title: Sailor Venus

text: The kanji in Minako's name translate as , , , , and . It is structured as a pun, as the syllable "no" indicates a possessive, so that her name can also be understood as "Beautiful Child of Love." This pun with the name being based on the aspect of the planet, in this case Venus being the goddess of love in Roman Mythology, runs across all the Sailor Soldiers. As Minako was "transplanted" from her previous series, unlike the other Soldiers, her family name does not begin with the same kanji as her planet, which would have been . However, like them it is still a representation of her primary element, the "inevitable" connection with Venus, the Roman goddess of love. The characters of her given name can also, using unconventional but extant readings, be read as "Binasu"—a Japanese approximation of the name "Venus".


title: Sailor Venus

text: In the original Japanese version of the "Sailor Moon" anime series, Minako is voiced by Rica Fukami, with Nanae Sumitomo as a stand-in for portions of episode 163 of SuperS. Shizuka Itō voiced her from "Sailor Moon Crystal" onwards.


title: Sailor Venus

text: In the original English-language dub of Sailor Moon, her name was changed to "Mina" and she was voiced by Stephanie Morgenstern for the first two seasons and all three movies. Emilie-Claire Barlow provided her voice in Cloverway's dub of episodes 90-166. In the Viz Media dub Minako is voiced by Cherami Leigh in Viz Media's dub of the entire "Sailor Moon" series (produced in association with Studiopolis). A "Sailor Moon" fan, Leigh read the female roles in California and was selected for Minako during her wedding in her homeland Texas.


title: Sailor Venus

text: In the stage musicals, Minako has been played by thirteen actresses: Nana Suzuki, Sakae Yamashita ("Yume Senshi - Ai - Eien Ni" soundtrack only), Chizuru Soya, Kanatsu Nakaya, Akiko Miyazawa, Miyu Otani, Nao Inada, Yuki Nakamura, Ayumi Murata, Mizuki Watanabe, Momoko Shibuya, half-American idol Erica, Shiori Sakata., Rimo Hasegawa, Hina Higuchi, Kana Nakada, Sena, Yu Nakanishi and Saya Goto.


title: Sailor Venus

text: The official "Sailor Moon" character popularity polls listed Minako Aino, Sailor V, and Sailor Venus as separate entities. In 1992, readers ranked Venus as the second most popular character, Minako being tenth and Sailor V being ninth, out of thirty eight choices. One year later, now with fifty choices, Minako was the fifth most popular character, Sailor Venus was seventh, and Sailor V was tenth. In 1994, with fifty one choices, Sailor Venus was the twelfth most popular character, Minako was the fourteenth, and Sailor V was the nineteenth most popular character. In early 1996, with fifty one choices, Sailor Venus was the seventeenth most popular character, Minako was again the fourteenth most popular, and Sailor V did not place.


title: Sailor Venus

text: Minako has had her powers the longest of the Sailor Soldiers, and because of this, Jennifer Brown suggests that her sense of self-worth is more connected to her confidence in her powers.


title: Sailor Venus

text: Writing about "Codename: Sailor V", Brigid Alverson describes Minako as more energetic than Usagi, stating that although she is not a good student, she is "a lively girl with a strong spirit, someone who does nothing by half measures," describing her as leaping through the panels of the manga. Katherine Dacey praises Minako's "can-do spirit," noting that she wholeheartedly embraces her responsibilities as Sailor V. Ed Sizemore feels that Minako's sporty nature makes her more confident than Usagi, feeling that she is much more self-sufficient. Sean Gaffney describes Minako as "hyperactive and proactive."


title: Semen analysis

text: A semen analysis (plural: semen analyses), also called seminogram or spermiogram, evaluates certain characteristics of a male's semen and the sperm contained therein. It is done to help evaluate male fertility, whether for those seeking pregnancy or verifying the success of vasectomy. Depending on the measurement method, just a few characteristics may be evaluated (such as with a home kit) or many characteristics may be evaluated (generally by a diagnostic laboratory). Collection techniques and precise measurement method may influence results.


title: Semen analysis

text: Semen analysis is a complex test that should be performed in andrology laboratories by experienced technicians with quality control and validation of test systems. A routine semen analysis should include: physical characteristics of semen (color, odor, pH, viscosity and liquefaction), volume, concentration, morphology and sperm motility and progression. To provide a correct result it is necessary to perform at least two, preferably three, separate seminal analyses with an interval between them of seven days to three months.


title: Semen analysis

text: The techniques and criteria used to analyze semen samples are based on the "WHO manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction" published in 2021.


title: Semen analysis

text: The most common reasons for laboratory semen analysis in humans are as part of a couple's infertility investigation and after a vasectomy to verify that the procedure was successful. It is also commonly used for testing human donors for sperm donation, and for animals semen analysis is commonly used in stud farming and farm animal breeding.


title: Semen analysis

text: Occasionally a man will have a semen analysis done as part of routine pre-pregnancy testing. At the laboratory level this is rare, as most healthcare providers will not test the semen and sperm unless specifically requested or there is a strong suspicion of a pathology in one of these areas discovered during the medical history or during the physical examination. Such testing is very expensive and time-consuming, and in the U.S. is unlikely to be covered by insurance. In other countries, such as Germany, the testing is covered by all insurances.


title: Semen analysis

text: The characteristics measured by semen analysis are only some of the factors in semen quality. One source states that 30% of men with a normal semen analysis actually have abnormal sperm function. Conversely, men with poor semen analysis results may go on to father children. In NICE guidelines, "mild male factor infertility" is defined as when two or more semen analyses have one or more variables below the 5th percentile, and confers a chance of pregnancy occurring


title: Semen analysis

text: Methods of semen collection include masturbation, condom collection, and epididymal extraction. The sample should never be obtained through coitus interruptus as some portion of the ejaculate could be lost, bacterial contamination could occur, or the acidic vaginal pH could be detrimental for sperm motility.


title: Semen analysis

text: The optimal sexual abstinence for semen sampling is two to seven days. The most common way to obtain a semen sample is through masturbation and the best place to obtain it is in the clinic where the analysis will take place in order to avoid temperature changes during the transport that can be lethal for some spermatozoa.


title: Semen analysis

text: Once the sample is obtained, it must be put directly into a sterile plastic receptacle (never in a conventional preservative, since they have chemical substances such as lubricants or spermicides that could damage the sample) and be handed to the clinic for it to be studied within the hour.


title: Semen analysis

text: There are some situations in which a special obtaining is needed, such as retrograde ejaculation, neurological injury or psychological inhibition. Depends on the situation we can use different methods such as special preservatives, electro-stimulation, vibro-stimulation, etc.


title: Semen analysis

text: The parameters included in the semen analysis can be divided in macroscopic (liquefaction, appearance, viscosity, volume and pH) and microscopic (motility, morphology, vitality, concentration, sperm count, sperm aggregation, sperm agglutination, and presence of round cells or leukocytes). The main three parameters of the spermiogram are the concentration of the spermatozoa in the semen, the motility and the morphology of them. This analysis is important to analyse the fertility of a man, but even in a perfectly fertile man is very difficult to find normal spermatozoa, indeed, on the average of fertile men, only the 4% of their spermatozoa is normal in every parameter, while the 96% is abnormal in at least one of them.


title: Semen analysis

text: Sperm count, or "sperm concentration" to avoid confusion with "total sperm count", measures the concentration of sperm in a man's ejaculate, distinguished from "total sperm count", which is the sperm count multiplied with volume. Over 16 million sperm per milliliter is considered normal, according to the WHO in 2021. Older definitions state 20 million. A lower sperm count is considered oligozoospermia. A vasectomy is considered successful if the sample is azoospermic (zero sperm of any kind found). When a sample contains less than 100,000 spermatozoa per milliliter we talk about criptozoospermia. Some define success as when rare/occasional non-motile sperm are observed (fewer than 100,000 per millilitre). Others advocate obtaining a second semen analysis to verify the counts are not increasing (as can happen with re-canalization) and others still may perform a repeat vasectomy for this situation.


title: Semen analysis

text: Chips for home use are emerging that can give an accurate estimation of sperm count after three samples taken on different days. Such a chip may measure the concentration of sperm in a semen sample against a control liquid filled with polystyrene beads.


title: Semen analysis

text: The World Health Organization has a value of 40% and this must be measured within 60 minutes of collection. WHO also has a parameter of "vitality", with a lower reference limit of 60% live spermatozoa. A man can have a total number of sperm far over the limit of >16 million sperm cells per milliliter, but still have bad quality because too few of them are motile. However, if the sperm count is very high, then a low motility (for example, less than 60%) might not matter, because the fraction might still be more than 8 million per millilitre. The other way around, a man can have a sperm count far less than 20 million sperm cells per millilitre and still have good motility, if more than 60% of those observed sperm cells show good forward movement - which is beneficial because nature favours quality over quantity.


title: Semen analysis

text: The total motility reference of 40% can be divided in a 32% of progressive motility and 8% of motility in situ.


title: Semen analysis

text: Semen samples which have more than 30% progressive motility are considered as normozoospermia. Samples below that value are classified as asthenozoospermia regarding the WHO criteria.


title: Semen analysis

text: Regarding sperm morphology, the WHO criteria as described in 2021 state that a sample is normal (samples from men whose partners had a pregnancy in the last 12 months) if 4% (or 5th centile) or more of the observed sperm have normal morphology. If the sample has less than 4% of morphologically normal spermatozoa, it's classified as teratozoospermia.


title: Semen analysis

text: Normal sperm morphology is hard to classify because of lack of objectivity and variations in interpretation, for instance. In order to classify spermatozoa as normal or abnormal, the different parts should be considered. Sperm has a head, a midpiece and a tail.


title: Semen analysis

text: Firstly, the head should be oval-shaped, smooth and with a regular outline. What is more, the acrosomal region should comprise the 40–70% area of the head, be defined and not contain large vacuoles. The amount of vacuoles should not excess the 20% of the head's area. It should be 4–5 μm long and a width of 2,5–3,5 μm.


title: Semen analysis

text: Secondly, the midpiece and the neck should be regular, with a maximal width of 1 μm and a length of 7–8 μm. The axis of the midpiece should be aligned with the major axis of the head.


