title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: In 1885, they created a carburetor which mixed gasoline with air allowing its use as fuel. In the same year Daimler and Maybach assembled a larger version of their engine, still relatively compact, but now with a vertical cylinder of 100 cc displacement and an output of 1 hp at 600 rpm (patent DRP-28-022: "non-cooled, heat insulated engine with unregulated hot-tube ignition"). It was baptized the "Standuhr" ("grandfather clock"), because Daimler thought it resembled an old pendulum clock.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: In November 1885, Daimler installed a smaller version of this engine in a wooden two wheeler frame with two outrigger wheels, creating the first internal combustion motorcycle (Patent 36-423impff & Sohn "Vehicle with gas or petroleum drive machine"). It was named the "Reitwagen" (riding car). Maybach rode it for three kilometers (two miles) alongside the river Neckar, from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim, reaching .


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Independently of each other, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler each produced an automobile in 1886, both in Germany, about 60 miles apart.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: About sixty miles away in Mannheim, Karl Benz built an automobile using an integral design for a motorized vehicle with one of his own engines. He was granted a patent for his "motorwagen" on 29 January 1886.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: When this proved the engine capable of driving a vehicle, Daimler devised a single and ordered a Wimpff und Söhne four-seater phaeton to house it. Daimler's engine was installed by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen and drove the rear wheels through a dual-ratio belt drive.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: On 8 March 1886, Daimler and Maybach secretly brought an American Model coach made by Wilhelm Wimpff and Sohn into the house, telling the neighbors it was a birthday gift for Mrs. Daimler. Maybach supervised the installation of a larger 1.1 hp () version of the Grandfather Clock engine into this stagecoach and it became the first four-wheeled vehicle to reach . The engine power was transmitted by a set of belts. As with the motorcycle, it was tested on the road to Untertürkheim where nowadays the Mercedes-Benz Arena, formerly called the Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, is situated.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Driven by Daimler's desire to use the engine as many ways as possible, Daimler and Maybach used the engine in other types of transport including:


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: They sold their first foreign licenses for engines in 1887 and Maybach went as their representative to the 1889 Paris Exposition to show their achievements.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Engine sales increased, mostly for use in boats, and in June 1887, Daimler bought another property at Seelberg hill, Cannstatt. It was located some distance from the town on Ludwigstraße 67 because Cannstatt's mayor did not approve of the workshop. Built at a cost 30,200 goldmarks, the new premises had room for 23 employees. Daimler managed the commercial issues while Maybach ran the engine design department.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: In 1889, Daimler and Maybach built the "Stahlradwagen", their first automobile that did not involve adapting a horse-drawn carriage with their engine, but which was somewhat influenced by bicycle designs. There was no production in Germany, but it was licensed to be built in France and presented to the public in Paris in October 1889 by both engineers. The same year, Daimler's wife, Emma Kunz, died.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: With demand for engines growing, for uses in everything from motorboats to railcars, Maybach and Daimler expanded. With funding from gunpowder maker Max Duttenhofer, industrialist, and banker Kilian von Steiner, and munitions manufacturer , "Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft" was founded 28 November 1890, with Maybach as chief designer. Its purpose was the construction of small, high-speed engines for use on land, water, and air transport. The three uses were expressed by Daimler in a sketch that became the basis for a logo with a three-pointed star.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: From 1882 until 1890, Daimler had resisted making his company into an incorporation or stock company. He had seen what happened to too many engineers who had pioneered a capital invention as he had. Many of them were forced out of their own companies by stock holders who "knew better" about how to run the company that they had just purchased than the man who created it. This is a very common occurrence in the business world. It happened to Henry Ford, Ransom Olds, Karl Benz, August Horch, and many others.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Daimler hated having to incorporate his company. Unable to obtain majority control, he sold out and then resigned. DMG expanded, but it changed. The newcomers, not believing in automobile production, ordered the creation of additional stationary engine building capacity, and considered merging DMG with Otto's "Deutz-AG".


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Daimler and Maybach preferred plans to produce automobiles and reacted against Duttenhofer and Lorenz. Maybach was denied a seat on the board and on 11 February 1891, he left the business. He continued his design work as a freelance in Cannstatt from his own house, with Daimler's support, moving to the closed Hermann Hotel in the autumn of 1892. He used its ballroom and winter garden as workshops, employing twelve workers and five apprentices.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: The new company developed the high-speed inline-two "Phönix", for which Maybach invented a spray carburettor. This was fitted in a singularly ugly car, which entered production in 1895 after a cessation of hostilities between Daimler, Maybach, and the DMG board.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: In 1890 Daimler founded his own engine business, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG). Its purpose was the construction of small, high speed engines they had developed based on the same stationary engine technology. In 1892, DMG finally sold its first automobile. Gottlieb Daimler, aged 58, had heart problems and suffered a collapse in the winter of 1892–1893. His doctor prescribed a trip to Florence, where he met Lina Hartmann, a widow 22 years his junior who was the owner of the hotel where he was staying. They married on 8 July 1893, honeymooning in Chicago during its World Fair.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Returning from the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago with his new wife, Daimler had vowed to purchase enough shares of DMG to regain control. This effort failed. Daimler sold all his shares and patents and resigned from the company. Maybach had left earlier.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: The disputes with Lorenz continued. Daimler attempted to buy 102 extra shares to get a majority holding, but was forced out of his post as technical director. The corporation was 400,000 Gold marks in debt. The other directors threatened to declare bankruptcy if Daimler didn't sell them all his shares and all his personal patent rights from the previous thirty years. Daimler accepted the offer, receiving 66,666 Gold Marks, and resigned in 1893.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: In 1894 at the Hermann Hotel, Maybach together with Daimler and his son Paul designed a third engine called the "Phoenix" and had DMG make it. It featured:


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: This is probably the same internal-combustion engine referred to by the American author and historian Henry Brooks Adams, who describes the "Daimler motor" and its great speed from his visit to the 1900 Paris Exposition in his autobiography.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Daimler and Maybach continued to work together. They built a four-cylinder engine with Maybach' spray nozzle carburetor. It was in the first organized automobile race, the "Paris to Rouen" and defeated all the entries from DMG. Frederick Simms, German-born long-time friend of Gottlieb Daimler insisted that Daimler be brought back into the company making it a condition of his payment of £17,500 for the transfer of his Daimler licenses to the British Daimler Company which would stabilize the corporation's finances, that Daimler, now aged sixty, should return to DMG. Gottlieb Daimler received 200,000 goldmarks in shares, plus a 100,000 bonus. Simms received the right to use the name "Daimler" as his brand name for Daimler Company products. In 1895, the year DMG assembled its 1,000th engine, Maybach returned as General Inspector, receiving 30,000 shares.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: During this period, they agreed to licenses to build Daimler engines around the world, which included:


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Daimler had developed the first liquid petroleum vehicle in 1885 and Karl Benz had developed the first purpose built automobile using a 2 cycle engine of his own design a few months later. Daimler never met Karl Benz during the period of invention. In 1896 Daimler (DMG) sued Benz & Cie for violating his 1883 patent on hot tube ignition. Daimler won and Benz had to pay royalties to DMG. Daimler did not meet Karl Benz while they were in court in Mannheim. Later at the founding of the Central European Motor Car Association Daimler and Benz still did not speak to each other.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Years after Daimler died, the two companies did cooperate in many ways. After many years of cooperation, on 28 June 1926 representatives of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) and Benz & Cie signed the agreement for the merger of the two oldest automobile manufacturers in the world. The resulting new company was named Daimler-Benz AG.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Gottlieb Daimler was accepted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1978. Between 1993 and July 2008 Daimler had a stadium named after him in Stuttgart, Germany. The Mercedes-Benz Arena was the venue for six matches in the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany.


title: Gottlieb Daimler

text: Gottlieb Daimler's motto was "Das Beste oder nichts" ("The best or nothing at all"; "Nothing but the best"). Mercedes-Benz adopted this motto as their slogan in 2010.


title: Skinty Fia

text: Skinty Fia is the third studio album by Irish rock band Fontaines D.C. It was released on 22 April 2022 via Partisan Records. Like the band's two previous albums – 2019's "Dogrel" and 2020's "A Hero's Death" – "Skinty Fia" was produced by Dan Carey. Its title refers to an old Irish saying that drummer Tom Coll’s great-aunt used to say. The phrase "Skinty Fia" translates to "the damnation of the deer". Both the title and the cover art allude to the extinct Irish elk, also known as the "giant deer".


title: Skinty Fia

text: The album was announced on 12 January 2022, to coincide with the release of its lead single "Jackie Down the Line". A second single, "I Love You", was released just over a month later on 17 February 2022.


title: Skinty Fia

text: All music by Grian Chatten, Tom Coll, Conor Curley, Conor Deegan III and Carlos O'Connell. All lyrics by Grian Chatten, except "Big Shot", lyrics by Carlos O'Connell.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: Monowi ( ) is an incorporated village in Boyd County, Nebraska, United States. It garnered national and international recognition after the 2010 United States census counted only one resident of the village, Elsie Eiler. Though the 2020 census listed Monowi's population as two, this was confirmed to be an example of differential privacy in the census data; Eiler remains the town's sole resident.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: According to tradition, the name "Monowi" means "flower" in an unidentified Native American language. Monowi was so named after the many wildflowers growing at the original site of the village.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: Monowi was platted in 1903, when the Mason, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad was extended to that point. A post office was established in Monowi in 1902 and remained in operation until 1967.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: Monowi's peak years were in the 1930s, when it had a population of 150. Like many other small communities in the Great Plains, it lost its younger residents to cities that were experiencing growth and offering better jobs.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: During the 2000 census, the village had a total population of two; only one married couple, Rudy and Elsie Eiler, lived there. Rudy died in 2004, leaving his wife as the only resident in the village. In this capacity, she acts as mayor, and granted herself a liquor license. She is required to produce a municipal road plan every year in order to secure state funding for the village's four street lights.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: Although the village is nearly abandoned, it does have a bar called the Monowi Tavern, operated by Eiler for passing travelers and tourists. In addition, Eiler maintains the five-thousand–volume Rudy's Library, founded in memory of her late husband.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: In 2018, the village was featured in commercials for Arby's and Prudential. The village was also used as a starting place for the biggest advertisement poster in the world, which was finished on June 13, 2018.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: After the 1990 United States census, Eiler had observed that Monowi's population had been miscounted, and contacted radio broadcaster Paul Harvey to publicize the error. Years later, preliminary information from the 2020 census appeared to show that Monowi's population increased to two. However, Eiler denied that anyone had moved into the town, and a spokesperson for the United States Census Bureau said that the alleged second resident was actually a form of "noise... add[ed] to the [census] data," in which some individuals are listed in a bordering tract to protect the anonymity of census respondents.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. The village is located in the far eastern portion of Boyd County, in the northeastern region of Nebraska. It is located between the Niobrara River and the larger Missouri River. The nearest community to Monowi is Lynch, located approximately away. The village is located approximately from Omaha.


