fu in the last 16. Ding won the World Open, beating Luca Brecel 6–4 in the semi-finals and Kyren Wilson 10–3 in the final.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In 2018, Ding returned to form and reached the final of the World Grand Prix, where he won a 6–5 victory over Mark Selby in the semi-final. Ding struggled in the final, losing to Ronnie O'Sullivan 10–3. He finished the season ranked world number six.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the 2018 Six-red World Championship, Ding defeated Luca Brecel 7–6 in the semi-final, but lost to Kyren Wilson 8–4 in the final. At the 2018 Shanghai Masters, he won his second round match 6–3 against Mark Allen. He then beat Mark Selby 6–5 in the quarter-final, before losing to Barry Hawkins 10–9 in the semi-final.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In January 2019, Ding participated in the Masters, beating Jack Lisowski 6–1 in the first round and Luca Brecel 6–5 in the quarter-final. He lost to Ronnie O'Sullivan 6–3 in the semi-final. At the 2019 German Masters, Ding defeated Fergal O'Brien 5–3 in the last 32 and Xiao Guodong 5–4 in the last 16. However, he lost to Duane Jones 5–3 in the quarter-final. At the 2019 World Snooker Championship, Ding beat Anthony McGill 10–7 in the first round, but lost to Judd Trump 13–9 in the second round. His end-of-season world ranking was ten.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In the 2019–20 season, Ding and compatriot Yan Bingtao participated in the World Cup. They beat Andy Lee and Cheung Ka Wai 4–0 in the quarter-finals, before losing 4–1 in the semi-finals to eventual winners John Higgins and Stephen Maguire. Ding reached the quarter-finals of the 2019 International Championship. At the 2019 Six-red World Championship, he reached the quarter-finals, losing to Gary Wilson after a 5–4 lead.


title: Ding Junhui

text: At the 2019 UK Championship, Ding beat Ronnie O'Sullivan 6–4 in the last 16. He defeated Liang Wenbo in the quarter-finals and Yan Bingtao in the semi-finals, both by 6–2. In the final, Ding beat Stephen Maguire 10–6, clinching his third UK title and his first since 2009. His win made him the fifth player to win the UK title three or more times, and it was his first ranking event win since 2017. Throughout the competition, Ding compiled ten century breaks, including four during the final. Following the event, his ranking increased seven spots to ninth. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, Ding did not participate at another event until the 2020 World Snooker Championship. At the World Championship Ding led Mark King in the 9–7 in their first round match before King won two 50-minute frames to level the match at 9–9 and send it into a decider. Ding won the deciding frame to progress 10–9 where he would face O'Sullivan in round two. After two very tight sessions, the players were tied at 4–4 and then 8–8 going into the third and final session. O'Sullivan proved too strong in the third session and Ding eventually lost the match 10–13.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding's best performances during the 2020–21 season were reaching the quarter-finals of four ranking tournaments as well as the quarter-finals of the Champion of Champions. His season ended with a 9–10 loss to Stuart Bingham in the first round of the 2021 World Snooker Championship. By late 2021, he had won just one ranking event in the previous four years, had missed many tournaments through choice or circumstance, and had struggled to practice while spending long stretches of time in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. After he lost 3–6 to world number 55 Sam Craigie in the last 64 of the 2021 UK Championship, he fell out of the top 16 in the world rankings, meaning that he did not qualify for the Masters for the first time since he was 18 years old in 2006. Speaking on BBC Two after Ding's loss to Craigie, seven-time world champion Stephen Hendry expressed concern about Ding's future in the sport: "I don't know what has happened to Ding. I don't know whether we have seen the best of him. He looks like he doesn't really care that much anymore... Any pressure balls he does not look like getting anymore. I don't know where Ding goes from here." After Ding lost 3–4 to world number 65 Zhang Anda in the qualifying round of the Scottish Open, pundit Alan McManus echoed Hendry's concerns, stating that Ding had "big problems to fix." In January 2022, Ding was ranked 30th in the world, was 68th on the one-year ranking list, and had fallen to become China's fourth-ranked player, behind Zhao Xintong, Yan Bingtao, and Zhou Yuelong.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding beat compatriot Tian Pengfei 6–4 and David Lilley 10–7 in the third and final qualifying rounds of the 2022 World Championship but lost 10–8 to Kyren Wilson in the first round, showing signs of frustration during the match. It was Ding's 16th consecutive year at the Crucible.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Before the 2022 UK Championship, Ding had fallen to 38th in the world rankings and had to win two qualifying matches to reach the tournament's main stage. However, Ding reached his first ranking final in three years, with wins including a 6–0 whitewash of world number one O'Sullivan in the quarter-finals. Ding lost 7–10 to Mark Allen in the final, despite having led 6–1. As runner-up, he advanced from 38th to 19th place in the world rankings.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding won three consecutive ranking tournaments in 2013. In Triple Crown events, he has reached the World Championship finals once, becoming the first Asian player to reach the final of the World Championship in 2016 before losing to Mark Selby 14–18. He has reached the finals of UK Championship four times, winning in 2005, 2009 and 2019 and losing in 2022. He has made two appearances in the Masters' final, losing in 2007 and winning in 2011.


title: Ding Junhui

text: During his professional playing career, Ding has compiled more than 600 competitive century breaks and six 147 maximum breaks in professional competition. His first maximum break came at the 2007 Masters at the age of 19 years and seven months, making Ding the youngest player to have made a televised 147. Ding's second maximum break came at the 2008 UK Championship. His third came in the first round of the FFB Snooker Open in 2011. Two days later, he compiled his fourth maximum in a 4–1 victory against James Cahill. The fifth maximum came in his quarter-final of the 2013 PTC Finals against Mark Allen. On 19 February 2016, he made his sixth maximum against Neil Robertson in the quarter-finals of the Welsh Open.


title: Ding Junhui

text: Ding enrolled at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2006 to study Business Administration and Management. He is a long-time resident of Sheffield, England. He practices at the English Institute of Sport in Sheffield. Ding is a patron of Sheffield United F.C.


title: Ding Junhui

text: In 2014, Ding married Zhang Yuanyuan, also known as Apple Zhang; the couple's daughter was born in August 2018. Ding's mother, Chen Xijuan, passed away from cancer in January 2017, aged 55.