title: Semen analysis

text: Finally, the tail should be thinner than the midpiece and have a length of 45 μm approximately and a constant diameter along its length. It is important that it is not rolled up.


title: Semen analysis

text: Since abnormalities are frequently mixed, the teratozoospermia index (TZI) is really helpful. This index is the mean number of abnormalities per abnormal sperm. To calculate it, 200 spermatozoa are counted (this is a good number). From this number, the abnormalities in head, midpiece and tail are counted, as well as the total abnormal spermatozoa. Once that task has been done, the TZI is calculated like this:


title: Semen analysis

text: Another interesting index is the sperm deformity index (SDI), which is calculated the same way as the TZI, but instead of dividing by the number of abnormal spermatozoa, the division is by the total number of spermatozoa counted.


title: Semen analysis

text: The TZI takes values from 1 (only one abnormality per sperm) to 3 (each sperm has the three types of abnormalities).


title: Semen analysis

text: Up to 10% of all spermatozoa have observable defects and as such are disadvantaged in terms of fertilising an oocyte.


title: Semen analysis

text: A "motile sperm organelle morphology examination" (MSOME) is a particular morphologic investigation wherein an inverted light microscope equipped with high-power optics and enhanced by digital imaging is used to achieve a magnification above x6000, which is much higher than the magnification used habitually by embryologists in spermatozoa selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (x200 to x400). A potential finding on MSOME is the presence of sperm vacuoles, which are associated with sperm chromatin immaturity, particularly in the case of large vacuoles.


title: Semen analysis

text: According to one lab test manual semen volumes between 2.0 mL and 5 mL are normal; WHO regards 1.4 mL as the lower reference limit. Low volume, called hypospermia, may indicate partial or complete blockage of the seminal vesicles, or that the man was born without seminal vesicles. In clinical practice, a volume of less than 0.5mL in the setting of infertility is most likely due to incomplete ejaculation or partial loss of sample, asides this, patient should be evaluated for hypoandrogenism and obstructive azoospermia given that it has been at least 48 hours since the last ejaculation to time of sample collection.


title: Semen analysis

text: The human ejaculate is mostly composed of water, 96 to 98% of semen is water. One way of ensuring that a man produces more ejaculate is to drink more liquids. Men also produce more seminal fluid after lengthy sexual stimulation and arousal. Reducing the frequency of sex and masturbation helps increase semen volume. Sexually transmitted diseases also affect the production of semen. Men who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) produce lower semen volume.


title: Semen analysis

text: The volume of semen may also be increased, a condition known as hyperspermia. A volume greater than 6mL may indicate Prostate inflammation. When there's no volumen, the condition is named as aspermia, which could be caused by retrograde ejaculation, anatomical or neurological diseases or anti-hypertensive drugs.


title: Semen analysis

text: Semen normally has a whitish-gray colour. It tends to get a yellowish tint as a man ages. Semen colour is also influenced by the food we eat: foods that are high in sulfur, such as garlic, may result in a man producing yellow semen. Presence of blood in semen (hematospermia) leads to a brownish or red coloured ejaculate. Hematospermia is a rare condition.


title: Semen analysis

text: Semen that has a deep yellow colour or is greenish in appearance may be due to medication. Brown semen is mainly a result of infection and inflammation of the prostate gland, urethra, epididymis and seminal vesicles. Other causes of unusual semen colour include sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, genital surgery and injury to the male sex organs.


title: Semen analysis

text: Fructose level in the semen may be analysed to determine the amount of energy available to the semen for moving. WHO specifies a normal level of 13 μmol per sample. Absence of fructose may indicate a problem with the seminal vesicles.


title: Semen analysis

text: According to one lab test manual normal pH range is 7.2–8.2; WHO criteria specify normal as 7.2–7.8. Acidic ejaculate (lower pH value) may indicate one or both of the seminal vesicles are blocked. A basic ejaculate (higher pH value) may indicate an infection. A pH value outside of the normal range is harmful to sperm and can affect their ability to penetrate the egg. The final pH results from balance between pH values of accessory glands secretions, alkaline seminal vesicular secretion and acidic prostatic secretions.


title: Semen analysis

text: The liquefaction is the process when the gel formed by proteins from the seminal vesicles and the prostate is broken up and the semen becomes more liquid. It normally takes between 30 minutes and 1 hour for the sample to change from a thick gel into a liquid. In the NICE guidelines, a liquefaction time within 60 minutes is regarded as within normal ranges.


title: Semen analysis

text: Semen viscosity can be estimated by gently aspirating the sample into a wide-bore plastic disposable pipette, allowing the semen to drop by gravity and observing the length of any thread. High viscosity can interfere with determination of sperm motility, sperm concentration and other analysis.


title: Semen analysis

text: MOT is a measure of how many million sperm cells per ml are highly motile,that is, approximately of grade a (>25 micrometer per 5 sek. at room temperature) and grade b (>25 micrometer per 25 sek. at room temperature). Thus, it is a combination of sperm count and motility.


title: Semen analysis

text: With a straw or a vial volume of 0.5 milliliter, the general guideline is that, for intracervical insemination (ICI), straws or vials making a total of 20 million motile spermatozoa in total is recommended. This is equal to 8 straws or vials 0.5 mL with MOT5, or 2 straws or vials of MOT20. For intrauterine insemination (IUI), 1–2 MOT5 straws or vials is regarded sufficient. In WHO terms, it is thus recommended to use approximately 20 million grade a+b sperm in ICI, and 2 million grade a+b in IUI.


title: Semen analysis

text: DNA damage in sperm cells that is related to infertility can be probed by analysis of DNA susceptibility to denaturation in response to heat or acid treatment and/or by detection of DNA fragmentation revealed by the presence of double-strand breaks detected by the TUNEL assay. Other techniques performed in order to measure the DNA fragmentation are: SCD (sperm chromatin dispersion test), ISNT ("in situ" nick translation), SCSA (sperm chromatin structural assay) and comet assay.


title: Semen analysis

text: "Total motile spermatozoa" (TMS) or "total motile sperm count" (TMSC) is a combination of sperm count, motility and volume, measuring how many million sperm cells in an entire ejaculate are motile.


title: Semen analysis

text: Use of approximately 20 million sperm of motility grade c or d in ICI, and 5 million ones in IUI may be an approximate recommendation.


title: Semen analysis

text: The sample may also be tested for white blood cells. A high level of white blood cells in semen is called and may indicate an infection. Cutoffs may vary, but an example cutoff is over 1 million white blood cells per milliliter of semen.


title: Semen analysis

text: Apart from the semen quality itself, there are various methodological factors that may influence the results, giving rise to inter-method variation.


title: Semen analysis

text: Compared to samples obtained from masturbation, semen samples from collection condoms have higher total sperm counts, sperm motility, and percentage of sperm with normal morphology . For this reason, they are believed to give more accurate results when used for semen analysis.


title: Semen analysis

text: If the results from a man's first sample are subfertile, they must be verified with at least two more analyses. At least two to four weeks must be allowed between each analysis. Results for a single man may have a large amount of natural variation over time, meaning a single sample may not be representative of a man's average semen characteristics. In addition, sperm physiologist Joanna Ellington believes that the stress of producing an ejaculate sample for examination, often in an unfamiliar setting and without any lubrication (most lubricants are somewhat harmful to sperm), may explain why men's first samples often show poor results while later samples show normal results.


title: Semen analysis

text: A man may prefer to produce his sample at home rather than at the clinic. The site of semen collection does "not" affect the results of a semen analysis.. If produced at home the sample should be kept as close to body temperature as possible as exposure to cold or warm conditions can affect sperm motility


title: Semen analysis

text: Volume can be determined by measuring the weight of the sample container, knowing the mass of the empty container. Sperm count and morphology can be calculated by microscopy. Sperm count can also be estimated by kits that measure the amount of a sperm-associated protein, and are suitable for home use.


title: Semen analysis

text: "Computer assisted semen analysis" ("CASA") is a catch-all phrase for automatic or semi-automatic semen analysis techniques. Most systems are based on image analysis, but alternative methods exist such as tracking cell movement on a digitizing tablet. Computer-assisted techniques are most-often used for the assessment of sperm concentration and mobility characteristics, such as velocity and linear velocity. Nowadays, there are CASA systems, based on image analysis and using new techniques, with near perfect results, and doing full analysis in a few seconds. With some techniques, sperm concentration and motility measurements are at least as reliable as current manual methods.


title: Semen analysis

text: Raman spectroscopy has made progress in its ability to perform characterization, identification and localization of sperm nuclear DNA damage.


title: Peter Malkin

text: Peter Zvi Malkin (; , May 27, 1927 – March 1, 2005) was a Polish-born Israeli secret agent and member of the Mossad intelligence agency. He was part of the team that captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina in 1960 and brought him to Israel to stand trial for crimes against humanity.


title: Peter Malkin

text: Peter Zvi Malchin was born on May 27, 1927 in Żółkiewka, Poland, to an observant Jewish family. In 1936, his family fled to Palestine to escape the rising tide of German anti-Semitism; his sister, Fruma, and her three children who remained behind with 150 other relatives, were murdered in the Holocaust. At the age of 12, Malkin was recruited into the Haganah as an explosives expert. He was also an expert in martial arts and disguises.


title: Peter Malkin

text: Malkin spent 27 years in the Mossad, first as an agent and later as Chief of Operations. As Chief of Operations he played a major role in the capture of Israel Bar, a Soviet spy who had penetrated the highest levels of Israeli government. He also led an operation against Nazi nuclear rocket scientists who assisted an Egyptian weapons development program after World War II.


title: Peter Malkin

text: Malkin's most famous mission was on May 11, 1960, when he and a team of Mossad agents led by Rafi Eitan captured Adolf Eichmann, then living and hiding in Argentina. A senior Nazi bureaucrat, Eichmann had played a key role in organizing the extermination of Jews during World War II. "Momentito, señor" (One moment, sir) were the words he uttered in Spanish as he approached Eichmann. Eichmann began to fear for his life and turned to flee, but several of Malkin's fellow agents blocked Eichmann's path. Then Malkin grabbed him in a neck-lock, wrestled him to the ground, and bundled him in the car that took them to a safe house outside Buenos Aires.