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: Census data for Monowi highlights its uniqueness, owing to the numerical singularity of its population. As of 2010:


title: Monowi, Nebraska

text: The area is within Boyd County Public Schools. The area was previously within the Lynch Public Schools district in Lynch. The Lynch district consolidated into the Boyd County district in June 2017.


title: Time of Contempt

text: Time of Contempt (Polish original title: "Czas pogardy", early title was translated less literally as "Time of Anger") is the second novel in the Witcher Saga written by Polish fantasy writer Andrzej Sapkowski, first published 1995 in Polish, and 2013 in English (under the title "The Time of Contempt"). It is a sequel to the first Witcher novel "Blood of Elves" and is followed by "Baptism of Fire".


title: Time of Contempt

text: Following their secret conclave in "Blood of Elves", the monarchs of the Northern Kingdoms are secretly preparing to create a pretext for war with Nilfgaard. Unbeknownst to them, the Emperor of Nilfgaard is aware of their plans and preparing his own.


title: Time of Contempt

text: Geralt consults with a lawyer, Codhringer, to discover the identity of the unknown mage trying to capture Ciri. At the same time, Yennefer takes Ciri from the Temple in Ellander to Gors Velen. Yennefer plans to enroll Ciri at the Aretuza school of magic on Thanedd Island, while attending a conference of mages there. While Yennefer is talking business with a dwarven banker in Gors Velen, she allows Ciri to see the city, escorted by one of the banker's young employees. While viewing an exotic menagerie, Ciri inadvertently provokes a disturbance, and escapes using a magic amulet Yennefer gave her in case of emergency. This draws the attention of the mages Tissaia de Vries and Margarita Laux-Antille, the former and current headmistresses of Aretuza, out hunting for truant students.


title: Time of Contempt

text: After reuniting, Yennefer, Tissaia and Margarita discuss Ciri's upcoming education at Aretuza. Ciri, unwilling to be "imprisoned" at school, steals a horse and rides to a nearby town where she heard Geralt is staying. Yennefer pursues her, leading to a reunion and reconciliation with Geralt. The three return to Thanedd island together.


title: Time of Contempt

text: At an evening reception, Geralt meets several mages, including the mage Vilgefortz, who hints that a power struggle is imminent and that Geralt will have to choose sides. Vilgefortz wants Geralt on his side, but Geralt prefers to remain neutral. Dijkstra, the King of Redania's spymaster, also tries to recruit Geralt, without success.


title: Time of Contempt

text: Early in the morning, Geralt stumbles on an attempted coup. Dijkstra and Philippa Eilhart, a sorceress in Redania's court, have organized the coup, ambushing several mages, including Vilgefortz, who they intend to accuse of conspiring with Nilfgaard, before the enclave; Emperor Emhyr wants the Chapter of Mages broken apart, since their participation in the previous war led to the Empire's defeat. Tissaia, the most senior mage, is furious that Phillippa and her other mages have abandoned their role as neutral advisors. Yennefer, also in attendance, has brought Ciri, who lapses into a clairvoyant trance and reveals that the war has already begun: the King of Redania was assassinated the night before, and the King of Aedirn has launched an attack on Nilfgaard. To allow Vilgefortz and the captured mages to defend themselves, Tissaia releases them, and drops the field that inhibits the use of magic inside Aretuza. This proves disastrous when they attack Phillipa and the other Northern mages, while a "Scoia'tael" commando working with Nilfgaard invades the compound.


title: Time of Contempt

text: Geralt disables Dijkstra and rushes in to rescue Yennefer and Ciri. In the ensuing chaos, Yennefer and Geralt fight off the "Scoia'tael", while Ciri flees from the scene. She takes refuge at the Tower of Gulls, and when Geralt pursues her, Vilgefortz confronts Geralt. Vilgefortz again asks Geralt to join his side, but Geralt refuses. A fight ensues, in which Geralt is defeated and severely wounded. Vilgefortz enters the Tower but Ciri escapes through an unstable magic portal, releasing a flare of energy that collapses the Tower and leaves Vilgefortz's face scarred. Tissaia, realizing her mistake and, along with Triss Merigold's help, takes Geralt to safety, before committing suicide.


title: Time of Contempt

text: Soon after the events at Thanedd Island, Dandelion finds Geralt recuperating in the forest of Brokilon, under the care of the dryads, and fills him in on recent events: Aedirn, Rivia, and Lyria fell quickly to the Nilfgaardian invaders, while King Foltest of Temeria made a pact with Emhyr and preserved his kingdom; the elven mage Francesca Findabair was made the client queen of Dol Blathanna, on the condition that she allow the "Scoia'tael" to remain under Emhyr's control. In Nilfgaard, a false Ciri is presented to Emhyr and he publicly announces his plans to marry her and legitimize his rule of Cintra, while ordering his secret forces to find the real Ciri.


title: Time of Contempt

text: Ciri awakes in the Korath desert and barely survives, with the help of a unicorn. When the unicorn is wounded in a fight with a desert creature, Ciri awakens her latent magical powers to heal it. However, the power she taps into is so potent that she has visions of herself as an omnipotent witch, ravaging the entire continent. Horrified, she renounces the use of magic, and is captured by bounty hunters in Nilfgaard's employ. She manages to escape them with the help of the Rats, a bandit group. She gains a sense of belonging among the Rats, who are refugees from the war as she is. She identifies herself to them as Falka, a dreaded witch from history who she saw in her vision. The story hints that Ciri, the last descendant of a Cintran royal line that carries elven blood, is the prophesied child who will destroy the old world and usher in a new age.


title: Time of Contempt

text: The English (UK) translation was delayed several times; initially planned for 2009, it was published by Gollancz in June 2013. The US edition of the novel, after several delays, was published by Orbit Books on August 27, 2013.


title: Time of Contempt

text: In 2015 a Polish audiobook has been released. It is a high-end audiobook, with dozens of actors, music and special effects.


title: Time of Contempt

text: James Tivendale of Fantasy Book Review wrote that "the characters and the tales [in the book] are utterly addictive" and gave it 8 out of 10 score. Andrzej Sapkowski criticized the cover of the US edition of this book, saying that it is based on Witcher video game footage, and has little connection with the book contents, noting that he has no influence over the American publisher's choice of cover art, which he deemed highly unfortunate.


title: Temperature measurement

text: Temperature measurement (also known as thermometry) describes the process of measuring a current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends.


title: Temperature measurement

text: Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17th century were crude at best. For instance in 170 AD, physician Claudius Galenus mixed equal portions of ice and boiling water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 1600s including Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in temperature, but subject also to confounding with atmospheric pressure changes. These early devices were called thermoscopes. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the Grand Duke of Toscani, Ferdinand II. The development of today's thermometers and temperature scales began in the early 18th century, when Gabriel Fahrenheit produced a mercury thermometer and scale, both developed by Ole Christensen Rømer. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use, alongside the Celsius and Kelvin scales.


title: Temperature measurement

text: Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the glass thermometer. This consists of a glass tube filled with mercury or some other liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increase causes the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid. Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical standpoint, is the gas thermometer.


title: Temperature measurement

text: One must be careful when measuring temperature to ensure that the measuring instrument (thermometer, thermocouple, etc.) is really the same temperature as the material that is being measured. Under some conditions heat from the measuring instrument can cause a temperature gradient, so the measured temperature is different from the actual temperature of the system. In such a case the measured temperature will vary not only with the temperature of the system, but also with the heat transfer properties of the system.


title: Temperature measurement

text: What thermal comfort humans, animals and plants experience is related to more than temperature shown on a glass thermometer. Relative humidity levels in ambient air can induce more or less evaporative cooling. Measurement of the wet-bulb temperature normalizes this humidity effect. Mean radiant temperature also can affect thermal comfort. The wind chill factor makes the weather feel colder under windy conditions than calm conditions even though a glass thermometer shows the same temperature. Airflow increases the rate of heat transfer from or to the body, resulting in a larger change in body temperature for the same ambient temperature.


title: Temperature measurement

text: The theoretical basis for thermometers is the zeroth law of thermodynamics which postulates that if you have three bodies, A, B and C, if A and B are at the same temperature, and B and C are at the same temperature then A and C are at the same temperature. B, of course, is the thermometer.


title: Temperature measurement

text: The practical basis of thermometry is the existence of triple point cells. Triple points are conditions of pressure, volume and temperature such that three phases are simultaneously present, for example solid, vapor and liquid. For a single component there are no degrees of freedom at a triple point and any change in the three variables results in one or more of the phases vanishing from the cell. Therefore, triple point cells can be used as universal references for temperature and pressure (see Gibbs phase rule).


title: Temperature measurement

text: Under some conditions it becomes possible to measure temperature by a direct use of the Planck's law of black-body radiation. For example, the cosmic microwave background temperature has been measured from the spectrum of photons observed by satellite observations such as the WMAP. In the study of the quark–gluon plasma through heavy-ion collisions, single particle spectra sometimes serve as a thermometer.


title: Temperature measurement

text: The most promising and widespread non-invasive thermometric techniques in a biotech context are based on the analysis of magnetic resonance images, computerized tomography images and echotomography. These techniques allow monitoring temperature within tissues without introducing a sensing element. In the field of reactive flows (e.g., combustion, plasmas), laser induced fluorescence (LIF), CARS, and laser absorption spectroscopy have been exploited to measure temperature inside engines, gas-turbines, shock-tubes, synthesis reactors etc. The capability of such optical-based techniques include rapid measurement (down to nanosecond timescales), notwithstanding the ability to "not" perturb the subject of measurement (e.g., the flame, shock-heated gases).