title: Ding Junhui

text: A 26-episode cartoon series "Dragon Ball No.1" by Beijing-based D5 Studio, which is based on Ding's growth from a shy boy to a snooker star, was broadcast on Chinese television in 2010.


title: Shun dynasty

text: The Shun dynasty (), officially the Great Shun (), was a short-lived Chinese dynasty that existed during the Ming–Qing transition. The dynasty was founded in Xi'an on 8 February 1644, the first day of the lunar year, by Li Zicheng, the leader of a large peasant rebellion, by proclaiming himself "emperor" () instead of the title "king" () before founding the dynasty.


title: Shun dynasty

text: The capture of Beijing by the Shun forces in April 1644 marked the end of the Ming dynasty, but Li Zicheng failed to solidify his political and military control, and in late May 1644 he was defeated at the Battle of Shanhai Pass by the joint forces of Ming general Wu Sangui who shifted his alliance to the Qing dynasty after the fall of the Ming dynasty, with Manchu prince Dorgon. When he fled back to Beijing in early June, Li finally proclaimed himself the Yongchang Emperor of the Great Shun and left the capital the next day after setting the palace ablaze and ransacking the government offices. He may have intended to resume his Imperial claims later on by proclaiming his accession in the Forbidden City. After the death of the emperor, Shun remnants joined with the Southern Ming in Nanjing, while continuing to refer to Li as their "deceased emperor". The Shun dynasty weakened dramatically after the death of Li Zicheng in 1645. The successors, his brother Li Zijing and nephew Li Guo, could not fight back and the dynasty ended in 1649 when Li Guo died in Nanning, Guangxi.


title: Shun dynasty

text: After the Shun was created, Li Zicheng ordered the soldiers to kill the Ming remnants still existing in Beijing, resulting in strong rebellions from the forces of the Southern Ming. With the Shun ministers constantly fighting for power, the dynasty effectively lasted less than a year.


title: Corvin Castle

text: Corvin Castle, also known as Hunyadi Castle or Hunedoara Castle (Romanian: "Castelul Huniazilor" or "Castelul Corvinilor;" Hungarian: "Vajdahunyadi vár"), is a Gothic-Renaissance castle in Hunedoara, Romania. It is one of the largest castles in Europe and is featured as one of the Seven Wonders of Romania.


title: Corvin Castle

text: Corvin Castle was laid out in 1446, when construction began by order of Voivode of Transylvania John Hunyadi (, ), who wanted to transform the former keep built by Charles I of Hungary. The castle was originally given to John Hunyadi's father, Voyk (Vajk), by Sigismund of Luxembourg, king of Hungary and Croatia, as severance in 1409. It was also in 1446 that John Hunyadi was elected as the regent governor by the Diet.


title: Corvin Castle

text: The castle has three large areas: the Knight's Hall, the Diet Hall and the circular stairway. The halls are rectangular in shape and are decorated with marble. The Diet Hall was used for ceremonies or formal receptions whilst the Knight's Hall was used for feasts. In 1456, John Hunyadi died and work on the castle stagnated. Starting with 1458, new commissions were being undergone to construct the Matia Wing of the castle. In 1480, work was completely stopped on the castle and it was recognised as being one of the biggest and most impressive buildings in Eastern Europe.


title: Corvin Castle

text: The 16th century did not bring any improvements to the castle, but during the 17th century new additions were made for aesthetic and military purposes. Aesthetically, the large new palace was built facing the town. A two-level building, it hosted living chambers and a large living area. For military purposes, two new towers were constructed: the White Tower and the Artillery Tower. Also, the external yard was added for administration and storage.


title: Corvin Castle

text: The current castle is the result of a fanciful restoration campaign undertaken after a disastrous fire and many decades of total neglect. It has been noted that modern "architects projected to it their own wistful interpretations of how a great Gothic castle should look". In 2021 Corvin Castle attracted around 276,000 tourists.


title: Corvin Castle

text: Built in a Renaissance-Gothic style and constructed over the site of an older fortification on a rock above the smaller Zlaști River, the castle is a large and imposing structure with tall towers, bastions, an inner courtyard, diversely coloured roofs, and myriad windows and balconies adorned with stone carvings. The castle also features a double wall for enhanced fortification and is flanked by both rectangular and circular towers, an architectural innovation for the period's Transylvanian architecture. Some of the towers (the Capistrano Tower, the Deserted Tower and the Drummers' Tower) were used as prisons. The Buzdugan Tower (named after a type of mace) was solely built for defensive purposes and it had its exterior decorated with geometric motifs. The rectangular towers have large openings to accommodate larger weapons.


title: Corvin Castle

text: As one of the most important properties of John Hunyadi, the castle was transformed during his reign. It became a sumptuous home, not only a strategically enforced point. With the passing of the years, the masters of the castle had modified its look, adding towers, halls and guest rooms. The gallery and the keep - the last defense tower (called "Neboisa" which means "Don't be afraid" in Serbo-Croatian), which remained unchanged from John Hunyadi's time, and the Capistrano Tower (named after the saint, Franciscan friar from the Battle of Belgrade in 1456) are some of the most significant parts of the construction. Other significant parts of the building are the Knights' Hall (a great reception hall), the Club Tower, the White bastion, which served as a food storage room, and the Diet Hall, on whose walls medallions are painted (among them there are portraits of Matei Basarab, rulers from Wallachia, and Vasile Lupu, ruler of Moldavia). In the wing of the castle called the Mantle, a painting can be seen which portrays the legend of the raven from which the name of the descendants of John Hunyadi, Corvinus came.


title: Corvin Castle

text: Tourists are told that it was the place where Vlad the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia, was held prisoner by John Hunyadi, Hungary's military leader and regent during the King's minority. Later, Vlad III entered a political alliance with John Hunyadi, although the latter was responsible for the execution of his father, Vlad II Dracul. Because of these links, the Hunedoara Castle is sometimes mentioned as a source of inspiration for Castle Dracula in Bram Stoker's 1897 horror novel "Dracula". In fact, Stoker neither knew about Vlad's alliance with Hunyadi, nor about Hunyadi's castle. Instead, Stoker's own handwritten research notes confirm that the novelist imagined Castle Dracula to be situated on an empty top in the Transylvanian Călimani Mountains near the former border with Moldavia.


