title: Melba Moore

text: In 1986, she scored two number 1 R&B hits, including the duet "A Little Bit More" with Freddie Jackson and "Falling". She scored other popular R&B hits including "Love the One I'm With (A Lot of Love)" and "It's Been So Long". In 1986, Moore also headlined the CBS television sitcom "Melba"; its debut aired the same night as the Challenger explosion and the show was abruptly cancelled, though five episodes aired that summer. Her success began to wane as the decade closed, although she managed two further Top 10 R&B hits, "Do You Really (Want My Love)" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing". Moore had a starring role in the 1990 horror film "Def by Temptation".


title: Melba Moore

text: Moore returned to Broadway in 1995 landing a part in "Les Misérables". A year later, she started her long-running one-woman show, "Sweet Songs of the Soul", later renamed "I'm Still Standing". In 2003, Moore was featured in the film, "The Fighting Temptations", which starred Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Beyoncé Knowles. In 2007, she landed a role in a production of "Ain't Misbehavin'". In 2009 independent label Breaking Records released the EP "Book of Dreams", in which Moore was featured. That same year Moore told her life story on TV-One's "Unsung" and later that year released her first R&B album in nearly 20 years, a duet with Phil Perry called "The Gift of Love". Her song "Love Is" debuted on the R&B charts in 2011 at number 87.


title: Melba Moore

text: In 2016, Moore released the album "Forever Moore". Moore has continued to tour and perform since then releasing her album "The Day I Turned To You" on December 13, 2019 – an album of R&B-inflected gospel music.


title: Melba Moore

text: In 2022, Moore performed in Washington DC in "Roll On", a gospel musical that originally opened with her in 2006.


title: Melba Moore

text: Moore has been married once and has a daughter. Moore was engaged in a four-year relationship with television star Clifton Davis during the early 1970s. Davis later admitted that the relationship failed due to his drug abuse and mistreatment of Moore. In September 1974, Moore married record manager and business promoter Charles Huggins. Moore and Huggins divorced after 17 years of marriage in 1991. In 1999, Huggins filed suit against Moore claiming that she had publicly defamed him by stating that he abused her economically.


title: Melba Moore

text: In addition to her Tony Award, Moore's music career brought additional accolades. She was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1971 for 'Best New Artist'. In 1976, she earned another Grammy nomination for Best Rhythm & Blues Vocal Performance - Female for the song "Lean on Me". Moore was also nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance in 1986 for "Read My Lips". Moore is also the 2012 Recipient of the Atlanta Black Theatre Festival Theatre Legend Award. Moore was inducted into the Official Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame on October 4, 2015, in Detroit.


title: Melba Moore

text: Moore received the prestigious 2015 Sandy Hosey Lifetime Achievement Award during the Artists Music Guild's 2015 AMG Heritage Awards broadcast held on November 14, 2015, in North Carolina.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: Irlen syndrome, occasionally referred to as scotopic sensitivity syndrome (SSS) or Meares–Irlen syndrome, is a postulated disorder of vision or image-processing in the brain. Irlen syndrome is also sometimes referred to as asfedia or visual stress. Many mainstream professionals are skeptical of the concept. Research on Irlen syndrome has produced mixed results, finding a possible neurological basis for the condition but little or no evidence supporting the most commonly proposed treatment using tinted eyeglasses or overlays to aid reading.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: In 1980, New Zealand teacher Olive Meares described the visual distortions some individuals reported when reading from white paper. In 1983, American psychologist Helen Irlen wrote a paper about the use of coloured overlays aiding the reading abilities of some people. Similar symptoms were separately described by Meares and Irlen, each unaware of the other's work. Irlen, who was the first to systematically define the condition, named her findings "scotopic sensitivity", though in the discussions and debates over the following years, some referred to it as Meares-Irlen syndrome. The Irlen Institute, founded by Helen Irlen, describes scotopic sensitivity as "a perceptual processing disorder" related to brain interpretations of colours and light.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: It remains controversial whether non-Irlen-certified Meares-Irlen syndrome and the original Irlen syndrome are the same condition. Irlen syndrome, for example, seems to include a broader array of symptoms, including severe variants of the core condition. Basic testing for scotopic sensitivity was tried by optometrists, opticians and orthoptists in UK hospitals, and by optometrists and opticians in private practice employing a technique that used the Intuitive Colorimeter, developed under Medical Research Council licence. An alternative approach to correct Irlen syndrome was tried by Orthoscopics franchise in the UK, with wide colour coverage and tints manufactured by Hoyato match. Other commercial organisations have produced sets of therapeutic tints, although most have not received scientific evaluation.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: Studies investigating Irlens' syndrome as a treatable condition have been criticised for having a biased and subjective approach to their research.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: Treatments offered by Irlens' practitioners have not been found to be effective in improving reading ability.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: Irlen divides Irlen syndromes into six types: photophobia, distortion of the fundus, graphical distortions during reading, decreased visual field, difficulty in ocular fixation during reading and change in depth perception.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: The disorders have been studied in several institutions, including the Psychology Department at Essex University, the former Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge University in England, and in the case of Meares-Irlen syndrome, Visual Unit at Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland. the Visual Stress Unit offered non-commercial diagnostic and therapeutic services to individuals, and provided advice to the Scottish National Health Service.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: In Australia, Irlen syndrome was researched by Paul Whiting at the University of Sydney. Whiting set up the first Irlen Dyslexia Centre in Australia, which operated in the Children's Centre at Sydney University for more than 15 years. Irlen syndrome was also studied in Australia by Greg Robinson (1944–2008) at the University of Newcastle. He was director of the Special Education Centre at the School of Education.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: In the US, peer-reviewed literature on the topic suggests that much is unknown about the cause of these disorders, ranging from the 2011 study in a journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, "Irlen Colored Overlays Do not Alleviate Reading Difficulties" and the 2012 study in the journal "Brain Topography", "A Functional Neuroimaging Case Study of Meares–Irlen Syndrome". The first, purely in relation to Meares-Irlen syndrome, finds that there is no evidence for one of the fundamental claims of therapeutic benefit. The second, which focused primarily on Irlen syndrome, found compelling evidence of unique brain function linked to the syndrome.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: The College of Optometrists (UK) has specified guidelines for optometrists who use the colorimeter system. A society for coloured lens prescribers has been established to provide a list of eye-care practitioners with expertise in the provision of coloured lenses for the treatment of visual stress.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: The Irlen Method uses coloured overlays and tinted lenses in the form of glass or contact lenses. The method is intended to reduce or eliminate perceptual processing errors; it is claimed the resultant retiming of visual signals in the brain improves the reading difficulties associated with scotopic sensitivity syndrome.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: Skepticism relating to scotopic sensitivity syndrome's exact pathology has evolved on several fronts:


title: Irlen syndrome

text: A 2009 report by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not find that there is conclusive scientific evidence for the use of coloured lenses (one treatment used to relieve symptoms of scotopic sensitivity syndrome) although it acknowledges anecdotal evidence in support of customized colored lenses. When discussing its scientific basis, the AAP mentions that "[t]he method used to select the lens or filter color has been highly variable, the color selection has also shown considerable variability, and the test-retest consistency has been poor" (p. 843).


title: Irlen syndrome

text: The association of scotopic sensitivity syndrome and dyslexia has been challenged by many authors in the optometric and ophthalmologic communities. Furthermore, many special education departments at universities challenge the validity of coloured lenses as an effective treatment for the condition as outlined by the Macquarie University Special Education Centre.


title: Irlen syndrome

text: Critics claim that the symptoms of those with Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome are related to already known visual perceptual and neurological disorders. According to a statement released by the American Optometric Association in 2004:


title: Names of Korea

text: There are various names of Korea in use today, all derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties. The modern English name "Korea" is an exonym derived from the name Goryeo, also spelled "Koryŏ", and is used by both North Korea and South Korea in international contexts. In the Korean language, the two Koreas use different terms to refer to the nominally unified nation: "Joseon" (, ) in North Korea and "Hanguk" (, ) in South Korea. Ethnic Koreans living in China and Japan also use the term "Joseon" to refer to Korea.


title: Names of Korea

text: The earliest records of Korean history are written in Chinese characters called hanja. Even after the invention of hangul, Koreans generally recorded native Korean names with hanja, by translation of meaning, transliteration of sound, or even combinations of the two. Furthermore, the pronunciations of the same character are somewhat different in Korean and the various Korean dialects, and have changed over time.


title: Names of Korea

text: For all these reasons, in addition to the sparse and sometimes contradictory written records, it is often difficult to determine the original meanings or pronunciations of ancient names.


title: Names of Korea

text: Until 108 BC, northern Korea and part of Manchuria were controlled by Gojoseon. In contemporaneous Chinese records, it was written as , which is pronounced in modern Korean as "Joseon" (). The prefixing of "Go-" (), meaning "old" or "ancient," is a historiographical convention that distinguishes it from the later Joseon Dynasty. The name Joseon is also now still used by North Koreans and Koreans living in China and Japan to refer to the peninsula, and as the official Korean form of the name of "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (Joseon). Cognates of 朝鮮 "Joseon" are also used in many Asian languages, such as Japanese, Vietnamese, and Chinese, to refer to the Korean Peninsula.


title: Names of Korea

text: Possibly the Chinese characters phonetically transcribed a native Korean name, perhaps pronounced something like "Jyusin". Some speculate that it also corresponds to Chinese references to (, Suksin (ethnic group)), (, Jiksin) and (, Siksin), although these latter names probably describe the ancestors of the Jurchen people.


title: Names of Korea

text: Other scholars believe was a "translation" of the native Korean "Asadal" (), the capital of Gojoseon: "asa" being a hypothetical Altaic root word for "morning", and "dal" meaning "mountain", a common ending for Goguryeo place names.


title: Names of Korea

text: An early attempt to translate these characters into English gave rise to the expression "The Land of the Morning Calm" for Korea, which parallels the expression "The Land of the Rising Sun" for Japan. While the wording is fanciful, the essence of the translation is valid.


title: Names of Korea

text: Around the time of Gojoseon's fall, various chiefdoms in southern Korea grouped into confederacies, collectively called the Samhan (, , "Three "Han""). "Han" is a native Korean root for "leader" or "great", as in "maripgan" ("king", archaic), "hanabi" ("grandfather", archaic), and "Hanbat" ("Great Field", archaic name for Daejeon).


title: Names of Korea

text: "Han" was transliterated in Chinese records as (, hán), (, gan), (, gan), (, gan), or (, hàn), but it is unrelated to the Han people () and states also called Hán (), both of which are similar but different in tone. (See: Transcription into Chinese characters).


