title: Child protective services

text: In May 2007, the United States 9th Circuit Court of Appeals found in "Rogers v. County of San Joaquin", No. 05-16071 that a CPS social worker who removed children from their natural parents into foster care without obtaining judicial authorization was acting without due process and without exigency (emergency conditions) violated the 14th Amendment and Title 42 United States Code Section 1983. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that a state may not make a law that abridges "... the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States" and no state may "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws". Title 42 United States Code Section 1983 states that citizens can sue in federal courts any person who acting under a color of law to deprive the citizens of their civil rights under the pretext of a regulation of a state, "See".


title: Child protective services

text: In the case of "Santosky v. Kramer, 455 US 745" (1982), the Supreme Court reviewed a case when the Department of Social Services removed two younger children from their natural parents only because the parents had been previously found negligent toward their oldest daughter. When the third child was only three days old, the DSS transferred him to a foster home on the ground that immediate removal was necessary to avoid imminent danger to his life or health. The Supreme Court vacated previous judgment and stated: "Before a State may sever completely and irrevocably the rights of parents in their natural child, due process requires that the State support its allegations by at least clear and convincing evidence. But until the State proves parental unfitness, the child and their parents share a vital interest in preventing erroneous termination of their natural relationship."


title: Child protective services

text: A District of Columbia Court of Appeals concluded that the lower trial court erred in rejecting the relative custodial arrangement selected by the natural mother who tried to preserve her relationship with the child. The previous judgment granting the foster mother's adoption petition was reversed, the case remanded to the trial court to vacate the orders granting adoption and denying custody, and to enter an order granting custody to the child's relative.


title: Child protective services

text: In 2010 an ex-foster child was awarded $30 million by jury trial in California (Santa Clara County) for sexual abuse damages that happened to him in foster home from 1995 to 1999; he was represented by attorney Stephen John Estey. The foster parent, John Jackson, was licensed by state despite the fact that he abused his own wife and son, overdosed on drugs and was arrested for drunken driving. In 2006, Jackson was convicted in Santa Clara County of nine counts of lewd or lascivious acts on a child by force, violence, duress, menace and fear and seven counts of lewd or lascivious acts on a child under 14, according to the Santa Clara County District Attorney's Office. The sex acts he forced the children in his foster care to perform sent him to prison for 220 years. Later in 2010, Giarretto Institute, the private foster family agency responsible for licensing and monitoring Jackson's foster home and others, also was found to be negligent and liable for 75 percent of the abuse that was inflicted on the victim, and Jackson was liable for the rest. This was a landmark case that has since set a precedent in future proceedings against the Department of Children and Families.


title: Child protective services

text: In 2009 the Oregon Department of Human Services agreed to pay $2 million into a fund for the future care of twins who were allegedly abused by their foster parents; it was the largest such settlement in the agency's history. According to the civil rights suit filed on request of twins' adoptive mother in December 2007 in U.S. Federal Court, children were kept in makeshift cages—cribs covered with chicken wire secured by duct tape—in a darkened bedroom known as "the dungeon". The brother and sister often went without food, water or human touch. The boy, who had a shunt put into his head at birth to drain fluid, did not receive medical attention, so when police rescued the twins he was nearly comatose. The same foster family previously took in their care hundreds of other children over nearly four decades. The DHS said the foster parents deceived child welfare workers during the checkup visits.


title: Child protective services

text: Several lawsuits were brought in 2008 against the Florida Department of Children & Families (DCF), accusing it of mishandling reports that Thomas Ferrara, 79, a foster parent, was molesting girls. The suits claimed that though there were records of sexual misconduct allegations against Ferrara in 1992, 1996, and 1999, the DCF continued to place foster children with Ferrara and his wife until 2000. Ferrara was arrested in 2001 after a nine-year-old girl told detectives he regularly molested her over two years and threatened to hurt her mother if she told anyone. Records show that Ferrara had as many as 400 children go through his home during his 16 years as a licensed foster parent from 1984 to 2000. Officials stated that the lawsuits over Ferrara end up costing the DCF almost $2.26 million. Similarly, in 2007, Florida's DCF paid $1.2 million to settle a lawsuit that alleged the DCF ignored complaints that another mentally challenged Immokalee girl was being raped by her foster father, Bonifacio Velazquez, until the 15-year-old gave birth to a child.


title: Child protective services

text: In a class action lawsuit Charlie and Nadine H. v. McGreevey was filed in federal court by "Children's Rights" New York organization on behalf of children in the custody of the New Jersey Division of Youth and Family Services (DYFS). The complaint alleged violations of the children's constitutional rights and their rights under Title IV-E of the Social Security Act, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment, 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA). In July 2002, the federal court granted plaintiffs' experts access to 500 children's case files, allowing plaintiffs to collect information concerning harm to children in foster care through a case record review. These files revealed numerous cases in which foster children were abused, and the DYFS failed to take proper action. On June 9, 2004, the child welfare panel appointed by the parties approved the NJ state's reform plan. The court accepted the plan on June 17, 2004. The same organization filed similar lawsuits against other states in recent years that caused some of the states to start child welfare reforms.


title: Child protective services

text: In 2007, with Shawn McMillan as her lead trial attorney, Deanna Fogarty-Hardwick obtained a jury verdict against Orange County (California) and two of its social workers for violating her Fourteenth Amendment rights to familial association. The $4.9 million verdict grew to a $9.5 million judgment as the county lost each of its successive appeals. The case finally ended in 2011 when the United States Supreme Court denied Orange County's request to overturn the verdict. During the appeals process it was argued by the defense attorneys that the caseworkers had a right to fabricate evidence and lie to the court in order to facilitate the continued removal of the child from her family. This case, which has come to be called the "right to lie" case set a precedent of how caseworkers can handle cases to which they are assigned. It was adamantly argued, by the defense, that caseworkers should be allowed to make up things in order to sway the judges decision to remove a child from his or her fit parents. The defense attorney even tried to justify the right of the caseworkers to lie saying that the statutes which cover perjury are "state statutes".


title: Child protective services

text: In 2018 Rafaelina Duval obtained a jury verdict against Los Angeles County (California) and two of its social workers for an unwarranted seizure of her child. The board of supervisors approved a $6 million payout for Duval, who said her 15-month-old baby was seized by county social workers against her rights. Her son, Ryan, was taken on November 3, 2009, after social workers Kimberly Rogers and Susan Pender accused Duval of general neglect and intentionally starving the boy, according to a statement issued by Duval's attorney, Shawn McMillan, following the jury verdict. "The law is very clear and the social workers get training on this, you cannot seize a child from its parents unless there's an emergency," McMillan said.


title: Child protective services

text: In 2019, with the assistance of attorney McMillan, Rachel Bruno obtained an award against social services and Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) after they took her 20-month-old son and ran unauthorized medical tests on him and injected him with a dozen vaccinations at the same time.


title: Child protective services

text: In April 2013, Child Protective Services in Sacramento sent in police to forcibly remove a five-month-old baby from the care of parents.


title: Child protective services

text: Alex and Anna Nikolayev took their baby Sammy out of Sutter Memorial Hospital and sought a second opinion at Kaiser Permanente, a competing hospital, for Sammy's flu-like symptoms. Police arrived at Kaiser and questioned the couple and doctors. Once Sammy had been fully cleared to leave the hospital, the couple went home, but the following day police arrived and took Sammy. On June 25, 2013, the case against the family was dismissed and the family filed a lawsuit against CPS and the Sacramento Police Department.


title: Child protective services

text: In Stockton, California, two children were taken away from Vuk and Verica Nastić in June 2010 after the children's naked photos were found on the father's computer. Such photos are common in Serbian culture. Furthermore, parents claim that their ethnic and religious rights have been violated—children are not permitted to speak Serbian, nor to meet with their parents for orthodox Christmas. They could only meet their mother once a week. Children have suffered psychological trauma due to their separation from parents. A polygraph test showed that the father did not abuse the children. The trial was set for January 26. Psychologists from Serbia stated that a few hours of conversation with children are enough to see whether they have been abused. The children were taken from their family 7 months ago. The FBI started an investigation against the CPS. The children were reunited with their parents in February 2011.


title: Child protective services

text: Illinois Children and Family Services plays an important part in investigating and restoring children and families in order to better a society. As the Children Abused and Neglected Child Reporting Act of Illinois states, that upon receiving a report it is the responsibility of Department of Children and Families Services to conserve the health and safety of the child in any circumstances where the children experience abuse and neglect. Protective assistance to the child should be provided in order to maintain a proper mental health and psychological state for the child; which includes preserving family life whenever possible. Sadly, in the most extreme cases, child abuse results in the death of a child.  In 2016, there were 64 child maltreatment deaths reported in Illinois—a rate of 2.19 per 100,000 children (U.S. DHHS, 2018). From 2012 to 2016, Illinois' reported annual maltreatment-related deaths have been as high as 105 and as low as 64, with a decrease every year since 2014.


title: Child protective services

text: If a mandated reporter or civilian calls child protective services, A CPS caseworker will start an investigation. The caseworker has an obligation to tell the truth and protect children in all cases. CPS has an investigative department the caseworker for each department has different responsibilities and obligations. The investigator must visit each client in their homes and prove that the children and families are unfit to provide care to their child/children. A parent or caregiver does not have to prove they are a good parent. CPS must prove they are a bad parent. The CPS case worker has to honestly evaluate and verify that there is no academic, behavioral nor social problems that could affect the development of the children. The social worker will continue visits until they feel the children and the family are stable and there is not more signs of abuse or neglect. If situation does not improve, the social worker can intervene and take the child away from the family. The CPS caseworker must prove there is imminent danger to the child's health and well-being and that and emergency situation is present to remove a child/children. If a child is removed from the home the Caseworker must attempt to place the child with a family. If that is an impossibility the child will be placed in the foster care system where their life may be in more danger than it was with their parents.