title: Corvin Castle

text: In the castle yard, near the 15th-century chapel, there is a well. According to the legend, this fountain was dug by 3 Turkish prisoners to whom liberty was promised if they reached water. After 15 years they completed the well, but their captors did not keep their promise. It is said that the inscription on a wall of the well means "you have water, but not soul". Specialists, however, have translated the inscription as "he who wrote this inscription is Hasan, who lives as slave of the giaours, in the fortress near the church".


title: Corvin Castle

text: The final action sequence of the 2015 Bollywood movie "Singh Is Bling" starring Akshay Kumar was shot at the castle.


title: Crappie

text: Crappies () are two species of North American freshwater fish of the genus Pomoxis in the family Centrarchidae (sunfishes). Both species of crappies are popular game fish among recreational anglers.


title: Crappie

text: The genus name "Pomoxis" literally means "sharp cover", referring to the fish's spiny gill covers (opercular bones).


title: Crappie

text: The common name (also spelled "croppie" or "crappé") derives from the Canadian French , which refers to many different fishes of the sunfish family. Other names for crappie are papermouths, strawberry bass, speckled bass or specks (especially in Michigan), speckled perch, white perch, crappie bass, calico bass (throughout the Middle Atlantic states and New England), and Oswego bass.


title: Crappie

text: In Louisiana, it is called sacalait (, ), seemingly an allusion to its milky white flesh or silvery skin. The supposed French meaning is, however, folk etymology, because the word is ultimately from Choctaw , meaning "trout".


title: Crappie

text: Both species of crappie as adults feed predominantly on smaller fish species, including the young of their own predators (which include the northern pike, muskellunge, and walleye). They have diverse diets, however, including zooplankton, insects, and crustaceans. Larval crappies rely on crustacean zooplankton as a food source. The availability of zooplankton can have an effect on larval populations. By day, crappie tend to be less active and concentrate around weed beds or submerged objects, such as logs and boulders. They feed during dawn and dusk, by moving into open water or approaching the shore.


title: Crappie

text: The "Pomoxis" species are highly regarded panfish and are often considered to be among the best-tasting freshwater food fish. Because of their diverse diets, crappie may be caught in many ways, including casting light jigs, trolling with minnows or soft lures, using small spinnerbaits, or using bobbers with common hookbaits. Crappies are also popular with ice anglers, as they are active in winter.


title: Crappie

text: Angling for crappie is popular throughout much of North America. Methods vary, but among the most popular is called "spider rigging", a method characterized by a fisherman in a boat with many long fishing rods pointing away from the angler at various angles like spokes from a wheel (spider rigging is not permitted on some waters. In Minnesota, for example, a fisherman may use only one rod during the open water season). Anglers who employ the spider rigging method may choose from among many popular baits, some of the most popular are plastic jigs with lead jigheads, crankbaits or live minnows. Many anglers also chum or dump live groundbait into the water to attract the fish to bite their bait. Crappies are also regularly targeted and caught during the spawning period by fly fishermen, and can be taken from frozen ponds and lakes in winter by ice fishing.


title: Crappie

text: Before state fisheries departments began to implement more restrictive, conservation-minded regulations, a great number of crappies, especially in the Mississippi River states, were harvested commercially in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At one point, the annual crappie catch sold at fish markets in the United States was reported to be about 3 million pounds.


title: Crappie

text: A commercial fishery for crappies existed at Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee until 2003. It was one of the few commercial fisheries for crappies in recent decades.


title: Medical record

text: The terms medical record, health record and medical chart are used somewhat interchangeably to describe the systematic documentation of a single patient's medical history and care across time within one particular health care provider's jurisdiction. A medical record includes a variety of types of "notes" entered over time by healthcare professionals, recording observations and administration of drugs and therapies, orders for the administration of drugs and therapies, test results, x-rays, reports, etc. The maintenance of complete and accurate medical records is a requirement of health care providers and is generally enforced as a licensing or certification prerequisite.


title: Medical record

text: The terms are used for the written (paper notes), physical (image films) and digital records that exist for each individual patient and for the body of information found therein.


title: Medical record

text: Medical records have traditionally been compiled and maintained by health care providers, but advances in online data storage have led to the development of personal health records (PHR) that are maintained by patients themselves, often on third-party websites. This concept is supported by US national health administration entities and by AHIMA, the American Health Information Management Association.


title: Medical record

text: Because many consider the information in medical records to be sensitive private information covered by expectations of privacy, many ethical and legal issues are implicated in their maintenance, such as third-party access and appropriate storage and disposal. Although the storage equipment for medical records generally is the property of the health care provider, the actual record is considered in most jurisdictions to be the property of the patient, who may obtain copies upon request.


title: Medical record

text: The information contained in the medical record allows health care providers to determine the patient's medical history and provide informed care. The medical record serves as the central repository for planning patient care and documenting communication among patient and health care provider and professionals contributing to the patient's care. An increasing purpose of the medical record is to ensure documentation of compliance with institutional, professional or governmental regulation.


title: Medical record

text: The traditional medical record for inpatient care can include admission notes, on-service notes, progress notes (SOAP notes), preoperative notes, operative notes, postoperative notes, procedure notes, delivery notes, postpartum notes, and discharge notes.


title: Medical record

text: Personal health records combine many of the above features with portability, thus allowing a patient to share medical records across providers and health care systems.


title: Medical record

text: Electronic medical records could also be studied to quantify disease burdens – such as the number of deaths from antimicrobial resistance – or help identify causes of, factors of and contributors to diseases, especially when combined with genome-wide association studies. For such purposes, electronic medical records could potentially be made available in securely anonymized or pseudonymized forms to ensure patients' privacy is maintained.<ref name="10.1073/pnas.0911686107"></ref>


title: Medical record

text: A patient's individual medical record identifies the patient and contains information regarding the patient's case history at a particular provider. The health record as well as any electronically stored variant of the traditional paper files contain proper identification of the patient. Further information varies with the individual medical history of the patient.