title: Names of Korea

text: Beginning in the 7th century, the name "Samhan" became synonymous with the Three Kingdoms of Korea. According to the "Samguk sagi" and "Samguk yusa", Silla implemented a national policy, "Samhan Unification" (), to integrate Baekje and Goguryeo refugees. In 1982, a memorial stone dating back to 686 was discovered in Cheongju with an inscription: "The Three Han were unified and the domain was expanded." During the Later Silla period, the concepts of Samhan as the ancient confederacies and the Three Kingdoms of Korea were merged. In a letter to an imperial tutor of the Tang dynasty, Choe Chiwon equated Byeonhan to Baekje, Jinhan to Silla, and Mahan to Goguryeo. By the Goryeo period, Samhan became a common name to refer to all of Korea. In his Ten Mandates to his descendants, Wang Geon declared that he had unified the Three Han (Samhan), referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Samhan continued to be a common name for Korea during the Joseon period and was widely referenced in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty.


title: Names of Korea

text: In China, the Three Kingdoms of Korea were collectively called Samhan since the beginning of the 7th century. The use of the name Samhan to indicate the Three Kingdoms of Korea was widespread in the Tang dynasty. Goguryeo was alternately called Mahan by the Tang dynasty, as evidenced by a Tang document that called Goguryeo generals "Mahan leaders" () in 645. In 651, Emperor Gaozong of Tang sent a message to the king of Baekje referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea as Samhan. Epitaphs of the Tang dynasty, including those belonging to Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla refugees and migrants, called the Three Kingdoms of Korea "Samhan", especially Goguryeo. For example, the epitaph of Go Hyeon (), a Tang dynasty general of Goguryeo origin who died in 690, calls him a "Liaodong Samhan man" (). The History of Liao equates Byeonhan to Silla, Jinhan to Buyeo, and Mahan to Goguryeo.


title: Names of Korea

text: The "Han" in the names of the Korean Empire, "Daehan Jeguk", and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), "Daehan Minguk" or "Hanguk", are named in reference to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula.


title: Names of Korea

text: Around the beginning of the Common Era, remnants of the fallen Gojoseon were re-united and expanded by the kingdom of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It, too, was a native Korean word, probably pronounced something like "Guri", transcribed with various hanja characters: , , or (, Goguryeo), (, Goryeo), (, Gori), or (, Guryeo). The source native name is thought to be either *"Guru" ("walled city, castle, fortress"; attested in Chinese historical documents, but not in native Korean sources) or *"Gauri" ("center, middle"; cf. Middle Korean "*gaβɔndɔy" and Standard Modern Korean "gaunde" ).


title: Names of Korea

text: The theory that Goguryeo referenced the founder's surname has been largely discredited (the royal surname changed from "Hae" to "Go" long after the state's founding).


title: Names of Korea

text: In the south, the Samhan resolved into the kingdoms of Baekje and Silla, constituting, with Goguryeo, the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 668, Silla unified the three kingdoms, and reigned as Later Silla until 935. The name Samhan became synonymous with the Three Kingdoms of Korea beginning in the 7th century, and by the Goryeo period it became a common name to refer to all of Korea.


title: Names of Korea

text: The succeeding dynasty called itself Goryeo (), and regarded itself as the successor to Goguryeo (). The name Goryeo was the shortened form of Goguryeo and was first used during the reign of Jangsu in the 5th century. Through the Silk Road trade routes, Persian and Arab merchants brought knowledge about Silla and Goryeo to India and the Middle East. Goryeo was transliterated into Italian as "Cauli", the name Marco Polo used when mentioning the country in his "Travels," derived from the Chinese form "Gāolí".


title: Names of Korea

text: In 1392, a new dynasty established by a military coup revived the name Joseon (, , "Chosŏn"), after the ancient state Gojoseon. The alternative name for this nation could have been Hwaryeong, but in the end, Taejo of Joseon decided to go with Joseon. The hanja for Joseon often translated into English as "morning calm/sun", and Korea's English nickname became "The Land of the Morning Calm"; however, this interpretation is not often used in the Korean language, and is more familiar to Koreans as a back-translation from English. This nickname was coined by Percival Lowell in his book, "Chosön, the Land of the Morning Calm," published in 1885.


title: Names of Korea

text: In 1897, the nation was renamed "Daehan Jeguk" (, , literally, "Great Han Empire", known in English as Korean Empire). "Han" had been selected in reference to "Samhan", specifically the Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula. So, "Daehan Jeguk" (, ) means it is an empire that rules the area of Three Kingdoms of Korea. This name was used to emphasize independence of Korea, because an empire cannot be a subordinate country.


title: Names of Korea

text: When the Korean Empire came under Japanese rule in 1910, the name reverted to "Joseon" (officially, the Japanese pronunciation "Chōsen"). During this period, many different groups outside of Korea fought for independence, the most notable being the Daehan Minguk Imsi Jeongbu (, ), literally the "Provisional Government of the Great Han People's State", known in English as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea ( =  'people' +  country/state' = 'republic' in East Asian capitalist societies).


title: Names of Korea

text: In 1948, the South adopted the provisional government's name of Daehan Minguk (, ; see above), known in English as the Republic of Korea, though commentators have noted that the English name is not a direct translation of the Korean one.


title: Names of Korea

text: Meanwhile, the North became Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk (, ), translated in English as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Each component of the name was carefully selected. "Chosŏn" was the natural choice for the short form, "Korea", since it had been used throughout the colonial period to denote the Peninsula. For the long form of the name, "Konghwaguk" was used for republic because of its leftist connotations over "Minguk". North Koreans wanted to adopt something that had already been used in the Eastern Bloc to borrow legitimacy. A choice was presented between a "People's Republic" and a "Democratic Republic", because they had been used in the names of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets and the Finnish Democratic Republic, respectively. "People's Republic" was favored by Pak Hon-yong of the Communist Party of Korea and it had already been used by the temporary People's Republic of Korea (PRK) formed in Seoul after liberation. "Democratic Republic", on the other hand, was associated with Mao Zedong's concept of New Democracy, which influenced Kim Tu-bong of the New People's Party of Korea. After his party merged with the Workers' Party of North Korea, the concept found its way to Kim Il-sung's parlance. Kim began to speak of a "Democratic People's Republic". This was echoed by what the true authorities of the country, the Soviet Civil Administration, prescribed, albeit in different order: "People's-Democratic Republic" (). Thus the name of the country became the "Korea(n) Democratic People's Republic" in Korean and "Korean People's-Democratic Republic" in Russian so that both parties could claim that they were behind the coining.


title: Names of Korea

text: Today, South Koreans use "Hanguk" (, ) to refer to just South Korea or Korea as a whole, "Namhan" (, ; "South Han") for South Korea, and "Bukhan" (, ; "North Han") for North Korea. South Korea less formally refers to North Korea as "Ibuk" (, ; "The North"). South Koreans often refer to Korea as "uri nara" (), meaning "our nation" or "our country". In addition, the official name for the Republic of Korea in the Korean language is "Daehan Minguk" (, ; which is usually translated as "The Republic of Korea").


title: Names of Korea

text: North Koreans use "Chosŏn", "Namjosŏn" (, ; "South Chosŏn"), and "Pukchosŏn" (, ; "North Chosŏn") when referring to Korea, South Korea, and North Korea, respectively. The term "Pukchosŏn", however, is rarely used in the north, although it may be found in pre-war sources, such as the Song of General Kim Il-sung. In the 1970s, Kim Il-sung suggested that in the event of a North Korean takeover of South Korea, "Koryo" () could become the Korean name of the country.


title: Names of Korea

text: In the tourist regions in North Korea and the official meetings between South Korea and North Korea, "Namcheuk" (, ) and "Bukcheuk" (, ), or "southern side" and "northern side", are used instead of "Namjosŏn" and "Bukhan".


title: Names of Korea

text: The Korean language is called "Hangukeo" (, , referring to the Korean language) or "Hangukmal" (, , referring to spoken Korean only) in the South and "Chosŏnmal" (, ) or "Chosŏnŏ" (, ) in the North. The Korean script is called hangeul () in South Korea and "Chosŏn'gŭl" () in North Korea. The Korean Peninsula is called "Hanbando" (, ) in the South and "Chosŏn Bando" (, ) in the North.


title: Names of Korea

text: In Chinese-speaking areas such as China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, different naming conventions on several terms have been practiced according to their political proximity to whichever Korean government although there is a growing trend for convergence.


title: Names of Korea

text: In the Chinese language, the Korean Peninsula is usually called "Cháoxiǎn Bàndǎo" () and in rare cases called "Hán Bàndǎo" (). Ethnic Koreans are also called "Cháoxiǎnzú" (), instead of "Dàhán mínzú" (). However, the term "Hánguó ren" () may be used to specifically refer to South Koreans.


title: Names of Korea

text: Before establishing diplomatic relations with South Korea, the People's Republic of China tended to use the historic Korean name "Cháoxiǎn" ( "Joseon" or "Chosŏn"), by referring to South Korea as "Nán Cháoxiǎn" ( "South Joseon"). Since diplomatic ties were restored, China has used the names that each of the two sides prefer, by referring to North Korea as "Cháoxiǎn" and to South Korea as "Hánguó" ( "Hanguk"). The Korean language can be referred to as either "Cháoxiǎnyǔ" () or "Hánguóyǔ" (). The Korean War is officially called the "Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng" ( "War to Resist America and Aid Korea") although the term "Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng" () is also used in unofficial contexts.


title: Names of Korea

text: Taiwan, on the other hand, uses the South Korean names, referring to North Korean as "Běihán" ( "North Han") and South Korean as "Nánhán" ( "South Han"). The Republic of China previously maintained diplomatic relations with South Korea, but has never had relations with North Korea. As a result, in the past, "Hánguó" () had been used to refer to the whole Korea, and Taiwanese textbooks treated Korea as a unified nation. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China under the Democratic Progressive Party Government considered North and South Koreas two separate countries. However, general usage in Taiwan is still to refer to North Korea as "Běihán" ( "North Han[guk]") and South Korea as "Nánhán" ( "South Han[guk]") while use of – which in Taiwan is not pronounced "Cháoxiǎn" but "Cháoxiān" – is generally limited to ancient Korea. The Korean language is usually referred to as "Hányǔ" ().