title: Temperature measurement

text: The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and weather stations, usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a Stevenson screen, a standardized well-ventilated white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground. Details of this setup are defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).


title: Temperature measurement

text: A true daily mean could be obtained from a continuously-recording thermograph. Commonly it is approximated by the mean of discrete readings (e.g. 24 hourly readings, four 6-hourly readings, etc.) or by the mean of the daily minimum and maximum readings (though the latter can result in mean temperatures up to 1 °C cooler or warmer than the true mean, depending on the time of observation).


title: Temperature measurement

text: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) has developed two separate and distinct standards on temperature Measurement, B40.200 and PTC 19.3.


title: Temperature measurement

text: B40.200 provides guidelines for bimetallic-actuated, filled-system, and liquid-in-glass thermometers. It also provides guidelines for thermowells.


title: Temperature measurement

text: PTC 19.3 provides guidelines for temperature measurement related to Performance Test Codes with particular emphasis on basic sources of measurement errors and techniques for coping with them.


title: Karan Patel

text: Karan Patel (born 23 November 1983) is an Indian actor and host on Hindi television. Patel performed the main lead Raman Bhalla in the soap opera "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein" and played the role of Rishabh Bajaj in "Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2". He also participated in the reality shows "Nach Baliye 3", "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6" and "".


title: Karan Patel

text: Patel is a Gujarati who was born in Kolkata on 23 November 1983. His father's name is Rashesh Patel. He has also attended Shiamak Davar's dance classes.


title: Karan Patel

text: Patel starred in the Star Plus series "Kasturi", where he played Robbie Sabarwal, his first lead role. Previously, he played a number of roles in Balaji Telefilms. His first role was in "Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii" where he played Vigyat. He has also worked in "Kasautii Zindagii Kay" and "Kasamh Se".


title: Karan Patel

text: In 2008 he debuted as host by anchoring a new show "Kaho Na Yaar Hai". In 2013, he participated in "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa". He played the role of Raman Bhalla in Yeh Hai Mohabbatein From 2013 to 2019. He quit the show in July 2019. But re entered in November 2019. His role as Raman Kumar Omprakash Bhalla with his co-star Divyanka T Dahiya earned him Zee Gold Awards for Best Actor (Popular) three years in a row (2014–16), the Indian Television Academy Award 2015 for Best Romantic Actor (Male), and the Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role.In 2020 He participated in . The same year he played the role of Rishabh Bajaj in Kasautii Zindagii Kay Where he replaced Karan Singh Grover.


title: Karan Patel

text: Patel married Ankita Bhargava Patel on 3 May 2015 in Mumbai. Their first child was born on 14 December 2019.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply al-Idrisi (; ; 1100 – 1165), was a Muslim geographer, cartographer and Egyptologist who for some time lived in Palermo, Sicily at the court of King Roger II. Muhammed al-Idrisi was born in Ceuta then belonging to the Almoravids. He created the Tabula Rogeriana, one of the most advanced medieval world maps.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Al-Idrisi was born in the city of Ceuta, at the time controlled by the Almoravids but now a part of Spain, where his great-grandfather had been forced to settle after the fall of Hammudid Málaga to the Zirids of Granada. He spent much of his early life travelling through North Africa and Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain of the times) and seems to have acquired detailed information on both regions. He visited Anatolia when he was barely 16. He studied in Córdoba.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: His travels took him to many parts of Europe including Portugal, the Pyrenees, the French Atlantic coast, Hungary, and Jórvík (now known as York).


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Because of conflict and instability in Al-Andalus al-Idrisi joined contemporaries such as Abu al-Salt in Sicily, where the Normans had overthrown Arabs formerly loyal to the Fatimids.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Al-Idrisi incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Far East gathered by Islamic merchants and explorers and recorded on Islamic maps with the information brought by the Norman voyagers to create the most accurate map of the world in pre-modern times, which served as a concrete illustration of his "Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq", (Latin: "Opus Geographicum"), which may be translated "A Diversion for the Man Longing to Travel to Far-Off Places".


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: The Tabula Rogeriana was drawn by al-Idrisi in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, after a stay of eighteen years at his court, where he worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map. The map, with legends written in Arabic, while showing the Eurasian continent in its entirety, only shows the northern part of the African continent and lacks details of the Horn of Africa and Southeast Asia.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Al-Idrisi's work influenced a number of Islamic scholars including Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, Hafiz-i Abru, and Ibn Khaldun but his work was unknown in Western Europe and had little influence on the development of Renaissance cartography.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Al-Idrisi in his famous "Tabula Rogeriana" mentioned "Irlandah-al-Kabirah" (Great Ireland). According to him, "from the extremity of Iceland to that of Great Ireland," the sailing time was "one day." Although historians note that both al-Idrisi and the Norse tend to understate distances, the only location this reference is thought to have possibly pointed to, must likely have been in Greenland.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Al-Idrisi mentioned that Chinese junks carried leather, swords, iron and silk. He mentions the glassware of the city of Hangzhou and labels Quanzhou's silk as the best.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: In his records of Chinese trade, al-Idrisi also wrote about the Silla Dynasty (one of Korea's historical Dynasties, and a major trade partner to China at the time), and was one of the first Arabs to do so.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: As well as the maps, al-Idrisi produced a compendium of geographical information with the title "Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq". The title has been translated as "The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands" or "The pleasure of him who longs to cross the horizons". It has been preserved in nine manuscripts, seven of which contain maps.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: The translated title of this work (in the "pleasure of him ..." form) attracted favourable comment from the team selecting lists of names for features expected to be discovered by the New Horizons probe reconnoitring the Pluto system. The Al-Idrisi Montes is a geographical feature in that system named after him.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: In the introduction, al-Idrisi mentions two sources for geographical coordinates: Claudius Ptolemy and "an astronomer" that must be Ishaq ibn al-Hasan al-Zayyat; and states that he has cross-checked oral reports from different informers to see if geographical coordinates were consistent.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: An abridged version of the Arabic text was published in Rome in 1592 with title: "De geographia universali or Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā’ in wa-al-āfāq" which in English would be "Recreation of the desirer in the account of cities, regions, countries, islands, towns, and distant lands". This was one of the first Arabic books ever printed. The first translation from the original Arabic was into Latin. The Maronites Gabriel Sionita and Joannes Hesronita translated an abridged version of the text which was published in Paris in 1619 with the title of "Geographia nubiensis". Not until the middle of the 19th century was a complete translation of the Arabic text published. This was a translation into French by Pierre Amédée Jaubert. More recently sections of the text have been translated for particular regions. Beginning in 1970 a critical edition of the complete Arabic text was published.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Al-Idrisi's geographical text, "Nuzhat al-Mushtaq", is often cited by proponents of pre-Columbian Andalusian-Americas contact theories. In this text, al-Idrisi wrote the following on the Atlantic Ocean:


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: This translation by Professor Muhammad Hamidullah is however questionable, since it reports, after having reached an area of "sticky and stinking waters", the "Mugharrarin" (also translated as "the adventurers") moved back and first reached an uninhabited island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep the meat of which was bitter and uneatable" and, then, "continued southward" and reached the above reported island where they were soon surrounded by barques and brought to "a village whose inhabitants were often fair-haired with long and flaxen hair and the women of a rare beauty". Among the villagers, one spoke Arabic and asked them where they came from. Then the king of the village ordered them to bring them back to the continent where they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Apart from the marvellous and fanciful reports of this history, the most probable interpretation is that the "Mugharrarin" reached the Sargasso Sea, a part of the ocean covered by seaweed, which is very close to Bermuda yet one thousand miles away from the American mainland. Then while coming back, they may have landed either on the Azores, or on Madeira or even on the westernmost Canary Island, El Hierro (because of the sheep). Last, the story with the inhabited island might have occurred either on Tenerife or on Gran Canaria, where the "Mugharrarin" presumably met members of the Guanche tribe. This would explain why some of them could speak Arabic (some sporadic contacts had been maintained between the Canary Islands and Morocco) and why they were quickly deported to Morocco where they were welcomed by Berbers. Yet, the story reported by Idrisi is an indisputable account of a certain knowledge of the Atlantic Ocean by Andalusians and Moroccans.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Furthermore, al-Idrisi writes an account of eight "Mugharrarin" all from the same family who set sail from Lisbon ("Lashbuna") in the first half of that century and navigated in the seaweed rich seas beyond the Azores.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Idrisi describes an island of cormorants with which has been tentatively identified as Corvo, Cape Verde but on weak grounds.


title: Muhammad al-Idrisi

text: Among the lesser known works of al-Idrisi is a medical dictionary that he compiled in which he brings down a list of simple drugs and plants and their curative effects, used by physicians, apothecaries and merchants in his day. The list is unique, as it includes the names of drugs in as many as 12 languages (among which are Spanish, Berber, Latin, Greek and Sanskrit), including some sixty Hebrew terms transliterated into Arabic and which are thought to have been passed down to him by Andalusian Jewish informants. At the end of the section on medicinal herbs which are described under each letter of the alphabet, he gives an index of their entries. One of the books of herbal medicine frequently cited by al-Idrisi is Marwan ibn Ganah's "Kitāb al-Talḫīṣ", who in turn had been influenced by the Andalusian Arab physician Ibn Juljul.


title: Pattadakal

text: Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is from Badami and about from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centres of Chalukya monuments. The monument is a protected site under Indian law and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).


title: Pattadakal

text: UNESCO has described Pattadakal as "a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India" and an illustration of "eclectic art" at its height. The Hindu temples are generally dedicated to Shiva, but elements of Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology and legends are also featured. The friezes in the Hindu temples display various Vedic and Puranic concepts, depict stories from the "Ramayana", the "Mahabharata", the "Bhagavata Purana", as well as elements of other Hindu texts, such as the "Panchatantra" and the "Kirātārjunīya". The Jain temple is only dedicated to a single Jina. The most sophisticated temples, with complex friezes and a fusion of Northern and Southern styles, are found in the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples. The Virupaksha temple is an active house of Hindu worship.


