title: Jnana yoga

text: The Shaktism literature on goddess such as "Kularnava Tantra" highlight "jnana marga" as important to liberation. It differentiates between two kinds of "jnana": one it calls knowledge that comes from Agama texts, and another it calls "viveka" (insight). The Shaktism literature then adds that both lead to the knowledge of Brahman, but the first one is in the form of sound ("shabdabrahman"), while the insight from within is the ultimate truth ("parabrahman").


title: Jnana yoga

text: Some Shakta texts, such as the "Sita Upanishad", combine yoga of action and knowledge as a path to liberation. The "Devi Gita", a classic text of Shaktism, dedicates chapter 4 to "Jnana yoga", stating that a Jnana yogi understands and realizes that there is no difference between the individual soul and herself as the supreme Self. The discussion of Jnana yoga continues through the later chapters of the "Devi Gita".


title: Kare Kano

text: The series is licensed and was published in English in North America by Tokyopop. The chapters from the first seven volumes were adapted into a 26-episode anime television series by Gainax and J.C.Staff. Directed by Hideaki Anno, the episodes were broadcast in Japan on TV Tokyo from October 1998 to March 1999. It is licensed for distribution outside of Japan by Enoki Films under the title "Tales at North Hills High", and sub-licensed for distribution in North America by Nozomi Entertainment who released it as "His and Her Circumstances".


title: Kare Kano

text: Yukino Miyazawa is a Japanese high school first-year student who is the envy of classmates for her good grades and immaculate appearance. However, her "perfect" exterior is a façade, an egocentric charade she maintains to win praise. In the privacy of her own home, she is spoiled, stubborn, a slob, and studies relentlessly and obsessively to maintain her grades. On entering high school, she is knocked from her position at the top of the class by Soichiro Arima, a handsome young man whose very existence Yukino considers a threat to the praise on which she thrives, and she vows to destroy him. When Soichiro confesses that he has a crush on her, Yukino rejects him then boasts about it at home. Her observant little sister Kano points out that her rivalry with him comes from admiration, causing her to rethink her own feelings.


title: Kare Kano

text: Before she can figure out if she hates or likes Soichiro, he visits her home and discovers her being herself. He uses the information to blackmail her into doing his student council work. At first Yukino accepts it, coming to realize that he is also not the perfect student he pretends to be. Tired of being used, Yukino revolts and Soichiro apologizes, and admits he still loves her and just wanted to spend time with her. Yukino realizes she loves him as well, and together they resolve to abandon their fake ways and be true to themselves, though she initially has trouble breaking her lifelong habit of pretend-perfection and her competitive ways.


title: Kare Kano

text: As the series progresses, Yukino is able to open her true self to others and earns her first real friends beyond Soichiro. It is eventually revealed that Soichiro was striving to be perfect in order to avoid turning "bad" like the parents who abandoned him. Falling in love with Yukino, he is able to become more true to himself, but he also finds himself becoming increasingly jealous of Yukino's change bringing new friends and new activities into her life, and of her having parts of her life that don't involve him. When Yukino unknowingly hurts him, he becomes even more jealous and afraid, and begins to wear another façade of the "perfect boyfriend" in an effort to protect her from his "ugly" self.


title: Kare Kano

text: The return of both of his parents into his life sends Soichiro into a dark area, but helps him finally break free to truly be himself as Yukino and their friends help him learn to lean on and trust others. The end of the series shows Yukino and Soichiro in their 30s, with their three children, and gives updates on the various friends they made along the way.


title: Kare Kano

text: "Kare Kano" was Masami Tsuda's first lengthy manga series. Still new to professional manga writing in general, shortly after starting the series she had to put it on hold while she finished working out the framework of the story and where she ultimately wanted it to go.


title: Kare Kano

text: In adapting the first seven volumes into an anime television series, director Hideaki Anno kept the same general scenes and dialogue but modified the overall feel and focus of the series, making it into a "personal case study of relationships." He emphasizes the dialog over the animation using a variety of techniques, including iconic scenes, production sketches, real-life location shots, repeated imagery, and even using animation versions of manga panels or simply printing the lines of the dialog being spoken over static screens.


title: Kare Kano

text: Anno is credited as director for the first 16 episodes and co-director with Hiroki Sato for later episodes but with his name written in katakana as possibly as a form of protest. Michael S. Johnson of Nausicaa.net reports having heard from Gainax staff member that Anno objected to the restrictions placed on television anime by TV Tokyo after the Pokémon seizure incident. In an interview Hiroyuki Yamaga claimed that Gainax found it difficult to work with a series that is based on an original work stating


title: Kare Kano

text: Written by Masami Tsuda, "Kare Kano" was first serialized in "LaLa" between February 1996 and June 2005. The 101 individual chapters, referred to as "Acts", were compiled into 21 "tankōbon" volumes by Hakusensha. The first volume was released on June 5, 1996, with the final volume released on August 5, 2005. It also had a one-shot published on June 23, 2011.


title: Kare Kano

text: "Kare Kano" was initially licensed for an English language release by Mixx Entertainment in 2000, but it subsequently lost those rights before publication began. In July 2001, the company's Tokyopop division announced that it had reacquired the license and that it would be serializing the title in their "Smile" magazine starting in 2002. However, "Smile" was discontinued in 2002 before the Tokyopop released the first collected volume of the series on January 21, 2003; the final volume was released on January 10, 2007. It was one of the first manga series that Tokyopop released in the original Japanese orientation, in which the book is read from right to left, and with the original sound effects left in place. In February 2008, Tokyopop reissued the first three volumes in a single omnibus volume.


title: Kare Kano

text: The series is licensed for regional language releases by Editions Tonkam in France by Grupo Editorial Vid in Mexico, by Glènat España in Spain, by Dynamic Italia in Italy, by Carlsen Comics in Germany, by Panini Comics in Brazil, and by Planet Manga in Portugal. The chapters were also serialized in the French magazine "" and the German magazine "Daisuki".


title: Kare Kano

text: "Kare Kano" was adapted as an anime television series produced by Gainax and J.C.Staff. The series was directed by Hideaki Anno. The 26 episodes were broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 1998 to March 1999. The opening theme was "Tenshi no Yubikiri" by Fukuda Mai, and the ending themes were "Yume no Naka e" by Atsuko Enomoto & Chihiro Suzuki for episodes 1–24 and 26 and "Kaze Hiita Yoru" by Yuki Watanabe & Maria Yamamoto for episode 25.