title: Names of Korea

text: Similarly, general usage in Hong Kong and Macau has traditionally referred to North Korea as "Bak Hon" ( "North Han") and South Korea as "Nam Hon" ( "South Han"). Under the influence of official usage, which is itself influenced by the official usage of the People's Republic of China government, the mainland practice of naming the two Koreas differently has become more common.


title: Names of Korea

text: In the Chinese language used in Singapore and Malaysia, North Korea is usually called "Cháoxiǎn" ( "Chosŏn") with "Běi Cháoxiǎn" ( "North Chosŏn") and "Běihán" ( "North Han") less often used, while South Korea is usually called "Hánguó" ( "Hanguk") with "Nánhán" ( "South Han[guk]") and "Nán Cháoxiǎn" ( "South Chosŏn") less often used.


title: Names of Korea

text: In Hokkien speaking areas of chinese communities in countries like Taiwan and around Southeast Asia, Korea is called "Hân-kok" ( "Hanguk") where North Korea is referred to as "Pak-hân" ( "North Han") and South Korea as "Lâm-hân" ( "South Han").


title: Names of Korea

text: The above usage pattern does not apply for Korea-derived words. For example, Korean ginseng is commonly called "Gāolì shēn" (, "Koryo ginseng").


title: Names of Korea

text: However, Japan-based North Koreans claim the name "Kita-Chōsen" is derogatory, as it only refers to the northern part of Korean Peninsula, whereas the government claims sovereignty over its whole territory. Pro-North people such as Chongryon use the name "Kyōwakoku" (; "the Republic") instead, but the ambiguous name is not popular among others. In 1972, Chongryon campaigned to get the Japanese media to stop referring to North Korea as "Kita-Chōsen". This effort was not successful, but as a compromise most media companies agreed to refer to the nation with its full official title at least once in every article, thus they used the lengthy "Kita-Chōsen (Chōsen Minshu-shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku)" (; "North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)"). By January 2003, this policy started to be abandoned by most newspapers, starting with "Tokyo Shimbun", which announced that it would no longer write out the full name, followed by "Asahi", "Mainichi", and "Nikkei".


title: Names of Korea

text: For Korea as a whole, "Chōsen" (; "Joseon") is commonly used. The term Chōsen, which has a longer usage history, continues to be used to refer to the Korean Peninsula, the Korean ethnic group, and the Korean language, which are use cases that would not cause confusion between Korea and North Korea. When referring to both North Korean and South Koreans, the transcription of phonetic English "Korean" (, "Korian") may be used because a reference to a Chōsen national may be interpreted as a North Korean national instead.


title: Names of Korea

text: The Korean language is most frequently referred to in Japan as "Kankokugo" () or "Chōsengo" (). While academia mostly prefers "Chōsengo", "Kankokugo" became more and more common in non-academic fields, thanks to the economic and cultural presence of South Korea. The language is also referred to as various combined terms, such as "Kankoku-Chōsen-go" (), "Chōsen-Kankoku-go" (), "Kankokugo (Chōsengo)" (), etc. Some people refer to the language as "Koriago" (), using the European name for Korea. This term is not used in ordinary Japanese, but was selected as a compromise to placate both nations in a euphemistic process called "kotobagari". Likewise, when NHK broadcasts a language instruction program for Korean, the language is referred to as "hangurugo" (; "hangul language"); although it's technically incorrect since hangul itself is a writing system, not a language. Some argue that even "Hangurugo" is not completely neutral, since North Korea calls the letter "Chosŏn'gŭl", not "hangul". "Urimaru" (), a direct transcription of "uri mal" (, "our language") is sometimes used by Korean residents in Japan, as well as by KBS World Radio. This term, however, may not be suitable to ethnic Japanese whose "our language" is not necessarily Korean.


title: Names of Korea

text: "Uri" (우리 "we/us/our") is the first-person plural pronoun and it is commonly used as a prefix in Korean terms to describe things that are Korean, such as "uri nara" (우리 나라, "our country") which is yet another name Koreans give their country.


title: Names of Korea

text: In Japan, those who moved to Japan usually maintain their distinctive cultural heritages (such as the Baekje-towns or Goguryeo-villages). Ethnic Korean residents of Japan have been collectively called "Zainichi Chōsenjin" ( "Joseon People in Japan"), regardless of nationality. However, for the same reason as above, the euphemism "Zainichi Korian" (; "Koreans in Japan") is increasingly used today. "Zainichi" (; "In Japan") itself is also often used colloquially. People with North Korean nationality are called "Zainichi Chōsenjin", while those with South Korean nationality, sometimes including recent newcomers, are called "Zainichi Kankokujin" ( "Hanguk People in Japan").


title: Names of Korea

text: Mongolian people have their own word for Korea: Солонгос ("Solongos"). In Mongolian, "solongo" means "rainbow." And another theory is probably means derived from Solon tribe living in Manchuria, a tribe culturally and ethnically related to the Korean people. North and South Korea are, accordingly, Хойд Солонгос ("Hoid Solongos") and Өмнөд Солонгос ("Ömnöd Solongos").


title: Names of Korea

text: The name of either Silla or its capital Seora-beol was also widely used throughout Northeast Asia as the ethnonym for the people of Silla, appearing [...] as Solgo or Solho in the language of the medieval Jurchens and their later descendants, the Manchus respectively.


title: Names of Korea

text: In Vietnam, people call North Korea ' (; "Chosŏn") and South Korea ' (; "Hanguk"). Prior to unification, North Vietnam used ' (; Bukchosŏn) and ' (; Namjoseon) while South Vietnam used ' (; Bukhan) and ' (; Namhan) for North and South Korea, respectively. After unification, the northern Vietnamese terminology persisted until the 1990s. When South Korea reestablished diplomatic relations with Vietnam in 1993, it requested that Vietnam use the name that it uses for itself, and ' gradually replaced ' in usage.


title: Names of Korea

text: Both South and North Korea use the name "Korea" when referring to their countries in English. North Korea is sometimes referred to as "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (DPRK) and South Korea is sometimes referred to as the "Republic of Korea" (ROK). The official names of both entities are also used by organizations such as United Nations, International Olympic Committee and media such as the Associated Press, China Global Television Network (CGTN), and several others.


title: Names of Korea

text: As with other European languages, English historically had a variety of names for Korea. These included "Cauli" (Marco Polo's rendering of "Goryeo"), Caule, Core, Cory, Caoli, and Corai as well as two spellings that survived into the 19th century, Corea and Korea. The modern spelling, "Korea", first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Company's Hendrick Hamel. The terms "Chosunese" or "Chosonese" were first used to refer to the people of Joseon in the late 19th century but were eventually phased out.


title: Names of Korea

text: Both major English-speaking governments in the 19th and 20th centuries (the United States and the United Kingdom and its empire) used both "Korea" and "Corea" until the early part of the period of Japanese occupation. English-language publications in the 19th century generally used the spelling Corea, which was also used at the founding of the UK's embassy in Seoul in 1890. However, at the turn of the century, the then U.S. minister and consul general to Korea, Horace Newton Allen, used "Korea" in his works published on the country. At the official Korean exhibit at the World's Columbian Exhibition in Chicago in 1893 a sign was posted by the Korean Commissioner saying of his country's name that "'Korea' and 'Corea' are both correct, but the former is preferred." This may have had something to do with Allen's influence, as he was heavily involved in the planning and participation of the Korean exhibit at Chicago.


title: Names of Korea

text: A shift can also be seen in Korea itself, where postage stamps issued in 1884 used the name "Corean Post" in English, but those from 1885 and thereafter used "Korea" or "Korean Post".


title: Names of Korea

text: By the first two decades of the 20th century, "Korea" began to be seen more frequently than "Corea" – a change that coincided with Japan's consolidation of its grip over the peninsula. However, the spelling "Corea" was occasionally used even under full colonial rule and both it and "Korea" were largely eschewed in favor of the Japanese-derived "Chosen", which itself was derived from "Joseon".


title: Names of Korea

text: A theory that grew in popularity in South Korea in the early 2000s and especially during the 2002 joint World Cup (and endorsed by the North Korean state) was that Japan as occupier had intentionally standardized the spelling on "Korea", allegedly so that "Japan" would appear first alphabetically. However, evidence of a deliberate name change orchestrated by Japanese authorities is circumstantial, for example, a 1912 memoir by a Japanese colonial official that complained of the Koreans' tendency "to maintain they are an independent country by insisting on using a C to write their country's name."


title: Names of Korea

text: European languages use variations of the name "Korea" for both North and South Korea. In general, Celtic and Romance languages spell it "Corea" (or variations) since "c" represents the sound in most Romance and Celtic orthographies. However, languages that have a general preference towards representing with "k" rather than "c", such as most Germanic or Slavic languages, generally use variants of "Korea" instead. In languages using other alphabets such as Russian (Cyrillic), variations phonetically similar to "Korea" are also used for example the Russian name for Korea is Корея, romanization Koreya or Koreja. Outside of Europe, most languages also use variants of "Korea", often adopted to local orthographies. Some Languages, especially Romance Languages like Italian, French and Spanish still use the old Spelling "Corea" (As Corea, Corée and Córea respectively). "Korea" in the Jurchen Jin's national language (Jurchen) is "Sogo". "Korea" in the conlang Esperanto is "Koreio". "Korea" in Hmong is "Kauslim" ("s" and "m" represent tones, not consonants).


title: Names of Korea

text: Emigrants who moved to Russia and Central Asia call themselves "Goryeoin" or "Koryo-saram" (; ; literally "person or people of Goryeo"), or "Koreytsi" () in Russian. Many Goryeoin are living in the CIS, including an estimated 106,852 in Russia, 22,000 in Uzbekistan, 20,000 in Kyrgyzstan, 17,460 in Kazakhstan, 8,669 in Ukraine, 2,000 in Belarus, 350 in Moldova, 250 in Georgia, 100 in Azerbaijan, and 30 in Armenia. As of 2005, there are also 1.9 million ethnic Koreans living in China who hold Chinese citizenship and a further 560,000 Korean expatriates from both North and South living in China.


title: Names of Korea

text: South Korean expatriates living in the U.S. may refer to themselves as Jaemigyopo (; , ), or "gyopo" for short.


title: Names of Korea

text: In traditional Korean culture, as well as in the cultural tradition of East Asia, the land of Korea has assumed a number of sobriquets over the centuries, including:


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Nick is a German free-to-air television channel, part of the international Nickelodeon brand. Originally launched in 1995, and relaunched in 2005, Nickelodeon is based in Berlin. The channel is available on subscription services and as an unscrambled, free-to-air (FTA) satellite signal. On 31 March 2010, the channel re-adopted the name "Nickelodeon" on air and online, in addition to the new Nickelodeon logo and graphical package being rolled out internationally at the time. Since then, the channel is also broadcast in English in addition to German on a secondary audio track.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Unlike other Nickelodeon feeds and like the Dutch and African counterparts, the end credits on shows never appear. They were replaced by short credits including the show name, production year and production company.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Nicknight was a German, Austrian and Swiss programming block operating from 2014 to 2021. On 1 November 2018, Nicknight Germany rebranded into MTV+ (Comedy Central +1 since 1 March 2021). Like it was done in Germany, Nicknight stopped broadcasting in Switzerland and Austria on 1 October 2021, instead they were both replaced by Comedy Central Austria and 7+ Family.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: The original version of Nickelodeon was launched on 5 July 1995 on the DFS Kopernikus satellite and a few cable providers in North Rhine-Westphalia. Nickelodeon initially aired for six hours per day from 1.00pm to 7.00pm; during off-air hours, the channel looped a half-hour special featuring excerpts from its shows. Starting in October 1995, Nickelodeon aired from 6.00am until 8.00pm, and timeshared with Arte starting in 1996. After state-run Der Kinderkanal launched, Nickelodeon lost its slot on many cable providers (now with arte signing on at 7.00pm after the conclusion of Der Kinderkanal's final program of the day, Unser Sandmännchen.) and started timesharing with VH-1 Germany on satellite. Nickelodeon was a failure and continually lost money due to weak advertising sales and its inability to compete against its more successful rival, Der Kinderkanal. As a result, Nickelodeon closed (with short notice) on 31 May 1998, ending with a short tribute video to the channel thanking its viewers for their support, and informing them Nickelodeon programmes would soon be available elsewhere.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Nickelodeon's owner Viacom soon thereafter struck a deal with RTL owner CLT-UFA (itself a merger of Luxembourg's CLT and German studio UFA GmbH) to broadcast their programming on RTL's own children's channel, Super RTL [which was originally at first a joint venture between CLT-UFA and The Walt Disney Company's Buena Vista International Television Investments (later Disney International Operations) division, the channel is now entirely owned by CLT-UFA's successor RTL Group]) in addition to a weekend morning Nicktoons block on the main RTL channel. After VH-1 Germany shut down in 2001 (and was replaced by a pan-European feed on a separate channel), it was replaced with MTV2 Pop.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: On 7 April 2005 it was announced that Nickelodeon Germany will be relaunched under the name "Nick" as a new channel on 12 September 2005. Nick started with a prime-time programming block called Nick Comedy that aired sitcoms and other comedy shows. Nickelodeon eventually replaced MTV2 Pop; since February 2006, in addition to international series, it started airing locally produced shows. In October 2007 a special German version of the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards was produced and broadcast on the channel.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: In the start of 2008, Nick launched a family-oriented programming block named (Nick after eight), which was the local adaptation of US overnight block "Nick at Nite". It aired documentaries, drama series, films and sitcoms. It used an adapted logo of its US counterpart. Most of the block's programming schedule consisted on repeats of "Ren and Stimpy" and "CatDog". On 15 December 2008, Comedy Central Germany replaced Nick nach acht on Nickelodeon, taking over its airing time as a timeshared channel starting 8.15pm.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: On 31 March 2010, the channel adopted the new international branding. Nick was renamed "Nickelodeon", while Nick Premium was rebranded as "Nicktoons".


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Since 1 June 2011, Nickelodeon Germany started broadcasting in HD. A new logo was used from January 2012, as well as a new graphic package.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: From 1 October 2014, Nickelodeon Germany turned itself into a 24-hour channel, with Comedy Central leaving Nick's channel slot and moving to VIVA Germany. Furthermore, Nickelodeon introduced a new overnight programming block called "Nicknight", replacing Comedy Central's airing time from 9.00pm to 5.45am.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: On 1 November 2018 at 5am, Nicknight was discontinued. At 8.15pm on that day MTV+ launched airing from 8.15pm to 5am. Nicknight does not exist anymore in Germany, however, the Austrian and Swiss feeds still kept the Nicknight brand until 1 October 2021 with them being replaced by Comedy Central Austria and 7+ Family.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Since 1 June 2006, an Austrian subfeed of the channel is also being broadcast, initially timesharing with VIVA Austria from 6.00am to 7.00pm. On 1 January 2011, it starts timesharing with Comedy Central Austria. The channel is known on-air as "Nickelodeon Austria".


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: From 1 October 2014, Nick Austria starts also to broadcast 24 hours per day with the launch of "NickNight".


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Since 1 October 2021, the channel started timesharing with Comedy Central Austria, along with a new licence from "RRtv", using the European graphics package, its schedule and its original name, "Nickelodeon".


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: A Swiss subfeed for German-speaking viewers was launched on 1 April 2009, first timesharing with VIVA Switzerland and then with Comedy Central starting in 16 May 2011. For many years, its programming schedule was identical with the main, German feed. Nevertheless, it got its own, separate schedule. The channel is known on-air as "Nick Schweiz".


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: From 1 October 2014, Nick Switzerland starts also to broadcast 24 hours per day with the launch of "NickNight".


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Nicktoons was launched in December 2007 as Nick Premium. In 2009, Nickelodeon announced that Nick Premium would be rebranded as Nicktoons. The channel airs animated programmes from Nickelodeon.


title: Nick (German TV channel)

text: Nick Jr. is a channel that broadcasts to younger kids. The channel was launched on 12 September 2005 as a block and on 31 March 2009 as a channel. Before the channel launched, some programmes were broadcast on Super RTL and Disney Channel.


title: Michelle Burke

text: Michelle Burke (born Michelle Gray; November 30, 1970) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Jodi Kramer in the 1993 Richard Linklater film "Dazed and Confused" and as Connie Conehead in the 1993 movie "Coneheads". She also appeared in the 1994 sequel to "Major League", "Major League II".


title: Michelle Burke

text: Burke is sometimes credited as Michelle Rene Thomas and Michelle Thomas, especially in works after 1997.


title: Kimberlite

text: Kimberlite is an igneous rock and a rare variant of peridotite. It is most commonly known to be the main host matrix for diamonds. It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa, where the discovery of an diamond called the Star of South Africa in 1869 spawned a diamond rush and the digging of the open-pit mine called the Big Hole. Previously, the term kimberlite has been applied to olivine lamproites as Kimberlite II, however this has been in error.


title: Kimberlite

text: Kimberlite occurs in the Earth's crust in vertical structures known as kimberlite pipes, as well as igneous dykes. Kimberlite also occurs as horizontal sills. Kimberlite pipes are the most important source of mined diamonds today. The consensus on kimberlites is that they are formed deep within the mantle. Formation occurs at depths between , potentially from anomalously enriched exotic mantle compositions, and they are erupted rapidly and violently, often with considerable carbon dioxide and other volatile components. It is this depth of melting and generation that makes kimberlites prone to hosting diamond xenocrysts.


title: Kimberlite

text: Despite its relative rarity, kimberlite has attracted attention because it serves as a carrier of diamonds and garnet peridotite mantle xenoliths to the Earth's surface. Its probable derivation from depths greater than any other igneous rock type, and the extreme magma composition that it reflects in terms of low silica content and high levels of incompatible trace-element enrichment, make an understanding of kimberlite petrogenesis important. In this regard, the study of kimberlite has the potential to provide information about the composition of the deep mantle and melting processes occurring at or near the interface between the cratonic continental lithosphere and the underlying convecting asthenospheric mantle.


title: Kimberlite

text: Many kimberlite structures are emplaced as carrot-shaped, vertical intrusions termed "pipes". This classic carrot shape is formed due to a complex intrusive process of kimberlitic magma, which inherits a large proportion of CO (lower amounts of HO) in the system, which produces a deep explosive boiling stage that causes a significant amount of vertical flaring. Kimberlite classification is based on the recognition of differing rock facies. These differing facies are associated with a particular style of magmatic activity, namely crater, diatreme and hypabyssal rocks.


title: Kimberlite

text: The morphology of kimberlite pipes and their classical carrot shape is the result of explosive diatreme volcanism from very deep mantle-derived sources. These volcanic explosions produce vertical columns of rock that rise from deep magma reservoirs. The eruptions forming these pipes fracture the surrounding rock as it explodes, bringing up unaltered xenoliths of peridotite to surface. These xenoliths provide valuable information to geologists about mantle conditions and composition. The morphology of kimberlite pipes is varied, but includes a sheeted dyke complex of tabular, vertically dipping feeder dykes in the root of the pipe, which extends down to the mantle. Within of the surface, the highly pressured magma explodes upwards and expands to form a conical to cylindrical diatreme, which erupts to the surface. The surface expression is rarely preserved but is usually similar to a maar volcano. Kimberlite dikes and sills can be thin (1–4 meters), while pipes range in diameter from about 75 meters to 1.5 kilometers.


title: Kimberlite

text: Two Jurassic kimberlite dikes exist in Pennsylvania. One, the Gates-Adah Dike, outcrops on the Monongahela River on the border of Fayette and Greene Counties. The other, the Dixonville-Tanoma Dike in central Indiana County, does not outcrop at the surface and was discovered by miners. Similarly aged kimberlite is found in several locations in New York.


title: Kimberlite

text: Both the location and origin of kimberlitic magmas are subjects of contention. Their extreme enrichment and geochemistry have led to a large amount of speculation about their origin, with models placing their source within the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) or even as deep as the transition zone. The mechanism of enrichment has also been the topic of interest with models including partial melting, assimilation of subducted sediment or derivation from a primary magma source.


title: Kimberlite

text: Historically, kimberlites have been classified into two distinct varieties, termed "basaltic" and "micaceous" based primarily on petrographic observations. This was later revised by C. B. Smith, who renamed these divisions "group I" and "group II" based on the isotopic affinities of these rocks using the Nd, Sr and Pb systems. Roger Mitchell later proposed that these group I and II kimberlites display such distinct differences, that they may not be as closely related as once thought. He showed that group II kimberlites show closer affinities to lamproites than they do to group I kimberlites. Hence, he reclassified group II kimberlites as orangeites to prevent confusion.


