title: British Americans

text: According to estimates by Thomas L. Purvis (1984), published in the "European ancestry of the United States", gives the ethnic composition of the American colonies from 1700 to 1755. British ancestry in 1755 was estimated to be 52% English and Welsh, 7.0% Scots-Irish, and 4% Scottish.


title: British Americans

text: The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin.


title: British Americans

text: There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.


title: British Americans

text: A study published in 1909 titled "A Century of Population Growth" by the Census Bureau estimated the British origin combined were around 90% of the white population.


title: British Americans

text: Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984 estimated that people of British ancestry made up about 62% of the total population or 74% of the white or European American population.


title: British Americans

text: The 1909 "Century of Population Growth" report came under intense scrutiny in the 1920s; its methodology was subject to criticism over fundamental flaws that cast doubt on the accuracy of its conclusions. The catalyst for controversy had been passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which imposed numerical quotas on each country of Europe limiting the number of immigrants to be admitted out of a finite total annual pool. The size of each national quota was determined by the National Origins Formula, in part computed by estimating the origins of the colonial stock population descended from White Americans enumerated in the 1790 Census. The undercount of other colonial stocks like German Americans and Irish Americans would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent Ireland did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish Celtic Irish Catholics of Gaelic Ireland, who in 1922 formed the independent Irish Free State, from the Scotch-Irish descendants of Ulster Scots and Anglo-Irish of the Plantation of Ulster, which became Northern Ireland and remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, with the President reporting to Congress "the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended."


title: British Americans

text: Concluding that CPG "had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth", the Census Bureau commissioned a study to produce new scientific estimates of the colonial American population, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies, in time to be adopted as basis for legal immigration quotas in 1929, and later published in the journal of the American Historical Association, reproduced in the table below. Note: as in the original CPG report, the "English" category encompassed England and Wales, grouping together all names classified as either "Anglican" (from England) or "Cambrian" (from Wales).


title: British Americans

text: The 1980 census was the first that asked people's ancestry. The 1980 United States Census reported 61,327,867 individuals or 31.67% of the total U.S. population self-identitfied as having British descent.


title: British Americans

text: In 1980 16,418 Americans reported ‘Northern Islander’. No Scots-Irish (descendants of Ulster-Scots) ancestry was recorded, however over ten million people identified as Scottish.


title: British Americans

text: This figure fell to over 5 million each in the following census when the Scotch-Irish were first counted.


title: British Americans

text: Over 90.4% of the United States population reported at least one ancestry, 9.6% (23,921,371) individuals as "not stated" with a total of 11.0% being "not specified". Additional responses were Cornish (3,991), Northern Irish 4,009 and Manx 6,317.


title: British Americans

text: Most of the population who stated their ancestry as "American" (20,625,093 or 7.3%) are said to be of old colonial British ancestry.


title: British Americans

text: Following are the top 10 highest percentage of people of English, Scottish and Welsh ancestry, in U.S. communities with 500 or more total inhabitants (for the total list of the 101 communities, see references)


title: British Americans

text: As of 2020, the distribution of British Americans (combined English, Welsh, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, and British ancestry self-identification) across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:


title: British Americans

text: The British diaspora consists of the scattering of British people and their descendants who emigrated from the United Kingdom. The diaspora is concentrated in countries that had mass migration such as the United States and that are part of the English-speaking world. A 2006 publication from the Institute for Public Policy Research estimated 5.6 million British-born people lived outside of the United Kingdom.


title: British Americans

text: After the Age of Discovery the British were one of the earliest and largest communities to emigrate out of Europe, and the British Empire's expansion during the first half of the 19th century saw an "extraordinary dispersion of the British people", with particular concentrations "in Australasia and North America".


title: British Americans

text: The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people", who left the United Kingdom and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents". As a result of the British colonization of the Americas, what became the United States was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British".


title: British Americans

text: Historically in the 1790 United States Census estimate and presently in Australia, Canada and New Zealand "people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population" contributing to these states becoming integral to the Anglosphere. There is also a significant population of people with British ancestry in South Africa.


title: British Americans

text: An English presence in North America began with the Roanoke Colony and Colony of Virginia in the late-16th century, but the first successful English settlement was established in 1607, on the James River at Jamestown. By the 1610s, an estimated 1,300 English people had travelled to North America, the "first of many millions from the British Isles". In 1620 the Pilgrims established the English imperial venture of Plymouth Colony, beginning "a remarkable acceleration of permanent emigration from England" with over 60% of trans-Atlantic English migrants settling in the New England Colonies. During the 17th century, an estimated 350,000 English and Welsh migrants arrived in North America, which in the century after the Acts of Union 1707 was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants.


title: British Americans

text: The British policy of salutary neglect for its North American colonies intended to minimize trade restrictions as a way of ensuring they stayed loyal to British interests. This permitted the development of the American Dream, a cultural spirit distinct from that of its European founders. The Thirteen Colonies of British America began an armed rebellion against British rule in 1775 when they rejected the right of the Parliament of Great Britain to govern them without representation; they proclaimed their independence in 1776, and subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a sovereign state in 1781 with the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The 1783 Treaty of Paris represented Great Britain's formal acknowledgement of the United States' sovereignty at the end of the American Revolutionary War.


title: British Americans

text: The vast majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were of mixed British extraction. Most of these were of English descent, with smaller numbers of those of Scottish, Irish or Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation.


title: British Americans

text: Nevertheless, longstanding cultural and historical ties have, in more modern times, resulted in the Special Relationship, the exceptionally close political, diplomatic and military co-operation of United Kingdom – United States relations. Linda Colley, a professor of history at Princeton University and specialist in Britishness, suggested that because of their colonial influence on the United States, the British find Americans a "mysterious and paradoxical people, physically distant but culturally close, engagingly similar yet irritatingly different".


title: British Americans

text: For over two centuries (1789-1989) of early U.S. history, all Presidents with the exception of two (Van Buren and Kennedy) were descended from the varied colonial British stock, from the Pilgrims and Puritans to the Scotch-Irish and English who settled the Appalachia.


title: British Americans

text: Much of U.S. culture shows influences from nation states of British culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes. Historian David Hackett Fischer has posited that four major streams of immigration from the British Isles in the colonial era contributed to the formation of a new American culture, summarised as follows:


title: British Americans

text: Fischer's theory acknowledges the presence of other groups of immigrants during the colonial period, both from the British Isles (the Welsh and the Highland Scots) and not (Germans, Dutch, and French Huguenots), but believes that these did not culturally contribute as substantially to the United States as his main four.


title: British Americans

text: Apple pie – New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as apple pie and the oven-roasted Thanksgiving turkey. "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.


title: British Americans

text: Buick – David Dunbar Buick was a Scottish-born American, a Detroit-based inventor, best known for founding the Buick Motor Company.


title: British Americans

text: Harley-Davidson – The Davidson brothers were of Scottish descent (William. A., Walter and Arthur Davidson) and William S. Harley of English descent. Along with Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company was the largest and most recognizable American motorcycle manufacturer.


title: British Americans

text: Baseball - The earliest recorded game of base-ball for which the original source survives, involved the family of George II of Great Britain, played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex. The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, also in Surrey. English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008. This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball. Today, rounders, which has been played in England since Tudor times, holds a similarity to baseball. Although, literary references to early forms of "base-ball" in the United Kingdom pre-date use of the term "rounders".


title: British Americans

text: In addition to baseball, American football is a sport that developed from football and rugby, which are both sports that originated in the British Isles.


title: British Americans

text: The Grand Union Flag is considered to be the first national flag of the United States. The design consisted of 13 stripes, red and white, representing the original Thirteen Colonies, the canton on the upper left-hand corner bearing the British Union Flag, the red cross of St. George of England with the white cross of St. Andrew of Scotland. The flag was first flown on December 2, 1775, by John Paul Jones (then a Continental Navy lieutenant) on the ship "Alfred" in Philadelphia).


title: British Americans

text: In addition, some places were named after the kings and queens of the former kingdoms of England and Ireland. The name Virginia was first applied by Queen Elizabeth I (the "Virgin Queen") and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584., the Carolinas were named after King Charles I and Maryland named so for his wife, Queen Henrietta Maria (Queen Mary). The Queens in New York was named after Catherine of Braganza (Queen Catherine), the wife of the King Charles II.


title: Queen Saleha of Brunei

text: Saleha binti Mohamed Alam (born 7 October 1946) is the Queen of Brunei as the wife of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, the current Sultan of Brunei. She is the daughter of Pengiran Pemancha Pengiran Anak Haji Mohammad Alam and Pengiran Anak Hajah Besar. After her husband was crowned as the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei, she succeeded her mother-in-law, Pengiran Anak Damit, as Raja Isteri (Queen consort). She is the mother of Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah.


title: Queen Saleha of Brunei

text: Saleha was born at Kampong Sumbiling, Jalan Istana Darussalam in Brunei Town (now Bandar Seri Begawan), Brunei Darussalam on 7 October 1946. Her name, Saleha, means "pious" or "virtuous" in Arabic.


title: Queen Saleha of Brunei

text: Saleha had her early education through private tuition at the "surau" (a large prayer hall) of "Istana Darul Hana". She also attended religious classes. She furthered her secondary education at Sekolah Tinggi Perempuan Raja Isteri (STPRI) in Bandar Seri Begawan until 1965.


title: Queen Saleha of Brunei

text: Saleha also attended Cygnets House, a finishing school for young ladies in South Kensington, SW7 along with her sister-in-law Princess Masna Bolkiah, while her husband the Sultan and his brother were at Sandhurst.