title: Kare Kano

text: Four CD soundtracks have been released in Japan for the anime series by the StarChild label of Japan's King Records. The first, contained 24 tracks, including musical scores by Shirō Sagisu and songs written by Fumiya Fujii and Yōsui Inoue. It was released in Japan on December 23, 1998; Geneon released the CD in the US on January 20, 2004. , containing an additional 25 tracks, followed in Japan on February 26, 1999 and in the US on November 1, 2005. The third volume, , also contained 25 tracks. It was released in Japan on May 28, 1999. The three CDs were released as a box set in Japan, along with a fourth disc containing an additional 22 tracks, on February 23, 2005.


title: Kare Kano

text: Overall reviews for the series have been positive. The tenth volume of the series was listed as the top selling graphic novel in Japan on October 31, 2000. In "", Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy praised the anime adaptation for its innovative techniques and the use of "surreal 'cartoon' effects." THEM anime reviews gave the anime adaptation a good review calling it "probably the most disarmingly honest "shoujo" romance ever made." Alexander Harris from Anime News Network called the anime adaptation very character driven, saying "If you love diving into the minds of a character and searching for those juicy naughty bits, and all the while being entertained and educated, then this is for you."


title: Repeater

text: In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. Some types of repeaters broadcast an identical signal, but alter its method of transmission, for example, on another frequency or baud rate.


title: Repeater

text: There are several different types of repeaters; a telephone repeater is an amplifier in a telephone line, an optical repeater is an optoelectronic circuit that amplifies the light beam in an optical fiber cable; and a radio repeater is a radio receiver and transmitter that retransmits a radio signal.


title: Repeater

text: When an information-bearing signal passes through a communication channel, it is progressively degraded due to loss of power. For example, when a telephone call passes through a wire telephone line, some of the power in the electric current which represents the audio signal is dissipated as heat in the resistance of the copper wire. The longer the wire is, the more power is lost, and the smaller the amplitude of the signal at the far end. So with a long enough wire the call will not be audible at the other end. Similarly, the farther from a radio station a receiver is, the weaker the radio signal, and the poorer the reception. A repeater is an electronic device in a communication channel that increases the power of a signal and retransmits it, allowing it to travel further. Since it amplifies the signal, it requires a source of electric power.


title: Repeater

text: The term "repeater" originated with telegraphy in the 19th century, and referred to an electromechanical device (a relay) used to regenerate telegraph signals.


title: Repeater

text: In computer networking, because repeaters work with the actual physical signal, and do not attempt to interpret the data being transmitted, they operate on the physical layer, the first layer of the OSI model; a multiport Ethernet repeater is usually called a hub.


title: Repeater

text: They are most frequently used in trunklines that carry long distance calls. In an analog telephone line consisting of a pair of wires, it consists of an amplifier circuit made of transistors which use power from a DC current source to increase the power of the alternating current audio signal on the line. Since the telephone is a duplex (bidirectional) communication system, the wire pair carries two audio signals, one going in each direction. So telephone repeaters have to be bilateral, amplifying the signal in both directions without causing feedback, which complicates their design considerably. Telephone repeaters were the first type of repeater and were some of the first applications of amplification. The development of telephone repeaters between 1900 and 1915 made long-distance phone service possible. Now, most telecommunications cables are fiber optic cables which use optical repeaters (below).


title: Repeater

text: Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters. After the turn of the 20th century it was found that negative resistance mercury lamps could amplify, and they were used. The invention of audion tube repeaters around 1916 made transcontinental telephony practical. In the 1930s vacuum tube repeaters using hybrid coils became commonplace, allowing the use of thinner wires. In the 1950s negative impedance gain devices were more popular, and a transistorized version called the E6 repeater was the final major type used in the Bell System before the low cost of digital transmission made all voiceband repeaters obsolete. Frequency frogging repeaters were commonplace in frequency-division multiplexing systems from the middle to late 20th century.


title: Repeater

text: This is used to increase the range of signals in a fiber optic cable. Digital information travels through a fiber optic cable in the form of short pulses of light. The light is made up of particles called photons, which can be absorbed or scattered in the fiber. An optical communications repeater usually consists of a phototransistor which converts the light pulses to an electrical signal, an amplifier to increase the power of the signal, an electronic filter which reshapes the pulses, and a laser which converts the electrical signal to light again and sends it out the other fiber. However, optical amplifiers are being developed for repeaters to amplify the light itself without the need of converting it to an electric signal first.


title: Repeater

text: This is used to extend the range of coverage of a radio signal. The history of radio relay repeaters began in 1898 from the publication by Johann Mattausch in Austrian Journal Zeitschrift für Electrotechnik (v. 16,


title: Repeater

text: 35 - 36). But his proposal "Translator" was primitive and not suitable for use. The first relay system with radio repeaters, which really functioned, was that invented in 1899 by Emile Guarini-Foresio.


title: Repeater

text: A radio repeater usually consists of a radio receiver connected to a radio transmitter. The received signal is amplified and retransmitted, often on another frequency, to provide coverage beyond the obstruction. Usage of a duplexer can allow the repeater to use one antenna for both receive and transmit at the same time.


title: Repeater

text: Radio repeaters improve communication coverage in systems using frequencies that typically have line-of-sight propagation. Without a repeater, these systems are limited in range by the curvature of the Earth and the blocking effect of terrain or high buildings. A repeater on a hilltop or tall building can allow stations that are out of each other's line-of-sight range to communicate reliably.


title: Repeater

text: Radio repeaters may also allow translation from one set of radio frequencies to another, for example to allow two different public service agencies to interoperate (say, police and fire services of a city, or neighboring police departments). They may provide links to the public switched telephone network as well, or satellite network (BGAN, INMARSAT, MSAT) as an alternative path from source to the destination.


title: Repeater

text: Typically a repeater station listens on one frequency, A, and transmits on a second, B. All mobile stations listen for signals on channel B and transmit on channel A. The difference between the two frequencies may be relatively small compared to the frequency of operation, say 1%. Often the repeater station will use the same antenna for transmission and reception; highly selective filters called "duplexers" separate the faint incoming received signal from the billions of times more powerful outbound transmitted signal. Sometimes separate transmitting and receiving locations are used, connected by a wire line or a radio link. While the repeater station is designed for simultaneous reception and transmission, mobile units need not be equipped with the bulky and costly duplexers, as they only transmit or receive at any time.