title: Kimberlite

text: Group-I kimberlites are of CO-rich ultramafic potassic igneous rocks dominated by primary forsteritic olivine and carbonate minerals, with a trace-mineral assemblage of magnesian ilmenite, chromium pyrope, almandine-pyrope, chromium diopside (in some cases subcalcic), phlogopite, enstatite and of Ti-poor chromite. Group I kimberlites exhibit a distinctive inequigranular texture caused by macrocrystic () to megacrystic () phenocrysts of olivine, pyrope, chromian diopside, magnesian ilmenite, and phlogopite, in a fine- to medium-grained groundmass.


title: Kimberlite

text: The groundmass mineralogy, which more closely resembles a true composition of the igneous rock, is dominated by carbonate and significant amounts of forsteritic olivine, with lesser amounts of pyrope garnet, Cr-diopside, magnesian ilmenite, and spinel.


title: Kimberlite

text: Olivine lamproites were previously called group II kimberlite or orangeite in response to the mistaken belief that they only occurred in South Africa. Their occurrence and petrology, however, are identical globally and should not be erroneously referred to as kimberlite. Olivine lamproites are ultrapotassic, peralkaline rocks rich in volatiles (dominantly HO). The distinctive characteristic of olivine lamproites is phlogopite macrocrysts and microphenocrysts, together with groundmass micas that vary in composition from phlogopite to "tetraferriphlogopite" (anomalously Al-poor phlogopite requiring Fe to enter the tetrahedral site). Resorbed olivine macrocrysts and euhedral primary crystals of groundmass olivine are common but not essential constituents.


title: Kimberlite

text: Characteristic primary phases in the groundmass include zoned pyroxenes (cores of diopside rimmed by Ti-aegirine), spinel-group minerals (magnesian chromite to titaniferous magnetite), Sr- and REE-rich perovskite, Sr-rich apatite, REE-rich phosphates (monazite, daqingshanite), potassian barian hollandite group minerals, Nb-bearing rutile and Mn-bearing ilmenite.


title: Kimberlite

text: Kimberlites are peculiar igneous rocks because they contain a variety of mineral species with chemical compositions that indicate they formed under high pressure and temperature within the mantle. These minerals, such as chromium diopside (a pyroxene), chromium spinels, magnesian ilmenite, and pyrope garnets rich in chromium, are generally absent from most other igneous rocks, making them particularly useful as indicators for kimberlites.


title: Kimberlite

text: These indicator minerals are generally sought in stream sediments in modern alluvial material. Their presence may indicate the presence of a kimberlite within the erosional watershed that produced the alluvium.


title: Kimberlite

text: Kimberlites are the most important source of primary diamonds. Many kimberlite pipes also produce rich alluvial or eluvial diamond placer deposits. About 6,400 kimberlite pipes have been discovered in the world, of those about 900 have been classified as diamondiferous, and of those just over 30 have been economic enough to diamond mine.


title: Kimberlite

text: The deposits occurring at Kimberley, South Africa, were the first recognized and the source of the name. The Kimberley diamonds were originally found in weathered kimberlite, which was colored yellow by limonite, and so was called "yellow ground". Deeper workings encountered less altered rock, serpentinized kimberlite, which miners call "blue ground". Yellow ground kimberlite is easy to break apart and was the first source of diamonds to be mined. Blue ground kimberlite needs to be run through rock crushers to extract the diamonds.


title: Kimberlite

text: The blue and yellow ground were both prolific producers of diamonds. After the yellow ground had been exhausted, miners in the late 19th century accidentally cut into the blue ground and found gem-quality diamonds in quantity. The economic importance of the time was such that, with a flood of diamonds being found, the miners undercut each other's prices and eventually decreased the diamonds' value down to cost in a short time.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: The Tales of Hoffmann (French: ) is an by Jacques Offenbach. The French libretto was written by Jules Barbier, based on three short stories by E. T. A. Hoffmann, who is the protagonist of the story. It was Offenbach's final work; he died in October 1880, four months before the premiere.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: Offenbach saw a play, , written by Barbier and Michel Carré and produced at the Odéon Theatre in Paris in 1851.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: After returning from America in 1876, Offenbach learned that Barbier had adapted the play, which had now set to music at the Opéra. Salomon handed the project to Offenbach. Work proceeded slowly, interrupted by the composition of profitable lighter works. Offenbach had a premonition, like Antonia, the heroine of Act 2, that he would die prior to its completion.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: Offenbach continued working on the opera throughout 1880, attending some rehearsals. On 5 October 1880, he died with the manuscript in his hand, just four months before the opening. Shortly before he died, he wrote to Léon Carvalho: ""("Hurry up and stage my opera. I have not much time left, and my only wish is to attend the opening night.")


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: The opera was first performed in a public venue at the Opéra-Comique on 10 February 1881, without the third (Venice) act. It was presented in an abridged form at Offenbach's house, 8 Boulevard des Capucines, on 18 May 1879, with Madame Franck-Duvernoy in the soprano roles, Auguez as Hoffmann (baritone) and Émile-Alexandre Taskin in the four villain roles, with Edmond Duvernoy at the piano and a chorus directed by Albert Vizentini. Besides Léon Carvalho, director of the Opéra-Comique, the director of the Ringtheater in Vienna, Franz von Jauner, was also present. Both men requested the rights, but Offenbach granted them to Carvalho.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: A four-act version with recitatives was staged at the Ringtheater on 7 December 1881, conducted by Joseph Hellmesberger Jr., although a gas explosion and fire occurred at the theatre after the second performance.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: The opera reached its hundredth performance at the Salle Favart on 15 December 1881. The fire at the Opéra-Comique in 1887 destroyed the orchestral parts, and it was not seen again in Paris until 1893, at the Salle de la Renaissance du Théâtre-Lyrique, when it received 20 performances. A new production by Albert Carré (including the Venice act) was mounted at the Opéra-Comique in 1911, with Léon Beyle in the title role and Albert Wolff conducting. This production remained in the repertoire until World War II, receiving 700 performances. Following a recording by Opéra-Comique forces in March 1948, Louis Musy created the first post-war production in Paris, conducted by André Cluytens. The Paris Opera first staged the work in October 1974, directed by Patrice Chéreau with Nicolai Gedda in the title role.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: Outside France, the piece was performed in Geneva, Budapest, Hamburg, New York, and Mexico in 1882, Vienna (Theater an der Wien), Prague, and Antwerp in 1883, and Lvov and Berlin in 1884. Local premieres included Buenos Aires in 1894, St Petersburg in 1899, Barcelona in 1905, and London in 1910.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: A tavern in Nuremberg: The Muse appears and reveals to the audience her purpose is to draw Hoffmann's attention, and make him abjure all other loves, so he can be devoted to her: "poetry". She takes the appearance of Hoffmann's closest friend, Nicklausse. The prima donna Stella, performing Mozart's "Don Giovanni," sends a letter to Hoffmann, requesting a meeting in her dressing room after the performance. The letter and the key to the room are intercepted by Councillor Lindorf ("" – In the languid lovers' roles), the first of the opera's incarnations of evil, Hoffmann's nemesis. Lindorf intends to replace Hoffmann at the rendezvous. In the tavern, students wait for Hoffmann. He finally arrives, and entertains them with the legend of Kleinzach the dwarf ("" – Once upon a time at the court of Eisenach). Lindorf coaxes Hoffmann into telling the audience about his three great loves.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: Parlor of a scientist, Paris: Hoffmann's first love is Olympia, an automaton created by the scientist Spalanzani. Hoffmann falls in love with her, not knowing Olympia is a mechanical doll ("" – Come on! Courage and trust... Ah! to live together!). To warn Hoffmann, Nicklausse, possessing the truth about Olympia, sings a story of a mechanical doll with the appearance of a human, but Hoffmann ignores her ("" – A doll with enamel eyes). Coppélius, Olympia's co-creator and this act's incarnation of Nemesis, sells Hoffmann magic glasses to make Olympia appear as a real woman ("" – I have eyes).


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: Olympia sings one of the opera's most famous arias, "" (The birds in the bower, nicknamed "The Doll Song"), during which she runs-down and needs to be wound-up before she can continue. Hoffmann is tricked into believing his affections are returned, to the bemusement of Nicklausse, subtly attempting to warn his friend ("" – See her under her fan). While dancing with Olympia, Hoffmann falls on the ground and his glasses break. At the same time, Coppélius appears, tearing Olympia apart to retaliate against Spalanzani after cheating him of his fees. With the crowd ridiculing him, Hoffmann realizes he loved an automaton.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: Crespel's house, Munich: After a long search, Hoffmann finds the house where Crespel and his daughter Antonia are hiding. Hoffmann and Antonia loved each other, but were separated after Crespel decided to hide his daughter from Hoffmann. Antonia inherited her mother's talent for singing, but her father forbids her to sing because of her mysterious illness. Antonia wishes her lover would return to her ("" – "She fled, the dove"). Her father also forbids her to see Hoffmann, who encourages Antonia in her musical career, and therefore, endangers her without knowing it. Crespel tells Frantz, his servant, to stay with his daughter, and after Crespel leaves, Frantz sings a comical song about his talents "" – "Day and night, I quarter my mind."


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: After Crespel leaves his house, Hoffmann takes advantage of the occasion to sneak in, and the lovers are re-united (love duet: "" – "It's a love song"). After Crespel returns, he receives a visit from Dr Miracle, the act's Nemesis, forcing Crespel to let him heal her. Eavesdropping, Hoffmann learns Antonia may die if she sings too much. He returns to her boudoir, and makes her promise to give up her artistic-dreams. Antonia reluctantly accepts her lover's will. After she is alone, Dr Miracle enters Antonia's boudoir to persuade her to sing and follow her mother's path to glory, stating Hoffmann is sacrificing her to his brutishness, and loves her only for her beauty. With mystic powers, he raises a vision of Antonia's dead mother and induces Antonia to sing, causing her death. Crespel arrives just in time to witness his daughter's last breath. Hoffmann enters, and Crespel wants to kill him, thinking he is responsible for his daughter's death. Nicklausse saves his friend from the old man's vengeance.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: A gallery in a palace, Venice. The act opens with the barcarolle "" – "Beautiful night, oh night of love". Hoffmann falls in love with the courtesan Giulietta, and thinks she returns his affections ("" – "Friends, tender and dreamy love"). Giulietta is not in love with Hoffmann, but seducing him under the orders of Captain Dapertutto, who promises her a diamond if she steals Hoffmann's reflection from a mirror ("" – "Sparkle, diamond"). The jealous Schlemil (cf. Peter Schlemihl for a literary antecedent), a previous victim of Giulietta and Dapertutto (he gave Giulietta his shadow), challenges the poet to a duel, but is killed, thanks to the magic sword Hoffmann was supplied with by Dapertutto. Nicklausse wants to take Hoffmann away from Venice, and goes looking for horses. Meanwhile, Hoffmann meets Giulietta, and cannot resist her ("" – "O God! of what intoxication"): he gives her his reflection, only to be abandoned by the courtesan, to Dapertutto's great pleasure.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: "Note: In the original version, Hoffmann, furious at being betrayed, tries to stab Giulietta but - blinded by Dapertutto - mistakenly kills his dwarf Pittichinaccio; in Richard Bonynge's version, Giulietta is poisoned and dies, by accidentally drinking the philter Dapertutto prepares for Nicklausse."