title: Pattadakal

text: The river Mallaprabha, a tributary of Krishna river cutting across the valley of mountains surrounded and the plains has great importance and place in this history of south India. The origin of this river is from Kanakumbi, Belagavi district in the western ghats region flows towards the eastern side. Just 1 km before reaching pattadakkal it starts flowing from south to north. As per the Hindu tradition, a river that flows in the north direction is also called Uttaravahini


title: Pattadakal

text: The Pattadakal monuments are located in the Indian state of Karnataka, about southeast of Belgaum, northeast from Goa, from Badami, via Karnataka state highway SH14, and about from Aihole, set midst sandstone mountains and Malaprabha river valley. In total, there are over 150 Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist monuments, and archaeological discoveries, dating from the 4th to 10th century CE, in addition to pre-historic dolmens and cave paintings that are preserved at the Pattadakal-Badami-Aihole site.


title: Pattadakal

text: The nearest airport to Pattadakal is Sambra Belgaum Airport (IATA Code: IXG), a 3-hour drive to the west, which operates daily flights to Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai. Access to the site by train is also possible via an Indian Railways service that stops at Badami on the Hubballi-Solapur line.


title: Pattadakal

text: Pattadakal ("place of coronation") was considered a holy place, being where the Malaprabha river turned northwards towards the Himalayas and the Kailasha mountain ("uttara-vahini"). As its name implies, it was used during the Chalukya dynasty for coronation ceremonies, such as that of Vinayaditya in the 7th century CE. Other names this place was known by were Kisuvolal meaning "valley of red soil", Raktapura meaning "city of red", and Pattada-Kisuvolal meaning "red soil valley for coronation". The site, states Archaeological Survey of India, is mentioned in texts by Srivijaya and is referred to by Ptolemy as "Petirgal" in his "Geography".


title: Pattadakal

text: The early rulers of the Chalukya during the 5th – 6th century were Vaishnavites (a community that believes and offers prayers to Lord Vishnu, followers of Vaishnavism) and then converted themselves into Shivaites (a community that believes and offer prayers to Lord Shiva and followers of Shivaism). Hence the temples in and around this compound are dedicated to Lord Shiva.


title: Pattadakal

text: Pattadakal became, along with nearby Aihole and Badami, a major cultural centre and religious site for innovations in architecture and experimentation of ideas. The rule of the Gupta Empire during the 5th century brought about a period of political stability, during which Aihole became a locus of scholarship. The experimentations in architecture extended into Badami over the course of the next two centuries. This culture of learning encompassed Pattadakal in the 7th century which became a nexus where ideas from northern and southern India fused. It was during this latter period that the Chalukya empire constructed many of the temples in Aihole-Badami-Pattadakal region.


title: Pattadakal

text: After the fall of the Chalukya Empire, the region was annexed by the Rashtrakuta kingdom, who would rule over the region into the 10th century. In the 11th century, and into the 12th century, the region came under the rule of the Late Chalukyas (Western Chalukya Empire, Chalukyas of Kalyani), an offshoot of the Early Chalukya Empire. Although the area was not a capital region, nor in proximity to one, numerous sources such as inscriptions, contemporaneous texts and the architectural style indicate that, from the 9th to 12th centuries, new Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples and monasteries continued to be built in the Pattadakal region. Historian George Michell attributes this to the presence of a substantial population and its burgeoning wealth.


title: Pattadakal

text: Throughout the 13th century, Pattadakal, the Malaprabha valley, as well as much of the nearby Deccan region, was subject to raids and plunder by the Delhi Sultanate armies that devastated the region. This period ended with the rise of the Vijayanagara Empire. It was responsible for the construction of forts for the protection of the monuments, as evidenced by inscriptions in the fort at Badami. Pattadakal was a part of the border region that witnessed wars between Vijayanagara and the Sultanates to its north. Following the collapse of Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, Pattadakal was annexed by the Sultanate of Bijapur, which was ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty. In the late 17th century, the Mughal Empire, under Aurangzeb, gained control of Pattadakal from the Sultanate. After the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Pattadakal came under the control of the Maratha Empire. It later changed hands, yet again, when Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan wrested control of it in late 18th century but would lose it when the British defeated Tipu Sultan and annexed the region.


title: Pattadakal

text: The monuments at Pattadakal are evidence of the existence, and the history, of interaction between the early northern and southern styles of Hindu arts. According to T. Richard Blurton, the history of temple arts in northern India is unclear as the region was repeatedly sacked by invaders from Central Asia, particularly during the Muslim incursions from the 11th century onward. The subsequent "warfare has greatly reduced the quantity of surviving examples". The Pattadakal monuments completed in 7th and 8th century are among the earliest surviving examples of these early religious arts and ideas.


title: Pattadakal

text: Based on some recent findings by Archelogist and pre-historian Prof. Ravi Korisettar published works for National Institutes of Advance studies, India, the Early Chalukyan artisans were not the first to build monuments in the Malaprabha Valley. At Bachinnagudda, just a couple of kilometres west of Pattadakallu, along the road leading to Badami, is a rough-looking monument believed to date back to the Iron Age (approximately 1200 BCE – 500 BCE). This monument, called a dolmen, belongs to a class of structures called megaliths, which were erected all over southern India mostly during the Iron Age and the succeeding Early Historic period.


title: Pattadakal

text: There are ten major temples at Pattadakal, nine Hindu and one Jain, along with numerous small shrines and plinths. Eight of the major temples are clustered together, a ninth one about half a kilometer south of this cluster, and the tenth, a Jain temple, located about a kilometer to the west of the main cluster. The Hindu temples are all connected by a walkway, while the Jain temple has road access.


title: Pattadakal

text: The Pattadakal monuments reflect a fusion of two major Indian architectural styles, one from north India (Rekha-Nagara-Prasada) and the other from south India (Dravida-Vimana). Four temples were built in the Chalukya "Dravida" style, four in the "Nagara" style of Northern India, while the Papanatha temple is a fusion of the two. The nine Hindu temples are all dedicated to Shiva, and are on the banks of Malaprabha river. The oldest of these temples is Sangameshwara, which was built during the reign of Vijayaditya Satyashraya, between 697 and 733 CE. The largest of these temples in Pattadakal is the "Virupaksha Temple", which was built between 740 and 745 CE.


title: Pattadakal

text: The last temple built in the Group of Monuments is the Jain temple, known locally as the Jain Narayana temple, which was likely built in the 9th century during the reign of Krishna II of Rashtrakutas. Its style is patterned on the lines of the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.


title: Pattadakal

text: The temple structures were built using the sandstones found abundantly locally at Pattadakkal. Some of the sculptures are carved from polished black granite.


title: Pattadakal

text: A relatively small temple, the Archaeological Survey of India has dated it to around the mid-7th century CE, but George Michell dates it to the early 8th century. The temple faces east and is built around a square "garbha griha" (sacrum sanctum). It houses a linga on a "peetha" (platform), and the Nandi bull faces it from outside; there is a mantapa around the sacrum center. Another mantapa provides a circumambulation path in an expanded axial layout. Much of the temple has been eroded or was damaged in the following centuries. The Shikhara (spire) is a northern Nagara style (Rekhanagara) with a "sukanasa" projection on the east. The "sukanasa" has a damaged Nataraja accompanied by Parvati.


title: Pattadakal

text: The outer walls of the Kada Siddheshwara sanctum feature images of Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati) on its north, Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu) to its west and Lakulisha to the south. Mounted on a lintel at the sanctum entrance is Shiva and Parvati flanked by Brahma and Vishnu on either side. The steps at the sanctum entrance are flanked by the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna, with attendants.


title: Pattadakal

text: Another small temple, the Jambulingeshwara temple, also called the Jambulinga temple, is variously estimated by ASI and Michell to have been complete between mid 7th and early 8th century, respectively. The temple is built around a square "garbha griha" (sacrum sanctum), whose outer walls feature intricate "devakoshtha" (linteled niches with decorated frames with Hamsa and mythical makaras). Inside the frames are images of Vishnu on its north, Surya (Sun god) to its west and Lakulisha to the south. The temple also experiments with the idea of projecting "sukanasa" from the shikhara in front, over the mandapa. The temple still faces east, greeting the sunrise. The Nandi too is provided with a raised platform which is in ruins and the Nandi image shows signs of erosion. The dancing Shiva Nataraja with Parvati and Nandi by his side on the frontal arch sukanasa is better preserved.


title: Pattadakal

text: The style of the temple is northern rekha-nagara with a curvilinear profile of squares diminishing as they rise towards the sky. The "amalaka" and "kalasha" of the northern style, however, are damaged and not in place. The entrance of the Jambulingeshwara mandapa is decorated with three shakhas, each with purnakumbhas below their capitals. A swan themed frieze covers the passageway with the faint remains of the carvings of swans, kutas and salas.


title: Pattadakal

text: The Galaganatha temple lies to the east of the Jambulingeshwara temple. Unlike the previous two temples, ASI estimates this temple to be from the mid-8th century, whereas Michell states that it is likely from late 7th century. The temple is a northern rekha-nagara style with a linga, and a vestibule (antarala) within the temple sanctum (garbha griha). Outside the temple is a seated Nandi that faces the sanctum.


title: Pattadakal

text: The sanctum has a covered circumambulatory path ("pradakshina patha"), indicating that this Hindu tradition was well established by 7th to 8th century. Various mandapas exist in this temple, such as a social or community hall ("sabha mantapa"), used for ceremonial functions, and a "mukha mantapa", of which only the foundation remains. The entrance to the mantapa is flanked by the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna.


title: Pattadakal

text: The Galagatha temple is mostly in ruins, except for the southern part which contains a carved slab showing an eight-armed Shiva killing the demon Andhaka, while wearing a garland of skulls as a "yajnopavita" (sacred thread across the chest).


title: Pattadakal

text: According to Michell, the Galaganatha temple is notable for being almost an exact copy of the Svarga Brahma temple of Alampur in Andhra Pradesh, a temple that is dated to 689 CE. Given both Alampur and Pattadakal were a part of the Badami Chalukya kingdom, an exchange of ideas is likely. The basement of the eastern moulding is notable for depicting friezes of "Panchatantra" fables, such as that of the mischievous monkey and the fable of two-headed bird.


title: Pattadakal

text: Chandrashekhara temple is a small east facing temple without a tower. It is situated on the south side of the Galaganatha temple. This temple has been dated by Michell to the late 9th or early 10th century, whereas the ASI dates it to the mid-8th century.