title: Repeater

text: Mobile units in a repeater system may be provided with a "talkaround" channel that allows direct mobile-to-mobile operation on a single channel. This may be used if out of reach of the repeater system, or for communications not requiring the attention of all mobiles. The "talkaround" channel may be the repeater output frequency; the repeater will not retransmit any signals on its output frequency.


title: Repeater

text: An engineered radio communication system designer will analyze the coverage area desired and select repeater locations, elevations, antennas, operating frequencies and power levels to permit a predictable level of reliable communication over the designed coverage area.


title: Repeater

text: This type is used in channels that transmit data in the form of an analog signal in which the voltage or current is proportional to the amplitude of the signal, as in an audio signal. They are also used in trunklines that transmit multiple signals using frequency division multiplexing (FDM). Analog repeaters are composed of a linear amplifier, and may include electronic filters to compensate for frequency and phase distortion in the line.


title: Repeater

text: The digital repeater is used in channels that transmit data by binary digital signals, in which the data is in the form of pulses with only two possible values, representing the binary digits 1 and 0. A digital repeater amplifies the signal, and it also may retime, resynchronize, and reshape the pulses. A repeater that performs the retiming or resynchronizing functions may be called a regenerator.


title: Sarah-Jane Dias

text: Sarah-Jane Dias is an Indian actress, host, VJ and former beauty queen. She was the winner of Femina Miss India 2007 and was a VJ for Channel V.


title: Sarah-Jane Dias

text: Sarah-Jane Dias was born in Muscat, Oman. Her father, Eustace Dias, is a marketing manager with Oilfields Supply Centre and her mother is named Yolanda. She also has a sister named Elena Rose Dias.


title: Sarah-Jane Dias

text: Dias attended Indian School Al Wadi Al Kabir until Grade 10, then she joined Indian School, Muscat doing her 11th and 12th. She then attended university at Mumbai's St. Andrews College. Prior to winning Miss India World title in 2007, she had won the Miss India Oman title in 1997.


title: Sarah-Jane Dias

text: In Mumbai, Dias was discovered by Suresh Natrajan by chance when she walked onto his set and was immediately hired for the campaign he was shooting. At the age of 21, she won a talent hunt TV show, which gave her a chance to host a Channel V show. She then became the host of "Get Gorgeous", a supermodel hunt TV show on the network.


title: Sarah-Jane Dias

text: In 2006, Dias featured in the music video for Australian rock group INXS's "Never Let You Go" from their album "Switch".


title: Sarah-Jane Dias

text: The next year Dias participated in Femina Miss India 2007. She subsequently won the title of Femina Miss India World 2007 and represented the country at Miss World 2007 but did not place.


title: Sarah-Jane Dias

text: Dias scored her first major film role in the 2010 Tamil romantic comedy film, "Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai" opposite Vishal Reddy. She appeared in a Telugu film named "Panjaa" with Pawan Kalyan which was released in 2011. She also appeared in the Hindi films like "Game" opposite Abhishek Bachchan and "Kyaa Super Kool Hai Hum" opposite Ritesh Deshmukh in 2012 and in "O Teri" opposite Pulkit Samrat in 2014. In 2016, she appeared in a Musical Thriller Film "Zubaan", which was released in March 2016. In 2015 she led in "Angry Indian Goddesses" She was currently seen in The British-Indian historical film Viceroy's House.


title: Hydroxy group

text: In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion , called hydroxide, and the neutral radical , known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group.


title: Hydroxy group

text: According to IUPAC definitions, the term "hydroxyl" refers to the hydroxyl radical () only, while the functional group is called a "hydroxy group".


title: Hydroxy group

text: Water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and many other hydroxy-containing compounds can be readily deprotonated due to a large difference between the electronegativity of oxygen (3.5) and that of hydrogen (2.1). Hydroxy-containing compounds engage in intermolecular hydrogen bonding increasing the electrostatic attraction between molecules and thus to higher boiling and melting points than found for compounds that lack this functional group. Organic compounds, which are often poorly soluble in water, become water-soluble when they contain two or more hydroxy groups, as illustrated by sugars and amino acid.


title: Hydroxy group

text: The hydroxy group is pervasive in chemistry and biochemistry. Many inorganic compounds contain hydroxyl groups, including sulfuric acid, the chemical compound produced on the largest scale industrially.


title: Hydroxy group

text: Hydroxy groups participate in the dehydration reactions that link simple biological molecules into long chains. The joining of a fatty acid to glycerol to form a triacylglycerol removes the −OH from the carboxy end of the fatty acid. The joining of two aldehyde sugars to form a disaccharide removes the −OH from the carboxy group at the aldehyde end of one sugar. The creation of a peptide bond to link two amino acids to make a protein removes the −OH from the carboxy group of one amino acid.


title: Hydroxy group

text: Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and undergo chemical reactions that make them short-lived. When biological systems are exposed to hydroxyl radicals, they can cause damage to cells, including those in humans, where they can react with DNA, lipids, and proteins.


title: Hydroxy group

text: The Earth's night sky is illuminated by diffuse light, called airglow, that is produced by radiative transitions of atoms and molecules. Among the most intense such features observed in the Earth's night sky is a group of infrared transitions at wavelengths between 700 nanometers and 900 nanometers. In 1950, Aden Meinel showed that these were transitions of the hydroxyl molecule, OH.


title: Hydroxy group

text: In 2009, India's Chandrayaan-1 satellite and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cassini spacecraft and Deep Impact probe each detected evidence of water by evidence of hydroxyl fragments on the Moon. As reported by Richard Kerr, "A spectrometer [the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, a.k.a. "M3"] detected an infrared absorption at a wavelength of 3.0 micrometers that only water or hydroxyl—a hydrogen and an oxygen bound together—could have created." NASA also reported in 2009 that the LCROSS probe revealed an ultraviolet emission spectrum consistent with hydroxyl presence.


title: Hydroxy group

text: On 26 October 2020, NASA reported definitive evidence of water on the sunlit surface of the Moon, in the vicinity of the crater Clavius (crater), obtained by the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). The SOFIA Faint Object infrared Camera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST) detected emission bands at a wavelength of 6.1 micrometers that are present in water but not in hydroxyl. The abundance of water on the Moon's surface was inferred to be equivalent to the contents of a 12-ounce bottle of water per cubic meter of lunar soil.