title: Queen Saleha of Brunei

text: On 28 July 1965, Saleha married her paternal first cousin, Pengiran Muda Mahkota (Crown Prince) Hassanal Bolkiah, who later became the 29th Sultan of Brunei. The sultan's mother Raja Isteri (Queen Consort) Pengiran Anak Damit and Saleha's father Pengiran Anak Mohammad Alam were siblings.


title: Queen Saleha of Brunei

text: Saleha has two sons and four daughters. She has eighteen grandchildren (five from her daughter Princess Rashidah, four from her son Crown Prince Billah, two from her daughter Princess Majeedah, four from her daughter Princess Hafizah and three from her son Prince Abdul Malik), and her elder son is Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah.


title: Queen Saleha of Brunei

text: Saleha is the Patron to various organisations including the Women's Institute (WI), Pertiwi Association, PEKERTI, the Girl Guides Association of Brunei Darussalam, the Brunei Government Senior Officers Wives Welfare Association (BISTARI), the Women's Council of Brunei Darussalam, The Women Graduates' Association, and the Brunei Shell Women Association.


title: Queen Saleha of Brunei

text: Being a lover of nature, Saleha has a fruit garden, a fish pond and a bird park. Her hobbies include reading, playing badminton as well as traditional Bruneian games such as Congkak and Pasang.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: The 2016 FIFA Club World Cup (officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2016 presented by Alibaba YunOS Auto for sponsorship reasons) was the 13th edition of the FIFA Club World Cup, a FIFA-organised international club football tournament between the winners of the six continental confederations, as well as the host nation's league champions. The tournament was hosted by Japan.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: Barcelona could not defend their title as they were eliminated in the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: Real Madrid won their second Club World Cup, defeating hosts Kashima Antlers 4–2 after extra time in the final.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: The application process for the 2015–16 as well as the 2017–18 editions, i.e. two hosts, each hosting two years, began in February 2014. Member associations interested in hosting had to submit a declaration of interest by 30 March 2014, and provide the complete set of bidding documents by 25 August 2014. The FIFA Executive Committee was to select the hosts at their meeting in Morocco in December 2014. However, no such decision regarding the 2015–2016 host was made until 2015.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: On 9 June 2016, Suita City Football Stadium in Osaka and International Stadium Yokohama in Yokohama were named as the two venues of the tournament.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: Video assistant referees were tested during the tournament. The system was used for the first time when a penalty was awarded by referee Viktor Kassai in the first half of the semi-final between Atlético Nacional and Kashima Antlers after a review of video replay.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: Each team had to name a 23-man squad (three of whom must be goalkeepers). Injury replacements were allowed until 24 hours before the team's first match. The official squads (excluding the host team, who was yet to be determined) were announced on 1 December 2016.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: A draw was held on 21 September 2016, 11:00 CEST (), at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich, Switzerland, to determine the positions in the bracket for the three teams which enter the second round.


title: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup

text: On 18 March 2016, the FIFA Executive Committee agreed that the competition would be part of the International Football Association Board's trial to allow a fourth substitute to be made during extra time.


title: Dan Majerle

text: Daniel Lewis Majerle (; born September 9, 1965), also known by the nickname "Thunder Dan", is an American former professional basketball player and former coach of the Grand Canyon Antelopes. He played 14 years in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the Phoenix Suns, Miami Heat, and Cleveland Cavaliers. He won a bronze medal with the U.S. national team at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, and a gold medal at the 1994 FIBA World Championship.


title: Dan Majerle

text: Born and raised in Traverse City, Michigan, Majerle starred for Traverse City High School (now Central) and Central Michigan University in Mount Pleasant, where he played for four years with averages of 21.8 points and 8.9 rebounds a game. In 1987, he helped lead the Chippewas to the NCAA Tournament. He held the school season record for points until Marcus Keene broke the mark in the 2016–17 season.


title: Dan Majerle

text: Majerle's great-grandfather Frank Majerle Sr. emigrated to the United States in 1901 at age 20 from what is now Slovenia but was then part of Austria-Hungary. Frank Sr. settled in Haring, Michigan, and married American-born Anna Suhorepec (anglicized to Suhropetz) whose parents were also from Yugoslavia, more specifically Slovenia.


title: Dan Majerle

text: The Suns selected Majerle with the 14th pick of the 1988 NBA draft, which the Suns acquired (along with Kevin Johnson) in a trade from the Cleveland Cavaliers for Larry Nance. During the draft, he was promptly booed when his name was announced over the public address system. Suns coach Cotton Fitzsimmons publicly chastised the Suns fans and told them "you'll be sorry you ever booed this young man". In his rookie season Majerle played in 54 games and started in 5, averaging 8.6 points as a bench player. The Suns won 55 games and made the playoffs, and Majerle increased his scoring average to 14.3 points a game as Phoenix advanced all the way to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the defending champion Los Angeles Lakers.


title: Dan Majerle

text: The young Majerle continued to be used as a backup for the next two seasons and became popular for his impressive jumping ability and "thunderous" slam dunk that would lead to his nickname "Thunder Dan". During the 1989–90 season, he started in 23 games and increased his scoring average to 11 points a game as the Suns again advanced to the Western Conference Finals where this time they were eliminated by the Portland Trail Blazers. Despite another successful season for Majerle and the Suns in the 1990–91 season, they fell in the first round of the playoffs to the Utah Jazz. Majerle had become an effective three-point shooter and defensive specialist and was named to the 1990–91 NBA All-Defensive Second team at the conclusion of the season.


title: Dan Majerle

text: The 1992 season featured more improvement for Majerle, who had become an even more effective three-point shooter and defensive specialist. Despite starting in just 15 of the 82 games he played in, Majerle was selected to play in the 1992 NBA All-Star Game. The Suns again made the playoffs but lost in the conference semifinals to Portland. In the offseason, Phoenix managed to pull off a major step towards an NBA title, as they acquired superstar forward Charles Barkley in a trade with the Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Dan Majerle

text: The Suns had improved significantly with the addition of Barkley, while the trade itself which featured the departure of guard Jeff Hornacek meant that Majerle now served as the team's starting shooting guard. The result was a 62-win season for Phoenix, with Barkley winning the Most Valuable Player Award and Majerle finishing second on the team in scoring while being named to his second NBA All-Defensive Second Team. Majerle also finished first in the NBA in three-point field goals made and attempted, and scored 18 points in the 1993 NBA All-Star Game. The Suns entered the playoffs as the number 1 seed in the Western Conference, and defeated the Lakers, the San Antonio Spurs and the Seattle SuperSonics to reach the NBA Finals with Majerle averaging 15 points in the playoffs and posting big games such as a 34-point performance in the 5th game against Seattle. In the Finals, the Suns faced the defending champion Chicago Bulls led by Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen. Despite having home court advantage the Suns could not beat the 2-time champions, who won in 6 games to win three championships in a row. Majerle performed well in the Suns win in game 3, scoring 28 points in the win in Chicago.


title: Dan Majerle

text: Majerle would again lead the league in three-point field goals and attempts in the 1993–94 season, as the Suns won 56 games and made the playoffs before losing to the eventual champion Houston Rockets in a 7-game semifinal series. He would then go on to play for Team USA and win in the World Championships in Canada. He would earn another selection to the All-Star game in the following season, scoring 10 points in the 1995 NBA All-Star Game which was held in Phoenix. Despite this, Majerle started in 46 games, playing small forward often as the team now featured Wesley Person at shooting guard and veteran A. C. Green at forward. The Suns again lost in the semifinals to Houston in 7 games, and Majerle was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the offseason.


title: Dan Majerle

text: In Cleveland, Majerle was used as a reserve at small forward, starting in 15 of the 82 games behind Chris Mills and averaging 10.6 points a game. The Cavaliers won 47 games before losing to the New York Knicks in a 3-game sweep in the first round, with Majerle increasing his scoring to 16.7 (second on the team) during the series. In the offseason the Cavaliers released Majerle, and he would go on to sign with the Miami Heat.


title: Dan Majerle

text: The Heat were a team with a bright future, as they featured all-stars Alonzo Mourning and Tim Hardaway, and were coached by Pat Riley. Injuries limited Majerle to 36 games during the 1996–97 season, as the Heat managed to win a franchise-best 61 games and the Atlantic Division. During the regular season, on December 7, 1996, against the Chicago Bulls, Majerle made a three-pointer with one second remaining to win the game 83–80. In the playoffs, the veteran Majerle was in healthy shape, and the Heat beat the up-and-coming Orlando Magic in the first round before facing the Knicks in a grueling 7 game series in which Majerle scored 18 points in the sixth game. The Heat would eventually fall to the defending champion Chicago Bulls in the Eastern Conference Finals in 5 games.


title: Dan Majerle

text: Majerle would again play as the team's backup small forward in the 1997–98 season, averaging 7 points a game as one of the team's main three-point threats, and Miami would post another winning season before losing to New York in the first round of the playoffs. The 1998–99 season would be shortened to 50 games as a result of a league lockout, and with teammate Voshon Lenard hurt for much of the season, Majerle stepped in to start in 48 games. Miami won another Atlantic Division title, but again lost to New York in 5 games in the first round.


title: Dan Majerle

text: The team continued to use Majerle as a starter during the 1999–2000 season, as he started in 69 of 82 games and again averaged 7 points during the season. In the playoffs, Miami defeated the Detroit Pistons in the first round before facing the Knicks in another 7-game series in which New York again prevailed. Majerle averaged 9 points in the playoffs and led the team with 20 three-point field goals. In the 2000 offseason it was revealed that Alonzo Mourning would not play as a result of a kidney disease, and the 2000–01 season would feature new acquisitions such as Eddie Jones and Anthony Mason, and Majerle would serve as a reserve. The Heat would lose in the first round of the playoffs in a sweep to the Charlotte Hornets, and in the offseason Majerle would sign a deal returning to his original team in Phoenix.