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: The tavern in Nuremberg: Hoffmann, drunk, swears he will never love again, and explains Olympia, Antonia, and Giulietta are three facets of the same person, Stella. They represent, respectively, the young girl's, the musician's, and the courtesan's side of the prima donna. After Hoffmann says he doesn't want to love any more, Nicklausse reveals she is the Muse and reclaims Hoffmann: "Be reborn a poet! I love you, Hoffmann! Be mine!" – "" The magic of poetry reaches Hoffmann as he sings " – "O God! of what intoxication" once more, ending with "Muse, whom I love, I am yours!" – "" At this moment, Stella, tired of waiting for Hoffmann to come to her rendezvous, enters the tavern and finds him drunk. The poet tells her to leave ("Farewell, I will not follow you, phantom, spectre of the past" – ""), and Lindorf, waiting in the shadows, comes forth. Nicklausse explains to Stella that Hoffmann does not love her anymore, but Councillor Lindorf is waiting for her. Some students enter the room for more drinking, while Stella and Lindorf leave together.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: The aria "" (Song of little Zaches) in the prologue is based on the short story "" ("Little Zaches, called cinnabar"), 1819. The barcarolle, "Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour" in the Venetian act, is the opera's famous number, borrowed by Offenbach from his earlier opera "Rheinnixen" (French: "Les fées du Rhin").


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: Offenbach did not live to see his opera performed. He died on 5 October 1880, four months before its premiere, but after completing the piano score and orchestrating the prologue and first act. As a result, different editions of the opera emerged, some bearing little resemblance to the authentic work. The version performed at the opera's premiere was by Ernest Guiraud, after completing Offenbach's scoring and recitatives. Over the decades, new editions continue to appear, although the emphasis, particularly since the 1970s, shifted to authenticity. In this regard, a milestone was the Michael Kaye edition of 1992 (first performed on stage at the L.A Opera in 1988), but, then, additional authentic music was found, and published in 1999. In 2011, two competing publishing houses – one French, one German – released a joint edition reflecting and reconciling the research of recent decades. Here are some of the edition "variables" circulating since Offenbach died:


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: A recent version including the authentic music by Offenbach was reconstructed by the French Offenbach scholar Jean-Christophe Keck. A successful performance of this version was produced at the Lausanne Opera (Switzerland). Another recent edition by Michael Kaye was performed at the Opéra National de Lyon in 2013 with Patrizia Ciofi singing the roles of Olympia, Antonia, and Giulietta ; and at Hamburg State Opera with Elena Moșuc singing the roles of Olympia, Antonia, Giulietta, and Stella in the 2007 production.


title: The Tales of Hoffmann

text: In early 2016, Jean-Christophe Keck announced he traced and identified the full manuscript of the Prologue and the Olympia act, with vocal lines by Offenbach and instrumentation by Guiraud. The Antonia act and epilogue are in the BnF, while the Giulietta act is in the Offenbach-family archives.


title: Gun fu

text: Gun fu, a portmanteau of "gun" and "kung fu" (also known as gun kata, bullet ballet, and gymnastic gunplay), is a style of sophisticated close-quarters gunfight resembling a martial arts battle that combines firearms with hand-to-hand combat and traditional melee weapons in an approximately 50/50 ratio. It can be seen in Hong Kong action cinema, and in American action films influenced by it.


title: Gun fu

text: The focus of "gun fu" is both artistic style and the usage of firearms in ways that they were not designed to be used. Shooting a gun from each hand (usually paired with jumping to the side at the same time), dual wielding, shots from behind the back, as well as the use of guns as melee weapons (usually knife fights) are all common. Other moves can involve submachine guns, assault rifles, combat shotguns, rocket launchers, and just about anything else that can be worked into a cinematic shot. It is often mixed with grappling maneuvers.


title: Gun fu

text: "Gun fu" has become a staple of modern action films due to its visual spectacle, a result of often impressive choreography and stuntwork, regardless of its unrealistic elements when compared to real-life gun warfare.


title: Gun fu

text: As the name suggests, gun fu has roots in martial arts films from Hong Kong action cinema, including "wuxia" films and kung fu films from the likes of Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan. These films typically involved martial artists fighting large numbers of enemies in stylized choreographed action set-pieces, with a fighting style that lay somewhere between brawling and dancing. Hong Kong filmmaker John Woo, who began his career directing martial arts films, took the martial arts style of action and added guns, combining the elegance and precision of kung fu with the brutality and violence of gangster films.


title: Gun fu

text: John Woo originated the style that would later be called "gun fu" in the 1986 Hong Kong action film "A Better Tomorrow". The film launched the "heroic bloodshed" genre in Hong Kong, and "gun fu" action sequences became a regular feature in many of the subsequent heroic bloodshed films, which combined the elegance and precision of kung fu with the brutality and violence of gangster movies. John Woo continued to make several classic heroic bloodshed films, all featuring gun fu, and all starring leading man Chow Yun-fat.


title: Gun fu

text: Other Hong Kong directors also began using gun fu sequences in films that were not strictly heroic bloodshed films, such as Wong Jing's "God of Gamblers" (1989) and its sequel "God of Gamblers Returns" (1994). There were several heroic bloodshed films that did not feature gun fu, but opted for more realistic combat, such as Ringo Lam's "City on Fire" (1987).


title: Gun fu

text: The popularity of John Woo films, and the heroic bloodshed genre in general, in the U.S. helped give the gun fu style greater visibility.


title: Gun fu

text: The success of "The Matrix" helped to popularize and develop the style in the U.S. One classic gun fu move consists of reloading two pistols simultaneously by releasing the empty magazines, pointing the guns to the ground, dropping two fresh magazines out of one's jacket sleeves, or strapped to one's legs, into the guns, and then carrying on shooting. In "Equilibrium" (2002) the law enforcement responsible for handling "Sense Crime" are trained in "gun kata" to gain an advantage in their raids on armed opponents. In the film "Bulletproof Monk" (2003), The Monk With No Name (portrayed by Chow Yun-fat) empties two pistols, ejects the magazines and spins to kick the empty magazines at his assailants. This was parodied in an episode of "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" (Season 1, Episode 19 "Tactical Village"). The style is also featured (albeit in a small way and with the assistance of gadgets) in the "" movies. In "Wanted" (2008), assassins belonging to The Fraternity possess the skill of "bending" bullets around obstacles; in a gunfight early in the film, one assassin knocks another bullet out of the air with his own round. In "" (2009), Agent Zero (Daniel Henney) reloads his handguns by throwing them into the air and catching them with the magazines he's holding in his hands.


title: Gun fu

text: In the 2010 film "Kick-Ass", the character Hit Girl, played by Chloë Grace Moretz, frequently uses gun fu. In the 2012 film "Django Unchained", the climactic shootout in Candieland is inspired by John Woo, replicating scenes from "The Killer" shot-by-shot. The 2013 "" also featured gun fu in the climactic fight between Roadblock and Firefly. Gun fu is also heavily featured in the "John Wick" franchise, as well as the 2015 film "".


title: Gun fu

text: A gun fu sequence involving Chris Redfield and Glenn Arias is also featured in the 2017 CGI film "". Although produced in Japan, the "Resident Evil" franchise takes the majority of its inspiration from American horror and action cinema.


title: Gun fu

text: Video games, particularly in the shooter and shoot 'em up genres, have implemented gun fu-like gameplay. Below are some examples of video games and video game series which have been specifically compared to or described as gun fu:


title: Gun fu

text: "Gun Fu" is also the name of a series of comic books by Howard M. Shum and Joey Mason, about a Hong Kong police officer in the 1930s who employs a combination of gun-play and martial arts.


title: Gun fu

text: It is not certain where or when the actual term ""gun fu"" was invented. One of the earliest written records exists in the tabletop role-playing game "Cyberpunk 2020" which was first published in 1988.


title: Gun fu

text: "Conspiracy X", another tabletop RPG first published in 1996, also included the combat style as a usable skill. In this game, gun fu allowed players' characters to use firearms in close combat and skilled martial artists to string together combinations of moves.


title: Gun fu

text: In the Buffyverse role-playing games, gun fu is the name for the firearms skill, but this is more likely meant to be humorous rather than to imply characters practice an actual firearm-based martial art.


title: Gun fu

text: In the "Ninjas and Superspies" supplement "Mystic China", gun fu is the Triad assassin training, and is a martial arts skill that can be available to player characters. It primarily emphasizes the use of paired 9mm pistols.


title: Gun fu

text: In "Run and Gun", a expansion of the fifth-edition of the pen-and-paper role-playing game "Shadowrun", gun fu is a combat style available.


title: Gun fu

text: The "GURPS" roleplaying system has a "Gun-Fu" supplement, written by S.A. Fisher, Sean Punch, and Hans-Christian Vortisch.


title: Gun fu

text: In the Japanese series "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger", Banban "Ban" Akaza a.k.a. DekaRed is specifically mentioned as a master of gun fu technique, which in the series is called as ""Juu Kun Do"" ( is the Japanese word for 'gun', and the name of the style is a play on Jeet Kune Do). As a result, the mecha for the series, Dekaranger Robo, is also sometimes shown using gun fu. The American adaptation of the series, "Power Rangers S.P.D.", also shows the Red Ranger Jack Landors and the Delta Squad Megazord using the same technique, though that was more because of the source material – Jack is not specifically mentioned as being a master of gun fu.


title: Gun fu

text: In the anime "Mazinkaizer SKL", Ryou Magami (one of the two pilots of the titular Mazinkaiser) uses gun fu as his primary style of combat as he wields the Breast Triggers, a pair of handguns which store on Mazinkaiser's chest. Magami's fight scenes contain several visual homages to the film "Equilibrium", including a scene in the first episode where Mazinkaiser performs the signature pose of the Grammaton Clerics.


title: Pouteria lucuma

text: Pouteria lucuma is a species of tree in the family Sapotaceae, cultivated for its fruit, the lúcuma. It is native to the Andean valleys of Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru.