title: Hydroxy group

text: The Chang'e 5 probe, which landed on the Moon on 1 December 2020, carried a mineralogical spectrometer that could measure infrared reflectance spectra of lunar rock and regolith. The reflectance spectrum of a rock sample at a wavelength of 2.85 micrometers indicated localized water/hydroxyl concentrations as high as 180 parts per million.


title: Hydroxy group

text: The Venus Express orbiter collected Venus science data from April 2006 until December 2014. In 2008, Piccioni, "et al." reported measurements of night-side airglow emission in the atmosphere of Venus made with the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) on Venus Express. They attributed emission bands in wavelength ranges of 1.40 - 1.49 micrometers and 2.6 - 3.14  micrometers to vibrational transitions of OH. This was the first evidence for OH in the atmosphere of any planet other than Earth's.


title: Hydroxy group

text: In 2013, OH near-infrared spectra were observed in the night glow in the polar winter atmosphere of Mars by use of the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM).


title: Hydroxy group

text: In 2021, evidence for OH in the dayside atmosphere of the exoplanet WASP-33b was found in its emission spectrum at wavelengths between 1 and 2 micrometers. Evidence for OH in the atmosphere of exoplanet WASP-76b was found subsequently.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: Jonas (also known as Jonas L.A. for the second season), is a Disney Channel Original Series created by Michael Curtis and Roger S. H. Schulman, starring the Jonas Brothers. The pilot was filmed in September 2008, the series premiered on Disney Channel on May 2, 2009, and became available on demand starting on April 25, 2009.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: "Jonas L.A." is the first Disney Channel Original Series since "Phil of the Future" not to be shot on videotape in a multi-camera format, be filmed before a live studio audience, or use a laugh track. The series was the first on the network to premiere on a Saturday night, part of a deliberate strategy by Disney to open up the night to original programming.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: Nick, Joe, and Kevin Jonas a part of a brother band in L.A. On November 9, 2009, it was announced that "Jonas" was being picked up for a second season. On May 5, 2010, it was revealed that the name of the series was changed to "Jonas L.A.", reflecting the move to Los Angeles, making it the first Disney Channel sitcom to have the show's main setting change during the course of the series. The second season premiered on June 20, 2010, and ended on October 3, 2010. In November 2010, the series was canceled after two seasons.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: Following the Jonas Brothers guest appearance on the Disney Channel Series "Hannah Montana" for an episode "Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas", they signed on to star in the Disney Channel Original Movie called "Camp Rock". Shortly after, development for a TV series starring the band began.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: The original concept for the TV series was about the band playing concerts as a cover while working as government secret agents to save the world and was entitled "J.O.N.A.S." (an acronym which stood for "Junior Operatives Networking as Spies"). At the same time, they tried to hide their double lives from their mother and Frankie. Meanwhile, Stella, ignorant of the Jonas' double lives, dated each of the famous brothers without informing the others and reported the details in her teen magazine column. Said Staub, "So pretty much the entire show, it's all of us lying to each other, and kind of everything backfiring, and us getting caught in awkward situations." She described the concept as, "like "The Monkees" and a little of bit of "Mr. & Mrs. Smith". There's going to be fun action sequences and still be a sitcom".


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: The "Jonas" pilot was shot in 2007, but the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike impeded progress. However, Disney Channel Asia aired it during the Sneak Peak 2008. Instead, Disney Channel filmed a mini reality show, the 2008 Disney Channel Original Short Series "", which followed the Jonas Brothers on a concert tour and premiered May 16. A few weeks later on June 20, 2008, the Disney Channel Original Movie "Camp Rock", in which the brothers starred as the fictional band "Connect 3", debuted. The Jonas Brothers also released "", a Disney Digital 3-D concert film. "After this rush of releases, the Jonas Brothers became too popular to imagine them as anything but more dramatic versions of themselves," explained executive producer Michael Curtis. "The spy concept was very big and very ambitious and it started to not feel quite right. As the band got bigger and bigger, doing a show that captured more of their real lives and trying to turn that into a more grounded, real version of what they might be doing became more interesting to do and more fun to do.". "It is now about us being a band and balancing a normal life," Nick Jonas told Access Hollywood. The title of the series changed from "J.O.N.A.S." to "JONAS", dropping the acronym but remaining in all capitals.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: Producers have drawn connections between "Jonas" and productions by earlier bands. Show creator and producer Roger S. H. Schulman claims that "It's hard not to make parallel comparisons to The Beatles in 1962 and 1963 when you see the kind of response that the Jonas Brothers' fans have to them," and describes the 1964 "A Hard Day's Night" and 1965 "Help!" as "very much a template" for the series. Producers and critics have also compared the series to "The Monkees", a popular but short-lived mid-1960s television comedy also following a real life band. At the Television Critics Association winter press tour in January 2009, Gary Marsh, entertainment president of Disney Channel Worldwide, described "Jonas" as a cross between "The Monkees" and "Flight of the Conchords". The "Chicago Sun-Times" remarks that Joe Jonas parallels "goofy Micky Dolenz", Kevin Jonas "quirky Michael Nesmith", and Nick Jonas "dreamy Davy Jones". The Jonas Brothers reportedly watched episodes of "The Partridge Family" and "The Monkees" "for literally three days straight" for inspiration.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: The series was shot at Hollywood Center Studios, which has also been the home to several other Disney Channel sitcoms over the years including "The Suite Life on Deck" and "Wizards of Waverly Place". The series was originally set in New Jersey for the first season, with comedic storylines on the boys trying to lead "normal" lives while being famous. For the second season, the setting changed to Los Angeles, and shifted towards a more drama, serial-driven story line.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: In November 2010, Disney Channel officially announced that "Jonas L.A." would not return for a third season. The network did mention, however, that they would be working with the Jonas Brothers in the future. As of 2019, "Jonas L.A." remains the only Disney Channel Original Series produced by It's a Laugh Productions to not be filmed before a live studio audience.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: In their 2019 documentary "Chasing Happiness", the brothers revealed that they regretted doing the series. All three agreed that the series was "not good" and felt that it negatively impacted their image. Nick also felt that the second season in particular limited their growth as a band.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: Nicole Anderson also auditioned for the role of Stella, but actress Chelsea Staub ended up winning the part. According to Staub, her previous work with director Sean McNamara helped her land the role. After the series plot changed, producers decided to create a best friend for Stella and offered Anderson, Staub's real life best friend, the role of Macy.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: "Jonas" was intended to star Kevin, Nick, and Joe Jonas, who lend their first names to their television counterparts. The role of Frankie Lucas was also created with Frankie Jonas in mind. In addition, Robert "Big Rob" Feggans, the Jonas Brothers real-life head of security, plays The Big Man, the JONAS bodyguard.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: The series originally premiered on May 2, 2009, on Disney Channel. It premiered on June 12, 2009, on Family Channel, on June 15, 2009, on Disney Channel (Australia and New Zealand) as well as on TV2 in New Zealand on April 17, 2010, on August 9, 2009, on Disney Channel (Southeast Asia), on September 11, 2009, on Disney Channel (UK and Ireland), on October 10, 2009, on Disney Channel (Europe, Middle East and Africa), an on November 30, 2009, on Disney Channel (India).