title: Dan Majerle

text: In his return to the Suns, Majerle received much praise and applause from the hometown Suns fans, playing in 65 games and leading the team in three-point field goals made with 79. His NBA career finished on April 17, 2002, when he officially retired as a member of his original team.


title: Dan Majerle

text: Majerle was inducted into the Phoenix Suns Ring of Honor on March 9, 2003. In 2006, he was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame and into the Arizona Sports Hall of Fame in 2017. In 2003, Majerle made his broadcasting debut covering the 2003 NBA Playoffs for TNT and later became an analyst for ESPN. During the 2005 All-Star Weekend, he was a member of the Phoenix team that won the Shooting Stars Competition.


title: Dan Majerle

text: On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Majerle would coach for Grand Canyon University in their first season as a Division I team.


title: Dan Majerle

text: On December 23, 2015, Majerle led Grand Canyon to their first tournament victory as a Division I team when they won the 2015 Global Sports Classic championship.


title: Dan Majerle

text: He was fired on March 17, 2020, after his first losing season, with his seven years stint at Grand Canyon coming to an end.


title: Dan Majerle

text: On May 19, 2020, Majerle filed a lawsuit against Grand Canyon University over the handling of its firing from the head coach position and pending salaries.


title: Dan Majerle

text: Dan had a hole in one at Shadow Ridge Country Club in Omaha, Nebraska, in 2021 with Creighton Coach Greg McDermott and Doug McDermott as witnesses.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: Green Lantern: The Animated Series is an American computer-animated superhero television series based on the DC Comics superhero Green Lantern. The series aired on Cartoon Network, as part of their "DC Nation" television block. A one-hour sneak peek aired on November 11, 2011, it ran from March 17, 2012, until March 16, 2013. A special screening of the first episode was shown at New York Comic Con 2011 on October 15, 2011. This was the first Green Lantern television series and the first CGI DC/WB series. The series was cancelled after one season due to poor toy sales after the negative reception and poor box office performance of the live-action film.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: The series focuses on the adventures of Hal Jordan, the Green Lantern of Sector 2814, and his partner Kilowog. Jordan steals a space ship controlled by Aya (an AI) and travels to "Frontier Space" together with Kilowog. This is the very edge of the Guardians of the Universe' territory, where Green Lanterns are being killed by the Red Lanterns. Atrocitus, their leader, wants revenge for the destruction of his world by the Manhunters, created by the Guardians, but who were also shut down by the Guardians. During their adventure, they meet a Red Lantern called Razer. They take him as a prisoner, but eventually adopt him as a teammate after he helps them defeat Atrocitus. Razer also falls in love with Aya, but after Atrocitus' defeat she becomes evil (i.e. corrupted) and decides to eliminate all life in the universe.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: At the end of season one, Jordan discovers that Aya is born out of a living being and that she is alive. He tries to convince her to end her universal genocide, but fails. Razer gets severely injured when he tries to kill Aya, as she defends herself by firing a laser beam. Hal convinces Aya that what she is doing is wrong and she saves the universe and heals Razer. However, in Aya's anger, she recreated the Manhunters army and downloaded a copy of herself into every single Manhunter. The only solution to shut them down is, in effect, a massive computer virus, that will also destroy Aya. Aya launches the virus and the Manhunters are shut down. However, she also destroys herself and she passes after saying goodbye to Razer.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: Back on Oa, Razer cannot and will not believe that Aya is dead because she was not a complete robot after all, but alive; and a living being cannot be destroyed by a computer virus. He starts a galaxy-spanning search, in the hope to find her somewhere in the universe.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: The Green Lantern Corps celebrates their victory. Meanwhile, a Blue Lantern ring follows Razer during his quest, but if he will receive it is left ambiguous.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: In early stages of production, the show was conceived as a "Bruce Timm-does-CG-project". Phil Kent, chairman and CEO of Time Warner's Turner Networks unit, originally announced that "Green Lantern: The Animated Series" would be a part of Cartoon Network's original programming. A preview of the show was featured at the 2010 New York Comic Con featuring test footage, characters/story description, and art work. Bruce Timm, who produced the entire DC Animated Universe, also announced at New York Comic Con that he would be producing the show. Timm was originally reluctant to use CG instead of traditional animation, but eventually came around. A total of 26 episodes had been ordered for the first season. By the time of New York Comic Con, thirteen had already been planned, and five had already been recorded. The series is not intended to be an origin story, due to Warner Bros. already releasing a film based on the characters' origin. The series is the first television series by Bruce Timm and the first series featuring Green Lantern to be rendered using CG. The producers have confirmed that it was requested that the character Sinestro not be used. This was later overturned in 2013, and Sinestro finally did appear. The producers also confirmed that if the series was a hit, other Lanterns like Guy Gardner, John Stewart and Kyle Rayner might be introduced.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: Green Lantern, since its first showing at the 2011 Comic Con, has received positive reviews. Chris Sims of ComicsAlliance commented that he'd never been a huge fan of Green Lantern, but rather of DC Animated Universe creator Bruce Timm, and when he heard that Timm was producing the series he began looking forward to it, saying that the one-hour premiere "does it right." Tony Guerrero of Comic Vine said it was "a good first episode and definitely worth checking out." Brian Lowry of "Variety" praised the animation style, saying that "Warner Bros. has gone full bore into the CGI dimension with a bold, sleek design that more than anything resembles "The Incredibles"."


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: The series was released on DVD in two volumes by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment. The first volume was released on August 28, 2012 and the second volume was released on June 25, 2013. The entire series was released in a Blu-ray set on March 14, 2014, from Warner Archive.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: A series of 15 numbered issues was published between 2011 and 2013. Its 32-paged debut comic, "Green Lantern: The Animated Series" #0 was released on November 30, 2011, written by Art Baltazar with art by Dario Brizuela. The first issue received mixed to positive reviews, with one reviewer giving a B+ stating it is "good kids material" and "a fun way to introduce new readers, especially younger readers, to the Green Lantern universe without having to worry about the violence level." The issue gathered a high sales debut, with an approximate 13,500 copies sold. A story from one of the issues was included in the DC Nation 2012 Free Comic Day comic.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: DC Direct released two limited edition maquettes, to accompany the official release of "Green Lantern: The Animated Series" in spring 2012. The first maquette is Hal Jordan, sculpted by Paul Harding, and was released on . The other, Atrocitus, is sculpted by Dave Cortez and was released on . Mattel had plans to manufacture action figures based on the series in 2011, but none were produced.


title: Green Lantern: The Animated Series

text: La-La Land Records, the record label behind the "" soundtracks, released the show's soundtrack on July 31, 2012. The label would later release a second volume of music from the series on July 2, 2013.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: Bo Scarbrough (born September 29, 1994) is an American football running back for the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at Alabama.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: Scarbrough attended Northridge High School in Tuscaloosa, Alabama where he played high school football for the Jaguars. As a freshman, he suffered a broken ankle. As a sophomore, he had 938 rushing yards and 13 touchdowns, before suffering a torn ACL near the end of the season and missing the playoffs. As a junior, he registered 792 rushing yards in six games, before suffering a high ankle sprain in the first quarter of the seventh game.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: As a senior in June 2013, he announced his transfer to Tuscaloosa County High School in Northport, Alabama. Two months later in August 2013, he announced his transfer to IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida. In ten games, he rushed for 1,468 yards and 20 touchdowns. He was rated as a consensus five-star recruit and committed to the University of Alabama to play college football.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: As redshirt freshman in 2015, he sat out the first four contests after suffering a torn ACL in spring practice. During the season, he was one of the backups to Heisman Trophy winner Derrick Henry, Kenyan Drake, and Damien Harris, posting 18 carries for 104 yards. Against Charleston Southern, he had 10 carries for 69 yards and scored his first collegiate touchdown. He appeared in four games and had 18 carries for 104 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: As a sophomore, Scarbrough was part of a backfield unit that contained Harris and newcomer Josh Jacobs. He posted 125 carries for 812 yards and 11 touchdowns. In the annual rivalry game against #9 Tennessee, he had five carries for 109 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown, which was an 85-yard carry in the fourth quarter of the 49–10 victory. In the last three games (SEC Championship, CFP Semifinal, and CFP National Championship), he rushed 46 times for 364 yards (7.9-yard average) and six touchdowns. He ran for two rushing touchdowns and an Alabama bowl game record 180 yards against Washington in the 2016 Peach Bowl. He was named the game's offensive MVP. He suffered a broken right fibula in the CFP National Championship Game, leaving the game with 93 rushing yards and two touchdowns.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: As a junior, he continued to share the backfield with Damien Harris and Jacobs, along with newcomer Najee Harris. He finished third on the team with 124 carries for 596 yards, tied for second with eight touchdowns, and second with 17 receptions for 109 yards. On January 10, 2018, it was announced that Scarbrough would forego his senior year at Alabama in favor of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: Scarbrough was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the seventh round (236th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. He was one of 12 Alabama players to be drafted that year.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: On September 1, he was released after the team decided to keep only two running backs. After the Green Bay Packers signed running back Darius Jackson from the Cowboys' practice squad, Scarbrough was signed on September 3 as his replacement. He was released on October 9, 2018.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: On December 18, 2018, Scarbrough was signed by the Seattle Seahawks off the Jaguars practice squad. He was declared inactive for the last two games. He was waived on August 31, 2019.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: On November 6, 2019, Scarbrough was signed to the Detroit Lions practice squad. On November 16, 2019, he was promoted to the active roster, to provide depth while running back Kerryon Johnson was out with a torn meniscus. Scarbrough was named the starter over J. D. McKissic, for the Week 11 game against his former team, the Dallas Cowboys. He rushed 14 times for 55 yards (3.93-yard avg.) and a touchdown in the 35–27 loss. In the following week's game against the Washington Redskins, he rushed 18 times for 98 yards (5.44-yard avg.) in the 19–16 loss. In the Week 13 contest against the Chicago Bears, he had 21 carries for 83 yards (3.95-yard avg.) in the 20–24 loss. He was declared inactive with a rib injury in Week 15. He appeared in dic games and started five, while recording 377 rushing yards (4.24-yard avg.) and one rushing touchdown.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: In 2020, he faced a difficult challenge to make the team, after running backs D'Andre Swift and Jason Huntley were selected by the Lions in the second and fifth rounds of the 2020 NFL Draft. On September 6, 2020, Scarbrough was placed on injured reserve with an undisclosed injury, which cleared a roster spot to sign running back Adrian Peterson. He was activated on October 24 and was declared inactive for the game against the Atlanta Falcons. He was waived on October 31.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: On November 11, 2020, Scarbrough was signed to the Seattle Seahawks' practice squad. He was elevated to the active roster on November 19 for the team's week 11 game against the Arizona Cardinals, to provide depth with running backs Chris Carson and Travis Homer injured. He had 6 carries for 36 yards (5.17-yard avg.), but also suffered a torn hamstring in the fourth quarter, before being reverted to the practice squad after the contest. He was placed on the practice squad/injured list on November 23. His practice squad contract with the team expired after the season on January 18, 2021.