title: Medical record

text: The contents are generally written with other healthcare professionals in mind. This can result in confusion and hurt feelings when patients read these notes. For example, some abbreviations, such as for shortness of breath, are similar to the abbreviations for profanities, and taking "time out" to follow a surgical safety protocol might be misunderstood as a disciplinary technique for children.


title: Medical record

text: Traditionally, medical records were written on paper and maintained in folders often divided into sections for each type of note (progress note, order, test results), with new information added to each section chronologically. Active records are usually housed at the clinical site, but older records are often archived offsite.


title: Medical record

text: The advent of electronic medical records has not only changed the format of medical records but has increased accessibility of files. The use of an individual dossier style medical record, where records are kept on each patient by name and illness type originated at the Mayo Clinic out of a desire to simplify patient tracking and to allow for medical research.


title: Medical record

text: Maintenance of medical records requires security measures to prevent from unauthorized access or tampering with the records.


title: Medical record

text: The medical history is a longitudinal record of what has happened to the patient since birth. It chronicles diseases, major and minor illnesses, as well as growth landmarks. It gives the clinician a feel for what has happened before to the patient. As a result, it may often give clues to current disease state. It includes several subsets detailed below.


title: Medical record

text: Within the medical record, individual medical encounters are marked by discrete summations of a patient's medical history by a physician, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant and can take several forms. Hospital admission documentation (i.e., when a patient requires hospitalization) or consultation by a specialist often take an exhaustive form, detailing the entirety of prior health and health care. Routine visits by a provider familiar to the patient, however, may take a shorter form such as the "problem-oriented medical record" (POMR), which includes a problem list of diagnoses or a "SOAP" method of documentation for each visit. Each encounter will generally contain the aspects below:


title: Medical record

text: Written orders by medical providers are included in the medical record. These detail the instructions given to other members of the health care team by the primary providers.


title: Medical record

text: When a patient is hospitalized, daily updates are entered into the medical record documenting clinical changes, new information, etc. These often take the form of a SOAP note and are entered by all members of the health-care team (doctors, nurses, physical therapists, dietitians, clinical pharmacists, respiratory therapists, etc.). They are kept in chronological order and document the sequence of events leading to the current state of health.


title: Medical record

text: The results of testing, such as blood tests (e.g., complete blood count) radiology examinations (e.g., X-rays), pathology (e.g., biopsy results), or specialized testing (e.g., pulmonary function testing) are included. Often, as in the case of X-rays, a written report of the findings is included in lieu of the actual film.


title: Medical record

text: Many other items are variably kept within the medical record. Digital images of the patient, flowsheets from operations/intensive care units, informed consent forms, EKG tracings, outputs from medical devices (such as pacemakers), chemotherapy protocols, and numerous other important pieces of information form part of the record depending on the patient and his or her set of illnesses/treatments.


title: Medical record

text: Medical records are legal documents that can be used as evidence via a subpoena duces tecum, and are thus subject to the laws of the country/state in which they are produced. As such, there is great variability in rules governing production, ownership, accessibility, and destruction. There is some controversy regarding proof verifying the facts, or absence of facts in the record, apart from the medical record itself.


title: Medical record

text: In 2009, Congress authorized and funded legislation known as the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act to stimulate the conversion of paper medical records into electronic charts. While many hospitals and doctor's offices have since done this successfully, electronic health vendors' proprietary systems are sometimes incompatible.


title: Medical record

text: Demographics include patient information that is not medical in nature. It is often information to locate the patient, including identifying numbers, addresses, and contact numbers. It may contain information about race and religion as well as workplace and type of occupation. It also contains information regarding the patient's health insurance. It is common to also find emergency contact information located in this section of the medical chart.


title: Medical record

text: In the United States, written records must be marked with the date and time and scribed with indelible pens without use of corrective paper. Errors in the record should be struck out with a single line (so that the initial entry remains legible) and initialed by the author.


title: Medical record

text: In the United States, the data contained within the medical record belongs to the patient, whereas the physical form the data takes belongs to the entity responsible for maintaining the record per the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Patients have the right to ensure that the information contained in their record is accurate, and can petition their health care provider to amend factually incorrect information in their records.


title: Medical record

text: There is no consensus regarding medical record ownership in the United States. Factors complicating questions of ownership include the form and source of the information, custody of the information, contract rights, and variation in state law. There is no federal law regarding ownership of medical records. HIPAA gives patients the right to access and amend their own records, but it has no language regarding ownership of the records. Twenty-eight states and Washington, D.C., have no laws that define ownership of medical records. Twenty-one states have laws stating that the providers are the owners of the records. Only one state, New Hampshire, has a law ascribing ownership of medical records to the patient.


title: Medical record

text: Under Canadian federal law, the patient owns the information contained in a medical record, but the healthcare provider owns the records themselves. The same is true for both nursing home and dental records. In cases where the provider is an employee of a clinic or hospital, it is the employer that has ownership of the records. By law, all providers must keep medical records for a period of 15 years beyond the last entry.


title: Medical record

text: The precedent for the law is the 1992 Canadian Supreme Court ruling in McInerney v MacDonald. In that ruling, an appeal by a physician, Dr. Elizabeth McInerney, challenging a patient's access to their own medical record was denied. The patient, Margaret MacDonald, won a court order granting her full access to her own medical record. The case was complicated by the fact that the records were in electronic form and contained information supplied by other providers. McInerney maintained that she didn't have the right to release records she herself did not author. The courts ruled otherwise. Legislation followed, codifying into law the principles of the ruling. It is that legislation which deems providers the owner of medical records, but requires that access to the records be granted to the patient themselves.


title: Medical record

text: In the United Kingdom, ownership of the NHS's medical records has in the past generally been described as belonging to the Secretary of State for Health and this is taken by some to mean copyright also belongs to the authorities.