title: Pattadakal

text: The temple has a "garbha griha" with a Shiva linga and a closed hall; a Nandi sits on a platform to the east facing the linga. It is laid out within a space 33.33 feet in length and 17.33 in breadth, on an "adhishthana" (platform based on certain design rules in Hindu texts). Detailed Pilasters, yet lacking in ornamentation, decorate the exterior walls of the temple. There is a "devakostha" (niche) in the walls on either side of the Chandrashekhara temple sanctum. The temple lacks a lintel, but features a "dvarapala" (guardian) on each side of the entrance; the door frames are carved with "shakhas".


title: Pattadakal

text: Sangameshwara temple, also called the Vijayeshvara temple, is a large, Dravida style east facing temple located on the south side of the Chandrashekhara temple. Inscriptions at the temple, and other evidence, date it to between 720 CE and 733 CE. The death of its patron king, Vijayaditya, in 734 CE resulted in the temple being left unfinished, although work continued intermittently in later centuries. During the Badami Chalukya reign, between 543-757 CE, other important Sangameshwara temples were built, such as the one at KuDavelli; in modern times, this temple was relocated to Alampur, after extensive restoration work. The inscriptions found in this and other temples mention sponsor names from different centuries, including those of Hindu queens, suggesting they actively supported the temple architecture and arts.


title: Pattadakal

text: Although the temple is not the largest among those at Pattadakal it is nonetheless of imposing proportions. The temple has a square layout, with an east facing sanctum. The sanctum, surrounded by a covered "pradakshina patha" (circumambulatory path) lit by three carved windows. Inside the sanctum is a Shiva Linga. In front of the sanctum is a vestibule that is flanked on each side by smaller shrines. These shrines once contained carvings of Ganesha and Durga, but the carvings have since gone missing. Further east of the hall is a seated Nandi. Past the vestibule is a mandapa within which are sixteen massive pillars set in groups of four, which may have been added after construction of the temple was completed.


title: Pattadakal

text: The vimana superstructure above the temple and the outer walls of the temple are well preserved. The vimana is a two tiered structure, crowned with a square "kuta-sikhara" and "kalasha". The temple walls contain many "devakostha" (niches) carved with images of Vishnu and Shiva, some of which are in various stages of completion. The temple is built on a raised moulded base, with decorative friezes of elephants, yali and makara mythical creatures. Above the "kapota" (eaves) are detailed friezes of "ganas" (playful dwarfs), who are portrayed as if they are struggling to hold the weight of the temple structure. The parapet displays "hara" (various kinds of string in Hindu temple texts) of various styles, including "karnakutas" (square), and "salas" (oblong), which flow with the design below them and are decorated with "kudus".


title: Pattadakal

text: Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism themes are presented in the carvings at the temple. The Shaiva iconography includes a dancing Nataraja, Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati as essential halves of each other), Shiva with Bhringi, Shiva spearing the demon Andhaka, and the yogi, Lakulisha. The Vaishnava iconography includes avatars of Vishnu such as Varaha lifting goddess earth (Bhudevi).


title: Pattadakal

text: Excavations into the foundations of its ruined hall, in 1969 and 1971, revealed the archaeologically significant discovery of a brick temple structure beneath the hall. This discovery led to the proposal that Sangameshwara had been built over an older temple, possibly dating to the 3rd century CE.


title: Pattadakal

text: Also known as Kashivishweswara, the Kashi Vishwanatha temple is another of the smaller temples at Pattadakal. The temple has been variously dated to the late 7th century, early 8th century or the mid-8th century.


title: Pattadakal

text: Much like the other temples, the core of the Kashi Vishwanatha temple is the square "garbha griha" (sanctum), which houses a linga. To the east of the garbha griha is the moulded platform of a Nandi-mantapa, featuring the image of a seated Nandi. The temple also features a "pranala", a stone structure used to drain out water used during devotional activities, and an "antarala", or foyer, connecting to a "mantapa" with a ruined entrance porch. The river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna are still visible at the entrance to the mantapa. The temple sits on a raised platform, with five layers of mouldings, decorated with 8th-century carvings of horses, elephants, lions, peacocks, and flowery vine designs. The wall surfaces have pilaster pairs supporting chaitya-style arches. The entrance door features a Shaiva "dvarapala" (guardian) on each side.


title: Pattadakal

text: Sculptures of Ardhanariswara (half-Shiva, half-Parvati) and Lakulisha are carved into the northern wall of the temple mantapa, but these have been damaged and defaced. The "kapota" (cornice) are decorated with motifs and carved with "ganas" (playful dwarfs) carrying garlands; brackets show flying couples and "kirtimukhas".


title: Pattadakal

text: The superstructure, displaying a well developed North Indian Rekha-Nagara style, is a rising five stage projection of centered squares with a complex pattern of interlocking "gavakshas", but the "amalaka" and "kalasha" are now missing. The "sukanasa", mounted on a spire in front of the temple, is of a dancing Uma-Maheshwara (Parvati-Shiva) set inside a chaitya-arch.


title: Pattadakal

text: Inside the temple are pillars and pilasters intricately carved with friezes depicting the "Bhagavata Purana" (Vaishnavism), the "Shiva Purana" (Shaivism) and the "Ramayana". One frieze shows the demon Ravana lifting mount Kailasha, others show the playful pranks of Krishna, while another narrates the Kalyansundarmurti (marriage of Shiva and Parvati). One relief in particular shows Shiva coming out of the cylindrical linga. The mandapa ceiling has carvings of Shiva, Nandi and Parvati holding Kartikeya. This image is concentrically surrounded by the "ashta-dikpalas" (eight directional guardians).


title: Pattadakal

text: Mallikarjuna temple, also called the Trailokeshwara Maha Saila Prasada in a local inscription, is a mid-8th-century Shiva temple sponsored by queen Trailokyamahadevi. It is located south of the Kashi Vishwanatha temple, southwest of the Sangameshwara temple and in close proximity to Virupaksha. The temple was built about the same time as the Virupaksha temple, with a similar design and layout, but is somewhat smaller and has a few important differences.


title: Pattadakal

text: The temple reflects a fully developed South Indian vimana style architecture. Its "garbha griya" (sanctum) has a Shiva linga, and features a circumambulatory path ("pradakshina patha"). In front of the sanctum is an antechamber ("antarala") with small shrines for Durga as Mahishasuramardini killing the buffalo demon and another for Ganesha on each side, both currently empty. A Nandi-mantapa is included in the temple wherein Nandi faces the sanctum. Access to the sanctum is through a pillared "sabha-mantapa" (community hall) with entrance porches, enclosures ("prakara") and a gateway ("pratoli").


title: Pattadakal

text: The temple, though similar to the Virupaksha temple, experiments with new architectural ideas that makes it distinct. The depiction of a dancing Shiva, as Nataraja, in the Mallikarjuna temple is set in the shallow arch of the "sukanasa". As another example, the topmost storey of the "shikara" superstructure of this temple lacks "hara" elements (threads), while its roof is hemispherical unlike the square roof of the Virupaksha temple.


title: Pattadakal

text: The use of stone carvings for storytelling is prevalent throughout the temple. The legends of Hindu epics and the Puranas are depicted on the temple pillars in the community hall. These stories span all major traditions within Hinduism, including Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism. The rasa lila of Krishna, whose stories are found in the "Bhagavata Purana", are shown on friezes as are Hindu fables from the "Panchatantra". Like other Hindu temples, the friezes of the Mallikarjuna temple show kama and mithuna scenes of amorous couples. In other places, artha scenes such as a worker walking with an elephant carrying a log and single women with different emotional expressions are carved into stone; one of these women carries an 8th-century musical instrument.


title: Pattadakal

text: The Virupaksha temple, located to the immediate south of the Mallikarjuna temple, is the largest and most sophisticated of the monuments at Pattadakal. In inscriptions, it is referred to as "Shri Lokeshvara Mahasila Prasada", after its sponsor Queen Lokmahadevi, and is dated to about 740 CE. It was constructed after the successful military campaigns of King Vikramaditya II against the Pallavas (4th-9th centuries CE) and the inscription mentions grant to the "musicians of the temple" by the Queen and also disclosing the identity of the chief architect "Gunda Anivaritacharya" to the architect and by giving him honour of "perijereppu patta" by king Vikramaditya-II. The temple is notable for its range, and quality, of construction exemplifying a well developed Dravidian architectural style, as well as the inscribed names of the artists beneath the panels they worked on.


title: Pattadakal

text: As is common with other temples at Pattadakal, the Virupaksha temple was built facing east centred around a square "garbha griha" (sanctum), with a Shiva Linga, surrounded by a covered circumabulatory path ("pradakshina patha"). In front of the sanctum is an "antarala" with two small shrines within which are facing images of Ganesha and Parvati, in her Durga aspect as Mahishasuramardini killing the buffalo demon. The external Nandi pavilion is aligned on an east-west axis, as are the mantapa and antechamber. The temple site forms a rectangle consisting of fused squares bounded by walls, which are decorated with carvings. Within the compound are smaller shrines, of which there were once 32, based on the foundation footprint layout, but most have since been lost. The entrance leads to a mantapa with 18 columns (4-5-aisle-5-4, with a 4x4 set forming the inner mantapa and two leading to the "darshana" space).


title: Pattadakal

text: The tower above the sanctum is a three-storey pyramidal structure, with each storey bearing motifs that reflect those in the sanctum below. However, for clarity of composition, the artisans had simplified the themes in the pilastered projections and intricate carvings. The third storey is the simplest, having only parapet "kutas", a kuta roof with each face decorated with "kudus" – a structure common in later Dravidian architecture Hindu temples. A kalasha-like pot, found in festivals, social ceremonies and personal rituals such as weddings, crowns the temple. The top of this pot is above the temple pavement, the highest for any pre-9th century South Indian temple. The "sukanasa" on the tower is large, exceeding half the height of the superstructure, to aid visibility from a distance.


title: Pattadakal

text: The sanctum walls, and also those of the nearby mantapa space, are decorated with intricately detailed carvings.