title: Bo Scarbrough

text: Scarbrough signed with the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League on May 9, 2022. Bo helped the Stallions win the first USFL Championship over the Philadelphia Stars, 33-30.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: Boot Camp Assistant is a multi boot utility included with Apple Inc.'s macOS (previously ) that assists users in installing Microsoft Windows operating systems on Intel-based Macintosh computers. The utility guides users through non-destructive disk partitioning (including resizing of an existing HFS+ or APFS partition, if necessary) of their hard disk drive or solid-state drive and installation of Windows device drivers for the Apple hardware. The utility also installs a Windows Control Panel applet for selecting the default boot operating system.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: Initially introduced as an unsupported beta for Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger, the utility was first introduced with Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and has been included in subsequent versions of the operating system ever since. Previous versions of Boot Camp supported Windows XP and Windows Vista. Boot Camp 4.0 for Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard version 10.6.6 up to Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion version 10.8.2 only supported Windows 7. However, with the release of Boot Camp 5.0 for Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion in version 10.8.3, only 64-bit versions of Windows 7 and Windows 8 are officially supported.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: Boot Camp 6.0 added support for 64-bit versions of Windows 10. Boot Camp 6.1, available on macOS 10.12 Sierra and later, will only accept new installations of Windows 7 and later; this requirement was upgraded to requiring Windows 10 for macOS 10.14 Mojave.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: Boot Camp is currently not available on Apple silicon Macs. Via virtualization, it is possible to run ARM-based Windows 10 and 11 (only Windows Insider builds, as they are the only publicly available ARM builds of Windows) through the QEMU emulator and Parallels Desktop virtualization software, which also allows Linux.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: Setting up Windows 10 on a Mac requires an ISO image of Windows 10 provided by Microsoft. Boot Camp combines Windows 10 with install scripts to load hardware drivers for the targeted Mac computer.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: Boot Camp currently supports Windows 10 on a range of Macs dated mid-2012 or newer. Apple Silicon is not supported due to being ARM-based. Although Windows on ARM exists, it is only licensed to OEMs, and there are no M1/M2 drivers, so it cannot run on Apple Silicon Macs.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: By default, Mac will always boot from the last-used startup disk. Holding down the option key (⌥) at startup brings up the boot manager, which allows the user to choose which operating system to start the device in. When using a non-Apple keyboard, the alt key usually performs the same action. The boot manager can also be launched by holding down the "menu" button on the Apple Remote at startup.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: On older Macs, its functionality relies on BIOS emulation through EFI and a partition table information synchronization mechanism between GPT and MBR combined.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: On newer Macs, Boot Camp keeps the hard disk as a GPT so that Windows is installed and booted in UEFI mode.


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: Apple's Boot Camp system requirements lists the following requirements for Mac OS X Lion and OS X Mountain Lion:


title: Boot Camp (software)

text: Officially, the earliest Macintosh models that support Windows 8 are the mid-2011 MacBook Air, 13-inch-mid-2011 or 15 and 17-inch-mid-2010 MacBook Pro, mid-2011 Mac Mini, 21-inch-mid-2011 or 27-inch-mid-2010 iMac, and early 2009 Mac Pro. By running the Boot Camp assistant with a compatible version of Microsoft Windows setup disc in the drive and switching to a Windows 8 disc when Mac OS X reboots the machine to begin installing Windows, Windows 8 can be installed on older unsupported hardware. This can also work with Windows 10.


title: Kelley Deal

text: Kelley Deal (born June 10, 1961) is an American musician and singer. She has been lead guitarist and co-vocalist of the alternative rock band The Breeders since 1992, and has formed her own side-projects with bands such as R. Ring and The Kelley Deal 6000. She is the identical twin sister of The Breeders' lead singer and former Pixies bassist and co-vocalist Kim Deal.


title: Kelley Deal

text: In 2020, Deal joined the post-punk band Protomartyr in a touring capacity, after collaborating with the band on their 2018 EP, "Consolation".


title: Kelley Deal

text: Kelley Deal was born in Dayton, Ohio, United States, 11 minutes before her twin sister Kim Deal. The Deal twins grew up in Huber Heights, a suburb of Dayton. The sisters first played together in their late teens, Kim playing guitar and both sisters singing Hank Williams songs in biker bars. They both had an opportunity to join the Pixies in the mid-'80s, with Kim on bass and Kelley on drums; Kim followed through while Kelley opted to move to California. While Kim made her mark as an indie rock musician, Kelley worked in computer programming.


title: Kelley Deal

text: In 1989, Kim Deal and Tanya Donelly (lead guitarist of Throwing Muses) formed the first incarnation of The Breeders. Kim invited Kelley to join the band for their debut album, "Pod", but Kelley could not get time off from work.


title: Kelley Deal

text: In 1992, Kelley joined the band as third guitarist, even though she did not really know how to play. The "Safari" EP was the first recording on which she appeared. Guitarist Tanya Donelly left to form Belly a little after the release of "Safari". Kim suggested Kelley should be the band's new drummer. After Kelley insisted on lead guitar, Kim gave her a crash course on all the songs in the band's set. Kelley picked up quickly and learned all the lead parts on "Pod" and the new parts on the album they were about to record, "Last Splash". A new drummer from Dayton, Jim MacPherson, joined them. After "Last Splash" was released in 1993, the band toured, opening for Nirvana, and also got a slot on the Lollapalooza tour in 1994.


title: Kelley Deal

text: After "Last Splash", Kelley started The Kelley Deal 6000. The band released two albums on Eel's Nice Records label, "Go To The Sugar Altar" in 1996 and "Boom! Boom! Boom!" in 1997, and went on hiatus when The Breeders were reunited.


title: Kelley Deal

text: Kelley also joined The Last Hard Men with Skid Row singer Sebastian Bach, Smashing Pumpkins drummer Jimmy Chamberlin, and Jimmy Flemion of The Frogs. She played bass for them and they recorded an eponymous album in 1997, which was released in a limited edition on Eel's own label, Nice Records, and in 2001 on Spitfire Records.


title: Kelley Deal

text: She teamed back up with her sister in the late 1990s and began recording new demos for the Breeders. With a new line up, they released "Title TK" in 2002. "Title TK" features three songs recorded in 1999, where the Deal sisters played all the instruments. In April 2008, The Breeders released "Mountain Battles". "All Nerve" followed in 2018.


title: Kelley Deal

text: She has been knitting in recent years. She specializes in knitted handbags, which she sells on her website, and appeared on the DIY Network knitting show "Knitty Gritty", and in 2008 released a book of her knitting handbag patterns, "Bags That Rock: Knitting on the Road with Kelley Deal". One of her patterns is included in the DIY Network's book "Knitty Gritty Knits: 25 Fun & Fabulous Projects"'.


title: Kelley Deal

text: She co-wrote and played guitar on Magnetophone's "Kel's Vintage Thought". She has also performed duets with Kris Kristofferson and Supersuckers (notably, Hungover Together on Must've Been High), and has also played in the band R. Ring. In January 2020, Deal joined the band Protomartyr as a touring member for their 2020 midwest tour. Deal has previously collaborated on the band's records, doing vocals on 'a couple' of songs.


title: Kelley Deal

text: In 1994, Kelley was arrested for heroin possession; she had been using since she was a teenager. She went through drug rehabilitation throughout the following year. In a February 2018 feature article, "The New York Times" reported that Kelley was in her eighth year of sobriety.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: Alexander Kendrick (born June 11, 1970) is an American pastor, film writer, producer, director and actor, best known for directing and starring in notable faith-based films, including "Facing The Giants", "War Room", "Overcomer", "Courageous", and "Fireproof". He is one of only two film directors (the other being Rob Reiner) to have three different films receive an "A+" grade on CinemaScore.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: Alexander Kendrick was born in Athens, Georgia as the middle of three sons to Larry and Rhonwyn Kendrick. He grew up in Smyrna, GA and graduated from Kennesaw State University with a Bachelor's degree in Communications. Kendrick worked as a Christian DJ for two radio stations before attending New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary and being ordained into the ministry. He served as a minister to college students in Marietta, Georgia for four years.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: From 1999 to 2014, Kendrick was an associate pastor at Sherwood Baptist Church, in Albany, Georgia. In 2002, he founded Sherwood Pictures, a movie-creating entity, which produced "Flywheel" (2003), "Facing the Giants" (2006), "Fireproof" (2008), and "Courageous" (2011).