title: Peter Malkin

text: In 1989, Israeli newspaper "Maariv" cited him as "one of the greatest figures ever in the history of the Mossad." Israeli journalist Uri Dan called him "an extraordinary secret warrior."


title: Peter Malkin

text: After retiring in 1976, Peter Malkin devoted his time to painting, a profession he used as a cover during his Mossad years. His paintings from the 1960s until he died have won international acclaim in London, Paris, Brussels and Israel. He has also authored books, and served as a private international consultant on anti-terrorism methods. The movie, "The Man Who Captured Eichmann" (1996) starring Robert Duvall as Adolf Eichmann, was based on his book "Eichmann in My Hands": also in the film was Arliss Howard, who played Malkin. More recently, Evan M. Wiener has written a play, "Captors", inspired by the book. He was also portrayed by Oscar Isaac in the 2018 movie "Operation Finale" (with Ben Kingsley as Eichmann) and by Topol (as a character named Michael) in the 1979 film "The House on Garibaldi Street".


title: Peter Malkin

text: In the mid 1980s, Malkin was recruited to go after former SS doctor Josef Mengele. Malkin and the team of ex-Mossad agents that he put together did not know at the time that Mengele was already dead. At the last minute, Malkin and the team called off the operation when they realized that it was a trap.


title: Peter Malkin

text: Malkin spent his last years in New York City with his wife and their four children. He died on March 1, 2005.


title: Memory foam

text: Memory foam consists mainly of polyurethane with additional chemicals that increase its viscosity and density. It is often referred to as "viscoelastic" polyurethane foam, or low-resilience polyurethane foam (LRPu). The foam bubbles or ‘cells’ are open, effectively creating a matrix through which air can move. Higher-density memory foam softens in reaction to body heat, allowing it to mold to a warm body in a few minutes. Newer foams may recover their original shape more quickly.


title: Memory foam

text: Memory foam derives its viscoelastic properties from several effects, due to the material's internal structure. The network effect is the force working to restore the foam's structure when it is deformed. This effect is generated by the deformed porous material pushing outwards to restore its structure against an applied pressure. Three effects work against the network effect, slowing the regeneration of the foam's original structure:


title: Memory foam

text: The effects are temperature-dependent, so the temperature range at which memory foam retains its properties is limited. If it is too cold, it hardens. If it is too hot, it acts like conventional foams, quickly springing back to its original shape. The underlying physics of this process can be described by polymeric creep.


title: Memory foam

text: The pneumatic and adhesive effects are strongly correlated with the size of the pores within memory foam. Smaller pores lead to higher internal surface area and reduced air flow, increasing the adhesion and pneumatic effects. Thus the foam's properties can be controlled by changing its cell structure and porosity. Its glass transition temperature can also be modulated by using additives in the foam's material.


title: Memory foam

text: Memory foam's mechanical properties can affect the comfort of mattresses produced with it. There is also a trade-off between comfort and durability. Certain memory foams may have a more rigid cell structure, leading to a weaker distribution of weight, but better recovery of the original structure, leading to improved cyclability and durability. Denser cell structure can also resist the penetration of water vapor, leading to reduced weathering and better durability and overall appearance.


title: Memory foam

text: Memory foam was developed in 1966 under a contract by NASA's Ames Research Center to improve the safety of aircraft cushions. The temperature-sensitive memory foam was initially referred to as "slow spring back foam"; most called it "temper foam". Created by feeding gas into a polymer matrix, it had an open-cell solid structure that matched pressure against it, yet slowly returned to its original shape.


title: Memory foam

text: Later commercialisation of the foam included use in medical equipment such as X-ray table pads, and sports equipment such as American / Canadian football helmet liners.


title: Memory foam

text: When NASA released memory foam to the public domain in the early 1980s, Fagerdala World Foams was one of the few companies willing to work with it, as the manufacturing process remained difficult and unreliable. Their 1991 product, the Tempur-Pedic Swedish Mattress eventually led to the mattress and cushion company Tempur World.


title: Memory foam

text: Memory foam was subsequently used in medical settings. For example, when patients were required to lie immobile in bed, on a firm mattress, for an unhealthy period of time, the pressure on some of their body regions impaired blood flow, causing pressure sores or gangrene. Memory foam mattresses significantly decreased such events.


title: Memory foam

text: Memory foam was initially too expensive for widespread use, but became cheaper. Its most common domestic uses are mattresses, pillows, shoes and blankets. It has medical uses, such as wheelchair seat cushions, hospital bed pillows and padding for people suffering long-term pain or postural problems; for example, a memory foam cervical pillow may alleviate chronic neck pain. Its heat-retaining properties may help some pain sufferers who find the added warmth helps decrease the pain.


title: Memory foam

text: Heat retention can be a disadvantage when used in mattresses and pillows, so in second-generation memory foam, companies began using open cell structure to improve breathability.


title: Memory foam

text: In 2006, the third generation of memory foam was introduced. Gel visco or gel memory foam consists of gel particles fused with visco foam to reduce trapped body heat, speed up spring back time and help the mattress feel softer. This technology was originally developed and patented by Peterson Chemical Technology, and gel mattresses became popular with the release of Serta's iComfort line and Simmons' Beautyrest line in 2011. Gel-infused memory foam was next developed with what were described as "beads" containing the gel which, as a phase-change material, achieved the desired temperature stabilization or cooling effect by changing from a solid to a liquid "state" within the capsule. Changing physical states can significantly alter an element's heat absorption properties.


title: Memory foam

text: Since the development of gel memory foam, other materials have been added. Aloe vera, green tea extract and activated charcoal have been combined with it to reduce odors and even provide aromatherapy while sleeping. Rayon has been used in woven mattress covers over memory foam beds to wick moisture away from the body to increase comfort. Phase-change materials (PCMs) have also been used in covers on memory foam pillows, beds, and mattress pads. Materials other than polyurethane also have the properties necessary to make memory foam. Polyethylene terephthalate, one such polymeric material, provides certain benefits over polyurethane, such as recyclability, lightness, and thermal insulation.


title: Memory foam

text: A memory foam mattress is usually denser than other foam mattresses, making it both more supportive and heavier. Memory foam mattresses are often sold for higher prices than traditional mattresses. Memory foam used in mattresses is commonly manufactured in densities ranging from less than 24kg/m (1.5 lb/ft) to 128kg/m (8 lb/ft) density. Most standard memory foam has a density of 16–80 kg/m (1 to 5 lb/ft). Most bedding, such as topper pads and comfort layers in mattresses, has a density of 48–72 kg/m (3 to 4.5 lb/ft). High densities such as 85 kg/m (5.3 lb/ft) are used infrequently.


title: Memory foam

text: The firmness property (hard to soft) of memory foam is used in determining comfort. It is measured by a foam's indentation force deflection (IFD) rating. However, it is not a complete measurement of a "soft" or "firm" "feel". A foam of higher IFD but lower density can feel soft when compressed.


title: Memory foam

text: IFD measures the force in newtons (or pounds-force) required to make a dent 1 inch into a foam sample 500 mm x 500 mm x 100 mm (or 15" x 15" x 4") by a 323 cm (50 sq in, 8-inch-diameter) disc—known as IFD @ 25% compression. IFD ratings for memory foams range between super soft (IFD 10) and semi-rigid (IFD 12). Most memory foam mattresses are firm (IFD 12 to IFD 16).


title: Memory foam

text: Second and third generation memory foams have an open-cell structure that reacts to body heat and weight by molding to the sleeper's body, helping relieve pressure points, preventing pressure sores, etc. Manufacturers claim that this may help relieve pressure points to relieve pain and promote more restful sleep, although there are no objective studies supporting the mattresses' claimed benefits.


title: Memory foam

text: Memory foam mattresses retain body heat, so they can be excessively warm in hot weather. However, gel-type memory foams tend to be cooler due to their greater breathability.


title: Memory foam

text: Emissions from memory foam mattresses may directly cause more respiratory irritation than other mattresses. Memory foam, like other polyurethane products, can be combustible. Laws in several jurisdictions have been enacted to require that all bedding, including memory foam items, be resistant to ignition from an open flame such as a candle or cigarette lighter. US bedding laws that went into effect in 2010 change the Cal-117 Bulletin for FR testing.


title: Memory foam

text: There is concern that high levels of the fire retardant PBDE commonly used in memory foam could cause health problems for some users. PBDEs are no longer used in most bedding foams, especially in the European Union.


title: Memory foam

text: Manufacturers caution about leaving babies and small children unattended on memory foam mattresses, as they may find it difficult to turn over and may suffocate.


title: Memory foam

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency published two documents proposing National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) concerning hazardous emissions produced during the making of flexible polyurethane foam products. The HAP emissions associated with polyurethane foam production include methylene chloride, toluene diisocyanate, methyl chloroform, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, propylene oxide, diethanolamine, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, and toluene. However, not all chemical emissions associated with the production of these material have been classified. Methylene chloride makes up over 98 percent of the total HAP emissions from this industry. Short-term exposure to high concentrations of methylene chloride also irritates the nose and throat. The effects of chronic (long-term) exposure to methylene chloride in humans involve the central nervous system, and include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and memory loss. Animal studies indicate that inhalation of methylene chloride affects the liver, kidney, and cardiovascular system. Developmental or reproductive effects of methylene chloride have not been reported in humans, but limited animal studies have reported lowered fetal body weights in exposed rats.


title: Couch

text: A couch, also known as a sofa, settee, or chesterfield, is a cushioned item of furniture for seating multiple people (although it is not uncommon for a single person to use a couch alone). It is commonly found in the form of a bench with upholstered armrests and is often fitted with springs and tailored cushion and pillows. Although a couch is used primarily for seating, it may be used for sleeping. In homes, couches are normally put in the family room, living room, den, or lounge. They are sometimes also found in non-residential settings such as hotels, lobbies of commercial offices, waiting rooms, and bars. Couches can also vary in size, color, and design.


title: Couch

text: The term "couch" originally denoted an item of furniture for lying or sleeping on. "Couch" is predominantly used in North America, Australia, South Africa, and Ireland, whereas the terms "sofa" and "settee" (U and non-U) are most commonly used in the United Kingdom and India. The word "couch" originated in Middle English from the Old French noun "", which derived from the verb meaning "to lie down".