title: Pattadakal

text: These carvings depict images of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism deities, and themes, such as Narasimha and Varaha (Vaishaivism), Bhairava and Nataraja (Shaivism), Harihara (half Shiva-half Vishnu), Lakulisa (Shaivism), Brahma, Durga, Saraswati, Lakshmi, and others. According to George Michell, the carvings on the walls and porch of the Virupaksha temple exterior are "vehicles for diverse sculptural compositions, by far the most numerous found on any Early Chalukya monument". Other than Hindu gods and goddesses, numerous panels show depict people either as couples, in courtship and mithuna, or as individuals wearing jewellery or carrying work implements.


title: Pattadakal

text: The temple has numerous friezes spanning a variety of topics such as, for example, two men wrestling, rishi with Vishnu, rishi with Shiva, Vishnu rescuing Gajendra elephant trapped by a crocodile in a lotus pond, scenes of hermitages, and sadhus seated in meditative yoga posture. Vedic deities such as Surya riding the chariot with Aruna, Indra on elephant and others are carved in stone. A few depict scenes from the "Ramayana" such as those involving hanuman sitting on a high chair made of his own magic tail and higher than the height of the ravana's throne, golden deer, Hanuman, Sugriva, Vali, Ravana and Jatayu bird, Sita being abducted, the struggles of Rama and Lakshmana. Other friezes show scenes from the Mahabharata, Vasudeva jailed in by Kamsa and birth of Sr krishna, Krishna's playful life story in the "Bhagavata Purana" and the "Harivamsa" as well as fables from the "Panchatantra" and other Hindu texts.


title: Pattadakal

text: The temple contains historically significant inscriptions that provide hints about the society and culture of 8th-century India. For example, one inscription mentions a grant to the "musicians of the temple" by the queen.


title: Pattadakal

text: The famous Kailasha temple at Ellora Caves was modeled after this temple, although the Virupaksha temple was itself modeled after the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.


title: Pattadakal

text: The Papanatha temple is situated apart from the main cluster of eight monuments. It is about half kilometer to the south of Virupaksha and has been dated towards the end of the Early Chalukya rule period, approximately mid-8th century. The temple is noted for its novel mixture of Dravida, and Nagara, Hindu temple styles.


title: Pattadakal

text: The unusual layout of the temple is possibly due to its construction, which occurred in three stages, but there is a lack of epigraphical evidence to support this hypothesis. Its architectural and sculptural details do show a consistent and unified theme, indicative of a plan. The temple is longer, incorporating two interconnected mantapas, one with 16 pillars and another with 4 pillars. The decorations, parapets and some parts of the layout are Dravida in style, while the tower and pilastered niches are of the Nagara style.


title: Pattadakal

text: Like the other temples, the Papanatha temple faces east towards the sunrise and has a Shiva linga in its "garbha griya" (sanctum) except there is no Nandi-mandapa. Instead, there is an image of Nandi housed in the "sabha mantapa" facing the sanctum. The temple walls are notable for the carved deities and themes of Shaivism and Vaishnavism; Durga is depicted in one of the niches. Intricately carved panels are displayed on the walls, depicting legends such as the "Ramayana" and excerpts of the "Kiratarjuniya".


title: Pattadakal

text: The centre of the ceiling is decorated with an elaborate Shiva Nataraja, while other ceiling slabs show Vishnu; one panel shows him in a reclining Anantasayana pose. Outside, in the mandapas, are images of single women and couples, in courtship and different stages of "mithuna". Many panels show musicians with different types of musical instruments.


title: Pattadakal

text: The Jaina temple at Pattadakal was built during the 9th century, possibly with sponsorship from the Rashtrakuta King Krishna II or the Kalyani Chalukyas. Unlike the other nine temples, the Narayana temple lacks Hindu deities and intricate panels of the other nine, but instead has a statue of a Jina carved into the north side "kapota" eave.


title: Pattadakal

text: Like the Hindu temples, this temple also features a square sanctum, a circumambulatory path, an antechamber, a mantapa and a porch. The mantapa is divided into seven bays at the north and south walls, with narrow niches containing seated Jinas. The bays are in the North Indian style, and the tower storey has a carved square shikhara.


title: Pattadakal

text: The mantapa has a row of lathe-turned sandstone pillars. The "kakshasana" are decorated with the figures of dancers, purna-ghata, nidhis, vyalas but some of the artwork is only partially finished. The entrance features carvings of a life-sized elephant torso with riders. According to Adam Hardy, the niches of this Jain temple mantapa may have previously featured images.


title: Pattadakal

text: The Archaeological Survey of India has conducted excavations at the site yielding evidence of an older temple and Jaina presence. According to the ASI, the excavations uncovered "the remains of a large temple complex built in bricks and also a beautiful sculpture of Tirthankara standing in sama-bhanga indicating the existence of a temple, probably belonging to before or beginning of the early Chalukyan rule".


title: Pattadakal

text: A number of inscriptions in the old Kannada language have been found at Pattadakal, notably in the Virupaksha, Sangameshwara and Papanatha temples. These inscriptions are an important source of information regarding the grants made by King Vikramaditya, and Vijayaditya, various queens, and others, for the construction and operation of the temple.


title: Pattadakal

text: They have also provided valuable insight into the evolution of various written Indian scripts. As an example, one particular 8th century column is inscribed in two Sanskrit scripts, the northern Indian Siddhamatrika script and the southern Indian proto-Kannada-Telugu script.


title: Pattadakal

text: Other notable monuments at Pattadakal include a monolithic stone pillar bearing numerous inscriptions, the Naganatha temple, the Mahakuteshwara temple, which also bears numerous inscriptions, as well as several small shrines dedicated to Shiva. Near the Virupaksha, Sangameshwara and Mallikarjuna temples is a Shaiva stone pillar, featuring a trident emblem. The pillar bears inscriptions stating it was erected by Jnana Shivacharya from Mrigathanikahara, located on the north bank of the Ganges, and that he had gifted a parcel of land to the Vijayeshwara.


title: Pattadakal

text: In 2008, Upinder Singh wrote that S. Venkateshaiah, a senior archaeologist with the ASI had located the quarry where the stones were sourced some 5 kilometers away from the Pattadakal. The site is notable for sketches of Shiva, Nandi, Durga, Ganesh, trident, peacock, swastika, symbols and inscriptions. Some of these may be emblems of guilds ("sanghata") that quarried and supplied the stones for temples.


title: Pattadakal

text: According to art historian Cathleen Cummings, the monuments at Pattadakal are a historically significant example of religion, society, and culture, particularly Hindu and Jain, in the Deccan region and is an expression of Hindu kingship and religious worldview of 8th-century India. She writes that the artisans express the conflicting concepts of Dharma (duty, virtue, righteousness) and Moksha (liberation) in Hindu theology, particularly Pashupata Shaivism. Furthermore, she states that the significance lies not just within individual images but also in their relative location and sequence as well how it expresses the historic tension in Hindu religious tradition between the stately life of the householder and the life of the renouncer monk.


title: Pattadakal

text: The expression of Dharma, particularly "raja-dharma" (royal authority and duty) as exemplified by Rama, and Moksha are seen throughout the various temples at Pattadakal. The former is depicted in various friezes using examples of the life story of Rama from the Ramayana, while the latter is expressed with images of Lakulisha, Nataraja, Yoga, and numerous ascetics. Other imagery that is particularly prevalent at Pattadakal is that between Purusha and Prakriti, the soul and the matter, the masculine, and the feminine.


title: Pattadakal

text: The temples at Pattadakal are symbolic of the Chalukya inclination towards integration, and experimentation, resulting in a merging of the Northern and Southern Indian architectural styles. This is particularly evident when the architecture at Pattadakal, Aihole and Badami are viewed together. Aihole, in the 5th century, served as the incubator for the concepts that would lead to this integration of styles. These concepts were further refined in Badami during the 6th and 7th centuries. The culmination of this is, as described by UNESCO, "the apogee of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from the north and south of India".


title: Pattadakal

text: Among the sculptures at Pattadakal is one of a long neck lute (Sitar-like) dated to the 10th century. The site also shows friezes with more conventional musical instruments, but the long neck lute suggests there was a tradition of musicians innovating with new instrument designs. Another example are the 7th-century stick zithers found carved in the bas-relief at Mahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu.


title: Scott Mechlowicz

text: Scott David Mechlowicz (born January 17, 1981) is an American actor. He is known for appearing in the films "Mean Creek" (2004), "EuroTrip" (2004) and "Peaceful Warrior" (2006).


title: Scott Mechlowicz

text: Mechlowicz was born in New York City, the son of Susan (Lehrman), a respiratory therapist, and Morris Mechlowicz. He also has one brother, M. Steven Neal. He was raised in a tight-knit Jewish family. He grew up in Plano, Texas, where he graduated from Plano Senior High School in 1999, and attended the University of Texas at Austin for one semester. He subsequently moved to Los Angeles, California, where he studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and graduated in 2003 from the Conservatory Acting Program.


title: Scott Mechlowicz

text: Mechlowicz made his film debut in the teen comedy "EuroTrip". The same year, he also starred in the independent film "Mean Creek", which was filmed in 2003 but not given a limited theatrical release until August 20, 2004.


title: Scott Mechlowicz

text: In the film, which was a dark teenage drama, Mechlowicz played the oldest of a group of teenagers. The film received a positive critical reception. He received an Independent Spirit Award for his acting in "Mean Creek". In 2004, he made a small appearance in the video for Gavin Degraw's song "I Don't Want to Be", in which he plays the romantic interest of Shiri Appleby. Also in 2004, Mechlowicz guest starred in a season one episode of the television series "House".


title: Scott Mechlowicz

text: Mechlowicz also starred, opposite Nick Nolte and Amy Smart, in the drama "Peaceful Warrior" (based on the book "Way of the Peaceful Warrior"), in which he plays the lead role of Dan Millman, a rings gymnast who is an olympic hopeful. The story is based on the life of the book's author. His next film was the thriller "Gone", filmed in 2005 and released in 2007, co-starring Amelia Warner. In 2010, Mechlowicz appeared in two films, "Waiting for Forever", co-starring Rachel Bilson, Blythe Danner, Richard Jenkins, and Tom Sturridge, and the dark suspense drama "Undocumented" starring Mechlowicz and Peter Stormare.


title: Scott Mechlowicz

text: On April 1, 2011, "Cat Run" opened in theaters, starring Mechlowicz, Paz Vega, and Janet McTeer. In March 2012, "Eden" debuted at the South by Southwest Film Festival in Austin, Texas. In "Eden", Mechlowicz played the boyishly charming bait luring young girls into a sex trafficking ring, based on a true story. "Eden" costars Beau Bridges and Jamie Chung and was directed by Megan Griffiths.