title: Alex Kendrick

text: He has co-authored several best-selling books with his brother Stephen, including "The Love Dare", which appeared for 131 weeks on "The New York Times" Paperback Advice & Misc. Best Seller list. His books "The Resolution for Men" and "The Battle Plan for Prayer", again with his brother, also appeared on the "New York Times" Best Seller list.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: Kendrick's fifth film "War Room" was a box office number-one in its second weekend of release in the United States.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: On March 8, 2018 the Kendrick brothers announced via their website that their sixth movie, "Overcomer", was in the works, and would unpack a pivotal issue that affects adults and students alike. Filming was begun in the summer of 2018, and the film was released by Sony Pictures on August 23, 2019.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: In late 2019, subsequent to "Overcomer"'s release in August, Alex and Stephen Kendrick announced that they would be shooting their next film in the summer of 2020. It is to be based on a true story, and the Kendricks are to executive produce.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: Alex Kendrick married his wife, Christina, and moved to Albany, Georgia where he served as Associate Pastor of Media at Sherwood Baptist Church. Alex and his wife now have six children.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: Upon reading a survey stating that films had become more influential than churches, Kendrick set out to change the perception of movies in mainstream America. He co-wrote (with brother Stephen Kendrick), directed and acted in all four movies Sherwood Pictures has produced. Their second film, "Facing the Giants", grossed over $10 million at the box office. The football feature became the best-selling Christian DVD of 2007. His third film, "Fireproof", grossed $33.5 million, making it the highest-grossing independent film of 2008. The project went on to win Best Feature at the 2009 San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival, as well as the Epiphany Prize at the Movieguide Awards in Los Angeles. The fourth feature film by Sherwood Pictures, "Courageous", distributed by TriStar, was released in theaters in September 2011 and grossed $34.5 million. The film won Best Feature Film and the Jubilee Award at the 2012 San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival as well as the Epiphany Prize at the 2012 Movieguide Awards. "Courageous" was also the first winner of the K-Love Movie Impact Award (presented in 2013) and winner of the first Dove Award for Movie of the Year (also presented in 2013). Kendrick also appeared in the 2013 film "The Lost Medallion" and the 2014 film "Moms' Night Out".


title: Alex Kendrick

text: The Kendrick brothers' fifth film, "War Room", was released in theaters across the United States on August 28, 2015. It focuses on the transformational role that prayer can play in an individual’s life. The cast includes "New York Times" best-selling author and Bible teacher Priscilla Shirer in her film debut, along with T.C. Stallings, Alex Kendrick, comedian Michael Jr., and Karen Abercrombie. It introduces newcomer Alena Pitts as Danielle and features a cameo by renowned Bible teacher and author Beth Moore in her first acting role. Provident Films and AFFIRM films partnered with the Kendrick brothers to release the film in theaters. Sony Pictures again handled distribution.


title: Alex Kendrick

text: Movie critic Phil Boatwright, a "Baptist Press" columnist, said of the Kendricks: "One gets the impression this is their ministry, while at the same time understanding the No. 1 rule of cinematic storytelling -- story must come first." Movie reviewer Michael Foust said in a "Baptist Press" feature on the Kendricks: "They've been the Lewis and Clark of the genre. No, they weren't the first to make faith movies, but they did it better than anyone who came before -- and Hollywood noticed. They were trailblazers who made first-class movies on shoestring budgets." Foust added, "Even more impressive, the Kendricks have continued to improve on their craft. "War Room" was better than "Courageous", which was better than "Fireproof," which was better than "Facing the Giants", which was better than "Flywheel". Remember: "War Room" was the No. 1 movie at the box office in its second weekend in 2015. That's an accomplishment that many well-known Hollywood directors haven't achieved. The Kendricks also have been models of humility, giving all credit to God while working to help raise up the next generation of filmmakers."


title: Alex Kendrick

text: In addition to filmmaking, Kendrick has co-written five novels from his films, the last four of which became bestsellers. The first three were written with his brother, Stephen, and novelist Eric Wilson. The fourth novel, "Courageous", was written with Randy Alcorn. The fifth novel, for the film "War Room", was written with Chris Fabry. "The Love Dare" made "The New York Times" Paperback Advice & Misc. bestseller list for 131 weeks, reaching number one twice. "The Love Dare" has sold over 6 million copies. In October 2011, the novel for "Courageous" was listed on "The New York Times" Best Seller list, along with his book "The Resolution for Men", which was written with his brother, Stephen. In 2013, the brothers released "The Love Dare for Parents", which became a CBA Best Seller. Kendrick reached the "New York Times" Best Seller List again in 2015 with his most recent book, "The Battle Plan for Prayer", written with his brother.


title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: Maghrebi Arabic (, Western Arabic; as opposed to Eastern or Mashriqi Arabic) is a vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb region, in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Western Sahara, and Mauritania. It includes Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, and Hassaniya Arabic. It is known locally as Darja, Derdja, Derja, Derija or Darija, depending on the region's dialect (; meaning "common or everyday dialect"). This serves to differentiate the spoken vernacular from Standard Arabic. Maghrebi Arabic has a predominantly Semitic and Arabic vocabulary, although it contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2 to 3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8 to 9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10 to 15% of Moroccan Arabic. The Maltese language is believed to be derived from Siculo-Arabic and ultimately from Tunisian Arabic, as it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics.


title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: "Darija", "Derija" or "Delja" () means "everyday/colloquial dialect"; it is also rendered as "", "derija" or "darja". It refers to any of the varieties of colloquial Maghrebi Arabic. Although it is also common in Algeria and Tunisia to refer to the Maghrebi Arabic varieties directly as languages, similarly it is also common in Egypt and Lebanon to refer to the Mashriqi Arabic varieties directly as languages. For instance, Algerian Arabic would be referred as "Dzayri" (Algerian) and Tunisian Arabic as "Tounsi" (Tunisian), and Egyptian Arabic would be referred as "Masri" (Egyptian) and Lebanese Arabic as "Lubnani" (Lebanese).


title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: In contrast, the colloquial dialects of more eastern Arab countries, such as Egypt, Jordan and Sudan, are usually known as "" (), though Egyptians may also refer to their dialects as "al-logha-d-darga".


title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: The varieties of Maghrebi Arabic form a dialect continuum. The degree of mutual intelligibility is high between geographically adjacent dialects (such as local dialects spoken in Eastern Morocco and Western Algeria or Eastern Algeria and North Tunisia or South Tunisia and Western Libya), but lower between dialects that are further apart, e.g. between Moroccan and Tunisian Darija. Conversely, Moroccan Darija and particularly Algerian Derja cannot be easily understood by Eastern Arabic speakers (from Egypt, Sudan, Levant, Iraq, and Arabian peninsula) in general.


title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: Maghrebi Arabic continues to evolve by integrating new French or English words, notably in technical fields, or by replacing old French and Italian/Spanish ones with Modern Standard Arabic words within some circles; more educated and upper-class people who code-switch between Maghrebi Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic have more French and Italian/Spanish loanwords, especially the latter came from the time of al-Andalus. Maghrebi dialects all use "n-" as the first-person singular prefix on verbs, distinguishing them from Levantine dialects and Modern Standard Arabic.


title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: Modern Standard Arabic ( "al-Fusḥā") is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb. Maghrebi Arabic is mainly a spoken and vernacular dialect, although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In Algeria, where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks in the dialect exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the Algerian authorities. Maghrebi Arabic has a mostly Semitic Arabic vocabulary. It contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2 to 3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8 to 9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10 to 15% of Moroccan Arabic. The dialect may also possess a Punic substrate. Additionally, Maghrebi Arabic has a Latin substratum, which may have been derived from the African Romance that was used as an urban lingua franca during the Byzantine Empire period.


title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: Maghrebi Arabic speakers frequently borrow words from French (in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Spanish (in northern Morocco and northwestern Algerian) and Italian (in Libya and Tunisia) and conjugate them according to the rules of their dialects with some exceptions (like passive voice for example). Since it is not always written, there is no standard and it is free to change quickly and to pick up new vocabulary from neighbouring languages. This is somewhat similar to what happened to Middle English after the Norman conquest.


title: David Cicilline

text: David Nicola Cicilline (; born July 15, 1961) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the 36th mayor of Providence from 2003 to 2011, the first openly gay mayor of a U.S. state capital.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline chairs the House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law. In this role, he has supported efforts to modernize antitrust law. On September 29, 2022, he was elected chair of the House Middle East, North Africa, and Global Counterterrorism subcommittee, succeeding Ted Deutch, who resigned from the House on September 30, 2022. In November 2022, Cicilline announced he would run against outgoing Majority Whip Leader Jim Clyburn as Assistant Democratic Leader, the fourth senior position in the Democratic House caucus. Cicilline later dropped his bid for assistant minority leader.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline was born July 15, 1961, in Providence, Rhode Island. His mother, Sabra (née Peskin), is Jewish, and his father, John Francis "Jack" Cicilline, is Italian American and Catholic. His father was a prominent attorney in Providence who defended local Mafia figures in the 1970s and 1980s, and was an aide to Mayor Joseph A. Doorley Jr.


title: David Cicilline

text: He was raised in Providence before moving to Narragansett. In high school, he served as president of his graduating class, and participated in the Close Up Washington civic education program before attending Brown University, where he established a branch of the College Democrats with his classmate John F. Kennedy Jr. He graduated magna cum laude with a degree in political science in 1983. He then went to Georgetown University Law Center, where he earned a J.D.


title: David Cicilline

text: He remained in Washington, D.C. for a while to work as a lawyer at the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia.