title: Child protective services

text: The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) gathers and analyzes all screened-in referrals from the child protective services from all 50 states. It defines a perpetrator as someone who has caused or permitted the abuse and neglect of a child to had happened. As NCANDS data on 2018 shows, in Illinois, 17,431 out of 18,958 perpetrators, or 77%, are parents of their victims, 6.4 percent are relatives and 4.6 percent had a different relationship to the child. Within those numbers, 40 percent of the victims were abused and neglected by a mother acting alone and 21.5 percent by father acting alone. Compared to Wisconsin where 2,502 out of 2,753 perpetrators are parents of the victims. Alcohol abuse and drug abuse have been identified as major risk factors which will increase child maltreatment. Evidence shows that there is an increase of victims if parents consume drugs or alcohol.


title: Child protective services

text: Illinois Children and Family Services is composed of social workers, a position which does not require a degree in social work and in many cases any degree beyond a high school diploma, who assist families and children in complicated situations where abuse and neglect are alleged. National Association of Social Workers sets professional standards for social workers in family support programs, parenting programs and family-based services. According to these standards, social workers must act ethically, in accord with service, social justice, integrity and respect toward the person. Furthermore, the standards emphasize the importance that a social worker should have on serving as an advocate for the physical health and mental health of the children, youth and their families. Moreover, social workers should be able to perform ongoing assessments in order to gather important information and intervene with adequate evidence in order to ensure safety of the child.


title: Child protective services

text: However, throughout the years, social workers have struggled with a lack of resources, large caseloads and poor education. Social workers have to perform screening, investigations and identify alternative responses. Some social workers might need to provide additional services depending on the number of coworkers in their agencies and resources. In 2018, NCANDS reported that Illinois has only 150 workers who perform intake and screening for child abuse and neglect, and only 953 workers that follow up on reports. This provides evidence that child welfare social workers may find their daily responsibilities to be challenging. Compared with Michigan that has 177 workers who perform intake and screening for child abuse and neglect, and 1,549 workers that follow up on reports.


title: Child protective services

text: In addition to the challenges of a lack of resources and large caseloads, the Office of Inspector General identified issues that hinder effective service delivery. Among individual professional social workers, cognitive fixation, knowledge deficit, and documentation burdens are problems. Among social worker teams, coordination and supervisory support are problems. And environmental conditions, such as policies, training, and service array can also be inadequate. Based on the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics individual and family services, social workers in 2018 had an annual mean wage of $42,972, which might be taken as a trivial amount compared to the amount of work that is needed from social workers. An example of fixable efforts is Annie E. Casey Foundation Human Services Workforce Initiative (AECF). The initiative focuses on recruiting and retaining social workers with training and support in order to provide an effective resource for children and their family. States are doing different partnerships with colleges and universities to provide recruitment strategies that could attract students to find interest in the career of social work.


title: Child protective services

text: ----[1] Legislative Information System, Illinois General Assembly, "Children Abused and Neglected Child Reporting Act" Source: P.A. 79-65 <nowiki>http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1460&ChapterID=32</nowiki>


title: Child protective services

text: [2] Weiner, D., & Cull, M. (2019). "Systemic review of critical incidents in intact family services". Chicago, IL: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. <nowiki>https://www.chapinhall.org/wp-content/uploads/Systemic-Review-Critical-Incidents.pdf</nowiki>


title: Child protective services

text: [3] Social Work, "Child and Family Social Workers" <nowiki>https://www.socialwork.org/careers/child-and-family-social-worker/</nowiki>


title: Child protective services

text: [4] U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. (2020). "Child Maltreatment" 2018. <nowiki>https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2018.pdf#page=21</nowiki>


title: Child protective services

text: [5] National Association of Social Workers (2019) "NASW Standards for Social Work Practice in Child Welfare" <nowiki>https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_FIu_UDcEac%3d&portalid=0</nowiki>


title: Child protective services

text: [6] U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occupational Employment Statistics and Wages."<nowiki>https://www.bls.gov/oes/2018/may/oes211021.htm</nowiki>


title: Child protective services

text: [7] Social Work Policy Institute, "Child Welfare." 2010 <nowiki>http://www.socialworkpolicy.org/research/child-welfare-2.html</nowiki>


title: Child protective services

text: In a nationwide study, researchers examined children in 595 families over a period of nine years. They discovered that in the households where child abuse was substantiated by evidence, risk factors remained unchanged during interviews with the families. The study found that investigated subjects were not perceptibly different from noninvestigated subjects in social support, family functioning, poverty, maternal education, or child behavior problems after adjusting for baseline risk factors and that mothers of investigated subjects had more depressive symptoms than mothers of noninvestigated peers at the child's age of eight years.


title: FC Steaua București

text: FC Steaua București was a Romanian professional football club of which two current entities are claiming the records. The original "FC Steaua București" team was part of the namesake CSA Steaua București sports club and belonged to the Ministry of National Defence.


title: FC Steaua București

text: In 1998, the club and facilities were separated from the sports club and taken over by a group of shareholders in a post-Ceaușescu privatisation scheme, allegedly leading to one of the shareholders (Gigi Becali) acquiring full ownership five years later. However, CSA Steaua București sued the football club in 2011, claiming that this was a new entity; the two have since been in a legal conflict regarding the ownership of the Steaua brand and honours, which resulted in multiple court cases and the forced change of the name of "FC Steaua București" to FCSB in early 2017. UEFA and LPF are attributing all of the original club history to FCSB. According to the newest court decision, CSA Steaua holds all honours up to 1998.


title: Josip Juranović

text: Josip Juranović (; born 16 August 1995) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Scottish Premiership club Celtic and the Croatia national team.


title: Josip Juranović

text: Born in Zagreb, Croatia, Juranović went through the ranks of the third-tier Dubrava, apart from a two-month stint at the nearby NK Croatia Sesvete academy. Making his third-level senior debut in the 2012–13 season, he first drew attention to himself by winning the Croatian leg of the Nike Chance competition for amateur players in early 2014, earning the right to vie for a spot in the Nike Academy team. Not making the five-person cut, however, he returned to his club. His club performances remained strong, and, touted by some media as the best player of the autumn leg of the 2014–15 Treća HNL Zapad, he drew the attention of HNK Hajduk Split.


title: Josip Juranović

text: After signing a three-and-a-half-year contract with Hajduk Split in early 2015, he initially joined their third-tier B team, but was moved to the first team in April 2015 by the new manager Goran Vučević, and he made his Prva HNL debut in a 2–1 home loss against Rijeka.


title: Josip Juranović

text: In June 2018, Juranović was selected in the Prva HNL team of the season for his performances during the 2017–18 season.


title: Josip Juranović

text: On July 31, 2020, he signed a three-year contract with the Polish club Legia Warszawa. He scored the first goal for Legia on October 21, 2020, in a 2-1 win against Śląsk Wrocław.


title: Josip Juranović

text: Juranovic signed for Scottish Premiership side Celtic in August 2021 from Legia Warsaw on a five-year deal. The transfer fee was a reported £2.5 million. Despite playing the majority of his professional career as a right-back, Juranovic would start as a left-back during his introductory stage at Celtic, including his debut against rivals Rangers at Ibrox. He would assume the role of Celtic's penalty taker in his first season, notably scoring against Real Betis, Bayer Leverkusen and three other times in the league. In December, he was a member of Celtic's League Cup victory against Hibernian. His contributions to Celtic's title-winning defence would see him earn a spot in the PFA Scotland Team of the Year.


title: Josip Juranović

text: On 14 January 2017, Juranović made his international debut in the third-place playoff of 2017 China Cup against China, Croatia lost 5-4 on penalties after a goalless draw.


title: Josip Juranović

text: On 17 May 2021, he was selected in Croatia's 26-man squad for the UEFA Euro 2020. He played two games for the team in the tournament, a 3–1 win against Scotland in the group stage and a 5–3 defeat by Spain in the Round of 16.


title: Josip Juranović

text: On 9 November 2022, Juranović was selected in Croatia's 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. They were eliminated in the semi-final against Argentina. They played their last game on 17 December in a 2–1 victory against Morocco; finishing in third-place.


title: Josip Juranović

text: Juranović is from the Dubrava area in the capital of Zagreb. He went to Mato Lovrak elementary school in Klaka, Dubrava.


title: Ekart

text: Ekart logistics or Ekart courier is an Indian courier delivery services company, headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka. A subsidiary of electronic commerce company Flipkart Pvt. Ltd., it is run by Instakart services Pvt. Ltd.


title: Ekart

text: Ekart delivers around 10 million shipments a month. As of 2015, Ekart shipped 85 percent of products ordered on Flipkart.


title: Ekart

text: Klick2Shop Logistics Services International, a Singapore-based company, invested Rs.1641 crore in Ekart in October 2017.


title: Ekart

text: Locker services in stores and supermarkets running for all hours were introduced first in the country by Ekart.


title: Mosagallu

text: Mosagallu () is a 2021 Indian techno thriller film based on the true events of a large-scale technical support scam. Shot simultaneously in Telugu and English languages, the film is directed by Jeffrey Gee Chin, and written and produced by Vishnu Manchu under the banner of AVA Entertainment and 24 Frames Factory. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Manchu, Kajal Aggarwal, Suniel Shetty, Ruhi Singh, Navdeep and Naveen Chandra.


title: Mosagallu

text: Principal photography began in June 2019. The film was scheduled to be released on 5 June 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was made on an estimated budget of ₹51 crore (US$7 million), which was considered as false information by Manchu after watching movie's content and quality .


title: Mosagallu

text: The Telugu version of the film was released on 19 March 2021 along with its dubbed versions in Hindi, Tamil and Kannada as "Anu and Arjun", and in Malayalam as "Arjun and Anu". The film was a huge box office bomb , recovering less than 1% of its production budget.


title: Mosagallu

text: Based on a true series of incidents that shook the Indian IT industry and conned $380 million (2,800 crores), the film is about cultural clashes — between generations, between east and west, and between rich and poor. A call center scam in India rips off millions of dollars of US taxpayers' money.


title: Mosagallu

text: The film was released on 19 March 2021 along with its dubbed versions in Hindi, Tamil and Kannada as "Anu and Arjun" and in Malayalam as "Arjun and Anu".