title: Medical record

text: In Germany, a relatively new law, which has been established in 2013, strengthens the rights of patients. It states, amongst other things, the statutory duty of medical personnel to document the treatment of the patient in either hard copy or within the electronic patient record (EPR). This documentation must happen in a timely manner and encompass each and every form of treatment the patient receives, as well as other necessary information, such as the patient's case history, diagnoses, findings, treatment results, therapies and their effects, surgical interventions and their effects, as well as informed consents. The information must include virtually everything that is of functional importance for the actual, but also for future treatment. This documentation must also include the medical report and must be archived by the attending physician for at least 10 years. The law clearly states that these records are not only memory aids for the physicians, but also should be kept for the patient and must be presented on request.


title: Medical record

text: In addition, an electronic health insurance card was issued in January 2014 which is applicable in Germany ( or eGK), but also in the other member states of the European Union (European Health Insurance Card). It contains data such as: the name of the health insurance company, the validity period of the card, and personal information about the patient (name, date of birth, sex, address, health insurance number) as well information about the patient's insurance status and additional charges. Furthermore, it can contain medical data if agreed to by the patient. This data can include information concerning emergency care, prescriptions, an electronic medical record, and electronic physician's letters. However, due to the limited storage space (32kB), some information is deposited on servers.


title: Medical record

text: In the United States, the most basic rules governing access to a medical record dictate that only the patient and the health-care providers directly involved in delivering care have the right to view the record. The patient, however, may grant consent for any person or entity to evaluate the record. The full rules regarding access and security for medical records are set forth under the guidelines of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).


title: Medical record

text: The rules become more complicated in special situations. A 2018 study found discrepancies in how major hospitals handle record requests, with forms displaying limited information relative to phone conversations.


title: Medical record

text: In the 1992 Canadian Supreme Court ruling in McInerney v. MacDonald gave patients the right to copy and examine all information in their medical records, while the records themselves remained the property of the healthcare provider. The 2004 Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA) contains regulatory guidelines to protect the confidentiality of patient information for healthcare organizations acting as stewards of their medical records. Despite legal precedent for access nationwide, there is still some variance in laws depending on the province. There is also some confusion among providers as to the scope of the patient information they have to give access to, but the language in the supreme court ruling gives patient access rights to their entire record.


title: Medical record

text: In the United Kingdom, the Data Protection Acts and later the Freedom of Information Act 2000 gave patients or their representatives the right to a copy of their record, except where information breaches confidentiality (e.g., information from another family member or where a patient has asked for information not to be disclosed to third parties) or would be harmful to the patient's wellbeing (e.g., some psychiatric assessments). Also, the legislation gives patients the right to check for any errors in their record and insist that amendments be made if required.


title: Medical record

text: In general, entities in possession of medical records are required to maintain those records for a given period. In the United Kingdom, medical records are required for the lifetime of a patient and legally for as long as that complaint action can be brought. Generally in the UK, any recorded information should be kept legally for 7 years, but for medical records additional time must be allowed for any child to reach the age of responsibility (20 years). Medical records are required many years after a patient's death to investigate illnesses within a community (e.g., industrial or environmental disease or even deaths at the hands of doctors committing murders, as in the Harold Shipman case).


title: Medical record

text: The outsourcing of medical record transcription and storage has the potential to violate patient–physician confidentiality by possibly allowing unaccountable persons access to patient data.


title: Medical record

text: Falsification of a medical record by a medical professional is a felony in most United States jurisdictions.


title: Medical record

text: Governments have often refused to disclose medical records of military personnel who have been used as experimental subjects.


title: Medical record

text: Given the series of medical data breaches and the lack of public trust, some countries have enacted laws requiring safeguards to be put in place to protect the security and confidentiality of medical information as it is shared electronically and to give patients some important rights to monitor their medical records and receive notification for loss and unauthorized acquisition of health information. The United States and the EU have imposed mandatory medical data breach notifications.


title: Medical record

text: Patients' medical information can be shared by a number of people both within the health care industry and beyond. The Health Insurance Portability and Accessibility Act (HIPAA) is a United States federal law pertaining to medical privacy that went into effect in 2003. This law established standards for patient privacy in all 50 states, including the right of patients to access to their own records. HIPAA provides some protection, but does not resolve the issues involving medical records privacy.


title: Medical record

text: Medical and health care providers experienced 767 security breaches resulting in the compromised confidential health information of 23,625,933 patients during the period of 2006–2012.


title: Medical record

text: The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accessibility Act (HIPAA) addresses the issue of privacy by providing medical information handling guidelines. Not only is it bound by the Code of Ethics of its profession (in the case of doctors and nurses), but also by the legislation on data protection and criminal law. Professional secrecy applies to practitioners, psychologists, nursing, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nursing assistants, chiropodists, and administrative personnel, as well as auxiliary hospital staff. The maintenance of the confidentiality and privacy of patients implies first of all in the medical history, which must be adequately guarded, remaining accessible only to the authorized personnel. However, the precepts of privacy must be observed in all fields of hospital life: privacy at the time of the conduct of the anamnesis and physical exploration, the privacy at the time of the information to the relatives, the conversations between healthcare providers in the corridors, maintenance of adequate patient data collection in hospital nursing controls (planks, slates), telephone conversations, open intercoms etc.


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium (INN; trade name Mildronate, among others) is a limited-market pharmaceutical, developed in 1970 by Ivars Kalviņš at the USSR Latvia Institute of Organic Synthesis, and now manufactured by the Latvian pharmaceutical company Grindeks and several generic manufacturers. It is primarily distributed in Eastern European countries as an anti-ischemia medication.


title: Meldonium

text: Since 1 January 2016, it has been on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of substances banned from use by athletes. Meldonium can be used as a metabolic modulator, changing how some hormones accelerate or slow down enzymatic reactions in the body. However, there are debates over its use as an athletic performance enhancer. Some athletes are known to have used meldonium before it was banned. Nevertheless, many athletes have been suspended or disqualified officially in relation to this drug.