title: David Cicilline

text: In 1992, he ran for the Rhode Island Senate against incumbent senator Rhoda Perry, but lost the Democratic primary. Two years later, he was elected to the Rhode Island House of Representatives, representing the 4th district on Providence's East Side.


title: David Cicilline

text: He won the Democratic primary to succeed retiring Rep. Linda J. Kushner with 56% of the vote, and was unopposed in the general election.


title: David Cicilline

text: In 1996, Cicilline ran unopposed in the Democratic primary for Rhode Island House of Representatives District 4. He defeated his Republican opponent, Michael L. Schein, in the general election with 2,851 votes to Schein's 1,642.


title: David Cicilline

text: In 1998, Cicilline ran unopposed in the Democratic primary. He also ran unopposed in the general election.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline ran unopposed for the third time in the Democratic primary in 2000. For the second time, he ran unopposed in the general election.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline defeated Joseph R. Paolino, Jr, Keven A. McKenna, and David V. Igliozzi in the Democratic primary.


title: David Cicilline

text: In November 2002, Cicilline was elected in a landslide with 84% of the vote, following the downfall of controversial mayor Buddy Cianci and the aftermath of Operation Plunder Dome. He succeeded acting mayor John J. Lombardi, who served out Cianci's term, and decided not to run in the 2002 election.


title: David Cicilline

text: In 2006, Cicilline defeated Christopher F. Young in the Democratic primary. He went on to win an easy reelection with 83% of the vote.


title: David Cicilline

text: A Brown University survey from September 2007 found that 64% of state residents approved of the job Cicilline was doing in Providence. By February 2008, that number had dropped to 51%. In September 2008, his popularity fell to 46%. By May 2012, his approval rating had further fallen to 28%.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline was the 2008 President of the National Conference of Democratic Mayors. As mayor, he was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, a bipartisan group with the stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets". Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg co-chaired the Coalition.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline's administration focused on the residential neighborhoods of Providence, as well as the "Renaissance" areas of downtown and Federal Hill that thrived under Cianci, and continued the promotion of the city via the tax breaks given to artists and movie productions. A former state legislator, he overcame the animosity between state and city government that had existed under Cianci.


title: David Cicilline

text: In May 2009, Cicilline gained national headlines after proposing a $150 per semester Head Tax on each of the 25,000 college students attending four universities in the city. The tax was an effort to close $6–$8 million of a reported $17 million city budget shortfall. The Associated Press reported that if enacted, it would become the first-in-the-nation tax on students simply for being enrolled and attending college within the city limits.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline has expressed concern about the Providence metropolitan area's carbon footprint. As mayor, he sought to implement a streetcar/light rail-type system for the city. He also focused efforts to fight poverty. He won passage of a vacant-and-abandoned property penalty, to provide an economic disincentive for banks to keep properties off the housing market for extended periods of time. He also proposed municipal bonds for the purpose of buying foreclosed properties to expand housing.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline is a strong proponent of after-school activities as a means of improving opportunities for children. As mayor, Cicilline served as Chair of the Standing Committee for Children, Health and Human Services of the United States Conference of Mayors. He has also been recognized for his efforts to establish youth programming and to strengthen ties among schools, businesses and local government, in order to expand access to after-school programming. Under Cicilline, city officials worked with Rhode Island's Education Partnership to form PASA, the Providence After School Alliance. Cicilline also serves on the board of the national nonprofit Afterschool Alliance, an organization that works to promote and to support after-school activities for all children.


title: David Cicilline

text: Between 1980 and 2009, most prostitution was legal in Rhode Island. As mayor, Cicilline was a strong advocate for outlawing it. Cicilline personally testified in Superior Court to stop the opening of "spas" in Providence, and discussed his position in the 2009 documentary "Happy Endings?".


title: David Cicilline

text: During the 2008 Democratic primaries, Cicilline supported Hillary Clinton. In August 2008, he attended the Democratic National Convention in Denver. While there, he told an interviewer that he now supported Barack Obama, saying "[t]here is a real sense of hope and optimism about what we're about to do, and about a chance in leadership in this country”.


title: David Cicilline

text: On June 8, 2008, Marco Riz, an undocumented immigrant from Guatemala who had been arrested twice the previous year while under a deportation order, was charged with the robbery and rape of a 30-year-old woman. A federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agent criticized the Providence Police Department for not checking Riz's immigration status at the time of his previous arrest. The governor of Rhode Island, Donald Carcieri, blamed Cicilline for the department's failure. Previously, Carcieri had signed an executive order requiring all state officials to work with ICE on arrests or hirings of undocumented immigrants. When Carcieri asked the same of local agents, Providence Police Chief Dean Esserman refused. Cicilline responded that it has been the policy of the Police Department to work with ICE and its database on all arrests, that the policy had been followed when Riz was arrested, and that the ICE had failed to act.


title: David Cicilline

text: Beginning in 2003, Cicilline was engaged in a dispute with the Providence Firefighters labor union, Local 799. In a July 2002 email Cicilline sent to the members of Local 799, he indicated that he hoped to resolve their pending contract dispute with the city within 30 days of taking office. In August, Cicilline said in an interview that it was impossible for him to promise to bring the contract negotiations to a successful conclusion, owing to the unpredictability of his negotiating partners. The city and the union had been in arbitration in every contract year since 2002, with Cicilline appealing one arbitration decision to the Rhode Island Supreme Court. The appeal was rejected.


title: David Cicilline

text: In June 2008, John M. Cicilline, brother of Mayor Cicilline, pleaded guilty to conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and making false statements for his role in the courthouse corruption scheme. Federal prosecutors indicted John M. Cicilline, disbarred attorney Joseph Bevilacqua Jr., and two assistants in January 2007. According to court documents, the two attorneys spun a complicated scheme to win leniency in a drug trafficking case.


title: David Cicilline

text: Shortly after assuming office, Cicilline's successor as the Mayor of the City of Providence, Angel Taveras, announced that the City was facing a "category 5" hurricane due to its substantial debt. Tavares made budget cuts, including teacher layoffs and paycuts for city employees. The total structural debt inherited by Tavares in 2011 was $180 million.


title: David Cicilline

text: A report commissioned by the City of Providence found that the Cicilline administration had transferred funds from the Undesignated Surplus (the city's cash reserves) without the proper approval of the City Council, had not provided financial information on a timely basis to the independent auditor, the City Council, or the Internal Auditor, and had not provided the City Council with monthly financial statements, or with projections of year-end surpluses or deficits, among other findings. Providence City Council Finance Chairman John Igliozzi accused him of "hiding the scope of the city's fiscal woes through 'illusory revenues, borrowing, and other tricks.'"


title: David Cicilline

text: Fitch Ratings also downgraded Providence's ratings, citing "imprudent budgeting decisions, and failure to implement recurring budget solutions". Cicilline, who portrayed himself as a reformer looking to restore transparency to City Hall, was criticized by his opponents from the primary and House elections; Democrat Anthony Gemma said that he felt Cicilline had lied his way to federal office, and Republican John Loughlin said, "You just don't lie to people in such a transparent way".


title: David Cicilline

text: A year later, it was reported that Providence could be on the brink of bankruptcy. Former Mayor Cianci placed much of the blame on Cicilline for Providence's problems, saying that although he didn't think it was entirely his fault, he did hide it from the public. Experts have said that the only way out for Providence may be to declare bankruptcy.


title: David Cicilline

text: On February 13, 2010, Cicilline announced his candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives, following the retirement of Patrick J. Kennedy. He won the Democratic primary in September with 37% of the vote, defeating businessman Anthony Gemma (23%), State Representative David Segal (20%), and state party chairman Bill Lynch (20%).


title: David Cicilline

text: He ran for re-election in the newly redrawn 1st district, and won. He beat out former Rhode Island State Police Superintendent Brendan Doherty with 53% of the total votes cast.


title: David Cicilline

text: A February 2012 survey showed Cicilline's approval rating had dropped almost 10% in 3 months, with the percentage of those who rated his performance as "excellent or good" dropping by 24%. Anthony Gemma, Cicilline's primary opponent, said that the poll clearly showed that “a majority of Rhode Islanders wanted to see Cicilline go.”


title: David Cicilline

text: In 2011, it was reported that although Rhode Island had experienced a population shift of only 7,200, a new congressional map would put 125,000 Rhode Islanders into new districts, which would help Democrats—and notably Cicilline. Fellow House Democrat Jim Langevin accused Cicilline of trying to use the redistricting to aid with his reelection campaign. Potential Republican contenders suggested that it was an attempt to save Cicilline after his approval numbers had dropped. Cicilline rebuffed the allegations, and asserted that he did not attempt to influence the redistricting.


title: David Cicilline

text: In 2014, Cicilline defeated his Democratic primary opponent, Matthew Fecteau, with 62.98% of the vote. In the general election, he was reelected to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Cormick Lynch with 59% of the vote.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline was reelected to a fourth term, defeating Republican nominee H. Russell Taub with 64% of the vote.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline ran in the primary election against Christopher Young. During the campaign, both Young and Cicilline's Republican opponent, Patrick Donovan, criticized Cicilline's behavior at the hearing of Peter Strzok. Young said that Cicilline was "screaming like a lunatic". Donovan said, "What Mr. Cicilline did in the hearing was childish. To be yelling like that is not part of what he’s supposed to be doing representing our interests down in Washington." Cicilline defeated Young in the primary election with 78% of the vote.