title: Mosagallu

text: The film received negative reviews from critics, although Kajal's performance was praised they criticized the story, screenplay and narration. Sravan Vanaparthy of "The Times of India" gave the film a rating of 1/5 and wrote about the film that "Kajal Aggarwal deliver a decent performance and do justice to her character, as do Navdeep and Naveen Chandra. Suniel Shetty is dependable as ever but his character doesn't get enough screen time or depth to show off his acting chops. The music and BGM of the film by Sam CS is plain okay, not lending the film much gravitas".


title: Mosagallu

text: Adivi Sasidhar of "Deccan Chronicle" gave 1.5 out of 5 stars for the film and wrote "A poorly written and edited second half adds to the miserable experience. The investigation episodes lack common sense. The different character types and arcs in the latter half fail to add meat to the story. You’re left trying to make sense of total chaos. Music and cinematography are other major let-downs. You can’t root for the characters or anything else in the film. In a nutshell, it’s an ambitious story that fell prey to poor execution."


title: Laboratory rat

text: A laboratory rat or lab rat is a brown rat of the subspecies "Rattus norvegicus domestica" which is bred and kept for scientific research. While less commonly used for research than mice (see laboratory mouse), rats have served as an important animal model for research in psychology and biomedical science.


title: Laboratory rat

text: In 18th century Europe, wild brown rats ran rampant and this infestation fueled the industry of rat-catching. Rat-catchers would not only make money by trapping the rodents, but also by selling them for food or, more commonly, for rat-baiting.


title: Laboratory rat

text: Rat-baiting was a popular sport, which involved filling a pit with rats and timing how long it took for a terrier to kill them all. Over time, breeding the rats for these contests may have produced variations in color, notably the albino and hooded varieties. The first time one of these albino mutants was brought into a laboratory for a study was in 1828 for an experiment on fasting. Over the next 30 years, rats were used for several more experiments and eventually the laboratory rat became the first animal domesticated for purely scientific reasons.


title: Laboratory rat

text: In Japan, there was a widespread practice of keeping rats as a domesticated pet during the Edo period and in the 18th century guidebooks on keeping domestic rats were published by Youso Tamanokakehashi (1775) and Chingan Sodategusa (1787). Genetic analysis of 117 albino rat strains collected from all parts of the world carried out by a team led by Takashi Kuramoto at Kyoto University in 2012 showed that the albino rats descended from hooded rats and all the albino rats descended from a single ancestor. As there is evidence that the hooded rat was known as the "Japanese rat" in the early 20th century, Kuramoto concluded that one or more Japanese hooded rats might have been brought to Europe or the Americas and an albino rat that emerged as a product of the breeding of these hooded rats was the common ancestor of all the albino laboratory rats in use today.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The rat found early use in laboratory research in five areas: W. S. Small suggested that the rate of learning could be measured by rats in a maze; a suggestion employed by John B. Watson for his Ph.D. dissertation in 1903. The first rat colony in America used for nutrition research was started in January 1908 by Elmer McCollum and then, nutritive requirements of rats were used by Thomas Burr Osborne and Lafayette Mendel to determine the details of protein nutrition. The reproductive function of rats was studied at the Institute for Experimental Biology at the University of California, Berkeley by Herbert McLean Evans and Joseph A. Long. The genetics of rats was studied by William Ernest Castle at the Bussey Institute of Harvard University until it closed in 1994. Rats have long been used in cancer research; for instance at the Crocker Institute for Cancer Research.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The historical importance of this species to scientific research is reflected by the amount of literature on it: roughly 50% more than that on laboratory mice. Laboratory rats are frequently subject to dissection or microdialysis to study internal effects on organs and the brain, such as for cancer or pharmacological research. Laboratory rats not sacrificed may be euthanized or, in some cases, become pets.


title: Laboratory rat

text: Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways: they are calmer and significantly less likely to bite, they can tolerate greater crowding, they breed earlier and produce more offspring, and their brains, livers, kidneys, adrenal glands, and hearts are smaller.


title: Laboratory rat

text: Scientists have bred many strains or "lines" of rats specifically for experimentation. Most are derived from the albino Wistar rat, which is still widely used. Other common strains are the Sprague Dawley, Fischer 344, Holtzman albino strains, Long–Evans, and Lister black hooded rats. Inbred strains are also available, but are not as commonly used as inbred mice.


title: Laboratory rat

text: Much of the genome of "Rattus norvegicus" has been sequenced. In October 2003, researchers succeeded in cloning two laboratory rats by nuclear transfer. This was the first in a series of developments that have begun to make rats tractable as genetic research subjects, although they still lag behind mice, which lend themselves better to the embryonic stem cell techniques typically used for genetic manipulation. Many investigators who wish to trace observations on behavior and physiology to underlying genes regard aspects of these in rats as more relevant to humans and easier to observe than in mice, giving impetus to the development of genetic research techniques applicable to rat.


title: Laboratory rat

text: A 1972 study compared neoplasms in Sprague Dawley rats from six different commercial suppliers and found highly significant differences in the incidences of endocrine and mammary tumors. There were even significant variations in the incidences of adrenal medulla tumors among rats from the same source raised in different laboratories. All but one of the testicular tumors occurred in the rats from a single supplier. The researchers found that the incidence of tumors in Sprague Dawley rats from different commercial sources varied as much from each other as from the other strains of rats. The authors of the study "stressed the need for extreme caution in evaluation of carcinogenicity studies conducted at different laboratories and/or on rats from different sources."


title: Laboratory rat

text: Scientists have also spent time studying the thermoregulation of the rat's tail in research. The rat's tail works as a variable heat exchanger. The tails blood flow is allows for thermoregulation to take place because it is under control of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves. Vasodilation occurs when the tail temperature increases, causing heat loss. Vasoconstriction occurs when the tail temperature decreases allowing heat to be conserved. Thermoregulation in the rat tail has been used to study metabolism.


title: Laboratory rat

text: A "strain", in reference to rodents, is a group in which all members are, as nearly as possible, genetically identical. In rats, this is accomplished through inbreeding. By having this kind of population, it is possible to conduct experiments on the roles of genes, or conduct experiments that exclude variations in genetics as a factor. By contrast, populations are used when identical genotypes are unnecessary or a population with genetic variation is required, and these rats are usually referred to as "stocks" rather than "strains".


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Wistar rat is an outbred albino rat. This breed was developed at the Wistar Institute in 1906 for use in biological and medical research, and is notably the first rat developed to serve as a model organism at a time when laboratories primarily used the house mouse ("Mus musculus"). More than half of all laboratory rat strains are descended from the original colony established by physiologist Henry Herbert Donaldson, scientific administrator Milton J. Greenman, and genetic researcher/embryologist Helen Dean King.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Wistar rat is currently one of the most popular rats used for laboratory research. It is characterized by its wide head, long ears, and a tail length that is always less than its body length. The Sprague Dawley rat and Long–Evans rat were developed from Wistar rats. Wistar rats are more active than others like Sprague Dawley rats. The spontaneously hypertensive rat and the Lewis rat are other well-known stocks developed from Wistar rats.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Long–Evans rat is an outbred rat developed by Drs. Long and Evans in 1915 by crossing several Wistar females with a wild gray male. Long-Evans rats are white with a black hood, or occasionally white with a brown hood. They are utilized as a multipurpose model organism, frequently in behavioral research, especially in alcohol research. Long-Evans consume alcohol in a much higher rate compared to other strains, thus require less time for these behavioral studies.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Sprague Dawley rat is an outbred, multipurpose breed of albino rat used extensively in medical and nutritional research. Its main advantage is its calmness and ease of handling. This breed of rat was first produced by the Sprague Dawley farms (later to become the Sprague Dawley Animal Company) in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1925. The name was originally hyphenated, although the brand styling today (Sprague Dawley, the trademark used by Envigo) is not. The average litter size of the Sprague Dawley rat is 11.0.


title: Laboratory rat

text: These rats typically have a longer tail in proportion to their body length than Wistar rats. They were involved in the Séralini affair, where the herbicide RoundUp was claimed to increase the occurrence of tumor in these rats. However, since these rats are known to grow tumors at a high (and very variable) rate, the study was considered flawed in design and its findings unsubstantiated.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The biobreeding rat (a.k.a. the biobreeding diabetes-prone rat or BBDP rat) is an inbred strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Like NOD mice, biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features of human type 1 diabetes and has contributed greatly to the research of T1DM pathogenesis.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Brattleboro rat is a strain that was developed by Henry A. Schroeder and technician Tim Vinton in West Brattleboro, Vermont, beginning in 1961, for Dartmouth Medical School. It has a naturally occurring genetic mutation that makes specimens unable to produce the hormone vasopressin, which helps control kidney function. The rats were being raised for laboratory use by Dr. Henry Schroeder and technician Tim Vinton, who noticed that the litter of 17 drank and urinated excessively.


title: Laboratory rat

text: Hairless laboratory rats provide researchers with valuable data regarding compromised immune systems and genetic kidney diseases. It is estimated that there are over 25 genes that cause recessive hairlessness in laboratory rats. The more common ones are denoted as rnu (Rowett nude), fz (fuzzy), and shn (shorn).