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium may be used to treat coronary artery disease. These heart problems may sometimes lead to ischemia, a condition where too little blood flows to the organs in the body, especially the heart. Because this drug is thought to expand the arteries, it helps to increase the blood flow as well as increase the flow of oxygen throughout the body. Meldonium has also been found to induce anticonvulsant and antihypnotic effects involving alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, as well as nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. This, in summary, shows that meldonium given in acute doses could be beneficial for the treatment of seizures and alcohol intoxication. It is also used in cases of cerebral ischemia, ocular ischemic syndrome and other ocular disease caused by disturbed arterial circulation and may also have some effect on decreasing the severity of withdrawal symptoms caused by the cessation of chronic alcohol use.


title: Meldonium

text: To ensure a continuous guarantee of energy supply, the cell's energy-producing mitochondria oxidise considerable amounts of fat along with glucose. Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids (FA) from the cytosol of the cell into the mitochondrion and is therefore essential for fatty acid oxidation (known as beta oxidation). Carnitine is mainly absorbed from the diet, but can be formed through biosynthesis. To produce carnitine, lysine residues are methylated to trimethyllysine. Four enzymes are involved in the conversion of trimethyllysine and its intermediate forms into the final product of carnitine. The last of these 4 enzymes is gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (GBB), which hydroxylates butyrobetaine into carnitine.


title: Meldonium

text: The main cardioprotective effects of meldonium are mediated by the inhibition of GBB. By subsequently inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis, fatty acid transport is reduced and the accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of fatty acid beta-oxidation in ischemic tissues to produce energy is prevented, therefore blocking this highly oxygen-consuming process. Treatment with meldonium therefore shifts the myocardial energy metabolism from fatty acid oxidation to the more favorable oxidation of glucose, or glycolysis, under conditions where oxygen is limited. It also reduces the formation of trimethylamine "N"-oxide (TMAO), a product of carnitine breakdown that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure.


title: Meldonium

text: In the mitochondria themselves, meldonium also competitively inhibits the carnitine shuttle protein SLC22A5. This results in reduced transportation and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria (this burden is shifted more to peroxisomes). The final effect is a decreased risk of mitochondrial injury from fatty acid oxidation and a reduction of the production of acylcarnitines, which has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Because of its inhibitory effects on L-carnitine biosynthesis and its subsequent glycolytic effects as well as reduced acylcarnitine production, meldonium has been indicated for use in diabetic patients. In animal models and a very small clinical trial, meldonium has been shown to reduce blood glucose concentrations, exhibit cardioprotective effects and prevent or reduce the severity of diabetic complications. Long-term treatment has also been shown to attenuate the development of atherosclerosis in the heart.


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium's vasodilatory effects are thought to be due to the stimulation of the production of nitric oxide in the vascular endothelium. It is hypothesized that meldonium may increase the formation of the gamma-butyrobetaine esters, which are potent parasympathomimetics, and may activate the endothelial NOS (eNOS) enzyme, which causes nitric oxide production via stimulation of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor or specific gamma-butyrobetaine ester receptors.


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium is believed to continually train the heart pharmacologically, even without physical activity, inducing preparation of cellular metabolism and membrane structures (specifically in myocardial mitochondria) to survive ischemic stress conditions. This is done by adapting myocardial cells to lower fatty acid inflow and by activating glycolysis; the heart eventually begins using glycolysis instead of beta oxidation during real life ischaemic conditions. This reduces oxidative stress on cells, formation of cytotoxic products of fatty acid oxidation and subsequent cellular damage. This has made meldonium a possible pharmacological agent for ischemic preconditioning.


title: Meldonium

text: The mechanisms underlying the central nervous system effects of meldonium are unclear. In a study in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, meldonium increased cognition and mental performance by reducing amyloid beta deposition in the hippocampus.


title: Meldonium

text: The mechanism of action of meldonium is to act as a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, presumably by inhibiting enzymes in the carnitine biosynthesis pathway such as γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. Although initial reports suggested meldonium is a non-competitive and non-hydroxylatable analogue of gamma-butyrobetaine; further studies have identified that meldonium is a substrate for gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase. X-ray crystallographic and "in vitro" biochemical studies suggest that meldonium binds to the substrate pocket of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase and acts as an alternative substrate, and therefore a competitive inhibitor. Normally, this enzyme's action on its substrates γ-butyrobetaine and 2-oxoglutarate gives, in the presence of the further substrate oxygen, the products L-carnitine, succinate, and carbon dioxide; in the presence of this alternate substrate, the reaction yields malonic acid semialdehyde, formaldehyde (akin to the action of histone demethylases), dimethylamine, and (1-methylimidazolidin-4-yl)acetic acid, "an unexpected product with an additional carbon-carbon bond resulting from N-demethylation coupled to oxidative rearrangement, likely via an unusual radical mechanism." The unusual mechanism is thought likely to involve a Steven's type rearrangement.


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium's inhibition of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase gives a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC) value of 62 micromolar, which other study authors have described as "potent." Meldonium is an example of an inhibitor that acts as a non-peptidyl substrate mimic.


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium has also been shown by NMR to bind to carnitine acetyltransferase. Carnitine acetyltransferase belongs to a family of ubiquitous enzymes that play pivotal roles in cellular energy metabolism. Meldonium is a relatively weak inhibitor to carnitine acetyltransferase (when compared to γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase), with an inhibition constant ("K") of 1.6 mM.


title: Meldonium

text: The chemical name of meldonium is 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydraziniumyl) propionate. It is a structural analogue of γ-butyrobetaine, with an amino group replacing the C-4 methylene of γ-butyrobetaine. γ-Butyrobetaine is a precursor in the biosynthesis of carnitine.