title: David Cicilline

text: In September, Cicilline stated that if Democrats became the majority party in the House, he would run for assistant Democratic leader. For his work on the Assault Weapons Ban he had introduced to the House, The Newtown Action Alliance endorsed Cicilline in the 2018 election.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline won the general election, defeating Republican nominee Patrick Donovan with 66.6% of the vote.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline ran unopposed in the 2020 Democratic primary election. In the general election, he received 70.8% of the vote, defeating the two independent candidates, Frederick Wysocki and Jeffery Edward Lemire, who earned 15.8% and 12.6%, respectively.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline has voted with his party 96% of the time. He has been called a "populist-leaning liberal". Since 2016, he has served as a co-chair of the Policy and Communications Committee. He has been described as a "rising star" in the Democratic Party. The Democratic Caucus elected Cicilline chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee after he dropped out of the race to become assistant Democratic leader. As chair of the DPCC, Cicilline will be in charge of the caucus' messaging strategy.


title: David Cicilline

text: In October 2021, Portuguese Ambassador to the United States Domingos Teixeira de Abreu Fezas Vital made Cicilline a Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry.


title: David Cicilline

text: In 2017, Cicilline joined the new Antitrust Caucus and co-sponsored the Merger Retrospective Act, which would require the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice to do yearly studies on the effects of corporate mergers on the economy. At the time he joined the Antitrust Caucus, he was the ranking member of the Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline has come out publicly in favor of net neutrality, saying that "he will do whatever it takes" to stop the Federal Communications Commission's proposed plans to end regulation of internet service providers under Title II.


title: David Cicilline

text: On March 7, 2018, Cicilline introduced the Journalism Competition and Preservation Act to the House. The aim of the bill was to temporarily allow news publishers to band together to negotiate with large online platforms, such as Facebook and Google. In a fact sheet published by Cicilline's office, he claimed that a "free and diverse press, particularly local press, is the backbone for a healthy and vibrant democracy". One of the bill's goals was to restore public trust in online media.


title: David Cicilline

text: In the aftermath of the Cambridge Analytica scandal—in which Facebook reportedly gave access to the data of 50 million accounts to Cambridge Analytica—Cicilline sent a letter to the Chairman of the Judicial Committee requesting that he invite Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg to testify before the committee. Cicilline said in a statement: “This incident is only Facebook’s latest abuse of public trust and attempt to obscure its role in the rise of information warfare and propaganda online.”


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline and Representative Jeff Fortenberry sent Alphabet Inc. CEO Sundar Pichai a letter following up on a complaint from 20 advocacy groups regarding Google's compliance with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act. The letter asked the company to reveal the details of how it collects the data of children.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline joined attended the November 2019 meeting of the International Grand Committee on Disinformation and 'Fake News' in Dublin. The committee was made up of parliamentarians from 10 countries, and sought to enhance global collaboration on the regulation of harmful content, hate speech, and electoral interference.


title: David Cicilline

text: In July 2020, Cicilline chaired a meeting of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law, which included Zuckerberg, Pichai, Apple Inc. CEO Tim Cook, and Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, so that they could testify about their platforms. Cicilline and the other members of the bipartisan committee extensively interrogated and scrutinized the four CEOs, and accused them of anti-competitive practices, with Cicilline insinuating that the various platforms had problems with their competitive practices. When questioning Pichai, Cicilline claimed that Google's business model was a problem, and displayed emails from over a decade ago that showed the company had engaged in "a pattern of anti-competitive behavior." He also argued that the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the urgent need for regulation of these companies, and compared them to past monopolies, such as the railroads and oil tycoons, AT&T, and Microsoft.


title: David Cicilline

text: An avid supporter of nonviolence, Cicilline has taken a stance against the U.S. military presence in Libya, voting to limit the use of funds supporting NATO operations in Libya, and to remove armed forces from Libya. In 2013, he went on record as "skeptical" of the Obama administration’s attempts to get congressional approval for military action in Syria.


title: David Cicilline

text: In March 2018, Cicilline was among a handful of U.S. legislators to receive the Presidential Medal of Gratitude from President Bako Sahakyan of the Republic of Artsakh. According to Public Radio of Armenia, "The Medal of Gratitude is awarded to individuals, organizations, and collectives for significant contributions in restoring and developing the economy, science, culture, and social spheres of the NKR, as well as for defending and promoting international recognition of the Republic." Cicilline was a part of the bipartisan group of 37 U.S. Representatives to call for a $70 million aid package to Armenia and Artsakh.


title: David Cicilline

text: On March 23, 2018, Cicilline released a statement voicing his opposition to Trump's appointment of John Bolton as National Security Advisor. Cicilline cited Bolton's advocacy for preemptive attacks on Iran and North Korea, as well as his support for the Iraq War, when he worked as Ambassador to the United Nations during President George W. Bush’s administration.


title: David Cicilline

text: In April 2018, Cicilline warned Trump against meeting with Kim Jong-un, saying, “There was a reason that prior presidents had rejected the idea of meeting with a North Korean dictator, his father, and grandfather before him, because it elevates his standing in the international community right away by having the meeting. The notion that it is historic, it is historic, but it may not be historic in a good way.”


title: David Cicilline

text: In May 2018, Cicilline introduced a bipartisan bill to block the sale of F-35s to NATO ally Turkey. He cited concerns over Turkey's increasing aggression against U.S.-backed forces in Iraq and Syria, as well as the Turkey's increasingly friendly relationship with Russia.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline and Representative Adam Kinzinger authored an opinion piece about the UN peacekeeping mission in Liberia. They commended the UN's work in Liberia, and cited the mission as one of the UN's major peacekeeping successes.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline accused Turkey of inciting the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. On October 1, 2020, he co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against Nagorno-Karabakh, denounced Turkey’s role in the conflict, and called for an immediate ceasefire.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline is a strong gun control advocate, and was a founding member of the bipartisan coalition Mayors Against Illegal Guns. In 2010, the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence endorsed Cicilline; in 2000, the National Rifle Association awarded him an F- lifetime score. Cicilline has also indicated his support for a ban on the sale or transfer of all forms of semi-automatic weapons, for more stringent state restrictions on the purchase and possession of firearms, and for a requirement that manufacturers equip firearms with child-safety locks. On November 16, 2011, he made a public statement against the National Right-to-Carry Reciprocity Act, which would "require all states to allow out-of-state visitors to carry concealed firearms, as long as the laws of the visitors' home states allow them to do so." He insisted that the Second Amendment had nothing to do with this bill, which he argued would infringe upon the right of state governments to protect the safety of their citizens, and would force communities to accept concealed-carry standards set by other states.


title: David Cicilline

text: In October 2017, after the Las Vegas shooting, Cicilline introduced a bill to ban bump stocks. After the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, he introduced the Assault Weapons Ban Act of 2018. The bill would ban 205 specific firearms, such as the AR-15 and the AK-47, outright. Cicilline was also among the members of Congress who supported the National School Walkout, and met with protesters at the U.S. Capitol.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline has repeatedly expressed his view that the U.S. immigration system is "broken" and that the Congress must fix it. In May 2017, he opposed the Davis-Oliver Act, introduced by Representative Raúl Labrador, which would have added 12,500 armed federal immigration officers, penalized sanctuary cities, and stepped up detentions and deportation activities. Cicilline called the bill "President Trump's mass deportation act" and said it would make “our communities less safe.”


title: David Cicilline

text: On March 6, 2018, Cicilline introduced the Advancing Mutual Interests and Growing our Success (AMIGOS) Act, which would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to include Portugal as a country whose citizens would be eligible for entry into the United States as E-1 or E-2 nonimmigrants, provided that Portugal provides similar benefits to U.S. nationals.


title: David Cicilline

text: In March 2011, Cicilline co-sponsored a bill to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act, and supported efforts to legalize same-sex marriage.


title: David Cicilline

text: In 2015, Cicilline introduced the Equality Act, a bill that would expand the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. In September 2017, he reintroduced the Equality Act. In 2019, Cicilline reintroduced the Equality Act again, the first time it was introduced in a Democratic-controlled House. The bill passed the House on May 17, 2019.


title: David Cicilline

text: In September 2016, Cicilline asked Immigration and Customs Enforcement Director Sarah Saldana what her agency was doing to "enhance" guidelines for LGBT individuals in ICE custody. Saldana answered that ICE officers spoke with LGBT+ undocumented immigrants in order to properly accommodate them while they were in American detention facilities.


title: David Cicilline

text: In July 2018, Cicilline was a co-sponsor of The Gay and Trans Panic Defense Prohibition Act. This act would prohibit defense lawyers from using a victim’s LGBTQ identity as justification for a crime, or to argue for lesser sentences on the premise that there were extenuating circumstances that motivated their clients to lash out violently. Also that year, Cicilline was one of over 100 Democratic members of Congress to oppose the State Department's decision to deny or revoke diplomatic visas to unmarried same-sex partners of foreign diplomats.