title: Couch

text: The word "sofa" comes from the Persian or Turkish language and is derived from the Arabic word ' ("ledge/bench"), cognates with the Aramaic word ' ("mat").


title: Couch

text: The word "settee" or "setee" comes from the Old English word "", which was used to describe long benches with high backs and arms, but is now generally used to describe small upholstered seating structures.


title: Couch

text: Other terms which can be synonymous with the above definition are "chesterfield" (Canada), "divan", "davenport", "lounge", and "canapé".


title: Couch

text: The most common types of couches include the two-seater, sometimes referred to as a loveseat, and the sofa. The loveseat is designed for seating two people, while the sofa has more than two cushion seats. A sectional sofa, often just referred to as a "sectional", is formed from multiple sections (typically two, three, and four) and usually includes at least two pieces which join at an angle of 90 degrees or slightly greater. Sectional sofas are used to wrap around walls or other furniture.


title: Couch

text: Other variants include the divan, the fainting couch (backless or partial-backed) and the canapé (an ornamental three-seater). To conserve space, some sofas double as beds in the form of sofa beds, daybeds, or futons.


title: Couch

text: A furniture set consisting of a sofa with two matching chairs is known as a "chesterfield suite" or "living-room suite". In the UK, the word "chesterfield" was used to refer to any couch in the 1900s. A chesterfield now describes a deep buttoned sofa, usually made from leather, with arms and back of the same height. The first chesterfield, with its distinctive deep buttoned, quilted leather upholstery and lower seat base, was commissioned by Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773).


title: Couch

text: In Canadian English, the word "chesterfield" is used to describe any couch or sofa, particularly among older Canadians. According to a 1992 survey conducted in the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario, the term is quickly vanishing.


title: Couch

text: A couch consists of a frame, springs, padding, and a covering. The frame is usually made of wood, but can also be made of steel, plastic or laminated boards. Sofa padding is made from foam, down, feathers, fabric or a combination thereof. Sofa coverings are usually made out of soft leather, corduroy or linen. Couches commonly have springs under the padding for more support, although some dont.


title: Rosa canina

text: Rosa canina, commonly known as the dog rose, is a variable climbing, wild rose species native to Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia.


title: Rosa canina

text: The dog rose is a deciduous shrub normally ranging in height from , though sometimes it can scramble higher into the crowns of taller trees. Its stems are covered with small, sharp, hooked prickles, which aid it in climbing.


title: Rosa canina

text: The dog rose blooms from June to July, with sweet scented flowers which are usually pale pink, but can vary between a deep pink and white. They are in diameter with five petals. As other roses it has a quintuscial aestivation (see sketch A in diagram). Unusually though of its five sepals, when viewed from underneath two are whiskered on both sides, two are quite smooth and one is whiskered (or bearded) on one side only.


title: Rosa canina

text: The dog rose is hardy to zone 3 in the UK (USDA hardiness zone 3-7), tolerates maritime exposure and grows well in a sunny position, grows even in heavy clay soils, but like all roses dislikes water-logged soils or very dry sites. In deep shade it usually fails to flower and fruit.


title: Rosa canina

text: Classical writers did not acknowledge "Rosa canina" as a rose, but called it "Cynorrhodon" from the Greek "kunórodon". In 1538, Turner called it "Cynosbatos : wild hep or brere tree". Yet in 1551, Matthias de l'Obel classified it as a rose under the name of "Canina Rosa odorata et silvestris" in his herbal "Rubus canis: Brere bush or hep tree" .


title: Rosa canina

text: From a 2013 DNA analysis using amplified fragment length polymorphisms of wild-rose samples from a transect across Europe (900 samples from section "Caninae", and 200 from other sections), it has been suggested that the following named species are best considered as part of a single "Rosa canina" species complex:


title: Rosa canina

text: Numerous cultivars have been named, though few are common in cultivation. The cultivar "Rosa canina" 'Assisiensis' is the only dog rose without thorns.


title: Rosa canina

text: The dog rose can be attacked by aphids, leafhoppers, glasshouse Red Spider Mite, scale insects, caterpillars, rose leaf-rolling sawfly, and leaf-cutting Bee.


title: Rosa canina

text: When a gall wasp lays eggs into a leaf axillary or terminal bud the plant develops a chemically induced distortion known as rose gall (see photo).


title: Rosa canina

text: The flesh (shells) of rose hips from dog roses contain high levels of antioxidants, mainly polyphenols and vitamin C, as well as carotenoids and vitamins B and E along with natural sugars, organic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenolics, and essential oil, making them excellent for consumption. Rose hip essential oil is composed mainly of alcohols, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.


title: Rosa canina

text: The fruit is used to make syrup, tea, preserves (jam and marmalade), used in the making of pies, stews, and wine. The flowers can be made into a syrup, or can be eaten in salads, or candied or preserved in vinegar, honey and brandy. It has been grown or encouraged in the wild for the production of vitamin C from its fruit, especially during conditions of scarcity or during wartime. During World War II in the United States, "Rosa canina" was planted in victory gardens, and can still be found growing throughout the country, including roadsides and in wet, sandy areas along the coastlines.During World War II the British relied on rose hips and hops as the sources for their vitamins A and C and it was a common British wartime expression to say "We are getting by on our hips and hops."


title: Rosa canina

text: Dog roses have an unusual kind of meiosis which is sometimes called permanent odd polyploidy, although it can also occur with even polyploidy (e.g. in tetraploids or hexaploids). Regardless of ploidy level, only seven bivalents are formed leaving the other chromosomes as univalents. Univalents are included in egg cells, but not in pollen. Similar processes occur in some other organisms. Dog roses are most commonly pentaploid, i.e. five times the base number of seven chromosomes for the genus "Rosa", but may be tetraploid or hexaploid as well.


title: Rosa canina

text: The botanical name is derived from the common names 'dog rose' or similar in several European languages, including classical Latin and ancient (Hellenistic period) Greek.


title: Rosa canina

text: The Roman naturalist Pliny attributed the name dog rose to a belief that the plant's root could cure the bite of a mad dog. It is not clear if the dogs were rabid.


title: Rosa canina

text: According to "The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable", the English name is a direct translation of the plant's name from classical Latin, "rosa canina", itself a translation of the Greek κυνόροδον ('kunórodon'); It is known to have been used to treat the bite of rabid dogs in the 18th and 19th centuries. The origin of its name may be related to the hooked prickles on the plant that have resemblance to a dog's canines.


title: Rosa canina

text: It is sometimes considered that the word 'dog' has a disparaging meaning in this context, indicating 'worthless' as compared with cultivated garden roses.


title: Rosa canina

text: Dog rose is an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand. It was recognised as displacing native vegetation as early as 1895 although the Department of Conservation does not consider it to be a conservation threat.


title: Rosa canina

text: The dog rose is a declared weed in Australia under the Natural Resources Management Act, 2004 as the plant out-competes native vegetation, provides shelter to pests such as foxes and rabbits, is unpalatable to stock, large shrubs are resistant to grazing, therefore do not get eaten by farm animals. The dog rose invades native bushland therefore reducing biodiversity and the presence of desirable pasture species. It is a biosecurity risk as it hosts fruit fly.


title: Rosa canina

text: Birds and wild fruit eating animals are the main cause of seed dispersal. The plant seeds can also be carried in the hooves or fur of stock animals. They may also be carried by waterways.


title: Rosa canina

text: The dog rose was the stylised rose of medieval European heraldry. It is the county flower of Hampshire, and Ireland's County Leitrim is nicknamed ""The Wild Rose County"" due to the prevalence of the dog rose in the area. Legend states the Thousand-year Rose or Hildesheim Rose, which climbs against a wall of Hildesheim Cathedral, dates back to the establishment of the diocese in 815.


title: Rosa canina

text: The first recorded significance of the flower dates back hundreds of years ago to The Academy of Floral Games (founded in 1323), which gifted poets a sprig of dog rose to reward them for their literary excellence. Due to this ritual, the branches became increasingly popular and can be found frequently mentioned in several famous poems. Most prevalent in the United Kingdom, William Shakespeare wrote about the flower in "A Mid-Summer Night's Dream", which in his time was called eglantine, though it can now also refer to Rosa rubiginosa (Sweet brier)


title: Rosa canina

text: Oberon, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Act II, Scene I quoting his words: "With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine."


title: Rosa canina

text: Symbolically, the meaning of this shrub is quite extensive since the two dominating themes surrounding the flower are pain and pleasure.


title: Rosa canina

text: The riddle contains an effective way of identifying the differing roses of the canina group, where the "brethren" refers to the five sepals of the dog-rose, two of which are whiskered on both sides, two quite smooth and the last one whiskered on one side only.


title: Jason Tobin

text: Jason Tobin, credited in Chinese as To Jun Wai (杜俊緯), is a Hong Kong-British film and television actor best known for his work in the lead role of Young Jun in the Cinemax series "Warrior".


title: Jason Tobin

text: Tobin was born in Hong Kong, where he attended the King George V School in Kowloon. He also attended boarding schools in the UK. His father is English and his mother is Chinese. After graduating high school, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.


title: Jason Tobin

text: Tobin has appeared in over twenty films and television productions. His breakout film was "Better Luck Tomorrow" by Justin Lin, starring alongside Parry Shen, Sung Kang, Roger Fan and John Cho, which debuted at Sundance Festival. In New York Magazine, critic Bilge Ebiri described enjoying "...one crackerjack performance, in Jason Tobin’s unbridled portrayal of a hyper, horny, and confused brat." Featuring the adventures of four overachievers, the film is widely praised for breaking the model minority stereotype of Asian Americans on screen. 17 years later, LA Times named it the best Asian American film of all time, as judged by 20 Asian American critics and curators.


title: Jason Tobin

text: Tobin was one of several "Better Luck Tomorrow" cast members alongside Sung Kang to appear in the "Fast & Furious" franchise movies starting with "", where he portrayed one of Han's crew members and Sean's friend named Earl. He later reprised the character in "F9". Both films were also directed by Justin Lin.