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Lewis rat was developed by Margaret Lewis from Wistar stock in the early 1950s. Characteristics include albino coloring, docile behavior, and low fertility.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Lewis rat suffers from several spontaneous pathologies: first, they can suffer from high incidences of neoplasms, with the rat's lifespan mainly determined by this. The most common are adenomas of the pituitary and adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the adrenal cortex in both sexes, mammary gland tumors and endometrial carcinomas in females, and C-cell adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland and tumors of the haemopoietic system in males. Second, Lewis rats are prone to develop a spontaneous transplantable lymphatic leukaemia. Lastly, when in advanced age, they sometimes develop spontaneous glomerular sclerosis.


title: Laboratory rat

text: Research applications include transplantation research, induced arthritis and inflammation, experimental allergic encephalitis, and STZ-induced diabetes.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Royal College of Surgeons rat (or RCS rat) is the first known animal with inherited retinal degeneration. Although the genetic defect was not known for many years, it was identified in the year 2000 as a mutation in the gene MERTK. This mutation results in defective retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The shaking rat Kawasaki (SRK) is an autosomal recessive mutant rat that has a short deletion in the RELN (reelin) gene. This results in the lowered expression of reelin protein, essential for proper cortex lamination and cerebellum development. Its phenotype is similar to the widely researched reeler mouse. Shaking rat Kawasaki was first described in 1988. This and the Lewis rat are well-known stocks developed from Wistar rats.


title: Laboratory rat

text: The Zucker rat was bred to be a genetic model for research on obesity and hypertension. They are named after Lois M. Zucker and Theodore F. Zucker, pioneer researchers in the study of the genetics of obesity. There are two types of Zucker rat: a lean Zucker rat, denoted as the dominant trait (Fa/Fa) or (Fa/fa); and the characteristically obese (or fatty) Zucker rat or Zucker diabetic fatty rat (ZDF rat), which is actually a recessive trait (fa/fa) of the leptin receptor, capable of weighing up to — more than twice the average weight.


title: Laboratory rat

text: Obese Zucker rats have high levels of lipids and cholesterol in their bloodstream, are resistant to insulin without being hyperglycemic, and gain weight from an increase in both the size and number of fat cells. Obesity in Zucker rats is primarily linked to their hyperphagic nature and excessive hunger; however, food intake does not fully explain the hyperlipidemia or overall body composition.


title: Laboratory rat

text: A knockout rat (also spelled "knock out" or "knock-out") is a genetically engineered rat with a single gene turned off through a targeted mutation. Knockout rats can mimic human diseases, and are important tools for studying gene function and for drug discovery and development. The production of knockout rats became technically feasible in 2008, through work financed by $120 million in funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) via the Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium, and work accomplished by the members of the Knock Out Rat Consortium (KORC). Knockout rat disease models for Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and diabetes, using zinc-finger nuclease technology, are being commercialized by SAGE Labs.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: Alcatel (formerly Alcatel Mobile Phones and Alcatel OneTouch) (previously ALCATEL) is a French brand of mobile handsets owned by Finnish consumer electronics company Nokia and used under license by Chinese electronics company TCL Technology. The Alcatel brand was licensed in 2005 by former French electronics and telecommunications company Alcatel-Lucent to TCL for mobile phones and devices, and the current license expires at the end of 2024. Nokia acquired the assets of Alcatel-Lucent in 2016 and thus also inherited the licensing agreements for the Alcatel brand.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: Alcatel Mobile Phones was established on 24 April 2004 as a joint venture between Alcatel-Lucent (45%) and TCL Corporation (55%). Alcatel originally started making mobile phones in late 1996.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: In 2005, the joint venture was dissolved and TCL acquired Alcatel-Lucent's 45 percent share, and Alcatel Mobile Phones became a wholly owned subsidiary group of TCL. The brand name was licensed to TCL.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: In 2010, Alcatel One Touch became the corporate brand. In February 2016, it was changed back to simply Alcatel and a new logo was introduced.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: TCL Mobile Limited (former name: T&A Mobile Phones Limited) is a member of TCL Communication listed on Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE: 2618) which was established in August 2004 by TCL Communication and Alcatel. TCL Mobile Limited manages three business units: Alcatel, TCL Mobile Phones and Brand Design Lab. TCL Communication was also the developer of BlackBerry devices from 2016 to 2020 when its contract with BlackBerry expired.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: In 2012, Alcatel won an International Forum Design iF design award for its One Touch 818 and the Onetouch 355 Play models.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: The first Alcatel phone was Alcatel OT Easy HF, released in 1998. Its battery standby time was up to 140 hours.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: 2017: During that year's Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, TCL launched Alcatel A5 LED, purportedly the first Android smartphone with an "interactive LED-covered phone". On 10 November, the company launched the Alcatel A5 LED and Alcatel A7 in India.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: 2018: As demand grows for tablets that are compatible with keyboards and family use, TCL Communication is providing a tablet that can pull double duty with Alcatel 3T 8".


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: 2019: TCL Communication is introducing its latest Alcatel mobile devices, including the Alcatel 3, Alcatel 3L and Alcatel 1S smartphones, as well as the Alcatel 3T 10 at Mobile World Congress 2019.


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: 2020: TCL Communication Showcases Alcatel Mobile Product Portfolio With Fresh Design and Imaging Performance Milestones at CES 2020


title: Alcatel Mobile

text: 2021: At MWC 2021 TCL is teasing an affordable 5G phone with its own brand, but the Alcatel brand is still around. The company introduced two entry-level Android Go 11 models 1L Pro and Alcatel 1 (2021) released at the end of year.


title: Foreign Secretary (India)

text: The foreign secretary of India (IAST: "Videśa Saciva") is the top diplomat of India and administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs. This post is held by an Indian foreign service officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India. Vinay Mohan Kwatra is an Indian diplomat and currently serving as the Foreign Secretary of India from May 2022, succeeding Harsh Vardhan Shringla.


title: Foreign Secretary (India)

text: As an officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India, the foreign secretary ranks 23rd on the Indian Order of Precedence. However, unlike other secretaries to the government of India, the foreign secretary is also the top diplomat of the country and heads the 'Foreign Service Board'.


title: Foreign Secretary (India)

text: The foreign secretary is the administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs, and is the principal adviser to the minister of external affairs on all matters of policy and administration within the External Affairs Ministry.


title: Foreign Secretary (India)

text: The foreign secretary is eligible for a Diplomatic passport. The official earmarked residence of the union foreign secretary is 3, Circular Road, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.


title: Absolute Infinite

text: The Absolute Infinite ("symbol": Ω) is an extension of the idea of infinity proposed by mathematician Georg Cantor.


title: Absolute Infinite

text: It can be thought of as a number that is bigger than any other conceivable or inconceivable quantity, either finite or transfinite.


title: Absolute Infinite

text: Cantor linked the Absolute Infinite with God, and believed that it had various mathematical properties, including the reflection principle: every property of the Absolute Infinite is also held by some smaller object.


title: Absolute Infinite

text: Cantor also mentioned the idea in his letters to Richard Dedekind (text in square brackets not present in original):


title: Absolute Infinite

text: The idea that the collection of all ordinal numbers cannot logically exist seems paradoxical to many. This is related to Cesare Burali-Forti's "paradox" which states that there can be no greatest ordinal number. All of these problems can be traced back to the idea that, for every property that can be logically defined, there exists a set of all objects that have that property. However, as in Cantor's argument (above), this idea leads to difficulties.


title: Absolute Infinite

text: More generally, as noted by A. W. Moore, there can be no end to the process of set formation, and thus no such thing as the "totality of all sets", or the "set hierarchy". Any such totality would itself have to be a set, thus lying somewhere within the hierarchy and thus failing to contain every set.


title: Absolute Infinite

text: A standard solution to this problem is found in Zermelo's set theory, which does not allow the unrestricted formation of sets from arbitrary properties. Rather, we may form the set of all objects that have a given property "and lie in some given set" (Zermelo's Axiom of Separation). This allows for the formation of sets based on properties, in a limited sense, while (hopefully) preserving the consistency of the theory.


title: Absolute Infinite

text: While this solves the logical problem, one could argue that the philosophical problem remains. It seems natural that a set of individuals ought to exist, so long as the individuals exist. Indeed, naive set theory might be said to be based on this notion. Although Zermelo's fix allows a class to describe arbitrary (possibly "large") entities, these predicates of the meta-language may have no formal existence (i.e., as a set) within the theory. For example, the class of all sets would be a proper class. This is philosophically unsatisfying to some and has motivated additional work in set theory and other methods of formalizing the foundations of mathematics such as New Foundations by Willard Van Orman Quine.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: Jonathan Kerrigan (born 14 October 1972) is an English actor well known for various leading roles on TV including "In The Club", "Casualty", "Heartbeat", "Merseybeat, The Five" and "Reach For The Moon". Films include "Diana", "FLiM",


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: "The Somnambulists" and "The Best Possible Taste". He wrote and composed and starred in the short film, "Fellow Creatures" which has had some success in the festival circuit. He is also a musician and has composed for both television and film.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: He had his screen debut in the Chemical Brothers music video, "Life Is Sweet". In "Peak Practice" he played climber Ewan Harvey.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: In 2001, as well as starring in "Merseybeat" as Police Constable Steve Traynor, Kerrigan also composed the theme tune.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: On 5 September 2004, Kerrigan made his first appearance as police constable Rob Walker in the British popular and long-running primetime television drama series "Heartbeat", set in the 1960s in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Rob was an extremely popular character and was always in the thick of the action, including having a relationship with Helen Trent (played by Sophie Ward) who was separated but still married at the time. They went on to get married but Helen was tragically killed in an explosion in the Police House, which left Rob devastated. In April 2007, Kerrigan announced his decision to quit his role as PC Rob Walker in "Heartbeat". Scottish actor Joseph McFadden replaced him as village constable Joe Mason in the following series of the show. Kerrigan's departure marked the end of another chapter in the series history, as the viewers of the show saw PC Rob Walker ride off on his motorcycle into the sunset at the end of Series 16.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: In May 2010, he appeared in episode 21 of the seventh series of the US crime drama "NCIS" playing the character Rex Carhartt.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: In 2012, he appeared in a Richard Jobson film called "The Somnambulists" about British servicemen and women reflecting on the action they saw in Basra during the Iraq War.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: Also in 2012, he played John Alkin in BBC Four's "The Best Possible Taste", a biography of Kenny Everett, as well as appearing in the film "Diana" which starred Naomi Watts and was directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel. The film was released in 2013.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: He also appeared in and wrote original music for an ongoing film project called "FLiM" by Raffaello Degruttola.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: 2015 was a busy year for Kerrigan. He filmed a ten-part drama for SKY 1 called "The Five" written by Harlen Coben playing American businessman Stuart Carew. He also filmed series 2 of "In the Club", both of which are to be screened in 2016.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan and his wife both appeared in "Death in Paradise" “Murder Most Animal” (S8:E2) in 2019. She played his wife. In 2021 he played Richard in 4th season of Kay Mellor's the Syndicate.


title: Jonathan Kerrigan

text: In the 1990s, Kerrigan dated his "Casualty" co-star, Claire Goose. In 2011, he married actress Shelley Conn, whom he had been in a relationship with for a decade. In 2012 they had a son.