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium was added to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances effective 1 January 2016 because of evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance. It was on the 2015 WADA's list of drugs to be monitored. A high prevalence of meldonium use by athletes in sport was demonstrated by the laboratory findings at the Baku 2015 European Games. 13 medallists or competition winners were taking meldonium at the time of the Baku Games. Meldonium use was detected in athletes competing in 15 of the 21 sports during the Games. Most of the athletes taking meldonium withheld the information of their use from anti-doping authorities by not declaring it on their doping control forms as they should have. Only 23 of the 662 (3.5%) athletes tested declared the personal use of meldonium. However, 66 of the total 762 (8.7%) of athlete urine samples analysed during the Games and during pre-competition tested positive for meldonium.


title: Meldonium

text: WADA classes the drug as a metabolic modulator, just as it does insulin. Metabolic modulators are classified as S4 substances according to the WADA banned substances list. These substances have the ability to modify how some hormones accelerate or slow down different enzymatic reactions in the body. In this way, these modulators can block the body's conversion of testosterone into oestrogen, which is necessary for females. On 13 April 2016 it was reported that WADA had issued updated guidelines allowing less than 1 microgram per milliliter of meldonium for tests done before 1 March 2016. The agency cited that "preliminary tests showed that it could take weeks or months for the drug to leave the body".


title: Meldonium

text: On 7 March 2016, former world number one tennis player Maria Sharapova announced that she had failed a drug test in Australia due to the detection of meldonium. She said that she had been taking the drug for ten years for various health issues, and had not noticed that it had been banned. On 8 June 2016, she was suspended from playing tennis for two years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). Earlier the same year (March 7), Russian ice dancer Ekaterina Bobrova announced that she had also tested positive for meldonium at the 2016 European Figure Skating Championships. Bobrova said she was shocked about the test result, because she had been made aware of meldonium's addition to the banned list, and had been careful to avoid products containing banned substances. In May 2016, Russian professional boxer Alexander Povetkin—a former two-time World Boxing Association (WBA) Heavyweight Champion—tested positive for meldonium. This was discovered just a week prior to his mandatory title match against World Boxing Council (WBC) Heavyweight Champion, Deontay Wilder. As a result, the match—scheduled to take place in Russia—was postponed indefinitely by the WBC.


title: Meldonium

text: Other athletes who are provisionally banned for using meldonium include UFC flyweight Liliya Shakirova, Ethiopian-Swedish middle-distance runner Abeba Aregawi, Ethiopian long-distance runner Endeshaw Negesse, Russian cyclist Eduard Vorganov, and Ukrainian biathletes Olga Abramova and Artem Tyshchenko.


title: Meldonium

text: The Ice Hockey Federation of Russia replaced the Russia men's national under-18 ice hockey team with an under-17 team for the 2016 IIHF World U18 Championships after players on the original roster tested positive for meldonium.


title: Meldonium

text: More than 170 failed tests by athletes were identified in a relatively brief period after the ban on meldonium was imposed on 1 January 2016, almost all of which were from Eastern European countries. Many of the early cases were dropped when athletes claimed that they had ceased use in 2015. Notable athletes with positive samples include:


title: Meldonium

text: In addition it was reported that five Georgian wrestlers and a German wrestler had tested positive for the drug although no further names were released. On 25 March 2016 the Fédération Internationale de Sambo confirmed that four wrestlers under their governance (two from Russia and two from other countries) had recorded positive tests for the drug.


title: Meldonium

text: A December 2015 study in the journal "Drug Testing and Analysis" argued that meldonium "demonstrates an increase in endurance performance of athletes, improved rehabilitation after exercise, protection against stress, and enhanced activation of central nervous system (CNS) functions". However the study itself presents no evidence for this claim, and focuses instead on describing two approaches for the reliable identification of meldonium.


title: Meldonium

text: The manufacturer, Grindeks, said in a statement that it did not believe meldonium's use should be banned for athletes. It said the drug worked mainly by reducing damage to cells that can be caused by certain byproducts of carnitine. Meldonium "is used to prevent death of ischemic cells and not to increase performance of normal cells", the statement said. "Meldonium cannot improve athletic performance, but it can stop tissue damage in the case of ischemia", the lack of blood flow to an area of the body.


title: Meldonium

text: The drug was invented in the mid-1970s at the Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences by Ivars Kalviņš. Kalviņš criticized the ban, saying that WADA had not presented scientific proof that the drug can be used for doping. According to him, meldonium does not enhance athletic performance in any way, and was rather used by athletes to prevent damage to the heart and muscles caused by lack of oxygen during high-intensity exercise. He contended that not allowing athletes to take care of their health was a violation of their human rights, and that the decision aimed to remove Eastern European athletes from competitions and his drug from the pharmaceutical market. Liene Kozlovska, the former head of the anti-doping department of the Latvian sports medicine center, rejected claims that the ban is in violation of athletes' rights, saying that meldonium is dangerous in high doses, and should only be used under medical supervision to treat genuine health conditions. She also speculated that Russian athletes may not have received adequate warnings that the drug was banned – due to the suspension of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency in late 2015.


title: Meldonium

text: "Forbes" reported that anesthesiology professor Michael Joyner, at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, who studies how humans respond to physical and mental stress during exercise and other activities, told them that "Evidence is lacking for many compounds believed to enhance athletic performance. Its use has a sort of urban legend element and there is not much out there that it is clearly that effective. I would be shocked if this stuff [meldonium] had an effect greater than caffeine or creatine (a natural substance that, when taken as a supplement, is thought to enhance muscle mass)." Ford Vox, a U.S.-based physician specializing in rehabilitation medicine and a journalist reported "there's not much scientific support for its use as an athletic enhancer".


title: Meldonium

text: Don Catlin, a long-time anti-doping expert and the scientific director of the Banned Substances Control Group (BSCG) said "There's really no evidence that there's any performance enhancement from meldonium – Zero percent".


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium, which is not approved by the FDA in the United States, is registered and prescribed in Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Moldova, Lithuania, Albania, and Kyrgyzstan.


title: Meldonium

text: Meldonium is manufactured by Grindeks, a Latvian pharmaceutical company, with offices in thirteen Eastern European countries as a treatment for heart conditions. The company identifies it as one of their main products. It had sales of 65 million euros in 2013.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Chantelle Vivien Houghton (born 21 August 1983) is an English television personality, glamour model, and columnist. In 2006, she competed in the fourth series of the Channel 4 reality series "Celebrity Big Brother". Houghton was sent in as a non-celebrity with the task of persuading her celebrity housemates that she was famous. She emerged as the winner of the series, winning a prize of . Following a much-publicised on-screen relationship, Houghton married former fellow "Big Brother" contestant Samuel Preston of The Ordinary Boys in August 2006.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton was born on 21 August 1983 in Wickford, Essex, England, to her parents Allan and Vivien, and has an older brother, Gregg. She attended Bromfords School in Wickford, the same school that "Big Brother 8" winner Brian Belo attended several years later. She left school at age 15 with seven GCSEs, then worked in a bank and as an insurance telesales representative.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: After various friends suggested she would make a good model, Houghton entered a 2001 competition run by "Motor Cycle News" magazine, and after winning it became a promotions girl. Wanting to be like her heroine Jordan, she undertook some glamour modelling starting out by having her mother take some topless shots in a local park. In 2003, she entered a "Daily Star" competition as a Page 3 girl, which she did not win, but appeared once in the tabloid newspaper.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton appeared as a Soccerette model on the "Soccer AM" show for Sky Sports and also worked for a lookalike agency, portraying Paris Hilton. In 2005, she competed in a Miss Greater London beauty pageant, where she lost to Jenny Velasquez.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton had originally applied to be in "Big Brother 6" and was a stand-by for that series but was never called up, however producers decided to use her for the upcoming celebrity version as a "fake celebrity".