title: Jason Tobin

text: He stars as the main character Eddy Tsai in the Asian American "serial killer" film "Chink", directed by Stanley Yung, written by Koji Steven Sakai and produced by Quentin Lee. The film also stars Eugenia Yuan and Tzi Ma. For his performance in "Chink" (re-titled as "#1 Serial Killer"), Tobin won a "Best Actor" or "Breakout Performance for an Actor" award at the 2013 Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival. Tobin also received a "Best Actor - Dramatic" award at the 2015 Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival for his performance in the film "Jasmine" (2015).


title: Jason Tobin

text: In 2018, he once again reunited with director Justin Lin to star in the Cinemax series "Warrior", a martial arts drama based on an original idea by the late Bruce Lee and produced by his daughter Shannon Lee. "The Hollywood Reporter" described Tobin "as a source of both unpredictable line-readings and humor", while "The New York Times" pointed out his charismatic performance. The series was renewed for a second season.


title: Jason Tobin

text: In February 2021, Tobin was cast as William Pan in the Netflix film "Fistful of Vengeance". It was released on February 17, 2022.


title: Jason Tobin

text: He is an admirer of Bruce Lee "because he's the ultimate badass and he inspired me as a kid." He is a member of the Screen Actors Guild, AFTRA and Equity.


title: Jason Tobin

text: After filming season one of "Warrior", Tobin was diagnosed with prediabetes and was close to having Type 2 diabetes. In order to improve his health, he changed his diet and training by working with ATP Fitness, which helped him become physically fit and mobile for his role as Young Jun. Tobin successfully reversed his prediabetes and managed his blood sugar level before filming "Warrior" season two.


title: Simmone Jade Mackinnon

text: Simone Jade Mackinnon (born 19 March 1973) is an Australian actress. She is best known for role as Allie Reese on "Baywatch" (1999–2000) and Stevie Hall on "McLeod's Daughters" (2003–2009).


title: Simmone Jade Mackinnon

text: Mackinnon was born in Mount Isa, Queensland in 1973 to Ian and Annette Mackinnon. She has a brother and a sister, Robbie and Kym. She and her family later moved to Coffs Harbour in New South Wales.


title: Simmone Jade Mackinnon

text: Mackinnon began her acting career in 1988, appearing in the Australian feature film "Something About Love". Two further features followed, "Dating the Enemy" and "Dust of the Wings", where she appeared in small roles, although her role in "Dust of the Wing" was a larger part. In 1997, she began to appear on television. She had a guest appearance on the fantasy television series "", a sequel to the original series "Spellbinder". Mackinnon is known for her role in the "Baywatch" spin-off series "Baywatch: Hawaii", where she played the role of 'Allie Reese' opposite David Hasselhoff. She appeared as a regular during the show's first season. MacKinnon is best known for her role as 'Stevie Hall' (later 'Hall-Ryan') in the Logie Award-winning Australian television series "McLeod's Daughters", where she appeared at the end of season three through the final season in 2009. Her role as Stevie earned her several Logie Award nominations, for Most Popular New Female Talent and Most Popular Actress. In 2007 & 2009, she received Gold Logie Award nominations. Mackinnon's other television work includes roles on "Water Rats", "All Saints", "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World", "The Cut", "", "Cops L.A.C." and "City Homicide". In 2001, she appeared with Powers Boothe in the television mini-series "Attila", which also featured Gerard Butler, and in 2003, she starred in the Syfy television film "Deep Shock". Mackinnon also played roles in three direct-to-video films, "Python", "Dark Waters" and "Submission", for which she also served as producer.


title: Simmone Jade Mackinnon

text: From 1993 to 1995 she toured with the musical "Cats" (in the role of the cat "Cassandra") through Australia and Asia. In June 2009, Mackinnon appeared as a presenter alongside host Karl Stefanovic and Scott Cam in "Random Acts of Kindness" on the "Nine Network". Mackinnon completed a second season of "Random Acts of Kindness" in January 2010.


title: Simmone Jade Mackinnon

text: On 4 March 2012, it was announced Mackinnon had joined the cast of "Neighbours" as Zoe Alexander. The actress began appearing on screen in May and relocated to Melbourne for filming.


title: Simmone Jade Mackinnon

text: Mackinnon gave birth to her first child, a son, Madigan James Mackinnon, on 19 March 2010, her 37th birthday.


title: Simmone Jade Mackinnon

text: Dogs have always been a part of her life. She was named an RSPCA superhero "for giving love, respect and support to all animals." As a child traveling with her parents, she found an abandoned Australian Cattle Dog, and since then has had ACDs in her life. Her current dogs are Australian Cattle Dog Maha Kala and terrier Mr Miyagi.


title: Wings over America

text: Wings over America is a triple live album by the British–American rock band Wings, released in December 1976. The album was recorded during the American leg of the band's 1975–76 Wings Over the World tour. It peaked at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart and reached number 1 on the US "Billboard" Top LPs & Tape chart.


title: Wings over America

text: In addition to including several of McCartney's hits with Wings, the album features performances of five of his Beatles songs: "Yesterday", "Lady Madonna", "I've Just Seen a Face", "Blackbird" and "The Long and Winding Road". The album cover was designed by Hipgnosis – who were nominated in 1978, together with McCartney's production company MPL, for a Grammy Award for Best Album Package for this album – and depicts an airliner about to open its cabin door. "Wings over America" was remastered and reissued in May 2013.


title: Wings over America

text: Originally, "Wings over America" was to be a two-record set of highlight performances, but this was rethought due to the success of a bootleg titled "Wings from the Wings", which was released as a triple record set on red, white, and blue vinyl, and contained the entire 23 June 1976 concert recorded at The Forum in Los Angeles. This caused McCartney to release the album as a three-record set, compiled from various shows from the band's North American tour during May–June 1976. McCartney's sound engineer listened to 800 hours of tape and selected the five best performances of each song from the 30-song set list. McCartney chose and mixed the final set of recordings, mostly taken from the 23 June show. "Soily" was recorded on 7 June 1976 at McNichols Sports Arena in Denver. The live recordings then received studio overdubs during October–November 1976. According to Wings drummer Joe English, "it took forever to get those 'Wings over America' tapes ready for the live album. We had to go into the studio and overdub most of the backing vocals."


title: Wings over America

text: "Wings over America" was issued six months after the end of the band's US tour. It was another commercial success for Wings, reaching number 1 in the US in early 1977 (the last in a five-album stretch of consecutive chart-topping albums for the band) and number 8 in the UK. For the five Beatles songs included, McCartney reversed the songwriting credit to McCartney–Lennon. Years later John Lennon's widow Yoko Ono complained about the same songwriting credit on McCartney's "Back in the U.S." album but neither Lennon or Ono publicly voiced any disapproval about the change made in 1976.


title: Wings over America

text: "Wings over America" was the first triple set by a group to reach number 1 in the US, and was a critical success. "Maybe I'm Amazed" was released as a single on 4 February 1977, peaking at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US, and at number 28 on the UK chart.


title: Wings over America

text: In a retrospective review, AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine explained the wild success of the triple album: "The Beatles mystique was still very much attached to record and artist alike – at the time, John Lennon had seemingly burnt out a major chunk of his talent, George Harrison was losing his popular edge and had done a disastrous 1974 American tour, and no one was expecting great things from Ringo Starr – and it seemed like McCartney represented the part of the group's legacy that came closest to living up to fans' expectations. Thus the album ended up selling in numbers, rivaling the likes of "Frampton Comes Alive!" and other mega-hits of the period."


title: Wings over America

text: Two related releases followed the album: the TV documentary "Wings Over the World" and a film titled "Rockshow", purporting to contain a complete show from Seattle. Although publicity material presented "Rockshow" as a document of this Seattle concert, it contains only five songs that were filmed at Seattle's Kingdome; the remainder of the film's 30 songs come from the band's New York and Los Angeles shows. Limiting their relevance, however, these additional releases appeared three and four years, respectively, after the 1976 live album.


title: Wings over America

text: "Wings over America" was issued as a double-compact disc in 1984 on Columbia. The album was first released in the UK on compact disc on 26 May 1987 by Parlophone. Along with McCartney's "Ram" and "Tug of War" albums, "Wings over America" was reissued in the US on compact disc on 18 January 1988. The album was issued by EMI two more times on CD, in 1989 and on 19 February 1990. A 1999 reissue of the album by Toshiba-EMI in Japan reinstated the three-disc format from the original LP issue, and is the only edition of the album to do this. Up to this point, the Japanese CD edition was the only one that was remastered. On 14 April 2008, the album was released as a digital download on both iTunes and Amazon. It was removed for some time from digital music sites in 2010 and 2011, but as of August 2011 it was available for sale on iTunes.


title: Wings over America

text: The album was reissued on 27 May 2013 as part of the Paul McCartney Archive Collection. The reissue was accompanied by the Record Store Day exclusive edition of "Maybe I'm Amazed" EP. "Rockshow" was also reissued, this time on DVD and Blu-ray, with its audio remixed into 5.1, on 10 June 2013.


title: Wings over America

text: All tracks previously unreleased, recorded live at the Cow Palace, San Francisco, 13 and 14 June 1976.


title: Liberal International

text: Liberal International (LI) is a worldwide organization of liberal political parties - a political international. It was founded in Oxford in 1947 and has become the pre-eminent network for liberal parties, aiming to strengthen liberalism around the world. Its headquarters are at 1 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HD within the National Liberal Club. The Oxford Manifesto describes the basic political principles of the Liberal International. LI is currently made up of 111 parties and organizations.


title: Liberal International

text: The Liberal International Constitution (2005) gives its purposes as: The principles that unite member parties from Africa, America, Asia and Europe are respect for human rights, free and fair elections and multi-party democracy, social justice, tolerance, market economy, free trade, environmental sustainability and a strong sense of international solidarity.


title: Liberal International

text: The aims of Liberal International are also set out in a series of seven manifestos, written between 1946 and 1997, and are furthered by a variety of bodies including a near-yearly conference for liberal parties and individuals from around the world.


title: Liberal International

text: The 14th president of Liberal International is Hakima el Haite of the Mouvement Populaire (Morocco), is a former Minister of Environment, UN climate champion, and climate scientist. Madam El Haite succeeded Dr Juli Minoves, formerly Andorra's foreign minister and representative to the United Nations.