title: David Canary

text: David Hoyt Canary (August 25, 1938 – November 16, 2015) was an American actor. Canary is best known for his role as ranch foreman Candy Canaday in the NBC Western drama "Bonanza", and as Adam Chandler in the television soap opera "All My Children", for which he received 16 Daytime Emmy Award nominations and won five times.


title: David Canary

text: Canary was born in Elwood, Indiana, but grew up in Massillon, Ohio. He was the middle son of Hillary Canary and Lorena Heal. His brothers are actor John Canary, who once had a role on "All My Children", and writer Hilary Glenn Canary (1934–2008). The brothers are purportedly great-great-nephews of Martha Jane Canary, Calamity Jane.


title: David Canary

text: Canary starred as an end on both offense and defense at Massillon Washington High School, where he graduated in 1956. The school honored him as a Distinguished Citizen 35 years later in 1991. He earned a football scholarship to the University of Cincinnati, where he was a three-year letterman from 1957 to 1959 and the recipient of the John Pease Award as the program's best lineman in his junior and senior years. Canary trained as a singer at the university's College of Arts and Sciences and received his bachelor's degree in music in 1960. He was picked by the Denver Broncos in the inaugural 1960 American Football League (AFL) draft. Commenting on the selection in a 2004 interview for the Archive of American Television, he said, "I thought they were out of their minds. I was 172 pounds, I wasn’t very fast, and I couldn’t catch a pass. They called me stone fingers."


title: David Canary

text: Instead of signing with the Broncos, he opted to head to New York City to become an actor. He served two years in the United States Army where he entered an All-Army Entertainment Contest in 1963. After ending his service, Canary moved to Los Angeles to continue his acting career.


title: David Canary

text: Canary's most notable stage performance was on Broadway in the original production of Tennessee Williams's "Clothes for a Summer Hotel", which starred Geraldine Page.


title: David Canary

text: After a semiregular role as Russ Gehring in the primetime serial "Peyton Place", Canary came to international prominence in 1967 on the Western series "Bonanza". In 1967, he appeared in the now-classic Western movie "Hombre", in which he was featured with Paul Newman, Richard Boone, and Cameron Mitchell. Canary guest-starred in the two-part episode of CBS's "Gunsmoke" entitled "Nitro" (S12E28-29) as “George McClaney” (a poor man who found high pay creating nitroglycerin), played mobster Frank Gusenberg in the film "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre", and appeared on the short-lived CBS Western "Dundee and the Culhane".


title: David Canary

text: A contract dispute that year between Leonard Nimoy and the producers of "" forced Herb Solow, Robert H. Justman, and Gene Roddenberry to compile a list of candidates for consideration to take over the role of Mr. Spock. As revealed in Solow and Justman's book, "Star Trek - The Inside Story", Canary was one of these candidates.


title: David Canary

text: David Dortort, the creator/producer of "Bonanza", saw Canary in "Hombre" and cast him in the role of the new ranch foreman, Candy Canaday. Dortort said that Canary was "the kind of kid who comes on and suddenly, there's nobody else on the screen". Canary left "Bonanza" in June 1970 after a contract dispute. He returned after Dan Blocker's death in May 1972. Canary said that he loved "Bonanza", except for filming in Nevada in 100° heat.


title: David Canary

text: Canary appeared on Broadway with Colleen Dewhurst in "Great Day in the Morning" and with Geraldine Page in Tennessee Williams's "Clothes for a Summer Hotel". He did numerous musical stage roles in shows such as "Kismet", "Man Of La Mancha", and "The Fantasticks", and dramatic performances in "The Seagull" and "Macbeth". David's first daytime television role was on "Search for Tomorrow", where he played the short-term role of Liza Walton's agent. He had two short stints on "The Doctors" as Far Wind, a cult leader who took the hospital staff hostage and killed Melissa Dancy (Dorian Lo Pinto). In 1981, he assumed the role of Steve Frame on the soap opera "Another World". The revival of the Steve/Alice/Rachel romantic triangle was unsuccessful, and he left the show in 1983 after his character was killed off.


title: David Canary

text: On New Year's Eve 1983, he joined the cast of "All My Children" in the role of Adam Chandler. The following year, he was also cast as Adam's meek twin brother, Stuart, who everybody (including the audience) believed was Adam. A May 2009 storyline had Adam accidentally shoot and kill Stuart while using prescription narcotics. Canary retired from full-time acting and departed from "All My Children" in 2010; his last episode was taped in late March and aired April 23, 2010. He announced that he intended to return to "AMC" occasionally. He reprised both of his roles as Adam and Stuart Chandler for several days before its September 23, 2011, finale on ABC. In 2013, he returned to the role of Adam when the show began to produce online episodes.


title: David Canary

text: His primetime television guest appearances include "Law & Order", "Touched by an Angel", "S.W.A.T.", "Primus", "Alias Smith and Jones", "Police Story", "Kung-Fu", "Hawaii Five-O", "Remember WENN", and "Cimarron Strip". The actor also appeared as the locomotive engineer in the movie "Atomic Train". In 2004, he appeared as mathematical genius Robert in a well-reviewed production of David Auburn's "Proof" in Canton, Ohio, near his hometown of Massillon.


title: David Canary

text: Canary had been known to be most affable and accessible to fans of both "All My Children" and "Bonanza". At Disney resorts, he did "meet and greet" appearances signing autographs for "AMC" fans. He also made several appearances at the Lake Tahoe site of the Ponderosa ranch, a tourist attraction from 1967 to 2004. His last appearance at the Ponderosa ranch in character was in 2002 for a PAX-TV special. In March 2012, David was announced as replacing the ailing 90-year-old Jack Klugman in a limited-run production of "Twelve Angry Men" in New Brunswick, New Jersey.


title: David Canary

text: Canary was married to actress Maureen Maloney, with whom he had a son, Chris, and a daughter, Kate. With his first wife, actress Julie M. Anderson, he had a daughter, Lisa.


title: David Canary

text: Canary died on November 16, 2015, of natural causes in Wilton, Connecticut at the age of 77. Canary had been diagnosed some years before with Alzheimer's disease.


title: David Canary

text: He had won five Daytime Emmy Awards as 'Outstanding Lead Actor', and had been nominated an additional 11 times, most recently in 2008 for Best Lead Actor. A baritone, Canary has performed in such musicals as "Man of La Mancha", "", "Kismet" and "Carousel", as well as performing in dramatic pieces such as "The Seagull" (Pittsburgh Public Theater, April 1981) and the one man play "Clarence Darrow".


title: Diana Hayden

text: Diana Hayden (born 1 May 1973) is an Indian actress, television host, model and the winner of Miss World 1997 pageant. She is the third Indian woman to win the title of Miss World. She also won three subtitles during the pageant and is the only Miss World titleholder to do so. In 2008, she was a celebrity contestant in the reality show "Bigg Boss".


title: Diana Hayden

text: Hayden was born in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, in an Anglo-Indian Christian family. She attended St. Ann's High School in Secunderabad. Her parents separated when she was in school and she had to start working at the age of 13. She worked for an event management company called Encore, during when she began taking up modelling assignments. At the age of 21, she worked as a Public Relations Officer at BMG Crescendo, where she assisted in managing the careers of singers Anaida and Mehnaz Hoosein.


title: Diana Hayden

text: Hayden's journey in pageantry began at the age of 23, when a friend recommended her to enter Femina Miss India. She was then shortlisted for the Femina Miss India 1997 contest. She finished second place and earned the title of Miss India World. She represented India at the 47th edition of the Miss World pageant held in Baie Lazare, Seychelles. A total of 86 delegates competed for the title and at the end of the event, Hayden was crowned as Miss World 1997.


title: Diana Hayden

text: During the question and answer segment of the competition, Hayden responded to the question - "Why do you want to become Miss World?", by stating:


title: Diana Hayden

text: ""I draw inspiration from a famous writer and poet, William Butler Yeats, who once wrote - 'With Dreams Begin Responsibility.' Well for me, this title is that dream and the responsibility it brings, I cherish that in a small way I could make a difference and help the dreams of others. Thank you.""


title: Diana Hayden

text: Hayden was also crowned as the "Miss World - Asia and Oceania" during the Miss World contest. In addition, she won the titles "Miss Photogenic" and "Spectacular Swimwear". Hayden is the only Miss World titleholder to win three subtitles during the competition. She is the third Indian woman to win the Miss World pageant, after Reita Faria in 1966 and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in 1994.


title: Diana Hayden

text: After her win at Miss World, she was signed up to endorse L'Oréal, Colgate and Chopard in India. She has been associated with various charities including Child Rights and You ("CRY"), Greenpeace, PETA and the Spastics Society of India. She has supported several causes to spread awareness about cancer and HIV/AIDS.


title: Diana Hayden

text: Following her tenure as the Miss World organization's global representative, Hayden moved to London and studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She also studied at the Drama Studio London, where she concentrated on the works of Shakespeare and earned a Best Actress nomination from the studio. In 2001, she made her screen debut in the film version of Shakespeare's "Othello" in South Africa.


title: Diana Hayden

text: She hosted Miss Europe twice in 2001 and 2002 in Lebanon, along with Miss Lebanon 1997 and Julien Lepers.


title: Diana Hayden

text: Diana was signed by the Avalon Academy in 2006 as the face of the Academy and currently serves as a celebrity Guest Lecturer for airline personnel training programmes.


title: Diana Hayden

text: In 2008, Diana Hayden became a wild card entry on the second season of the Indian TV show "Bigg Boss". She was voted off "Bigg Boss" during Week 13.


title: Diana Hayden

text: She has written a book called "A Beautiful Truth" which is an "encyclopedia on grooming and also deals with personality development and confidence building". She took two years to complete the book, which was released on 6 August 2012.


title: Diana Hayden

text: Hayden is married to Collin Dick, an American businessman from Nevada. He had been working in Mumbai for an international NGO. In an interview, Hayden had stated that she met Dick when he came as a prospective tenant to rent her apartment. They got married in a private ceremony which was attended by their family and close friends, on 13 September 2013. The wedding took place in a country club in Las Vegas.