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton entered the house on day one and became the first non-celebrity to enter "Celebrity Big Brother". She was told by Big Brother that her cover story was that she was a member of a fictional band called Kandy Floss. According to Big Brother, Houghton was the lead singer. Their singles were "I Want It Right Now", "Come Back", and "More More More". "I Want It Right Now" was their biggest hit. Had she failed to convince them, she would have been evicted from the house. She successfully fooled her housemates and survived to the end of the show. In her "Big Brother" profile page Houghton described herself as a "bright, blonde bimbo" (despite not being a natural blonde). She said, "I look like Paris Hilton, not on purpose but it's just the way it turned out".


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: On 8 January (day four), Big Brother set a task to the group to rate themselves by how famous they thought they were. The celebrity they thought was the most famous stood on the No. 1 podium and the person they considered the least famous stood on the No. 11 podium. Houghton had to avoid being put in the No. 11 podium to prove she had fooled the real celebrities that she was famous and to stay in the house. Houghton survived the task, being chosen to stand on the No. 9 podium, ahead of Samuel Preston and Maggot. She was then called to the diary room to discuss her identity with Big Brother. This was simultaneously shown on a television screen in the lounge, in front of the other housemates.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton was nominated for eviction on Day 21, but was saved from eviction by the public as the other two nominees (George Galloway and Dennis Rodman) left the house in a double eviction. While in the house, Houghton established close bonds with Jodie Marsh and Preston.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton won the show on 27 January with 56.4% of the public vote, ahead of Michael Barrymore on 22.7%, earning her £25,000 (the celebrities were reportedly paid fees of up to £150,000 each).


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton re-entered the "Big Brother" house for "Ultimate Big Brother", following the conclusion of "Big Brother 2010", and to signal the end of "Big Brother" on Channel 4. She entered the house with her ex-husband Preston. During the show, Houghton reformed the fake band Kandy Floss with fellow "Ultimate Big Brother" housemates Victor Ebuwa and Nadia Almada for a task. Houghton survived eviction on Day 11 and subsequently landed third place on the finale with 20.51% of the final three-way vote on Day 18, finishing behind Nikki Grahame and winner Brian Dowling.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: In May 2006, she signed a £300,000 deal with Random House to publish her autobiography. It was released in October 2006 called "Living the Dream" which sold 50,000 copies. Extracts from the book were read out by Simon Amstell on 14 February 2007 edition of "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" which caused Preston, who was a guest on the show, to walk off the set.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton was nominated in the Most Popular TV Contender category at the 2006 National Television Awards, but was beaten by Nikki Grahame, herself a former "Big Brother" contestant.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton has "written" several columns in magazines, most notably as "OK!"s "Big Brother 7" columnist and "New!"s "Big Brother 8" columnist. Before becoming "New!"s BB8 columnist she had another column in the magazine titled "I Want It Right Now" in which she shared makeup and fashion tips.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: In June 2010, Houghton fronted a campaign for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, called 'Fight Impotence. Go Vegetarian'.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton has appeared as a guest on several TV shows since winning "Celebrity Big Brother". These include:


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton announced her engagement to Preston on 11 April 2006. In an exclusive £300,000 deal each with "OK!" magazine, they were married on 25 August 2006 at Dartmouth House in Mayfair, London.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: After their honeymoon, the couple moved to Preston's flat in Brighton. In a later 2008 interview with Piers Morgan, Houghton admitted that Preston had told her one month after the wedding that he had not wanted to marry her. The couple continued to give interviews to various magazines, with Houghton losing weight and colouring her hair brunette to look more like Preston's former fiancée Camille.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Ten months later, on 27 June 2007, they announced in a joint statement that they were ending their marriage. "After much soul-searching and tearful discussions we have sadly decided to end our marriage," they said in the statement. "We hope we can always remain friends and still love each other but we both think we put so much pressure on one another to make our marriage work that it has ended up destroying our relationship. No one else is involved in our decision." The couple divorced in November 2007.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton was in a relationship with British television presenter Rav Wilding. The couple separated in 2011.


title: Chantelle Houghton

text: Houghton confirmed that she was pregnant by competitive fighter Alex Reid in November 2011. On 17 June 2012, Houghton gave birth to a daughter. The couple separated in October 2012.


title: Pinkwashing (LGBT)

text: Pinkwashing is the strategy of promoting LGBT rights protections as evidence of liberalism and democracy, especially to distract from or legitimize violence against other countries or communities, often to improve a country's tarnished reputation. The concept has been used by Sarah Schulman in 2011 with reference to Israeli government public relations, and is related to homonationalism, the exploitation of sexual minorities to justify racism and xenophobia. Pinkwashing is a continuation of the civilizing mission used to justify colonialism, this time on the basis of LGBT rights in Western countries. More broadly, pinkwashing can also be defined as "the deployment of superficially sympathetic messages for [ends] having little or nothing to do with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) equality or inclusion", including LGBT marketing.


title: Pinkwashing (LGBT)

text: In April 2010, Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism (QUIT) in the Bay Area, used the phrase "pinkwashing" as a twist on "greenwashing", a practice where companies claim to be eco-friendly in order to make profit. Dunya Alwan was at a talk with Ali Abunimah, editor of Electronic Intifada in 2010, when he said "We won't put up with Israel whitewashing or greenwashing" and she thought "or pinkwashing!"