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: The second season originally premiered on June 20, 2010. It premiered on July 23, 2010, in Canada, on September 6, 2010, in Australia, on the same date in New Zealand and on May 31, 2012, on TV2, on October 23, 2010, in Southeast Asia, on August 13, 2010, in the UK and Ireland, and on September 18, 2010, in South Africa.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: On August 23, September 6, September 20, three volumes making up the entire first season of "JONAS" were released on Region 2 DVD in the United Kingdom and Region 4 in Australia. The volumes include new cover arts and different titles for both volumes released in the U.S. (previously ""I Heart Jonas"" & ""Rockin' The House""). The three new titles being, ""Rockstars In the House"" ""Ready To Rock"" and ""Keeping It Real"", with episodes released in airing order.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: Disney Interactive Studios released a video game based on the series for the Nintendo DS console system. It was released on November 10, 2009, in America. The game is based on many of the sets used in the TV show. The player can play as any of the brothers, play 6 concerts, and juggle school.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: The game was not well received, mainly due to shoddy graphics and bad gameplay, as stated on IGN, only earning an average score of 4.0 out of ten.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: Jonas is a soundtrack by the American pop rock group Jonas Brothers featured the songs from the first season of "Jonas." The soundtrack was never released as John Fields stated that it was "never really meant to be a record". Only the songs from the second season were included in the official soundtrack, "Jonas L.A.". Some songs from the first season were never leaked or released complete.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: "Jonas" received mixed to negative reviews for its premiere. Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" called the show ""The Monkees" for millennials" and enjoyed the featured Jonas Brothers music. "Variety" magazine reviewer Brian Lowry believed that Jonas Brothers' adorers would be pleased with the result, and that those who are not fans would still find an amiable charm within the series. Paige Wiser of the "Chicago Sun-Times" found the series better than "Hannah Montana", but commented that Nick Jonas' reserved nature made him the weak link of the premiere episode and that the boys' amateur acting is "endearing until they play a scene opposite someone with real comedic timing – like John Ducey." "The New York Times"' John Carmanica was also disappointed with Nick's performance, particularly because, according to Carmanica, he gives off the savviest air in the band's off screen life. Carmanica also criticizes the series' script as blithe, unfunny, and "seeded with profound cynicism", but praised the believable fraternal interactions and Kevin Jonas' acting.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: The series was the first series on Disney Channel to premiere on a Saturday night, part of a deliberate strategy by Disney to open up the night to original programming and compete with Nickelodeon's traditional dominance of the evening. The show was paired with the established series "Wizards of Waverly Place", which moved from a Sunday early evening timeslot, in the 8 p.m. (Eastern Time) slot. The series debuted on Disney Channel on May 2, 2009, and drew a solid 4.00 million viewers in the US, 73% of which was female. While this amounted to Disney Channel's best ratings in the time slot in eight months, it was also Disney Channel's second-lowest rated live-action series premiere in nearly four years. "The Hollywood Reporter" comments that "Jonas didn't do poorly, exactly. [...] It's just that one expects the premiere of a show by a heavily promoted major Disney brand like the Jonas Brothers to make a bigger splash."


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: Viewership for the series second episode the following week fell sharply to nearly half its premiere audience—2.2 million total U.S. viewers and beyond cable's Top 100, which notes "in the grand scheme of things, is still a very good showing - unless you're trying to live up to the media's expectations for a world famous act." E! credits the decline to the premiere of Nickelodeon's hour-long "iCarly" special, "iDate a Bad Boy", which earned 6.5 million viewers. Ratings improved over the following episodes, and the "New York Times" reported, "If "Jonas" can dent ratings for "iCarly" [...] the brothers’ sitcom will be considered a big success internally. However, just weeks after its premiere Disney Channel moved "Jonas" and "Wizards of Waverly Place" to Sunday and Friday evenings, respectively, and began airing movies in its old timeslot. In its Sunday timeslot, "Jonas" has been doing well in key kids demographics and averaging 3.4 million viewers.


title: Jonas (TV series)

text: However, the move to Sundays and Fridays and declining ratings, along with the change in setting and ill-fated strategies in promoting the show would result in Disney's decision to pull the plug on "Jonas L.A." On November 8, 2010, it announced that the show will not return for a third season. In a statement from a Disney Channel spokesperson: "We've been fortunate to work with the enormously talented Jonas Brothers on several projects, including the Emmy-nominated series JONAS L.A.," adding that "We look forward to working with them on new projects in the future."


title: Chris Eigeman

text: Eigeman is best known for roles in films written and directed by Whit Stillman: "Metropolitan" (1990), "Barcelona" (1994), and "The Last Days of Disco" (1998) as well as Noah Baumbach's "Kicking and Screaming" (1995), "Mr. Jealousy", and "Highball" (both 1997). He also has made recurring appearances in "Malcolm in the Middle", "Gilmore Girls", and "Girls".


title: Chris Eigeman

text: Eigeman was born in Denver, Colorado, in 1965. He attended The Putney School, Putney, Vermont, from 1979 to 1983, and graduated from Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, with a Bachelor of Arts in English and Theatre in 1987. He has been married to Linda D. Eigeman since 1993. They have a son, born in 2008.


title: Chris Eigeman

text: Eigeman has appeared in theatrical films including "Kicking and Screaming (1995)", "Mr. Jealousy" (1997), "Highball" (1997), "Maid in Manhattan" (2002), "Crazy Little Thing" (aka The Perfect You) (2002), "The Treatment" (2006).