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline is pro-choice, and advocates that abortions always be legally available, and that government funding be provided to clinics and medical facilities that provide abortion services. He opposed the Protect Life Act of October 2011, which would ban the use of federal funding to cover any costs under health care plans that paid for abortions, and would allow federally funded hospitals to refuse to perform abortions, even in cases in which the mother's life is in danger. Stating that the bill would put women's lives at risk and would limit "how women can spend their own private dollars to purchase health insurance", Cicilline called it "outrageous".


title: David Cicilline

text: In February 2011, Cicilline voted against prohibiting the disbursement of federal funds to Planned Parenthood, and, in May 2011, against prohibiting taxpayer funding of abortions. He co-sponsored the Violence Against Women Health Initiative Act of 2011, which sought to "improve the health care system's assessment and response to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking, and for other purposes."


title: David Cicilline

text: Cicilline has declared his support for veterans' "access to a range of resources in health care, housing, employment, mental health services, and education". He has co-sponsored numerous acts in the interest of veterans, including the Veterans Dog Training Therapy Act, which was intended to aid veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder; the Disabled Veterans Tax Termination Act, to permit disabled veterans to receive both retirement pay and disability compensation; and the Veteran Employment Transition Act of 2011, to extend work opportunities to recently discharged veterans.


title: David Cicilline

text: On November 18, 2011, Cicilline said of the Vow Hire Heroes Act, which was intended to increase job opportunities for veterans: "This vote ensures that Rhode Island veterans, and all of our nation's veterans, will receive some of the tools and resources they need to successfully reenter the workforce, and provide for their families and loved ones".


title: Ingot

text: An ingot is a piece of relatively pure material, usually metal, that is cast into a shape suitable for further processing. In steelmaking, it is the first step among semi-finished casting products. Ingots usually require a second procedure of shaping, such as cold/hot working, cutting, or milling to produce a useful final product. Non-metallic and semiconductor materials prepared in bulk form may also be referred to as ingots, particularly when cast by mold based methods. Precious metal ingots can be used as currency (with or without being processed into other shapes), or as a currency reserve, as with gold bars.


title: Ingot

text: Ingots are generally made of metal, either pure or alloy, heated past its melting point and cast into a bar or block using a mold chill method.


title: Ingot

text: Single crystal ingots (called boules) of materials are grown (crystal growth) using methods such as the Czochralski process or Bridgeman technique.


title: Ingot

text: The boules may be either semiconductor (e.g. electronic chip wafers, photovoltaic cells) or non-conducting inorganic compounds for industrial and jewelry use (e.g., synthetic ruby, sapphire).


title: Ingot

text: Single crystal ingots of metal are produced in similar fashion to that used to produce high purity semiconductor ingots, i.e. by vacuum induction refining. Single crystal ingots of engineering metals are of interest due to their very high strength due to lack of grain boundaries. The method of production is via single crystal dendrite and not via simple casting. Possible uses include turbine blades.


title: Ingot

text: In the United States, the brass and bronze ingot making industry started in the early 19th century. The US brass industry grew to be the number one producer by the 1850s. During colonial times the brass and bronze industries were almost non-existent because the British demanded all copper ore be sent to Britain for processing. Copper based alloy ingots weighed approximately .


title: Ingot

text: Ingots are manufactured by the cooling of a molten liquid (known as the melt) in a mold. The manufacture of ingots has several aims.


title: Ingot

text: Firstly, the mold is designed to completely solidify and form an appropriate grain structure required for later processing, as the structure formed by the cooling of the melt controls the physical properties of the material.


title: Ingot

text: Secondly, the shape and size of the mold is designed to allow for ease of ingot handling and downstream processing. Finally, the mold is designed to minimize melt wastage and aid ejection of the ingot, as losing either melt or ingot increases manufacturing costs of finished products.


title: Ingot

text: A variety of designs exist for the mold, which may be selected to suit the physical properties of the liquid melt and the solidification process. Molds may exist in the top, horizontal or bottom-up pouring and may be fluted or flat walled. The fluted design increases heat transfer owing to a larger contact area. Molds may be either solid "massive" design, sand cast (e.g. for pig iron), or water-cooled shells, depending upon heat transfer requirements. Ingot molds are tapered to prevent the formation of cracks due to uneven cooling. A crack or void formation occurs as the liquid to solid transition has an associated volume change for a constant mass of material. The formation of these ingot defects may render the cast ingot useless and may need to be re-melted, recycled, or discarded.


title: Ingot

text: The physical structure of a crystalline material is largely determined by the method of cooling and precipitation of the molten metal. During the pouring process, metal in contact with the ingot walls rapidly cools and forms either a columnar structure or possibly a "chill zone" of equiaxed dendrites, depending upon the liquid being cooled and the cooling rate of the mold.


title: Ingot

text: For a top-poured ingot, as the liquid cools within the mold, differential volume effects cause the top of the liquid to recede leaving a curved surface at the mold top which may eventually be required to be machined from the ingot. The mold cooling effect creates an advancing solidification front, which has several associated zones, closer to the wall there is a solid zone that draws heat from the solidifying melt, for alloys there may exist a "mushy" zone, which is the result of solid-liquid equilibrium regions in the alloy's phase diagram, and a liquid region. The rate of front advancement controls the time that dendrites or nuclei have to form in the solidification region. The width of the mushy zone in an alloy may be controlled by tuning the heat transfer properties of the mold or adjusting the liquid melt alloy compositions.


title: Ingot

text: Continuous casting methods for ingot processing also exist, whereby a stationary front of solidification is formed by the continual take-off of cooled solid material, and the addition of a molten liquid to the casting process.


title: Ingot

text: Approximately 70 percent of aluminium ingots in the U.S. are cast using the direct chill casting process, which reduces cracking. A total of 5 percent of ingots must be scrapped because of stress induced cracks and butt deformation.


title: Ingot

text: Plano-convex ingots are widely distributed archaeological artifacts which are studied to provide information on the history of metallurgy.


title: Scheana Shay

text: Scheana (formally Shay, born Scheana Marie Jancan; May 7, 1985) is an American television personality, actress and singer. Since 2013, she has been a cast member on the Bravo reality television series "Vanderpump Rules".


title: Scheana Shay

text: Scheana graduated with the class of 2002 from Bishop Amat Memorial High School in La Puente, California. In 2006, she graduated with a bachelor's degree in broadcast journalism from Azusa Pacific University. She worked at Hooters during her late teenage years.


title: Scheana Shay

text: She began her acting career with guest appearances on television shows "Greek", "Jonas", "Victorious" and "90210". In 2012, she portrayed Angel Tomlin on three episodes of the anthology television series "Femme Fatales".


title: Scheana Shay

text: In 2013, she became a regular cast member of reality television series "Vanderpump Rules", a spin-off of "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills." The series follows the lives of SUR and TomTom servers in West Hollywood, California. During her time on "Vanderpump Rules", Shay has released several dance-pop singles, most notably "Good as Gold".


title: Scheana Shay

text: In 2018, Shay relocated to Las Vegas for several months and starred in a stage show called "Sex Tips for Straight Women from a Gay Man" at Anthony Cools Theater at Paris Las Vegas. She replaced Kendra Wilkinson in the role of Robyn.


title: Scheana Shay

text: Shay married Michael Shay on July 27, 2014, at Hummingbird Nest Ranch in Santa Susana, California after knowing each other for over a decade. The couple announced their separation in November 2016 and finalized their divorce in April 2017.


title: Scheana Shay

text: After her divorce, Shay decided to freeze her eggs. For the six weeks before her egg retrieval procedure, Shay said she stopped drinking, smoking marijuana, and having sex. She was successfully able to harvest 12 eggs. In 2019, Shay froze her eggs again less than a year after undergoing the procedure for the first time.


title: Scheana Shay

text: After suffering a miscarriage with boyfriend, Brock Davies, Shay announced on October 28, 2020, that she was expecting her first child in April 2021. The couple’s daughter was born on April 26, 2021. Shay married Brock Davies on August 23, 2022, at Dreams Natura Resort & Spa in Cancún, Mexico.


title: Theatre of Cruelty

text: The Theatre of Cruelty (, also ) is a form of theatre generally associated with Antonin Artaud. Artaud, who was briefly a member of the surrealist movement, outlined his theories in "The Theatre and Its Double". The Theatre of Cruelty can be seen as a break from traditional Western theatre and a means by which artists assault the senses of the audience. Artaud's works have been highly influential on artists including Jean Genet, Jerzy Grotowski, Peter Brook, and Romeo Castellucci.


title: Theatre of Cruelty

text: Antonin Artaud was well known as an actor, playwright, and essayist of avant-garde theatre, and briefly a member of the surrealist movement in Paris from 1924 - 1926, before his 'radical independence and his uncontrollable personality, perpetually in revolt, brought about his excommunication by André Breton.' Much of the avant-garde theatre developed in France from 1914 to 1939 can be seen as a revolt against tradition. Deeply affected by the events of World War I, the artists of the movement felt increasing skepticism of the existing societal structures that had allowed for global warfare.


title: Theatre of Cruelty

text: While Artaud would eventually break away from surrealism, the movement helped to shape his later theories on the Theatre of Cruelty. Led by André Breton, surrealist theatre reflected a belief that the unconscious mind is a source of artistic truth. In his manifesto on surrealism, Breton writes, "pure psychic automatism, by which is intended to express, verbally, in writing, or by other means, the real process of thought. Thought's dictation, in absence of all control exercised by the reason and outside all esthetic or moral preoccupation."


title: Theatre of Cruelty

text: In 1926, in association with surrealist playwright Roger Vitrac, Artaud founded the Theatre Alfred Jarry, which only produced non-realistic drama. The theatre lasted only two years. After his work in surrealist theatre, Artaud went on to develop his theories on the Theatre of Cruelty after he was inspired by a Balinese dance troupe performance that he viewed at the Paris Colonial Exhibit in 1931. The performance conventions of Balinese dance were different from any Artaud had previously experienced, and he was struck by the intense physicality of the dancers. Artaud went on to publish his major work on the Theatre of Cruelty, "The Theatre and Its Double", seven years later in 1938.


title: Theatre of Cruelty

text: "Encyclopædia Britannica" describes the Theatre of Cruelty as "a primitive ceremonial experience intended to liberate the human subconscious and reveal man to himself". It goes on to say that "Manifeste du théâtre de la cruauté" (1932; "Manifesto of the Theatre of Cruelty") and "Le Théâtre et son double" (1938; "The Theatre and Its Double") both called for "communion between actor and audience in a magic exorcism; gestures, sounds, unusual scenery, and lighting combine to form a language, superior to words, that can be used to subvert thought and logic and to shock the spectator into seeing the baseness of his world." Artaud warned against the dangers of psychology in theater and strove to create a theater in which the mise-en-scène, everything present in the staging of a production, could be understood as a codified stage language, with minimal emphasis on spoken language.