title: Diana Hayden

text: In 2016, she gave birth to a girl. The child was born from an egg that Hayden had frozen 8 years previously. In November 2017, Hayden confirmed that she was pregnant for the second time. In March 2018, she gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl.


title: Diana Hayden

text: In 2018, Biplab Kumar Deb, the Chief Minister of Tripura state made a controversial statement regarding Hayden during a public speech. Deb questioned the rationale behind crowning Diana Hayden as Miss World in 1997 and claimed that all international beauty pageants were a farce. Deb expressed - "Tell me, did she [Diana] deserve it? People might say I am creating a controversy. I can understand Aishwarya Rai getting it, at least she has traits of an Indian beauty." Deb went on to add that "for Indians, Goddess Lakshmi and Saraswati exemplify beauty. I don't understand the beauty of Diana Hayden."


title: Diana Hayden

text: Deb's remarks received massive backlash from netizens and social activists. Hayden responded to Deb's comments by stating:


title: Nick Calathes

text: Nicholas William Calathes (Greek: Νικόλαος Γουίλιαμ "Νικ" Καλάθης, born February 7, 1989) is a Greek-American professional basketball player for Fenerbahçe Beko of the Turkish Basketball Super League (BSL) and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the Florida Gators. An All-EuroLeague First Team selection in 2018 and 2019, Calathes has also played in the NBA, the Greek Basket League and the VTB United League. He represents the Hellenic national basketball team internationally.


title: Nick Calathes

text: His father started the Orlando Raptors, where he won several AAU Championships. He attended Lake Howell High School in Winter Park, Florida, and graduated as the leading high school basketball scorer in Seminole County history. He teamed with future Florida Gator Chandler Parsons, future VCU Ram Joey Rodriguez, to help Lake Howell to a 31–3 record, and a state championship in 2007. At Lake Howell, Calathes twice won the Florida Mr. Basketball award, placing him on a long list of NBA players who have won that award, including Vince Carter, Amar'e Stoudemire, Brandon Knight, and Austin Rivers.


title: Nick Calathes

text: Calathes accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida, where he played for coach Billy Donovan's Florida Gators men's basketball team from 2007 to 2009. Calathes was considered one of the top play-making guards in college basketball. At , he could play the positions of point guard, shooting guard, and small forward.


title: Nick Calathes

text: He was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection in 2009, and he was the only player in the nation to average better than 15.0 points, 5.0 rebounds, and 6.0 assists per game. Calathes broke the Florida school records for assists and assists per game in each of his first two years, totaling 221 as a freshman (6.1 assists per game), and 231 (6.4 assists per game) as a sophomore. He ranked third in Florida school history in career assists after just two years. He was the SEC Newcomer of the Year and the SEC co-Freshman of the Year in 2008, as he led Florida in scoring and assists.


title: Nick Calathes

text: On May 23, 2009, Calathes announced that he would bypass the NBA to play in the Greek Basket League. He agreed to terms with the elite EuroLeague club Panathinaikos Athens. The three-year deal paid Calathes around €2.4 million net income, in addition to providing him with a home, car, and endorsements, making for a total package commensurate with what the NBA rookie salary scale provided an early lottery selection. Despite his commitment to play in Greece, he was still selected in the second round of the 2009 NBA draft by the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was then traded to the Dallas Mavericks for a 2010 second-round draft pick and cash.


title: Nick Calathes

text: In his first year with Panathinaikos, he won the Greek League championship, averaging 5.4 points, 2.0 assists, and 2.2 rebounds in 15 minutes per game. He also participated in the Greek Youth All-Star Game (for players age 22 and under), in which he scored six points and dished six assists. In 2010, Calathes was also voted the third best young player (age 22 and under) in the Greek League, after Nikos Pappas and Vangelis Mantzaris. In the 2010–11 season, Calathes had an average of 7.8 points, 3.2 assists, and 3.1 rebounds in the Greek League. He also participated in the senior men's HEBA Greek All-Star Game, replacing Theo Papaloukas (who was out with an injury), because he was 16th in the fan voting with 1,200 votes. Calathes scored 11 points and dished six assists in the All-Star Game.


title: Nick Calathes

text: In the EuroLeague 2010–11 playoffs, Calathes scored a career-high 12 points against Barcelona in game 4 of the playoff series. Barcelona head coach Xavi Pascual said, "Diamantidis was the MVP of the series, but Calathes was the key player." His teammate, Ian Vougioukas, stated about him, "Calathes played four outstanding games, especially on defense, and was a key for us." In the four-game playoff series against Barcelona, Calathes averaged 7.8 points, 2.5 rebounds, 2.3 assists, and a steal in 26 minutes per game.


title: Nick Calathes

text: In the 2010–11 EuroLeague semifinal against Montepaschi Siena, Calathes had another good performance, which helped send Panathinaikos to the 2011 EuroLeague Final. He scored 17 points, dished two assists to his teammates, and grabbed six rebounds. At the 2011 EuroLeague Final against Maccabi Tel Aviv, Calathes helped Panathinaikos, by scoring four points, recording six assists, and making two steals. Finally, Calathes won his first EuroLeague title. In the 2010–11 Greek League playoffs, Calathes had an average of 8.8 points, 3.0 rebounds, and 3.8 assists per game, in 23 minutes per game. He helped Panathinaikos to reach the Greek League Finals. He played especially good in the fourth game of the Greek League Finals, in which he had 16 points, 11 assists, and five rebounds, in 42 minutes. He won his second Greek League championship with Panathinaikos, and he was named to the Eurobasket.com website's All-Greek A1 League First Team and All-Defensive Team. He also won the Eurobasket.com website's Most Improved Player of the Year award.


title: Nick Calathes

text: In the summer of 2012, Calathes signed a two-year contract with the Russian VTB United League team Lokomotiv Kuban Krasnodar. He signed a two-year €2.2 million net income contract. He was named to the First Team and selected the season MVP of Europe's 2nd-tier level competition, the EuroCup, in 2013.


title: Nick Calathes

text: On July 22, 2013, the Dallas Mavericks traded Calathes's draft rights to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for a 2016 second-round pick. On August 20, 2013, Calathes officially signed a two-year contract with the Grizzlies. In February 2014, starting for the injured Mike Conley, he was named Rookie of the Month, averaging 10.7 points, 4.6 assists and 3.6 rebounds per game.


title: Nick Calathes

text: On April 18, 2014, just days before the 2014 postseason commenced, Calathes was suspended for 20 games for violating the NBA's anti-drug policy; the league stated that Calathes had tested positive for Tamoxifen, though there was no evidence indicating that Calathes had been testosterone doping or using any other performance-enhancing substance that would have been masked by the Tamoxifen. The NBA statement announcing the suspension, which took effect immediately, also indicated that the banned substance was an ingredient in a supplement that Calathes had been taking. Calling the suspension a "true injustice", acting NBPA Executive Director Ron Klempner indicated that the suspension would be appealed.


title: Nick Calathes

text: On July 15, 2015, Panathinaikos announced the signing of Calathes for three years. It was reported that the net income of the deal was $7 million dollars. On October 22, against the Turkish Super League club Karşıyaka Basket, Calathes set a new personal career-high of 11 assists in a EuroLeague game. On March 6, 2016, he won the Greek Cup for the second time in his career, having nine points, seven assists, and four rebounds in the Greek Cup Final. He was named the 2016 Greek League Best Defender. He won the Greek Cup again with Panathinaikos in 2017, as well as the Greek championship title.


title: Nick Calathes

text: In the summer of 2017, Calathes played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for Pedro's Posse. He competed for the $2 million prize, losing in the first round to Team 23, by a score of 107–92.


title: Nick Calathes

text: In the 2017–18 season, Calathes emerged as the team leader of Panathinaikos. Over 31 EuroLeague games, he averaged career-highs of 14.5 points and 8 assists per game. In May 2018, he was named to the All-EuroLeague First Team of the 2017–18 season.


title: Nick Calathes

text: On June 27, 2018, Calathes agreed to a €6.5 million net income contract extension with Panathinaikos, that would keep him in Athens through the 2020–21 season.


title: Nick Calathes

text: On July 9, 2020, Calathes signed with FC Barcelona of the Spanish Liga ACB. On June 23, 2022, Calathes was excluded from the plans of Barcelona coach, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, for the 2022-2023 season, after arguments between the two ex-teammates and due to the decision of the Blaugrana to cut down on their budget.


title: Nick Calathes

text: Calathes made his debut with the Greek junior national team at the 2008 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, where he averaged 11.2 points, 3.5 rebounds, and 3.7 assists in 22 minutes per game. With the Under-20 Greek junior national basketball team, he played in 10 games in total, scoring 115 points, averaging 11.5 points per game.


title: Nick Calathes

text: In 2009, Calathes debuted with the Greece men's national basketball team, and with them he won the bronze medal at the EuroBasket 2009. At the 2009 EuroBasket, Calathes was 5th in the tournament in steals, with 1.6 per game, and he also averaged 4.1 points, 2.1 rebounds, and two assists, in 17 minutes per game. In the semifinal against Spain, despite his team losing the game, he scored 10 points, grabbed four rebounds, dished two assists, and made two steals.


title: Nick Calathes

text: The next summer, at the 2010 FIBA World Championship, Greece failed to win a medal. Calathes averaged 4.5 points, 2.2 rebounds, and 2.5 assists during the tournament. At the EuroBasket 2011, Calathes helped Greece to finish in sixth place, with averages of 9.2 points and 3.8 assists per game. He also played at the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament.


title: Nick Calathes

text: Calathes was suspended from competing in any FIBA competitions for four months, from April 2014 to August 2014, by WADA. This was due to his NBA suspension for violating the league's anti-drug policy, after he tested positive for Tamoxifen.


title: Nick Calathes

text: With Greece, he also played at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, the EuroBasket 2015, and the 2016 Turin FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament. He also played with Greece at the EuroBasket 2017, and the 2019 FIBA World Cup qualification.


title: Nick Calathes

text: Calathes has played with the Greece men's national basketball team in 105 games to date, scoring 851 points, for an average of 8.1 points per game.