title: Liberal International

text: Former Presidents include Hans Van Baalen MEP, John, Lord Alderdice, Dutch politician and former European Commissioner Frits Bolkestein, German politician Otto Graf Lambsdorff, and Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after Francoist Spain, Adolfo Suárez.


title: Liberal International

text: The secretary-general of Liberal International is Gordon Mackay, a former Member of the National Assembly of South Africa. Other members of the bureau include Deputy President Prof. Karl-Heinz Paque; and Vice Presidents Cellou Dalein Diallo (Guinea), Kitty Monterrey (Nicaragua), Abir al-Sahlani (Sweden), Kiat Sittheamorn (Thailand) and Robert Woodthorpe Browne (United Kingdom). There are two elected treasurers, Judith Pallares MP (Andorra) and Minister Omar Youm (Senegal).


title: Liberal International

text: The Liberal International Prize for Freedom is LI's most prestigious human rights award. Conveyed annually since 1984 to an individual of liberal conviction who has made outstanding efforts for the defence of freedom and human rights, recipients include Maria Corina Machado of Venezuela, Senator Leila de Lima of the Philippines, Raif Badawi of Saudi Arabia, Waris Dirie of Somalia and Vaclav Havel of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic.


title: Liberal International

text: The Liberal International Medal of Liberalism is awarded to individuals who have worked to advance liberal values on a local, national and international level. Recipients include President Alassane Ouattara of Ivory Coast, Prime Minister Xavier Bettel of Luxembourg, President Tsai Ing-wen of Taiwan and Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe leader Sir Graham Watson of the United Kingdom.


title: Liberal International

text: The "LI Human Rights Bulletin" is published three times per year and consists of opinion articles, video interviews and digest of the work of the LI human rights committee.


title: Liberal International

text: Thematic publications are published online and in print on an "ad hoc" basis. Recent texts have offered a liberal perspective on issues ranging from freedom of belief to the responsibility to protect.


title: Liberal International

text: The Oxford Manifesto, drawn up in April 1947 at Wadham College in Oxford by representatives from 19 liberal political parties, led by Salvador de Madariaga, is a document describing the basic political principles of the Liberal International.


title: Liberal International

text: The Oxford Manifesto was inspired by the ideas of William Beveridge and is regarded as one of the defining political documents of the 20 century.


title: Liberal International

text: Fifty years on, in 1997, Liberal International returned to Oxford and issued a supplement to the original manifesto, "The Liberal Agenda for the 21st century", describing Liberal policies in greater detail. The second Oxford Manifesto was adopted by the 48th Congress of Liberal International, which was held on 27–30 November 1997 in the Oxford Town Hall. In 2017, the global federation marked its 70th anniversary with the adoption of the Andorra Liberal Manifesto for the twenty-first century (ALM). A three-year project across numerous continents initiated by then president Juli Minoves, the ALM embodied the widest consultation of views undertaken by Liberal International in order to compile a policy document.


title: Liberal International

text: Cooperating and regional organisations are groups with a recognised status in the constitution of Liberal International as bodies that share the values and objectives of LI but do not operate as a political party. Co-operating organisations have the right of representation but in no case the right to vote at statutory events. LI has 12 cooperating organizations.


title: Loka

text: Loka () is a concept in Hinduism and other Indian religions, that may be translated as a planet, the universe, a plane, or a realm of existence. In some philosophies, it may also be interpreted as a mental state that one can experience. A primary concept in several Indian religions is the idea that different lokas are home to various divine beings, and one takes birth in such realms based on their karma.


title: Loka

text: In Hindu literature, the three worlds refer to either the earth (Bhuloka), heaven (Svarga), and hell (Naraka), or the earth (Bhuloka), heaven (Svarga), and the netherworld (Patala)


title: Loka

text: In the Narada Purana, Bhuloka is identified with the planet Earth, the world of human beings. It is described to be split up into seven regions, referred to as dvipas (islands). These regions are known as Jambudvipa, Plakshadvipa, Shalmaladvipa, Kushadvipa, Krounchadvipa, Shakadvipa, and Pushkaradvipa. Of special significance is the Indian subcontinent, referred to as Bharatavarsha, which is a land where the fruits of one's actions allows one passage into either Svarga or Naraka. Bhuloka also has seven oceans, namely, Lavana, Ikshu, Sura, Sarpih, Dadhi, Dughdha, and Jala.


title: Loka

text: Generally translated as heaven, Svarga is identified with the realm of Indra and the devas in contemporary Hinduism. The Vedas offer the reward of Svarga as one's destination for the proper practice of sacrificial rituals on earth. In Vedic mythology, Svarga is filled with the nectar of immortality, amrita, with lakes containing lotuses, pools of wine, milk, and ghee, as well as streams that are replete with honey. It is abundant with food and refreshments, and equal opportunity is offered to all of its denizens. It is described to be an infinite, complete, as well as an immortal realm, offering pleasure to those rare few who are able to ascend to it. It is sometimes associated with Pitṛloka, the realm of one's ancestors, but this association is not present in all literature.


title: Loka

text: Naraka is generally translated as hell, and refers to the loka that humans are sent to to be punished for their sins. Ruled by Yama, sinners are offered appropriate punishments for their sins on earth, and after a period of time, reborn on earth with bad karma. The "Bhagavata Purana" enumerates the following 28 Narakas: Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Raurava, Maharaurava, Kumbhipaka, Kalasutra, Asipatravana, Sukaramukha, Andhakupa, Krimibhojana, Samdamsa, Taptasurmi, Vajrakantaka-salmali, Vaitarani, Puyoda, Pranarodha, Visasana, Lalabhaksa, Sarameyadana, Avichi, Ayahpana, Ksharakardama, Raksogana-bhojana, Sulaprota, Dandasuka, Avata-nirodhana, Paryavartana, and Suchimukha.


title: Loka

text: The concept of a loka or lokas develops in the Vedic literature. Influenced by the special connotations that a word for space might have for a nomadic people, "loka" in the Veda did not simply mean place or world, but had a positive valuation: it was a place or position of religious or psychological interest with a special value of function of its own. Hence, inherent in the 'loka' concept in the earliest literature was a double aspect; that is, coexistent with spatiality was a religious or soteriological meaning, which could exist independent of a spatial notion, an 'immaterial' significance. The most common cosmological conception of lokas in the Veda was that of the trailokya or triple world: three worlds consisting of earth, atmosphere or sky, and heaven, making up the universe."


title: Loka

text: In the Puranas and in the Atharvaveda, there are 14 worlds, seven higher ones ("Vyahrtis") and seven lower ones ("Pātālas"), viz. "bhu", "bhuvas", "svar", "mahas", "janas", "tapas", and "satya" above and "atala", "vitala", "sutala", "rasātala", "talātala", "mahātala", "pātāla" and "naraka" at the bottom. The higher lokas (1-7) are described as the heavens, populated by higher gods, and full of truth. The lower lokas (8-14) constitute the different "hells". In each of these realms are different deities and beings 'living out their karmic trajectories". Those beings in the higher realms have attained a temporary spiritual liberation due to their positive merits for having strengthened their detachment to the mind, ego and sense objects. However, ultimate liberation (moksha) is regarded as the highest goal in human life, in which one achieves ultimate union with God. Moksha, in turn, requires total liberation/detachment from worldly objects and desires.


title: Loka

text: In the Tibetan and Tantric schools, "Six Lokas" refers to a Bönpo and Nyingmapa spiritual practice or discipline that works with chakras and the six dimensions or classes of beings in the Bhavachakra. In Buddhist cosmology, Kama-Loka, Rupa-Loka, Arupa-Loka are the realms that are inhabited by various beings. Additionally, those who inhabit these realms will identify with the characteristics of that realm. For example, a being that resides in Kama-loka experiences predominantly sensual desires, whereas a being in Rupa-loka will experience deep meditation. Various early suttas also suggest that there is a close relationship between psychology and cosmology, equating to different levels of existence in the cosmos, which can be interpreted as the afformentioned lokas.


title: Loka

text: There is a cosmological view in Buddhism called Trailokya. In early Buddhism, based upon the Pali Canon and related Agamas, there are three distinct realms: First the "Kama Loka", or the world of sensuality, in which humans, animals, and some devas reside, the second is "Rupadhatu Loka", or the world of material existence, in which certain beings mastering specific meditative attainments reside, and the third is "Arupadhatu Loka", or the immaterial, formless world, in which formless spirits reside. Arahants, who have attained the highest goal of Nirvana have unbound themselves from individual existence in any form, in any realm, and cannot be found here, there, or in between, i.e., they are found in no loka whatsoever. The early suttas also contain information regarding another important domain known as the supramundane realm, ("lokottara"/"lokuttara" 出世間, “beyond the world”), which is described as being experienced by awakened noble beings.


title: Loka

text: In Jain texts, the universe is referred to as loka. Jain cosmology postulates an eternal and ever-existing loka which works on universal natural laws, there being no creator and destroyer deity. According to the Jain cosmology, the universe is divided into three parts:


title: Loka

text: Jain cosmology uses the terms "loka" and "aloka" to describe the inhabitable and uninhabitable spaces in the universe. The philosophy describes how inhabitable space ("loka") will never penetrate into the uninhabitable space ("aloka)" and vice versa, both of which are a subdivision of space ("ākāśa"). In Jain cosmology, on achieving moksha, the soul becomes free of the wordly realm once the fruits of all good and bad karmas have been received.


title: Loka

text: The concept of lokas was adopted by Theosophy, and can be found in the writings of Blavatsky and G. de Purucker. One of Blavatsky's three worlds are kamaloka (world of desires), which is like a temporary after-life state or an astral plane, according to the teachings of Blavatsky, Leadbeater, and Steiner.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: In the accounts of the four canonical Gospels, Jesus Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem took place in the days before the Last Supper, marking the beginning of his Passion, his time of suffering, death, and resurrection celebrated during Holy Week.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: In , crowds gather around Jesus and believe in him after he has raised Lazarus from the dead, and the next day the multitudes who had gathered for the feast in Jerusalem welcome Jesus as he enters the city.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: In , , , and , Jesus descends from the Mount of Olives towards Jerusalem, and the crowds lay their clothes on the ground to welcome him as he triumphantly enters Jerusalem.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: All Jewish males are obliged to ascend to Jerusalem for the three pilgrimage festivals. The sabbath prior to passover is called "the Great Sabbath" in Judaism, and it is when each household or community set apart a passover lamb.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: There is a general agreement among scholars that Jesus did enter Jerusalem and was acclaimed by his supporters. However, for several reasons, it is improbable that the entry happened in such a triumphal and glorious way as transmitted by the canonical gospels, and some elements may have been invented for theological purposes.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: All four canonical Gospels contain an account of the triumphal entry, which according to Bart D. Ehrman therefore passes the criterion of multiple attestation in order to (re)construct the historical Jesus. There are, however, contradictions between the Gospels, with each account telling a different story of how the triumphal entry occurred.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: According to the preceding narratives in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 20:29; Mark 10:46, and Luke 18:35–36), an ever-growing large crowd of people had been following Jesus and his Twelve Disciples around by the time they departed from Jericho, where Jesus healed one or two blind men who also joined the crowd, and set out on their way to Jerusalem via Bethphage and Bethany on the Mount of Olives. stated that Jericho was traditionally a place for pilgrims to cross the Jordan River on the way to the Passover festival in Jerusalem, so the presence of many people travelling in the same direction would have been 'natural', but the texts (e.g., Matthew 20:29) specifically say that a large crowd was following Jesus, "undoubtedly as a result of his fame in Galilee". After Jesus mounted (a) donkey(s), these people accompanying Jesus started shouting 'Hosanna!' and prophecy-related statements (according to Luke 19:37 upon passing the Mount of Olives).