title: Chris Eigeman

text: Eigeman has appeared in television series including "It's Like, You Know...", "Gilmore Girls", "Malcolm in the Middle", "", "Fringe", and "Girls".


title: Chris Eigeman

text: In 1992, Eigeman filmed a pilot for an American version of the British cult sci-fi television show "Red Dwarf", playing the part of Arnold Rimmer; however, the show was not picked up as a series. During the mid-1990s, he appeared in a series of television advertisements for Pacific Bell that highlighted his sarcastic, straight-ahead delivery. In these spots, Eigeman always appeared in dark suit and tie, regardless of the situation.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Jennifer Lee Daugherty (November 8, 1979 – February 11, 2010) was an American woman who was torture-murdered in Greensburg, Pennsylvania as an act of revenge in February 2010. Daugherty, who was mentally disabled, was tortured and murdered before being wrapped in Christmas decorations, put inside a garbage can, and dumped in the parking lot of Greensburg-Salem Middle School.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Amber Meidinger met Melvin Knight at a homeless shelter in Washington in January 2010. They moved to several locations before settling in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, where they met Jennifer Daugherty. Knight met Ricky Smyrnes after meeting previously in jail.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Melvin L. Knight (born October 27, 1989) was born to a drug-addicted father who was imprisoned during the early years of his life. He developed lifelong learning and social problems after he fell out of a moving vehicle and hit his head at age 5.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Angela Lynn Marinucci (born July 14, 1992), according to testimony by her mother and half-sister, Marinucci suffered a head injury when she was hit by a truck in 2008, at the age of 15. The injury substantially altered her behavior and pushed her into a downward spiral that ended with Daugherty’s death, according to the defense. Two mental experts testified that Marinucci as a child, suffered from depression and that she may have had drug and alcohol addictions as a teenager.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Meidinger told jurors, "at some point, she [Daugherty] trusted me because she knew me from the West Place (a center for people with special needs)." Meidinger testified she and her then-boyfriend and co-defendant Melvin Knight met Smyrnes on Feb. 8, 2010, after she and Knight had been staying at a Greensburg-area hotel. Knight and Smyrnes knew each other after meeting in jail, and Meidinger was pregnant with Knight's child when all three met up. Smyrnes offered Meidinger and Knight to stay at his apartment at 428 N. Pennsylvania Avenue in Greensburg.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Ricky Ven Edward Smyrnes (born March 6, 1986) was born to a drug-addicted Philadelphia sex worker and a Pittsburgh gang member. He was moved into and out of foster homes as a child and was treated for mental health disorders as early as age 4. He suffered abuse and neglect until he was taken in by the Smyrnes family in North Huntingdon at age 10, according to testimony by forensic psychologist Alice Applegate. His lawyer, Terri Fayes, told the jury that Smyrnes suffered sexual and physical abuse from his father and his uncle. She also explained how he had tried beer, cocaine, heroin, and marijuana by age 6, had been diagnosed with PTSD at age 8, and had undergone 103 therapy sessions by age 10. She added he was diagnosed as having as many as seven different personalities, and 15 total psychiatric issues. In 1997, he burglarized his neighbor's home and stole knives, guitars, coins, bullets, and cash. That same year, he sexually assaulted a woman in her basement.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: According to a testimony by Meidinger, the group went through her purse and stole money, gift cards, and her cell phone. They poured liquids into her bag, hit her head with filled soda bottles, cut her hair, painted her face with nail polish, and dumped liquid and spices on her head. Meidinger said she and Angela Marinucci took turns violently hitting Daugherty with a metal towel rack and crutches. She also noted that Daugherty was stripped naked, gagged, and raped by Knight. They also forced her to consume feces, urine, and detergent. Meidinger also said Knight took Daugherty to the living room where Marinucci poured a bottle of water over Daugherty's head and Knight and Smyrnes dumped oatmeal and spices on her head. Daugherty said that her eyes were burning, and Smyrnes told her to take a shower because she smelled bad.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: According to her relatives, Daugherty had the mental abilities of an adolescent, trusted everyone, and thought that the suspects were her "friends."