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: Sun City is a luxury resort and casino, situated in the North West Province of South Africa. It is located between the Elands River and the Pilanesberg, about 140 km northwest of Johannesburg, near the city of Rustenburg. The complex borders the Pilanesberg National Park. It is made up of a number of themed sub-resorts with hotels on each, including the original Sun City Resort, "The Cabanas", "The Cascades" and the "Lost City" (The Palace).


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: Sun City was developed by the hotel magnate Sol Kerzner as part of his Sun International group of properties. It was officially opened on 7 December 1979, then located in the Bantustan of Bophuthatswana.


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: As Bophuthatswana had been declared an independent state by South Africa's apartheid government (although unrecognised as such by any other country), it could provide entertainment such as gambling and topless revue shows, which were banned in South Africa. Those factors, as well as its relatively close location to the large metropolitan areas of Pretoria and Johannesburg, ensured that Sun City soon became a popular holiday and weekend destination.


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: The United Nations had imposed a cultural boycott on South Africa in condemnation of apartheid. To overcome this, Kerzner offered substantial financial incentives to performing artists to use Sun City as a venue. Several acts disregarded the boycott and performed at the venue, such as The Beach Boys, Linda Ronstadt, Cher, Millie Jackson, Liza Minnelli, Frank Sinatra (1981), Shirley Bassey (1981), Olivia Newton-John (1982), Dolly Parton (1982), Neil Sedaka (1982), Paul Anka, Status Quo, Rod Stewart (July 1983), and Elton John (October 1983).


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: British rock band Queen's series of performances at the venue in October 1984 in transgression of the boycott caused considerable controversy, prompting criticism in the British music press, a fine from the Musicians' Union and their inclusion on the United Nations' blacklisted artists. Following the criticism, Queen strongly defended their decision, saying they "play to anybody who wants to come and listen" and were "a very non-political group", but donated to a school for the deaf and blind to assert their philanthropic values. In 2021, drummer Roger Taylor voiced regret for the Sun City shows, stating that "We went with the best intentions, but I still think it was kind of a mistake."


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: On 25 October 1980, Sun City's "Superbowl" hosted a racially mixed world heavyweight boxing championship fight between champion American Mike Weaver and challenger South African Gerrie Coetzee. It was won by Weaver by thirteenth-round knockout. The fight was for Weaver's World Boxing Association world heavyweight title.


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: In 1985, E Street Band guitarist Steven Van Zandt made the venue the focus of his music-industry activist group Artists United Against Apartheid. Forty-nine top recording artists collaborated on a song called "Sun City", in which they pledged they would not perform at the resort because of their opposition to apartheid. Additionally, Simple Minds included the song as part of a live medley on their "Live in the City of Light" double album in 1987.


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: In January 1986 the Skytrain people mover, built with Otis Hovair technology, took its first trip on a line that connects a remote parking lot to the Entertainment Centre. Two trains of three cars shuttle on the route.


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: Sun City also has two international-standard 18-hole golf courses, the Gary Player Country Club and the Lost City Golf Course, both designed by Gary Player. The Gary Player Country Club is home to the Nedbank Golf Challenge (formerly the Nedbank Million Dollar Golf Challenge) that is held annually.


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: The Sun City resort has hosted various concerts and events, including the Miss South Africa and Miss South Africa Teen Pageant. These pageants take place annually in Sun City's Super Bowl Arena and the Valley of Waves. It also hosted Miss World pageant five times, from 1992 to 1995, and 2001. The resort was also the site of the Sun City Agreement.


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: In 2001, Sun City was the site of the 2nd IIFA Awards. Held at the Arena, it honoured both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in Bollywood, for that year. Also on that year on 19 May, Irish vocal pop band Westlife held a concert for their Where Dreams Come True Tour supporting their album "Coast to Coast".


title: Sun City (South Africa)

text: In 2014, the film "Blended" starring Drew Barrymore and Adam Sandler premiered on the premises after being filmed mostly at the resort, as was the 2017 film "10 Days in Sun City".


title: Carl Barât

text: Carl Ashley Raphael Barât (; born 6 June 1978) is a British musician and actor, best known for being the co-frontman with Pete Doherty of the garage rock band The Libertines. He was the frontman and lead guitarist of Dirty Pretty Things, and in 2010 debuted a solo album. In 2014 he announced the creation of his new band, The Jackals.


title: Carl Barât

text: Carl Barât was born in Basingstoke, north Hampshire, England, on 6 June 1978, and spent most of his childhood in nearby Whitchurch, Hampshire. In a September 2004 interview with "Blender", Barât mentioned he is of French, Russian and Polish descent.


title: Carl Barât

text: As a youth, Barât divided his time between his divorced parents. His father, a former artist, worked in an armaments factory, and his mother, Chrissie, was part of the commune-dwelling counterculture and a member of peace groups such as the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Barât spent part of his childhood living with his mother on a commune in Somerset. He has one sister, actress-turned-singer Lucie Barât, who played Helen's handmaiden in the 2004 film "Troy", founded publishing house and artistic organization Little Episodes, and is currently the lead singer of The Au Revoirs. He also has three half-siblings, one step brother and one step sister.


title: Carl Barât

text: In 1996, Barât was studying for a drama degree at Brunel University at the campus in St. Margarets, Twickenham. Although he dropped out halfway through, during his time he became well-acquainted with Pete Doherty's sister, Amy-Jo and through her, Barât met Doherty. They soon developed an intense friendship based on a shared interest in music and songwriting. Barât and Doherty also developed a shared mythology in which they were on a ship called 'The Albion' sailing to 'Arcadia'. After both dropped out of university, they formed The Libertines. The band in its final incarnation included bassist John Hassall and drummer Gary Powell. Barât and Doherty were co-frontmen, sharing songwriting, vocal and guitar duties.


title: Carl Barât

text: The Libertines' first album, "Up the Bracket", was released in 2002 to critical acclaim. The band appeared on the cover of "NME" before the album was released and rapidly rose to fame in the UK. Referring to their relationship in a January 2010 interview, Barât said, "... it's a deep love. Deep love does funny things to people".


title: Carl Barât

text: In 2003, Doherty's addiction to heroin and crack cocaine led Barât to ask him not to participate in the band's next tour. When Doherty discovered that The Libertines had left without him to perform in Japan he broke into Barât's Mayfair flat and stole various items, including an antique guitar and an NME Award. He was convicted and sentenced to six months in prison (this sentence was later shortened to two months). Barât warmly welcomed Doherty back to The Libertines on the day of his release, and they later performed an impromptu "Freedom Gig" at the Tap 'n' Tin club in Chatham, Kent on 8 October 2003. A photograph of the gig, taken by Roger Sargent, adorns The Libertines' self-titled second album, "The Libertines", and the cover of Sargent's and Anthony Thornton's book, "The Libertines Bound Together".


title: Carl Barât

text: Doherty's drug addiction continued while the band worked on their second album (the aforementioned "The Libertines") in 2004, which strained his relationship with Barât. Bodyguards were needed in the recording sessions, allegedly to prevent Barât and Doherty from physically assaulting each other (though this is claimed to be an exaggeration of the press in "Bound Together") and to keep Doherty's hangers-on away from him. Before the release of the album in 2004, relations between Barât and Doherty reached a breaking point and Doherty was once again prevented from performing with the band before addressing his addictions. Doherty did not take the ultimatum well, especially as The Libertines continued touring without him to fulfill contractual obligations.


title: Carl Barât

text: What was intended as a short leave of absence turned into something more permanent, as Doherty formed a new band, Babyshambles, and the Libertines officially disbanded after their final gig in December 2004.


title: Carl Barât

text: On 15 May 2009, Barât, Doherty and Powell of the Libertines played on stage together for the first time since the split in 2004. The Libertines (minus Denmark-residing bassist John Hassall) came together for a tribute gig for their late promoter, Johnny Sedassy. The six song set, which included "What a Waster", "Up the Bracket" and "Death on the Stairs", was played after Babyshambles appeared on stage. Barât said the show was a 'one off', although he said more shows could not be ruled out. Barât also expressed his desire to get on stage with Doherty again, although perhaps not until 2010. Powell also confirmed that he would be interested in a full reunion, although he wished to "readdress old ghosts first".


title: Carl Barât

text: The Libertines delighted their fans by announcing that year that they would be headline artists at the 2010 Reading and Leeds Festivals. Their set and the characteristic chemistry between the pair, was for many people one of the highlights of the weekend.


title: Carl Barât

text: In April 2014 the Libertines announced they would again reform for a show at London's Hyde Park. In November 2014 the band signed a record deal with Virgin EMI Records, and released their third album, "Anthems for Doomed Youth," on 11 September 2015, leading to Headline slots at Reading and Leeds, T in the Park as well as a surprise slot at Glastonbury. They toured across 2016 and 2017 finishing with a tour across the seaside.


title: Carl Barât

text: On 15 September 2005, it was announced that Barât was forming a new band. His bandmates included former Libertines drummer Gary Powell; Anthony Rossomando, who filled in as guitarist following Doherty's departure from the group; and Didz Hammond, formerly of The Cooper Temple Clause, on bass. It was later announced that the band's name was "Dirty Pretty Things".


title: Carl Barât

text: The group played their first shows in Italy and Paris, France, in October 2005, before recording their debut album in November 2005 in Los Angeles, California. This was produced by Dave Sardy, who has also worked with Supergrass, The Dandy Warhols, Jet, Marilyn Manson, Rolling Stones, and Oasis. The album – entitled "Waterloo to Anywhere" – was released on 8 May 2006 in the UK and 8 August 2006 in the US.


title: Carl Barât

text: Their first studio recorded demo, "Bang Bang You're Dead", was released on their website in the form of a flash video. This song was released as their debut single on 24 April 2006 and reached number 5 in the UK single chart. This coincided with the latter part of their first tour of the United Kingdom, which spanned from 26 February to 24 May 2006. Their debut album, "Waterloo to Anywhere", was released on 8 May 2006, and reached number 3 in the UK album chart. They have since released "Deadwood" and "Wondering".