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: The Gospel of John, on the other hand, never mentions Jericho, but has Jesus and the Twelve flee to Ephraim in the wilderness to keep out of sight of the priests after the upheaval caused by the Raising of Lazarus (John 11:46–57). Six days before Passover, Jesus and the Twelve depart from Ephraim to visit Lazarus, Mary and Martha in Bethany (John 12:1–3), where a large crowd gathered when they found out Jesus and Lazarus were there (12:9). However, verses 12:12–13 seem to indicate they went home again the same day after this brief encounter in Bethany. 'The great crowd', apparently the same people, is said to come out of Jerusalem again the next day to meet and greet Jesus and the Twelve, and these Jerusalemian crowds are the ones shouting 'Hosanna!' and that a prophecy has been fulfilled (instead of the people accompanying Jesus from Jericho according to the Synoptics) according to John 12:12–15. John 12:16 states that the disciples don't understand why the Jerusalemians are shouting these things, while in Matthew, Mark and especially Luke they appear to be participating in this shouting themselves, presumably aware of the words' meaning. Verse 18 repeats the claim that 'the crowd went out to meet Him' (rather than a crowd already following Jesus), and connects it to the Raising of Lazarus, which is not narrated by the other Gospels.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: The number of people who attended the event is a source of debate among historians: Marcus Borg, Tan Kim Huat, Brent Kinman and Paula Fredriksen argue that Jesus's entry was cheered by a crowd of followers and sympathizers, while according to E. P. Sanders Jesus was greeted with shouts of hosannas only from a small group of disciples.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: , argued that the crowd accompanying Jesus to Jerusalem (e.g., in Matthew 21:8–9) was a mixture of pilgrims who had been following Jesus around from Galilee, and 'pilgrims (many coming out of Jerusalem after hearing Jesus was coming, John 12:12).'


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: In the synoptic gospels, Jesus sends two disciples ahead to the nearby village of Bethphage in order to retrieve a donkey and if questioned, to say that it was needed by the Lord. New Testament scholars Marcus Borg and John Dominic Crossan characterize this as a pre-planned "counterprocession" in contrast to that of the Roman prefect who would have traveled with his troops from Caesarea Maritima to maintain order during the festival. Professor John Bergsma says that this is widely seen as a "recapitulation" of the enthronement of Solomon, (described in 1 Kings:1) where, at David's direction, he is anointed at the Gihon Spring and rides his father's donkey into the city to the acclaim of the people.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Jesus then rode the donkey into Jerusalem, with the three synoptic gospels stating that the disciples had first put their cloaks on it. Matthew 21:7 maintains that the disciples laid their cloaks on both the donkey and its colt. Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer suggests that "they spread their outer garments upon both animals, being uncertain which of them Jesus intended to mount". Matthew is the only one of the Synoptics to mention two animals. According to the New American Bible, this reflects Matthew's understanding of that section in the Old Testament Book of Zechariah 9:9 which he cites, and does not take into account "…the common Hebrew literary device of poetic parallelism", mentioning the same animal twice in different ways. Bart D. Ehrman agreed that the Gospel of Matthew misunderstood Zechariah 9:9, which states '[Your king comes] riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey.' This repetition is a Hebrew poetic figure of speech which says the same thing twice in different words, but Matthew accidentally turned this into two separate animals which Jesus rode simultaneously instead of one donkey which is described twice. John 12:14–15 refers to the same passage in Zechariah 9:9, but in his case there is only talk of one donkey.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Ehrman argued that the triumphal entry did not pass the criterion of dissimilarity, because the king entering Jerusalem on a donkey could have been invented by Christians in order to have Jesus fulfil Old Testament prophecy. The fact that Matthew mistakenly turned Zechariah 9:9 into two animals to literally fulfil this prophecy underlines this theological motive, and questions whether Matthew wanted to give a historically reliable account. Maurice Casey disagrees and states that the similarity of the event with Zechariah is not sufficient to rule out the historicity of the event and notes that only Matthew mentions a colt (probably attempting to literally fulfill Zechariah's prophecy), while Mark and Luke simply speak of an ass.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: The crowd is said to be shouting various prophecy-related statements that are somewhat different in each Gospel. The shout "hosanna" (mentioned by all Gospels except Luke) derives from Hebrew "hosia-na", meaning "save us", "save, we pray", or "save now". The one shout all four Gospels agree on is 'Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!' (although Luke replaces 'He' with 'the King'), which is a quote from Psalm 118:25,26; Matthew 23:39 and Luke 13:35 also recite this verse. Psalm 118 is part of the traditional festive Hallel, sung each morning by the temple choir during the Feast of Tabernacles, so every Jew would have known this phrase.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: In Matthew and Mark, the crowd claims that Jesus will soon ascend to the kingship as the 'son' (descendant) of King David. Edward Schillebeeckx (1974) stated that Matthew and Mark thus emphasised the claim that Jesus had a hereditary right to the throne of Israel. In Luke and John, the crowd explicitly claims that Jesus is the king of Israel already, without any reference to David. According to , Luke portrayed Jesus' coming kingdom as spiritual, seeking 'peace in heaven', rather than a political threat to the Roman Empire.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: The Gospels go on to recount how Jesus rode into Jerusalem, and how the people there laid down their cloaks in front of Him and also laid down small branches of trees. noted: 'Luke does not mention (nor deny) tree branches, but only John specifies branches of palm trees (John 12:13).'


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: In , as Jesus approaches Jerusalem, he looks at the city and weeps over it (an event known as "Flevit super illam" in Latin), foretelling the suffering that awaits the city.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: On his entry into the city, Matthew's account suggests that Jesus evoked great excitement - "all the city was moved". The people of the city asked "Who is this?" and "the multitudes" answered, "This is Jesus, the prophet from Nazareth of Galilee”.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: In "Jesus and Judaism" (1985), E. P. Sanders asked: 'If the entry was what we are told it was, why did it take so long for the Romans to execute Jesus?' A large-scale event as portrayed in the Gospels, in which Jesus is loudly proclaimed to be the (future) king of Israel, would have been an act of rebellion that the Romans would surely have punished with immediate execution, Sanders reasoned, suggesting it may have been much smaller and humbler than narrated to avoid Roman interference. Following Sanders, Ehrman argued that the triumphal entry did not pass the criterion of contextual credibility: 'If Jesus actually did enter into the city with such fanfare, with crowds shouting their support for Him as the new ruler of the Jews, the king who fulfils all prophecies – who would therefore have to overthrow the present ruler and his armies in order for Himself to rule – it's nearly impossible to understand why the authorities didn't have Him arrested on the spot and immediately taken away, if this really happened.'


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Other scholars are less skeptical: Adela Yarbro Collins underlines that Jesus's entry into Jerusalem was neither a tumult or an organized demonstration, as Jesus had spontaneously entered Jerusalem in the midst of thousands of pilgrims, some of whom had voluntarily started praising Him. Maurice Casey argues that Roman inaction was due to the fact that Jesus's entry was actually overshadowed by Pontius Pilate's entry into Jerusalem on the same day, which was actually much more triumphal than Jesus's one.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Some point out that it would have been unwise for the Romans to launch an attack in the city during the Passover period to arrest a single man: Pilate's approximately 1,000 soldiers would not have been sufficient against the tens (or hundreds) of thousands of Jewish pilgrims in a mood of nationalistic and religious zeal; Josephus himself writes that during the pilgrimage festivals there was a considerable potential for revolts to arise because these feasts inspired hopes of redemption among the Jews. Jesus was popular among the crowds, as He inspired eschatological hopes: immediate and aggressive intervention in the wrong place and at the wrong time - amidst Passover-enthusiastic pilgrims - could have caused a revolt and the deaths of thousands of people, as it happened during the reign of Herod Archelaus in 4 AD.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Brent Kinman also argues that the Romans may not have noted Jesus's entry at all: the entrance took place on the Mount of Olives, outside the city, while Roman troops were at the Antonia Fortress, about 300 meters away: it is unlikely that the legionaries were able to see, hear and understand what was happening on the Mount of Olives in the midst of the huge crowd of pilgrims.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: According to Maurice Casey, the Jewish authorities did not immediately put Jesus under arrest for fear of unleashing a tumult, as underlined in the Gospels. This, of course, does not mean that the act was without consequences: Jesus was in fact arrested a few days later by the Jewish authorities and among the accusations brought against Him there was also that of having proclaimed Himself "King of the Jews" and of having incited a revolt. Paula Fredriksen underlines that "the entry and the execution fit each other precisely: Jesus parades into the city before Passover like a king (); and He is executed by Pilate as if He had, indeed, claimed to be one ()".