title: Pouteria lucuma

text: This evergreen tree is up to 20 m tall, and has greyish-brown, fissured bark, which produces a milky white exudate. The end of branchlets and the petioles are covered with short, brown hairs. The leaves are simple, oblanceolate to elliptical, up to 25 cm long and 10 cm wide, and glabrous (or sometimes slightly hairy on the underside) grouped at the end of the branches. Flowers are solitary or in fascicles, small, axillary, with hairy sepals and a corolla forming a tube 1.0-1.8 cm long, greenish white, with five lobes, five stamens, five staminodes, a pubescent ovary, and a style 0.8-1.5 cm long. The fruit is globose, 6–12 cm long, glabrous, and russet to yellow when mature; the pulp is bright yellow; the one to several seeds are 1.8-3.5 cm long, dark brown, and glossy.


title: Pouteria lucuma

text: Representations of lúcuma have been found on ceramics at burial sites of the indigenous people of coastal Peru. The Moche people had a fascination with agriculture and often chose to represent fruits and vegetables, including lúcuma, in their art.


title: Pouteria lucuma

text: The area of origin of "P. lucuma" is located in the Andes of Ecuador and Peru, at temperate elevations of .


title: Pouteria lucuma

text: In addition to Peru, the fruit is grown also to a limited extent in Bolivia, Chile and Costa Rica. Attempts at growing lúcuma in Florida's climate are typically not successful. The fruit is successfully grown in Vietnam, where it is known as lêkima.


title: Pouteria lucuma

text: When eaten raw, the very sweet fruit is bright yellow and has a mealy and dry texture. In Peru, it is more commonly used as a flavor in juice, milk shakes, and especially ice cream. Its unique flavor in such preparations has been described variously as being similar to sweet potato, maple syrup, or butterscotch. In Peru, "manjar de lúcuma" ("dulce de leche" with lúcuma purée) is a dessert. Multiple sources describe it as the most popular ice cream flavor in Peru and one of the most popular fresh fruits.


title: Pouteria lucuma

text: Lúcuma pulp has a 64-72% moisture content. The pulp also contains glucose, fructose, sucrose, inositol, citric acid, and succinic acid. However, only limited nutritional information is available for lúcuma powder, indicating moderate content of protein and iron, each providing 14% of the Daily Value in a 100-g (3.5 oz) serving, which supplies 420 Calories.


title: Patrick Baldwin Jr.

text: Patrick O'Neal Baldwin Jr. (born November 18, 2002), nicknamed "PBJ", is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Milwaukee Panthers. He was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2021 class.


title: Patrick Baldwin Jr.

text: Baldwin played basketball for Hamilton High School in Sussex, Wisconsin. During his freshman year he was part of their 2017–18 team that made the state tournament, losing to senior, Tyrese Haliburton of Oshkosh North. As a junior, Baldwin averaged 24.3 points and 10.8 rebounds per game, earning Wisconsin Gatorade Player of the Year honors. During the second game of his senior season, Baldwin suffered a season-ending ankle injury. He was named to the rosters for the McDonald's All-American Game, Jordan Brand Classic and Nike Hoop Summit.


title: Patrick Baldwin Jr.

text: Baldwin was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2021 class. On May 12, 2021, he committed to playing college basketball for Milwaukee under the coaching of his father over offers from Duke and Georgetown. He was also the youngest person ever to receive an offer to play at Duke, receiving the offer in his sophomore year of high school. He became the highest-rated recruit to ever commit to a Horizon League program.


title: Patrick Baldwin Jr.

text: In his college debut, Baldwin posted 21 points and 10 rebounds in a 75–60 win against North Dakota. On November 23, 2021, he suffered a leg injury in a loss to Bowling Green, forcing him to miss several games. Baldwin suffered an ankle injury on January 5, 2022, in a 63–49 win against Green Bay. Baldwin returned on February 4, 2022 in a 70–60 loss to IPFW, where he shot 5-of-15, and 1-of-6 from 3. He also played the next two conference games against Cleveland State and Northern Kentucky, averaging 30 minutes and 6.5 points while shooting 4-of-19 overall (1-of-11 from 3), before sitting out the rest of the season for undisclosed reasons. Baldwin averaged 12.1 points and 5.8 rebounds per game as a freshman in an injury-plagued season. On April 22, 2022, Baldwin declared for the 2022 NBA draft, forgoing his remaining college eligibility.


title: Patrick Baldwin Jr.

text: Baldwin was selected with the 28th overall pick by the Golden State Warriors in the 2022 NBA draft. On July 6, 2022, the Golden State Warriors announced that they had signed Baldwin.


title: Patrick Baldwin Jr.

text: Baldwin was assigned to the Golden State G-League affiliate, the Santa Cruz Warriors on October 24th, 2022.


title: Patrick Baldwin Jr.

text: Baldwin represented the United States at the 2021 FIBA Under-19 World Cup in Latvia. He averaged 7.7 points and five rebounds per game, helping his team win the gold medal.


title: Patrick Baldwin Jr.

text: Baldwin was born in Evanston, Illinois. His father, Pat, was a standout college basketball player at Northwestern and is the former head coach at Milwaukee. His mother, Shawn, played volleyball at Northwestern.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: Sgt. Frog, known in Japan as , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Mine Yoshizaki. It was launched in "Monthly Shōnen Ace" in April 1999. The story follows the attempts of a platoon of frog-like alien invaders to conquer Earth. Sergeant Keroro, the titular character, is the leader of the platoon, but is at the mercy of a human family of three after being captured by them. Keroro is forced to do meaningless chores and errands for the family after his army abandons his platoon on Earth.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: The series was later adapted into an anime television series by Sunrise, which ran for 358 episodes from April 2004 to April 2011. A second 23-episode series was broadcast from March to September 2014. In 2005, the manga received the 50th Shogakukan Manga Award for the children's manga category.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: The Keroro Platoon is a group of five, froglike alien soldiers from Planet Keron. They mean to conquer “Pekopon” (their name for "Earth") but fail every time they try. Their leader, Sergeant Keroro, is incompetent and has little interest in conquering Pekopon. Instead, he likes making plastic Gundam models, watching TV, or coming up with schemes to make money. The four other members of the platoon are adorable but violent Private Second Class Tamama; bellicose yet tenderhearted Corporal Giroro; intelligent but mischievous Sergeant Major Kururu; and disciplined but traumatized Lance Corporal Dororo.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: The largest obstacle in the way of their mission is the Hinata Family, who must take care of the Keroro Platoon due to the Keron Army deserting the latter on Earth. Keroro is kept busy with manual labor and constant abuse, primarily from the family daughter, Natsumi. Each member of the platoon finds himself in the care of a human: Giroro's is Natsumi Hinata, whom he falls in love with; Keroro's is Fuyuki Hinata, who considers the sergeant his only true friend; Kururu's is Mutsumi Saburo, who's just as mischievous as him; Dororo's is Koyuki Azumaya, a fellow ninja; and Tamama's is Momoka Nishizawa, who's just as bipolar as him. All are tied to the Hinatas in some way throughout the events in the anime and manga.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: "Sgt. Frog" is published in Japan by Kadokawa Shoten, serialized in the magazine "Monthly Shōnen Ace", and was published in English by Tokyopop. The manga, first aimed at the older audience (teens/adults) from the first to the seventh volume, was toned down after the anime adaption started (since the TV series was a family show). However, the manga still maintains suggestive comedy that only the more mature audiences understand in present volumes. Tokyopop initially held the American rights to the "Sgt. Frog" manga until 2011 when the company ceased operations. By the time their publication ended, they had published 21 volumes. Their release of the manga have censored nipples drawn in some scenes, in order to get away from the OT (Older teen) rating and maintaining its Teen rating. Viz Media relicensed the manga for digital release on December 16, 2014.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: To commemorate the 20th anniversary of the series, the November issue of "Shōnen Ace" announced the launching of a new manga titled "Chō Keroro Gunsō UC: Keroro Robo Daikessen" (Super Sgt. Frog Ultra Cool: Keroro Robo's Epic Climactic Battle) on the next issue, on sale October 26, 2018. The manga is created by Yūtarō Shido, while Mine Yoshikizaki being credited as original author.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: The anime series started airing on TV Tokyo in 2004 and ended in 2011. The anime is produced by Sunrise, NAS, and TV Tokyo and has also been aired on Animax, Cartoon Network Japan, and TXN. Seven seasons have been created during its seven-year run. Unlike the manga which is aimed at older audiences, the anime adaptation has been toned down to a level suitable for family audiences.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: The anime ran almost year-round, with each season beginning in the first week of April and ending on the last week of March. The first season aired on Saturdays, but the show was moved to Fridays for the second and third seasons. The show returned to Saturdays for seasons four, five and six, and the final season aired on Sundays.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: The first English-language dub of the show to be released was entitled "Sergeant Keroro" and aired on Animax Asia, a pay TV channel received in multiple countries in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It premiered in 2008.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: In the United States, ADV had previously announced they had acquired exclusive rights to an English dub of "Sgt. Frog" (for $408,000). However, on July 4, 2008, it was announced that rights to the English release were transferred to Funimation Entertainment.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: ADV Films had originally added a brief teaser page to their website, announcing their licensing of the anime. The site turned to static before playing a short clip of Keroro dancing to "Afro Gunso," then leaving the message "hacked by the frog." This was followed by a press release from ADV on November 20, 2006, stating that they had licensed all Sgt. Frog properties (except the manga, which was already licensed by Tokyopop) for the US. It was once confirmed that the anime dub would be released on DVD in the United States in February 2007. However, ADV Films had never confirmed a release date. ADV announced at Comic-Con International 2007 that the US release date had been delayed because of TV negotiations but would not comment on which networks they were talking to. In a DVD included with the December issue of Newtype USA was an English-language trailer for Sgt. Frog released by ADV, with voices for Keroro (said to be voiced by Vic Mignogna), Natsumi, Fuyuki, Aki, and the narrator. ADV was 90% done on getting a deal with the show, though they created a separate team to work specifically on it that included people from Summit Entertainment (the company that worked with 4Kids Entertainment during the time they had Pokémon). They had dubbed three episodes, but they were dubbed three times because ADV created three different pilot-packages for television to see which one worked the best. They made an otaku/fan pilot, a mass-market pilot, and a kids' pilot. They received positive responses from three different networks. Cartoon Network liked the mass-market pilot, while Nickelodeon liked the kids' pilot. Nickelodeon told them that they would air the show if ADV got the merchandising rights. However, as of July 4, 2008, the English license for the first 51 episodes of the Sgt. Frog anime was transferred to Funimation Entertainment through a deal with Sojitz.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: Funimation released a dubbed version of episode 12B as a test on YouTube to be reviewed by the viewers. Many instances of regional name changes were observed; Natsumi is renamed Natalie, and Giroro's cat was renamed "Mr. Furbottom," (despite being female). Additionally, the word Pekopon was changed to Planet Wuss, Pekoponians were referred to as Wussians (Both were done because the terms "", and "" are both derogatory words the Japanese historically used to describe China and its peoples during the Sino-Japanese Wars, and has since been censored from TV programs by the mass communications authority in Japan.), Keron was changed to Frogulon and Keronians were called Frogulonians respectively. The extra-terrestrial frogs' names remained the same as the Japanese version, though shortened by one syllable (e.g. Keroro changed to Kero, Tamama to Tama). The test episode had mixed reviews by fans involving the voice acting, jokes, and name changes.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: At Otakon 2009, the first five episodes of "Sgt. Frog" were screened, where the original versions of the various names that were changed were used. The voice actor for Sergeant Keroro in the test video, Chris Cason, was swapped out for Sergeant Major Kululu's test actor, Todd Haberkorn. Kululu was changed to Chuck Huber, and the narrator also appears to have been changed. FUNimation stated at their panel that they were going to keep the anime as similar as possible to its Japanese counterpart, and claimed to only change references from Japanese pop culture (save for those Americans were already familiar with) to references from American pop culture. Those present at the showing seemed to enjoy the changes, and the reception of the official dub was very positive. On February 19, 2011, Funimation announced at Katsucon that they had licensed more episodes of Sgt. Frog.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: On July 31, 2009, Funimation added the first 4 dubbed episodes of the series to their online video portal. After a considerable delay following between the release of the first dubbed episodes, Funimation began making dubbed episodes other than the first 4 available on the portal. Currently, the first 51 subtitled episodes are available on the Funimation video portal and Hulu. The 51 dubbed episodes later expired, although they were all later placed back on the portal and on Hulu. The show is rated TV-PG on the DVDs and on Hulu. Unlike the other versions released outside Japan, the US version remains uncut.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: The episode distribution scheme has been slightly changed from the Japanese Region 2 release. Although the first 51 episodes are known as "Season 1" in Japan, Funimation has divided the episodes into a "Season 1" and a "Season 2". The Season 1 Part 1 DVD set was released September 22, 2009. It contains episodes 1 through 13, Season 1 Part 2 was released on November 24, 2009, and contains episodes 14 through 26. Season 2 Part 1 was released on January 26, 2010, containing episodes 27–39. In addition, Season 2 Part 2 was released on March 30, 2010, containing episodes 40–51. The first two boxsets were re-released into one Season 1 set on March 29, 2011. The complete Season 2 set followed up on April 26, 2011. Season 3 Part 1 was released to DVD by Funimation beginning on July 26, 2011, containing episodes 52–65. Season 3 Part 2 was released to DVD on August 16, 2011, containing episodes 66–78. A complete Season 3 boxset containing episodes 52-78 was released on November 13, 2012. On all of the box sets, it states, "from the creators of the Gundam series". This is relatively incorrect because Sunrise did not create the Gundam series, they produced it, so it should say "from the studio that brought you Gundam". The creator of Gundam is Yoshiyuki Tomino. After the Funimation home video sets went out of print, Discotek Media re-licensed the home video rights.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: All three seasons were available on Netflix streaming as of December 2011; however, the first two seasons, and the first half of the third, were removed without warning in January 2013, before the series was completely removed in April of the same year.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: On January 7, 2014, it was announced that a new Flash anime television series entitled "Keroro" would premiere on Animax on March 22 of that year. Haruki Kasugamori is the director of the series at Sunrise and the animation studio Gathering is providing assistance with the animation. The series airs during the programming block, Keroro Hour, which airs both the series and reruns of Sgt. Frog. The series features new character designs and includes the characters, New Keroro, Tomosu Hinohara, and Myō Kaneami, all of which were originally manga-only characters. The opening to the series is "Keroro☆Popstar" (ケロロ☆ポップスター), performed by Mayumi Gojo. The flash anime ended on September 6 of the same year, with a total of 23 episodes.