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Daugherty's last words were a note to her mother that said, “Mom, I hope you have a good day at work, and I love you very much. Love, Jennifer”.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: According to his testimony, Masters helped Daugherty retrieve her clothes that Knight and Smyrnes had stripped from her and tossed out a window on the first day of the beatings. Before Daugherty could get her clothes and get out, Knight and Smyrnes returned to the apartment at 428 N. Pennsylvania Ave. As a result, the group voted to kill her. Miller decided to tie her with Christmas lights. They forced her to write a fake suicide note and then stabbed her to death. Smyrnes gave Knight a steak knife and stabbed her in the chest and throat. Her body was stuffed inside a garbage can, and dumped in the parking lot of Greensburg-Salem Middle School. Marinucci told police officials that Knight and Meidinger drugged her before stabbing her.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Several witnesses claimed Marinucci planned to kill Daugherty several days before the rest began planning. They testified Marinucci overheard her boyfriend, Smyrnes, calling Daugherty and telling her that he loved her and wanted to marry her. During Smyrnes' testimony, he told jurors about the love triangle between Daugherty, Marinucci, and Smyrnes.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: At the start of the trial on November 3, 2010, the prosecution was seeking the death penalty for Smyrnes, Knight and Meidinger. However, as of August 1, 2019, Knight and Smyrnes are the only convicts on death row.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Several jail inmates testified that Marinucci planned to kill Daugherty several days before her body was discovered. Neighbor Anthony Zappone heard Marinucci say, "I'm going to kill that bitch". He was also sentenced to jail for an unrelated burglary charge. Tina Warrick testified Marinucci told her she was disappointed with the type of Christmas garland Miller purchased to tie Daugherty up and dump her body. Floria Headen heard body slamming and screaming on February 12, 2010. Felisha Hardison, who was a cellmate and friend to Marinucci, testified that she was jumping on her bed, excited to be on the news.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: On April 12, 2012, Knight pleaded guilty to first- and second-degree murder, kidnapping, and conspiracy to commit murder and kidnapping. On August 30, 2012, a jury deliberated for several hours, before voting to put Knight to death. In September 2014, Knight appealed his sentence. His trial was delayed several times, and his sentence was upheld in March 2019. In November 2020, Knight attempted to appeal his sentence via the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The appeal included statements and claims that jurors acted with passion and prejudice and arbitrarily imposed the death penalty. However, it was unanimously rejected by the judges.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: On August 3, 2011, Marinucci was formally given a mandatory life sentence without the possibility of parole after being found guilty in May of first-degree murder. She was 17 years old at the time of the crime so she was ineligible for the death penalty, as she was still a minor. Angela Marinucci had her life without possibility of parole sentence revoked, due to the 2012 and 2016 supreme court rulings Miller v. Alabama and Montgomery v. Louisiana. However, on July 1, 2015, a jury decided to re-sentence her to her previous sentence. Marinucci refused to answer any questions before she attended. In May 2022, Marinucci was resentenced to 60 years to life in prison with parole eligibility in 2070.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: On December 4, 2013, Amber Christine Meidinger (born January 12, 1990), was sentenced to 40 to 80 years in prison after pleading guilty to third-degree murder, kidnapping, and conspiracy. Meidinger filed paperwork in November 2019 with the state's Board of Pardons, seeking early termination of her 40- to 80-year prison sentence.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Amber Meidinger almost received the death penalty until she agreed to testify against the others. Westmoreland County District Attorney dropped his effort of the death penalty. Her defense attorney, Tim Dawson, questioned why she wanted to testify. During the testimony, she admitted she lied about the state of her mental health. Meidinger falsely told police officers that she had mental issues.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: On February 28, 2013, Smyrnes was sentenced to death. Smyrnes appealed his sentence. In February 2017, a judge upheld his death sentence. His execution was delayed in July 2017.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Robert Loren Masters Jr. (born December 22, 1973) pleaded guilty to third-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and conspiracy to commit kidnapping on December 19, 2013. Masters was sentenced to 30 to 70 years. Masters' attorney, William Gallishen, helped Masters reach a plea bargain against the other five. After he agreed, he was moved to another jail for protection because other suspects were being held there. He did not publicly share any information related to the plea bargain.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Robert Loren Masters is currently imprisoned in the State Correctional Institution – Greene, Ricky Ven Smyrnes and Melvin Knight are in the State Correctional Institution - Phoenix, Peggy Darlene Miller and Amber Meidinger are in the State Correctional Institution - Muncy, and Angela Marinucci is imprisoned in the State Correctional Institution - Cambridge Springs.


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: Forensic pathologist and former Allegheny County Coroner Cyril H. Wecht, who had conducted and reviewed thousands of autopsies of homicide victims, stated, "... This is one of the most horrific cases I have seen... You have one young, defenseless woman, six people who are keeping her captive and doing all of these things, knowing she is [mentally challenged]. Put it all together, it is bizarre, it is extreme barbarism."


title: Murder of Jennifer Daugherty

text: On April 23, 2012, at a conference, Pennsylvania State Senator Kim Ward proposed a legislation law named "Jennifer's Law." The proposal would make it illegal for someone to witness a violent crime and fail to report it to the police. Violation to report the crime would be a misdemeanor of the third degree.


title: Jakarta EE

text: Jakarta EE, formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extending Java SE with specifications for enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services. Jakarta EE applications are run on reference runtimes, that can be microservices or application servers, which handle transactions, security, scalability, concurrency and management of the components it is deploying.


title: Jakarta EE

text: Jakarta EE is defined by its specification. The specification defines APIs (application programming interface) and their interactions. As with other Java Community Process specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as "Jakarta EE compliant".


title: Jakarta EE

text: Examples of contexts in which Jakarta EE referencing runtimes are used are: e-commerce, accounting, banking information systems.


title: Jakarta EE

text: The platform was known as "Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition" or "J2EE" from version 1.2, until the name was changed to "Java Platform, Enterprise Edition" or "Java EE" in version 1.5.


title: Jakarta EE

text: Java EE was maintained by Oracle under the Java Community Process. On September 12, 2017, Oracle Corporation announced that it would submit Java EE to the Eclipse Foundation.


title: Jakarta EE

text: The Eclipse top-level project has been named Eclipse Enterprise for Java (EE4J). The Eclipse Foundation could not agree with Oracle over the use of javax and Java trademarks. Oracle owns the trademark for the name "Java" and the platform was renamed from Java EE to Jakarta EE. The name refers to the largest city on the island of Java and also the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta. The name should not be confused with the former Jakarta Project which fostered a number of current and former Java projects at the Apache Software Foundation.


title: Jakarta EE

text: Jakarta EE includes several specifications that serve different purposes, like generating web pages, reading and writing from a database in a transactional way, managing distributed queues.


title: Jakarta EE

text: The Jakarta EE APIs include several technologies that extend the functionality of the base Java SE APIs, such as Jakarta Enterprise Beans, connectors, servlets, Jakarta Server Pages and several web service technologies.


title: Jakarta EE

text: In an attempt to limit the footprint of web containers, both in physical and in conceptual terms, the web profile was created, a subset of the Jakarta EE specifications.


title: Jakarta EE

text: Although by definition all Jakarta EE implementations provide the same base level of technologies (namely, the Jakarta EE spec and the associated APIs), they can differ considerably with respect to extra features (like connectors, clustering, fault tolerance, high availability, security, etc.), installed size, memory footprint, startup time, etc.


title: Jakarta EE

text: The code sample shown below demonstrates how various technologies in Java EE 7 are used together to build a web form for editing a user.


title: Jakarta EE

text: In Jakarta EE a (web) UI can be built using Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta Server Pages ("JSP"), or Jakarta Server Faces ("JSF") with Facelets. The example below uses Faces and Facelets. Not explicitly shown is that the input components use the Jakarta EE Bean Validation API under the covers to validate constraints.


title: Jakarta EE

text: To assist the view, Jakarta EE uses a concept called a "Backing Bean". The example below uses Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) and Jakarta Enterprise Beans ("EJB").


title: Jakarta EE

text: To implement business logic, Jakarta Enterprise Beans ("EJB") is the dedicated technology in Jakarta EE. For the actual persistence, JDBC or Jakarta Persistence (JPA) can be used. The example below uses EJB and JPA. Not explicitly shown is that JTA is used under the covers by EJB to control transactional behavior.