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Bethany was located east of Jerusalem on the Mount of Olives. states that the Messiah would come to Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives:


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Though Jesus had been to Jerusalem several times to celebrate the three pilgrimage festivals, his final entry into Jerusalem had a special meaning. He was solemnly entering as a humble King of peace. Traditionally, entering the city on a donkey symbolizes arrival in peace, rather than as a war-waging king arriving on a horse. As 20th-century British scholar William Neil comments, "[O]ur Lord enacts his first messianic symbol by entering Jerusalem on the back of a donkey. This, as Zechariah had depicted, was the means by which Messiah when he came would enter Zion, not as a conqueror upon a warhorse but as the prince of peace upon a humble beast of burden."


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: N. T. Wright has said, "Within his own time and culture, [Jesus] riding on a donkey over the Mount of Olives, across Kidron, and up to the Temple mount spoke more powerfully than words could have done of a royal claim. The allusion to Zechariah is obvious. ... The so-called 'triumphal entry' was thus clearly messianic."


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: The Golden Gate is located in the north section of the east wall of the Temple Mount. In Jewish belief, the gate is called 'The Gate of Mercy' ("Sha'ar HaRakhamim"), and is considered to be the place from which the Messiah will enter in the end of days. According to Jewish tradition, the Shekhinah (שכינה) (Divine Presence) used to appear through the eastern Gate, and will appear again when the Anointed One (Messiah) comes (Ezekiel 44:1–3) The gate is believed to be the place from which Christ entered Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, thus implying his own messianic status.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: The New Testament says that Jesus traveled by way of Bethphage. Usually the paschal lamb was brought from Bethphage and led to the Temple Mount.


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Frederic Farrar notes that a colt "on which no one has ever sat" (Luke 19:30) is "therefore adapted for a sacred use", recalling ("a red heifer without blemish, in which there is no defect and on which a yoke has never come"), and . The prophecy referred to by Matthew recalls ("Exult greatly, O daughter Zion!


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: Shout for joy, O daughter Jerusalem! Behold: your king is coming to you, a just savior is he, Humble, and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey.")


title: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem

text: The triumphal entry and the use of palm branches resemble the celebration of Jewish liberation in which states: "And entered into it … with thanksgiving, and branches of palm trees, and with harps, and cymbals, and with viols, and hymns, and songs."


title: Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon

text: Tariq Mahmood Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon (born 3 April 1968), is a British-Pakistani businessman and a Conservative life peer. He was appointed Minister of State for the Commonwealth and United Nations, and later for South Asia; then Central Asia, and then for North Africa, at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office on 13 June 2017.


title: Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon

text: Born in Lambeth, to Punjabi-speaking immigrant parents from Pakistan, Tariq Ahmad was educated at Rutlish School, Merton Park, southwest London.


title: Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon

text: In 1991, he entered NatWest's Graduate Management programme, eventually working as Head of Marketing, Sponsorship and Branding and in 2000 went to work for AllianceBernstein. In 2004, he joined Sucden Financial, where he served on the Executive Committee and as Director of Marketing, Strategy and Research. He is an Associate of the Institute of Financial Services and a member of the Institute of Directors.


title: Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon

text: From 1999 to 2008 he served as vice-president of AMYA, a British Muslim youth organisation. From 2001 to 2006, he served as a governor of Wimbledon Park Primary school. He joined the Conservative Party in 1994. In 2002, he was elected a Councillor in Wimbledon. He contested Croydon North for the Conservatives in 2005. From 2008 to 2010, he served as Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party.


title: Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon

text: He is a part of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, and was a national vice-president of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association's youth organisation from 2003.


title: Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon

text: On 13 January 2011, he was made a life peer, and was created Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon, of Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton. He formally joined the House of Lords on 17 January. In 2014, Ahmad was promoted to Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at DCLG. After the 2015 general election, he was appointed jointly as Minister for Skills and Aviation Security at the Department for Transport and Minister for Countering Extremism at the Home Office. In 2016, he was appointed Minister for Aviation, International Trade and Europe at the Department for Transport in the first May ministry.


title: Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon

text: After the 2017 general election, Ahmad was appointed Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office with responsibilities to the Commonwealth, the United Nations, and the Prime Minister's Special Representative on Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict and later South Asia, and then South and Central Asia. He also gained ministerial responsibilities for North Africa from James Cleverly in February 2022.


title: Maritime boundary

text: A maritime boundary is a conceptual division of the Earth's water surface areas using physiographic or geopolitical criteria. As such, it usually bounds areas of exclusive national rights over mineral and biological resources, encompassing maritime features, limits and zones. Generally, a maritime boundary is delineated at a particular distance from a jurisdiction's coastline. Although in some countries the term "maritime boundary" represents borders of a maritime nation that are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, maritime borders usually serve to identify the edge of international waters.


title: Maritime boundary

text: Maritime boundaries exist in the context of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones; however, the terminology does not encompass lake or river boundaries, which are considered within the context of land boundaries.


title: Maritime boundary

text: Some maritime boundaries have remained indeterminate despite efforts to clarify them. This is explained by an array of factors, some of which involve regional problems.


title: Maritime boundary

text: The terms boundary, frontier and border are often used as if they were interchangeable, but they are also terms with precise meanings.


title: Maritime boundary

text: A boundary is a line. The terms "frontier", "borderland" and "border" are zones of indeterminate width. Such areas form the outermost part of a country. Borders are bounded on one side by a national boundary. There are variations in the specific terminology of maritime boundary agreements which have been concluded since the 1970s. Such differences are less important than what is being delimited.


title: Maritime boundary

text: Features that affect maritime boundaries include islands and the submerged seabed of the continental shelf.


title: Maritime boundary

text: The process of boundary delimitation in the ocean encompasses the natural prolongation of geological features and outlying territory. The process of establishing "positional" borders encompasses the distinction between previously resolved and never-resolved controversies.


title: Maritime boundary

text: The limits of maritime boundaries are expressed in polylines and in polygon layers of sovereignty and control, calculated from the declaration of a baseline. The conditions under which a state may establish such baseline are described in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). A baseline of a country can be the low water line, a straight baseline (a line that encloses bays, estuaries, inland waters...) or a combination of the two.


title: Maritime boundary

text: While many maritime spaces can be classified as belonging to the same group, this does not imply that they all have the same legal regime. International straits and canals have their own legal status as well.


title: Maritime boundary

text: The zones of maritime boundaries are expressed in concentric limits surrounding coastal and feature baselines.


title: Maritime boundary

text: In the case of overlapping zones, the boundary is presumed to conform to the equidistance principle or it is explicitly described in a multilateral treaty.


title: Maritime boundary

text: Contemporary negotiations have produced tripoint and quadripoint determinations. For example, in the 1982 Australia–France Marine Delimitation Agreement, for the purposes of drawing the treaty's equidistant lines it was assumed that France has sovereignty over Matthew and Hunter Islands, a territory that is also claimed by Vanuatu. The northernmost point in the boundary is a tripoint with the Solomon Islands. The boundary runs in a roughly north–south direction and then turns and runs west–east until it almost reaches the 170th meridian east.


title: Maritime boundary

text: The concept of maritime boundaries is a relatively new concept. The historical record is a backdrop for evaluating border issues. The evaluation of historic rights are governed by distinct legal regimes in customary international law, including research and analysis based on


title: Maritime boundary

text: The study of treaties on maritime boundaries is important as (a) as a source of general or particular international law; (b) as evidence of existing customary law; and (c) as evidence of the emerging development of custom. The development of "customary law" affects all nations.


title: Maritime boundary

text: The attention accorded this subject has evolved beyond formerly-conventional norms like the three-mile limit.


title: Maritime boundary

text: Multilateral treaties and documents describing the baselines of countries can be found on the website of the United Nations.


title: Maritime boundary

text: For example, the Australia–France Marine Delimitation Agreement establishes ocean boundaries between Australia and New Caledonia in the Coral Sea (including the boundary between Australia's Norfolk Island and New Caledonia). It consists of 21 straight-line maritime segments defined by 22 individual coordinate points forming a modified equidistant line between the two territories.


title: Maritime boundary

text: Controversies about territorial waters tend to encompass two dimensions: (a) territorial sovereignty, which are a legacy of history; and (b) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries, which are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea. An example of this may be reviewed in the context of the ongoing Kuwait-Iraq maritime dispute over the Khawr Abd Allah waterway.


title: Maritime boundary

text: Among the array of unsettled disputes, the maritime borders of the two Koreas in the Yellow Sea represent a visually stark contrast.


title: Maritime boundary

text: A western line of military control between the two Koreas was unilaterally established by the United Nations Command in 1953. Although the North asserts a differently configured boundary line, there is no dispute that a few small islands close to the North Korean coastline have remained jurisdiction of the United Nations since 1953.


title: Maritime boundary

text: The map at the right shows the differing maritime boundary lines of the two Koreas. The ambits of these boundaries encompass overlapping jurisdictional claims. The explicit differences in the way the boundary lines are configured is shown in the map at the right.


title: Maritime boundary

text: In a very small area, this represents a unique illustration of differences in mapping and delineation strategies.


title: Maritime boundary

text: Violent clashes in these disputed waters include what are known as the first Yeonpyeong incident, the second Yeonpyeong incident, and the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong.


title: Elvin Jones

text: Most famously a member of John Coltrane's quartet, with whom he recorded from late 1960 to late 1965, Jones appeared on such widely celebrated albums as "My Favorite Things", "A Love Supreme", "Ascension" and "Live at Birdland". After 1966, Jones led his own trio, and later larger groups under the name "The Elvin Jones Jazz Machine". His brothers Hank and Thad were also celebrated jazz musicians with whom he occasionally recorded. Elvin was inducted into the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame in 1995. In his "The History of Jazz", jazz historian and critic Ted Gioia calls Jones "one of the most influential drummers in the history of jazz." He was also named Number 23 on Rolling Stone Magazine's 100 Greatest Drummers of All Time.


title: Elvin Jones

text: Elvin Jones was born in Pontiac, Michigan, to parents Henry and Olivia Jones, who had moved to Michigan from Vicksburg, Mississippi. His elder brothers were pianist Hank Jones and trumpeter Thad Jones, both highly regarded musicians as well. By age two he said drums held a special fascination for him. He would watch the circus parades go past his home as a child, and was particularly excited by the marching band drummers.