title: Sgt. Frog

text: Five full-length theatrical movies that were directed by Junichi Sato and produced by Sunrise were released:


title: Sgt. Frog

text: An exclusive feature only available for limited time at specific Planetariums was released after the end of the show.


title: Bengali language movement

text: The Bengali language movement () was a political movement in former East Bengal (renamed East Pakistan in 1952) advocating the recognition of the Bengali language as an official language of the then-Dominion of Pakistan in order to allow its use in government affairs, the continuation of its use as a medium of education, its use in media, currency and stamps, and to maintain its writing in the Bengali script.


title: Bengali language movement

text: When the Dominion of Pakistan was formed after the separation of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 when the British left, it was composed of various ethnic and linguistic groups, with the geographically non-contiguous East Bengal province having a mainly Bengali population. In 1948, the Government of the Dominion of Pakistan ordained as part of Islamization and Arabization of East Pakistan or East Bengal that Urdu will be the sole national language, alternately Bengali writing in Arabic script or Roman script (Romanisation of Bengali) or Arabic as the state language of the whole of Pakistan was also proposed, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Bengal. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956.


title: Bengali language movement

text: The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in East Bengal and later East Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the 6-Point Movement and subsequently the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987. In Bangladesh, 21 February ("Ekushey February") is observed as Language Movement Day, a national holiday. The Shaheed Minar monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims. In 1999, UNESCO declared 21 February as International Mother Language Day, in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno-linguistic rights of people around the world.


title: Bengali language movement

text: The present day nations of Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of an undivided India during the British colonial rule. From the mid-19th century, the Urdu language had been promoted as the "lingua franca" of Indian Muslims by political and religious leaders, such as Sir Khwaja Salimullah, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk and Maulvi Abdul Haq. Urdu is a Central Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch, closely related to Hindi and belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. It developed under Persian, Arabic and Turkic influence on apabhramshas (last linguistic stage of the medieval Indian Aryan language Pali–Prakrit) in South Asia during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. With its Perso-Arabic script, the language was considered a vital element of the Islamic culture for Indian Muslims; Hindi and the Devanagari script were seen as fundamentals of Hindu culture.


title: Bengali language movement

text: While the use of Urdu grew common with Muslims in northern India, the Muslims of Bengal (a province in the eastern part of British Indian sub-continent) primarily used the Bengali language. Bengali is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language that arose from the eastern Middle Indic languages around 1000 CE and developed considerably with a rich literature, history and cultural identity. Unlike many other Indic Languages, Bengali got patronage from the States and Empires in the middle ages. During the Bengal Renaissance, the modern Bengali literature developed it's stronghold. Bengalis irrespective of religious identity used Bengali language. Supporters of Bengali opposed Urdu even before the partition of India, when delegates from Bengal rejected the idea of making Urdu the lingua franca of Muslim India in the 1937 Lucknow session of the Muslim League. The Muslim League was a British Indian political party that became the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state separate from British India.


title: Bengali language movement

text: After the partition of India in 1947, Bengali-speaking people in East Bengal, the non-contiguous eastern part of the Dominion of Pakistan, made up 44 million of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan's 69 million people. The Dominion of Pakistan's government, civil services, and military, however, were dominated by personnel from the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan. In November 1947, a key resolution at a national education summit in Karachi advocated Urdu and English as the sole state languages. Opposition and protests arose immediately. Students from Dhaka rallied under the leadership of Abul Kashem, the secretary of Tamaddun Majlish, a Bengali Islamic cultural organisation. The meeting stipulated Bengali as an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan and as a medium of education in East Bengal. However, the Pakistan Public Service Commission removed Bengali from the list of approved subjects, as well as from currency notes and stamps. The central education minister Fazlur Rahman made extensive preparations to make Urdu the only state language of the Dominion of Pakistan. Public outrage spread, and many Bengali students met on the University of Dhaka campus on 8 December 1947 to formally demand that Bengali be made an official language. To promote their cause, Bengali students organised processions and rallies in Dhaka.


title: Bengali language movement

text: Leading Bengali scholars argued why Urdu should not be the only state language. The writer Abul Mansur Ahmed said if Urdu became the state language, the educated society of East Bengal would become 'illiterate' and 'ineligible' for government positions. The first Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad (National Language Action Committee), an organisation in favour of Bengali as a state language was formed towards the end of December 1947. Professor Nurul Huq Bhuiyan of the Tamaddun Majlish convened the committee. Later, Parliament member Shamsul Huq convened a new committee to push for Bengali as a state language.


title: Bengali language movement

text: Assembly member Dhirendranath Datta proposed legislation in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan to allow members to speak in Bengali and authorise its use for official purposes. Datta's proposal was supported by legislators Prem Hari Burman, Bhupendra Kumar Datta and Sris Chandra Chattaopadhyaya of East Bengal, as well as the people from the region. Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan and the Muslim League denounced the proposal as an attempt to divide the Pakistani people, thus the legislation was defeated.


title: Bengali language movement

text: Since the partition of the country in 1947, the Union Minister representing East Pakistan Fazlur Rahman campaigned for the implementation of Bengali languge written in Arabic script (Bengali language with the "Hurful Qur'an"). At the Nikhil Pakistan Teachers' Conference held in Karachi on 29 December 1948, Fazlur Rahman proposed to write Bengali in Arabic script for the sake of Islamization of the language. East Bengal Provincial Education Department Secretary Fazle Ahmad Karim Fazli was one of the main initiators of the effort to introduce the Arabic alphabet in Bengal. Both Karim Fazli and Fazlur Rahman established a society called 'Hurful Qur'an Samity' with a Maulana named Zulfikar Ali of Chittagong and tried to form a movement to introduce Arabic letters in Bengal through him. Abdul Hakim, the former director of the East-Bengal Education Department said; "Some funny legends are heard in Dhaka about a Bengali Wazir Sahib's own knowledge of Urdu. He wanted to fulfill his ardent desire to beautify the in order to be admired by the all-powerful Urdu Mahal of the Centre. For this purpose, a sum of Rs. 35,000 per annum for the publication of books was arranged to hand over the central sanction to the aforesaid Provincial Education Secretary.” In response, Muhammad Shahidullah opposed the proposal, fearing further complications, and advocated making Bengali unchanged as the state language of East Bengal and one of the state languages of Pakistan.