title: Nick Calathes

text: Calathes was born to a Greek-American father and an Irish-American mother. He holds dual citizenship with the United States and Greece. He acquired his Greek passport on June 30, 2008, due to his Greek background. His paternal grandparents emigrated to Florida from the Greek island Lemnos. His older brother, Pat, is also a professional basketball player.


title: Nick Calathes

text: Calathes' last name in Greek translates as "basket" (καλάθι). In 2013, Calathes' fiancé, Tiffany, gave birth to the couple's first child.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Hyde Park is the 41st of the 77 community areas of Chicago. It is located on the South Side, near the shore of Lake Michigan south of the Loop.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Hyde Park's official boundaries are 51st Street/Hyde Park Boulevard on the north, the Midway Plaisance (between 59th and 60th streets) on the south, Washington Park on the west, and Lake Michigan on the east. According to another definition, a section to the north between 47th Street and 51st Street/Hyde Park Boulevard is also included as part of Hyde Park, although this area is officially the southern part of the Kenwood community area. The area encompassing Hyde Park and the southern part of Kenwood is sometimes referred to as Hyde Park-Kenwood, which includes the neighborhoods of East Hyde Park and Indian Village.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Hyde Park is home to a number of institutions of higher education; among these are the University of Chicago, Catholic Theological Union, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, and McCormick Theological Seminary. The community area is also home to the Museum of Science and Industry, and two of Chicago's four historic sites listed in the original 1966 National Register of Historic Places (Chicago Pile-1, the world's first artificial nuclear reactor, and Robie House). In the early 21st century, Hyde Park received national attention for its association with U.S. President Barack Obama, who, before running for president, was a Senior Lecturer for twelve years at the University of Chicago Law School. Hyde Park is also home to the Barack Obama Presidential Center which is currently under construction in Jackson Park.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: In 1853, Paul Cornell, a real estate speculator and cousin of Cornell University founder Ezra Cornell, purchased of land between 51st and 55th streets along the shore of Lake Michigan, with the idea of attracting other Chicago businessmen and their families to the area. The land was located seven miles south of Downtown Chicago in a rural area that enjoyed weather tempered by the lake – cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. It was conveniently located near the Illinois Central Railroad, which had been constructed two years earlier. Cornell successfully negotiated land in exchange for a railroad station at 53rd Street. Hyde Park quickly became a suburban retreat for affluent Chicagoans who wanted to escape the noise and congestion of the rapidly growing city.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: In 1857, the Hyde Park House, an upscale hotel, was built on the shore of Lake Michigan near the 53rd Street railroad station. For two decades, the Hyde Park House served as a focal point of Hyde Park social life. During this period, it was visited or lived in by many prominent guests, including Mary Todd Lincoln, who lived there with her children for two and a half months in the summer of 1865 (shortly after her husband was assassinated). The Hyde Park House burned down in an 1879 fire. The Sisson Hotel was built on the site in 1918 and was eventually converted into a condominium building (the Hampton House).


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: In 1861, Hyde Park was incorporated as an independent township (called Hyde Park Township). Its boundaries were Pershing Road (39th Street) on the north, 138th Street on the south, State Street on the west, and Lake Michigan and the Indiana state line on the east. The territory of the township encompassed most of what is now the South Side of Chicago. Hyde Park Township remained independent of Chicago until it was annexed to the city in 1889. After annexation, the definition of Hyde Park as a Chicago neighborhood was restricted to the historic core of the former township, centered on Cornell's initial development between 51st and 55th streets near the lakefront.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: The "Hyde Park Herald", the neighborhood's community newspaper, was established in 1882 and continues to be published weekly.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: In 1891 (two years after Hyde Park was annexed to the city of Chicago), the University of Chicago was established in Hyde Park through the philanthropy of John D. Rockefeller and the leadership of William Rainey Harper.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: In 1893, Hyde Park hosted the World's Columbian Exposition (a world's fair marking the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the New World). The World's Columbian Exposition brought fame to the neighborhood, which gave rise to an inflow of new residents and spurred new development that gradually started transforming Hyde Park into a more urban area. However, since most of the structures built for the fair were temporary, it left few direct traces in the neighborhood. The only major structure from the fair that is still standing today is Charles Atwood's Palace of Fine Arts, which has since been converted into the Museum of Science and Industry.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: In the early decades of the twentieth century, many upscale hotels were built in Hyde Park (mostly along the lakefront). Hyde Park became a resort area in Chicago. Most of these hotels closed during the Great Depression, and were eventually converted into apartment and condominium buildings (most of which are still standing today).


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Historical images of Hyde Park can be found in Explore Chicago Collections, a digital repository made available by Chicago Collections archives, libraries and other cultural institutions in the city.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Until the middle of the twentieth century, Hyde Park remained an almost exclusively white neighborhood (despite its proximity to Chicago's Black Belt). Hyde Parkers relied on racially restrictive covenants to keep African Americans out of the neighborhood. At the time, the use of such covenants was supported by the University of Chicago.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: After the Supreme Court banned racially restrictive covenants in 1948, African Americans began moving into Hyde Park, and the neighborhood gradually became multiracial. In 1955, civil rights activist Leon Despres was elected alderman of Hyde Park and held the position for twenty years. Despres argued passionately for racial integration and fair housing on the floor of the Chicago City Council, and became known as the "liberal conscience of Chicago" for often casting the sole dissenting vote against the policies of Chicago's then-mayor Richard J. Daley.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: During the 1950s, Hyde Park experienced economic decline as a result of the white flight that followed the rapid inflow of African Americans into the neighborhood. In the 1950s and 1960s, the University of Chicago, in its effort to counteract these trends, sponsored one of the largest urban renewal plans in the nation. The plan involved the demolition and redevelopment of entire blocks of decayed buildings with the goal of creating an "interracial community of high standards." After the plan was carried out, Hyde Park's average income soared by seventy percent, but its African American population fell by forty percent, since the substandard housing primarily occupied by low-income African Americans had been purchased, torn down, and replaced, with the residents not being able to afford to remain in the newly rehabilitated areas. The ultimate result of the renewal plan was that Hyde Park did not experience the economic depression that occurred in the surrounding areas and became a racially integrated middle-class neighborhood.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: The central campus of the University of Chicago—including Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Hospital, the historic Main Quadrangles, and the Booth School of Business—is bounded by Washington Park on the west, 55th Street on the north, University Ave. on the east, and 61st Street on the south, placing most of the University within Hyde Park's southwestern quadrant (with the remainder, south of the Midway, being in Woodlawn). The University also owns a number of additional properties throughout Hyde Park, with many concentrated along a narrow corridor along 59th Street between the central campus and the Metra tracks—including, for example, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools and International House. Due to the University's proximity, the blocks just east of the central campus are dominated by (privately owned) student and faculty residences.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: The part of Hyde Park located east of the Metra tracks is locally called East Hyde Park. This area, the part of Hyde Park nearest to Lake Michigan, has a large number of high-rise condominiums, many of them facing the lakefront. In this respect, East Hyde Park differs markedly from the rest of Hyde Park, where the vast majority of residences are either three-story apartment buildings or single-family homes (with only a small number of high-rise condominiums).


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Although the neighborhood bounded by 47th Street on the north, 51st Street (Hyde Park Boulevard) on the south, Cottage Grove Avenue on the west, and Lake Michigan on the east is officially the southern half of the Kenwood community area, it is often considered part of Hyde Park due to the two areas' shared culture and history; "Hyde Park-Kenwood" is thus sometimes applied to this collective area (as in, e.g., the "Hyde Park-Kenwood Historic District"). Some differences are nonetheless apparent: unlike Hyde Park, which is dominated by three- and four-story apartment buildings and modest family homes, southern Kenwood boasts a great many luxurious mansions, built mainly at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries for wealthy Chicagoans. A number of prominent Chicagoans currently reside or own homes in this area, including former U.S. president Barack Obama and Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan. Boxer Muhammad Ali and former Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad also once resided in south Kenwood.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Hyde Park is a very racially diverse neighborhood. Its population is 47.6% White, 26.8% African American, 12.1% Asian American, 8.5% Hispanic, and 5.0% of other races or of more than one race. There are some differences between the racial demographics of the part of Hyde Park south of 55th Street and the part of Hyde Park north of 55th Street. Residents south of 55th Street are predominantly White and Asian American, with a smaller percentage being African American or Hispanic. North of 55th Street, African Americans make up approximately half of the population and there's a larger percentage of Hispanics.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Hyde Park's location in the center of the predominantly African American South Side as well as the neighborhood's large population of affluent and upper-middle class black residents have made it an important cultural and political hub of Chicago's black community. Many of Chicago's prominent African American politicians live or have lived in Hyde Park, including former Chicago Mayor Harold Washington; former U.S. Senator Carol Moseley Braun, the first ever Black female U.S. senator; and former U.S. President Barack Obama.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: The following Hyde Park community area properties have been added to the National Register of Historic Places: Chicago Beach Apartments, Arthur H. Compton House, East Park Towers, Chicago Pile-1, Flamingo-on-the-Lake Apartments, Isadore H. Heller House, Charles Hitchcock Hall, Hotel Del Prado, Hotel Windermere East, Frank R. Lillie House, Robert A. Millikan House, Poinsettia Apartments, Promontory Apartments, Jackson Shore Apartments, Frederick C. Robie House, George Herbert Jones Laboratory, St. Thomas Church and Convent, Shoreland Hotel, German submarine U-505, and University Apartments.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: In addition, the NRHP Hyde Park-Kenwood Historic District and Jackson Park Historic Landscape District and Midway Plaisance are located, at least in part, within the Hyde Park community area.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Promontory Point is an artificial peninsula that extends into Lake Michigan at 55th Street, providing views of the Downtown Chicago skyline to the north. Promontory Point is a common location for picnicking, sunbathing, and swimming. It made news as the location of the wedding reception between George Lucas and Mellody Hobson in June 2013.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: The southeastern corner of Hyde Park contains the northern end of Jackson Park. Jackson Park consists of lagoons surrounding an island in the middle (called the Wooded Island), on which a small Japanese garden is located. It is home to a large population of beavers and over two dozen species of birds. The Midway Plaisance, a wide boulevard that runs from Stony Island Avenue to Cottage Grove Avenue between 59th and 60th streets, connects Jackson Park to Washington Park (located to the west of Hyde Park).