title: Carl Barât

text: The band were forced to postpone their Real Fits fundraiser gig, which had been set to take place at the London Hackney Round Chapel on 20 June 2008 as Barât was rushed to hospital on 17 June with acute pancreatitis. He was released from hospital on 22 June.


title: Carl Barât

text: The band released their new single, "Tired of England", on 23 June 2008, and their album, "Romance at Short Notice", a week later on 30 June.


title: Carl Barât

text: Their album failed to chart highly despite heavy touring schedules. Powell wrote in the band's message board that it had been a difficult year. On 1 October 2008, Dirty Pretty Things split up, though they finished their final tour which began in Glasgow on 4 October and ended in London on 20 December.


title: Carl Barât

text: In 2008, Tim Burgess stated that he and Barât had a supergroup The Chavs and planned to record their debut album in August that year. A release never happened.


title: Carl Barât

text: Barât toured as a solo artist with Glasvegas, performing with them at Edinburgh's Hogmanay celebrations on 31 December 2008, and at the Popscene in San Francisco on 8 January 2009. On 14 January 2009, Barât supported Glasvegas with a solo show during their gig at the Los Angeles Troubadour


title: Carl Barât

text: Barât played his first headline solo shows on 6 and 7 March 2009 at the Wakefield Escobar. He also played at the KU Bar in Stockton-on-Tees on 8 March.


title: Carl Barât

text: On 9 June 2009, Barât debuted two new songs, "So Long" and "Monday Morning" at a solo show at Dunfermline's Carnegie Hall. On 2 September, Barât confirmed his intentions to release a solo album. Barât also produced the debut EP "Scapegoat" of London-based singer-songwriter Kieran Leonard which was released in October 2009.


title: Carl Barât

text: He released his "self-titled", first solo album on 4 October 2010. In an interview with C.B.Liddell of Metropolis magazine he described the album as "the first album I've done that is kind of introspective rather than escapist."


title: Carl Barât

text: In the same interview, he also talked about "stepping away from big loud guitars" as the album is stylistically more diverse and less rock-oriented than previous work.


title: Carl Barât

text: The release of Barât's first solo album also coincided with the release of "Threepenny Memoir: The Lives of a Libertine", an autobiography documenting his years in The Libertines and Dirty Pretty Things.


title: Carl Barât

text: In January 2013 Barât announced that guitarist Johnny Marr (formerly of The Smiths) and drummer Andy Burrows (formerly of Razorlight and We Are Scientists) would feature on his second solo album, due for release in 2013. Barât revealed demo versions of tracks 'War of the Roses' and 'Victory Gin' from his second solo effort online.


title: Carl Barât

text: Also in 2013, Barât wrote the track "The dark, it comes" for French singer Vanessa Paradis' album "Love Songs," on which they duet.


title: Carl Barât

text: He is part of the supergroup The Bottletop Band with Matt Helders (Arctic Monkeys), Andy Nicholson (Arctic Monkeys), Drew McConnell (Babyshambles) and Gruff Rhys (Super Furry Animals). The band's single, "The Fall of Rome", was released in December 2010.


title: Carl Barât

text: In 2014, Barât contributed the song "Love Is Not on Trial", co-written with Davey Ray Moor, for Marc Almond's album "The Dancing Marquis". He also contributed vocals and guitar to the track.


title: Carl Barât

text: In August 2013, Barât announced that his second solo album was complete and he had finished recording it with Joby Ford of The Bronx. He expressed that it was a return to guitar orientated rock stating "It would seem that my relationship with my guitar is all patched up." Later he said that he wouldn't release the new material until he'd formed a new band.


title: Carl Barât

text: In early 2014, Barât announced that he would search for a new band online via Facebook. From over 1000 applications for the positions of rhythm guitarist, drummer and bass guitar, Billy Tessio, Jay Bone and Adam Claxton were chosen, respectively. The band was named The Jackals, and their first live concert was on 15 May 2014 in London's XOYO. On 16 February 2015, Barât's previously recorded material was released through Cooking Vinyl with small changes, as the debut album of Carl Barât and The Jackals under the title "Let It Reign". It has a score of 67 on review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Carl Barât

text: In 2005, Barât and his friend, Adam Green of The Moldy Peaches appeared in a documentary following the pair on a night out in London.


title: Carl Barât

text: On 7 July 2006, Barât announced that he would become the fifth mentor in the Road to V competition, which involved a UK search for the best unsigned music talent in the UK, with the winner opening V Festival in either Chelmsford or Staffordshire.


title: Carl Barât

text: In 2008, he acted in the British film "Telstar," in the role of Rock'n'Roll singer Gene Vincent. The film premiered at the London Film Festival on 25 October 2008 and was released on 19 June 2009. He also featured in an advertisement for BBC Two's "The Culture Show", being asked about British culture. A longer version of his interview can be found on the Culture Show website.


title: Carl Barât

text: In May 2009 Barât featured as himself in a pilot episode for "Svengali", alongside former manager Alan McGee and Welsh actor Jonathan Owen, and went on to appear as himself in the film version of "Svengali" (2013), directed by John Hardwick. On 25 August 2009, a short video entitled "Two British Dudes" featuring Barât and fellow musician Har Mar Superstar was released on crappyholidays.net.


title: Carl Barât

text: In January 2010, he appeared in the stage play "Fool For Love" alongside actress Sadie Frost. The play ran until March 2010 at Riverside Studios in Hammersmith, London.


title: Carl Barât

text: Barât also narrated a new artist documentary, Mark Donne's "The Rime of the Modern Mariner". The film had its world premiere at St Anne's Church in Limehouse, East London, during the ninth East End Film Festival. Barât's former Dirty Pretty Things bandmate Anthony Rossomando composed the score for the film.


title: Carl Barât

text: Barât made his opera debut in 2012, as Nero in "Pop'pea" at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris; the show was a rock adaptation of "Il Nerone". In the same year he played the role of Gavin Metcalf in Dan Turner's film "The Man Inside," and had a cameo appearance on the BBC Three TV series "Dead Boss".


title: Carl Barât

text: In 2005, Barât underwent surgery to remove a tumour behind his ear and spent several weeks recovering from the operation. The tumour and resulting surgery left him partially deaf.


title: Carl Barât

text: Barât's girlfriend, Edie Langley, gave birth to the couple's first child, a boy named Eli on 9 December 2010. Their second son, Ramone, was born on 26 August 2014. Barât lives with his family in Muswell Hill, north London.


title: Carl Barât

text: In 2012, Barât was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Winchester for his contribution to the arts.


title: Ryan Simpkins

text: Ryan Simpkins (born March 25, 1998) is an American actor, known for their performances in films such as "Pride and Glory", "A Single Man", "Revolutionary Road", and "".


title: Ryan Simpkins

text: Simpkins was born in Manhattan, New York City, and moved to California in 2006. Their younger brother is actor Ty Simpkins. Simpkins attended UC Berkeley.


title: Ryan Simpkins

text: Simpkins is non-binary. As of 2021, they used they/them pronouns, but as of July 2022, their Instagram indicated they/she pronouns.


title: Ryan Simpkins

text: Their first film appearance was in "Sherrybaby", playing a lead role opposite Maggie Gyllenhaal. They have performed three times alongside brother Ty, in "Pride and Glory", "Revolutionary Road" and "Arcadia". They had a lead role as Lizzy Muldoun in the film adaptation of Wendy Mass's book "Jeremy Fink and the Meaning of Life", written and directed by Tamar Halpern.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Shaw Brothers (HK) Ltd. () was the largest film production company in Hong Kong, and operated from 1925 to 2011.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: In 1925, three Shaw brothers—Runje, Runme, and Runde—founded Tianyi Film Company (also called "Unique") in Shanghai, and established a film distribution base in Singapore, where Runme and their youngest brother, Run Run Shaw, managed the precursor to the parent company, Shaw Organisation. Runme and Run Run took over the film production business of its Hong Kong-based sister company, Shaw & Sons Ltd, and in 1958 a new company, "Shaw Brothers," was set up. In the 1960s, Shaw Brothers established what was once the largest privately owned studio in the world, Movietown.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: The company's most famous works include "The Love Eterne", "The One-Armed Swordsman", "Come Drink with Me", "King Boxer", "Executioners from Shaolin", "Five Deadly Venoms", and "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin".


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Over the years the film company produced around 1,000 films, some becoming the most popular and significant Chinese-language films of the period. It also popularized the kung fu genre of films. In 1987, the company suspended film production in order to concentrate on the television industry through its subsidiary TVB. Film production resumed in limited capacity in 2009.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: In 2011 Shaw Brothers was reorganized into the Clear Water Bay Land Company Limited; its film production business was taken over by other companies within the Shaw conglomerate.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Prior to their involvement in the filmmaking business, the Shaw brothers were interested in opera and happened to own a theater in Shanghai; their father also owned a cinema. One of the plays in their theater, "The Man from Shensi", was very popular. The Shaw brothers then bought their first camera, and Runje Shaw made this play into a silent film which turned out to be a success. Runje Shaw and his brothers Runde and Runme formed a film production company in 1925 in Shanghai called the Tianyi Film Company (also known as Unique). The company's earliest films, "New Leaf" (立地成佛) and "Heroine Li Feifei" (女侠李飛飛), were shown in Shanghai in 1925.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: A rival studio, Mingxing Film Company, formed a syndicate with 5 other Shanghai companies to monopolize the distribution and exhibition markets in order to exclude Tianyi films from being shown in theater chains in Shanghai and Southeast Asia. The brothers therefore became interested in forming their own network, and Runme Shaw, who was then the distribution manager, traveled to Singapore to establish a movie distribution business for Southeast Asia. Runme incorporated the Hai Seng Co. (海星, which later became the Shaw Brothers Pte Ltd) to distribute films made by Tianyi and other studios. In 1927, they operated their own cinema in Tanjong Pagar in Singapore, expanded in Malaya, and opened four cinemas there. The number of cinemas owned by the Shaw chain in South East Asia would eventually reach 200 by the 1970s before it declined. In 1928 Run Run Shaw moved to Singapore to assist Runme.