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Jackson Park has been selected by the Obama Foundation as the site of the future Obama Presidential Center.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: 53rd Street is Hyde Park's oldest shopping district, lined with many small businesses and restaurants offering various dining options. Harper Court, a small-business-oriented shopping center, extends north of 53rd Street along Harper Avenue. A farmers' market is held there in the summer.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: The segment of 55th Street between the Metra line and the lake offers a series of ethnic restaurants serving Thai, Japanese, and Korean cuisine. To the west of the Metra line between 54th and 55th streets lies the Hyde Park Shopping Center. The shopping center is anchored by the Trader Joe's grocery store, and also includes a Walgreens, Ace Hardware, Office Depot, Potbelly Sandwich Works, Ascione Bistro, the Bonjour Bakery and Cafe, and upscale French restaurant La Petite Folie.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: 57th Street is noted for its independent bookstores, including Powell's Books Chicago (the original location of a Powell's Books) and the general-readership branch of the Seminary Co-op bookstore, known as "57th Street Books." 57th Street also offers the Medici Restaurant and Bakery, TrueNorth Cafe, and the Salonica Restaurant, along with small grocery stores, hair stylists, and dry cleaners. On the first weekend in June, the venerable 57th Street Art Fair takes up 57th Street between Kimbark and Kenwood avenues.


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: The Hyde Park community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections by overwhelming margins. In the 2016 presidential election, Hyde Park cast 10,479 votes for Hillary Clinton and 442 votes for Donald Trump (91.9% to 3.9%). In the 2012 presidential election, Hyde Park cast 9,991 votes for Barack Obama and cast 651 votes for Mitt Romney (91.4% to 6.0%).


title: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: Hyde Park is connected to the rest of the city by CTA buses and the Metra Electric Line. CTA buses provide express service to the downtown, and they also allow transfers to Red Line and Green Line trains to the Loop. The Metra Electric Line, which uses the tracks of the former Illinois Central Railroad, has several stops in Hyde Park and provides service to Millennium Station in the downtown.


title: Ginger Minj

text: Joshua Allen Eads, stage name Ginger Minj (born September 11, 1984), an American drag queen, actor, singer-songwriter, and reality television personality. After achieving recognition for placing as the runner-up on the seventh season of the reality television competition series "RuPaul's Drag Race", Minj returned to compete on the second and sixth seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars". Minj has acted in three Netflix productions—the comedy feature film "Dumplin'" (2018), the animated series "Super Drags", and RuPaul's fictional series "AJ and the Queen", and has acted in numerous theatrical productions. Minj appeared in the 2022 Disney+ original, Hocus Pocus 2, the sequel to the cult classic, Hocus Pocus. Minj has released three studio albums—"Sweet T" (2016), "Gummy Bear" (2021), and "Double Wide Diva" (2021).


title: Ginger Minj

text: Eads was born in Lake County, Florida, and majored in theater at school. As a child, Eads had surgery for a bowel blockage. Their drag mother is retired Orlando performer Rusty Fawcett.


title: Ginger Minj

text: Ginger Minj competed on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race", which was announced on March 2, 2015. Throughout the competition, Minj won three challenges, most notably the Snatch Game, portraying Adele (tying with Kennedy Davenport's portrayal of Little Richard). Minj's performance of Adele was later ranked as the sixth best Snatch Game performance in "Drag Race" "herstory" by Sam Damshenas of "Gay Times". Minj ultimately lost to Violet Chachki in the final episode, placing as a runner-up alongside Pearl.


title: Ginger Minj

text: Minj was subsequently announced as one of ten contestants for the second season of "" on June 17, 2016. Minj was eliminated in the third episode, placing eighth overall. Minj then appeared as a guest for the first challenge in the premiere episode of season eleven.


title: Ginger Minj

text: Following "Drag Race", Minj embarked on several international drag tours. In 2016, Minj was a part of "Battle of the Seasons" rotating roster of queens. Minj hosted the "Haters Roast" tour, though controversially was later fired from the event. Minj later hosted "Queens United" in November 2017, a benefit put together by Phi Phi O'Hara in an effort to raise money for people affected by Hurricane Maria.


title: Ginger Minj

text: In April 2020, amid the coronavirus pandemic, Minj was announced as a featured cast member for the very first "Digital Drag Fest", an online drag festival. Minj returned the following year for the second annual "Digital Drag Fest", in May 2021.


title: Ginger Minj

text: On May 26, 2021, Minj was announced as a contestant for the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars". After winning a lip sync against Mayhem Miller in the fifth episode of the season, Minj won $30,000. Minj won another $20,000 in the eighth episode of the season, Snatch Game of Love, after winning a lip sync against Heidi N Closet and making her the second queen to win the Snatch Game twice, after BenDeLaCreme. Ginger Minj finished the season as a runner-up alongside Eureka! and Ra'Jah O'Hara, ultimately losing to Kylie Sonique Love.


title: Ginger Minj

text: Minj has competed in many pageants throughout their career, holding several titles including "Miss National Comedy Queen 2012" and "Miss Gay United States 2013".


title: Ginger Minj

text: Minj released their first single, "Ooh Lala Lala", on June 1, 2015. A second single, "Bad, Bad Boy", was released on October 21, 2016. Minj's debut album, "Sweet T", was released in October 2016. The album consists of a mix of original songs and covers and features of variety of styles including pop, rock, dance, jazz, and soul. Minj also contributed to the compilation album "Christmas Queens 3" in 2017.


title: Ginger Minj

text: Another album, "Clown Fucker", was set to be released in December 2018, but was pushed back to early 2019, and, as of 2021, remains unreleased. On June 11, 2021, Ginger Minj announced her second studio album, "Gummy Bear", would be released on June 25, 2021, with "Clown Fucker" as one its tracks. She performed the title track "Gummy Bear" on the first episode of "All Stars 6". The album peaked at #2 on the iTunes Comedy Album Charts.


title: Ginger Minj

text: In September 2021, Minj released their third album, "Double Wide Diva". The country album featured seven original songs and a cover of Garth Brooks' "Friends in Low Places". Minj co-wrote each original song on the album, six of which alongside Brandon Stansell and Jeffrey James with producer Aaron Aiken.


title: Ginger Minj

text: In May 2022, Ginger Minj will portray the voice of Puss Puss Dubois in Alaska's "", a studio recording of a planned stage production about two rival drag bars that go head-to-head while struggling through financial troubles.


title: Ginger Minj

text: Minj began their career as a child actor, acting in Christian films and books on tape. As an adult, Minj continued acting, starring in Clandestine Arts' production of "Avenue Q". Minj performed with other "All Stars 2" queens at the Trailblazer Honors for Harvey Fierstein as the only singing performer on July 7, 2016. Minj was with Katya and Alyssa Edwards on commercial bumpers for a Mama's Family marathon for the Logo channel.


title: Ginger Minj

text: In 2014, Minj played Mrs. Lovett in "Sweeney Todd" at Orlando’s Clandestine-Arts. The casting initially lead to a cease-and-desist order in response to her casting, but this was resolved when a video of Ginger performing the role was sent to composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim, who personally signed off on her performance.


title: Ginger Minj

text: In 2018, Minj starred in the Netflix musical comedy feature film "Dumplin'". In 2020, Minj portrayed Tommy and drag queen Fanny Pak on the Netflix comedy "AJ and the Queen", alongside RuPaul, in the episode "Fort Worth".


title: Ginger Minj

text: In August 2020, Minj starred in "Drama at Drag Brunch: The Slaying of the Sequin Sisters", the fifth installment of the virtual interactive "Broadway Murder Mystery" story, portraying the role of Casey Closed.


title: Ginger Minj

text: In October 2021, Minj signed a six-figure book deal with Atria Books to publish her first book, "Southern Fried Sass". In August 2022, she will headline the 40th annual Northalsted Market Days, an annual LGBTQ-friendly street festival.


title: Ginger Minj

text: Minj is from Florida, and was married to Ceejay Russell by Michelle Visage at a DragCon convention in 2017.


title: Ginger Minj

text: In an episode of "", Minj stated that they are genderfluid/non-binary, stating that growing up they never knew if they were a boy or a girl and when they discovered genderfluidity and non-binary they finally felt seen.


title: Juliana Hatfield

text: Juliana Hatfield (born July 27, 1967) is an American musician and singer-songwriter from the Boston area, formerly of the indie rock bands Blake Babies, Some Girls, and The Lemonheads. She also fronted her own band, The Juliana Hatfield Three, along with bassist Dean Fisher and drummer Todd Philips, which was active in the mid-1990s and again in the mid-2010s. It was with the Juliana Hatfield Three that she produced her best-charting work, including the critically acclaimed albums "Become What You Are" (1993) and "Whatever, My Love" (2015) and the singles "My Sister" (1993) and "Spin the Bottle" (1994).


title: Juliana Hatfield

text: She has performed and recorded as a solo artist and as one half of Minor Alps with Matthew Caws of Nada Surf. In December 2014, "Paste" named her cover of the song "Needle in the Hay" by Elliott Smith number 10 in a list of the 20 Best Cover Songs of 2014. In 2014, she reformed The Juliana Hatfield Three, announcing the new album "Whatever, My Love" for 2015. In late December, "Stereogum" named the album "one of their most anticipated albums of 2015", and on January 4, 2015, "Consequence of Sound" named it "one of the 50 most anticipated albums of 2015."


title: Juliana Hatfield

text: In 2016 she formed a collaboration with Paul Westerberg under the moniker The I Don't Cares to release the album "Wild Stab". More recently, she has released an album of original work titled "Weird" in 2019, sandwiched between two albums of cover songs, "Juliana Hatfield Sings Olivia Newton-John" (2018) and "Juliana Hatfield Sings The Police" (2019).


title: Juliana Hatfield

text: Hatfield grew up in the Boston suburb of Duxbury. Despite recording a song titled "My Sister", Hatfield has no sisters but she does have two brothers.