title: Jakarta EE

text: For defining entity/model classes Jakarta EE provides the Jakarta Persistence ("JPA"), and for expressing constraints on those entities it provides the Bean Validation API. The example below uses both these technologies.


title: Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography

text: Jimi Hendrix (1942–1970) was an American musician whose career spanned the years between 1962 and 1970. His posthumous discography includes recordings released after September 18, 1970. Hendrix left behind many recordings in varying stages of completion. This material, along with reissues of his career catalogue, has been released over the years in several formats by various producers and record companies. Since Experience Hendrix, a company owned and operated by members of the Hendrix family, took control of his recording legacy in 1995, over 15 Hendrix albums have appeared on the main US albums chart. Several of these have also placed on charts in more than 18 countries around the world.


title: Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography

text: At the time of his death, Hendrix was recording songs for a fourth studio album. He was working on enough material for a double album and had sketched out possible track lists. However, only about six songs were nearing completion, with an additional twenty or so in different stages of development. The first attempt at presenting Hendrix's fourth studio album, a single LP record titled "The Cry of Love", was released in 1971 and reached number three on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s album chart. A second attempt titled "Voodoo Soup", with some different songs and a new audio mix, was released in 1995 and appeared at number 66. In 1997, Experience Hendrix restored the original mixes and added several songs for a third release: the double-album length "First Rays of the New Rising Sun", the first to use one of Hendrix's proposed titles, reached number 49.


title: Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography

text: In addition to songs planned for a fourth studio album, numerous demos, studio outtakes/alternate takes, and jams have been released. Albums of concert performances and compilations focusing on various aspects of Hendrix's work have been issued. From 1970 to 1992, his record companies Reprise Records in the US and Track Records/Polydor Records in the UK continued to handle his recordings. MCA Records took over in 1992, during the controversial tenure of subsequent producer Alan Douglas. Since 2010, Sony/Legacy Recordings has been distributing the releases produced by Experience Hendrix. Besides legitimate releases, many bootleg and grey market albums have appeared over the years. Many of these have been reissued several times with different album titles, packaging, and song titles. Some purporting to feature Hendrix as a sideman have been shown to be fake. To meet the demand, Dagger Records was established in 1998 to issue "official bootlegs" of albums "that don't meet the technical recording criteria" and standards for mainstream release. These have included live recordings from various points in his career as well as demo and rehearsal recordings.


title: Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography

text: Dagger Records was established in 1998 by Experience Hendrix to issue "official bootlegs" of albums "that don't meet the technical recording criteria" and standards for mainstream release.


title: Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography

text: Several amateur recordings of Hendrix concerts are free to stream from the Experience Hendrix website. As of September 11, 2020, the following are available:


title: Disk diffusion test

text: The disk diffusion test (also known as the agar diffusion test, Kirby–Bauer test, disc-diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test, disc-diffusion antibiotic sensitivity test and KB test) is a culture-based microbiology assay used in diagnostic and drug discovery laboratories. In diagnostic labs, the assay is used to determine the susceptibility of bacteria isolated from a patient's infection to clinically approved antibiotics. This allows physicians to prescribe the most appropriate antibiotic treatment. In drug discovery labs, especially bioprospecting labs, the assay is used to screen biological material (e.g. plant extracts, bacterial fermentation broths) and drug candidates for antibacterial activity. When bioprospecting, the assay can be performed with paired strains of bacteria to achieve dereplication and provisionally identify antibacterial mechanism of action.


title: Disk diffusion test

text: In diagnostic laboratories, the test is performed by inoculating the surface of an agar plate with bacteria isolated from a patient's infection. Antibiotic-containing paper disks are then applied to the agar and the plate is incubated. If an antibiotic stops the bacteria from growing or kills the bacteria, there will be an area around the disk where the bacteria have not grown enough to be visible. This is called a zone of inhibition. The susceptibility of the bacterial isolate to each antibiotic can then be semi-quantified by comparing the size of these zones of inhibition to databases of information on known antibiotic-susceptible, moderately susceptible and resistant bacteria. In this way, it is possible to identify the most appropriate antibiotic for treating a patient's infection. Although the disk diffusion test cannot be used to differentiate bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, it is less cumbersome than other susceptibility test methods such as broth dilution.


title: Disk diffusion test

text: In drug discovery labs, the disk diffusion test is performed slightly differently than in diagnostic labs. In this setting, it is not the bacterial strain that must be characterized, but a test extract (e.g. a plant or microbial extract). The agar plate is therefore inoculated with a bacterial strain of known phenotype (often an ATCC or NCTC strain), and disks containing the test extract are applied to the surface. Zone of inhibition sizes cannot be used as a semi-quantitative measure of antibacterial potency because different extracts contain molecules with different diffusion characteristics (different molecular sizes, hydrophilicities etc.). Zone of inhibition sizes can be used for the purpose of dereplication though. This is achieved by testing each extract against paired strains of bacteria (e.g. streptomycin-susceptible and -resistant strains to identify streptomycin-containing extracts). Paired strains (e.g. wild type and target overexpressing strains) can also be used to identify antibacterial mechanism of action.


title: Disk diffusion test

text: Agar diffusion was first used by Martinus Beijerinck in 1889 to study the effect of auxins on bacterial growth. However, the method has been developed, refined and standardized by many scientists and scientific organizations over the years including George F. Reddish, Norman Heatley, James G. Vincent, Alfred W. Bauer, William M.M. Kirby, John C. Sherris, Hans Martin Ericsson, the World Health Organization, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, the Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics, the Deutsches Institut für Normung, the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and others.


title: Disk diffusion test

text: A pure bacterial culture is suspended in saline, its turbidity is standardized, and it is swabbed uniformly across an agar plate. An antibiotic- or extract-impregnated filter paper disk is then placed on the surface of the agar. The disk constituent(s) diffuse from the filter paper into the agar. The concentration of these constituents will be highest next to the disk and will decrease as the distance from the disk increases. If the antibiotic or extract is effective against bacteria at a certain concentration, no colonies will grow where the concentration in the agar is greater than or equal to the effective concentration. This is the zone of inhibition. In general, larger zones of inhibition correlate with lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotic or extract for that bacterial strain. An exception to this is when molecules of the antibiotic or extract are large or hydrophobic because these diffuse through the agar slowly.


title: Disk diffusion test

text: All aspects of the Kirby–Bauer procedure are standardized to ensure consistent and accurate results. Because of this, a laboratory must adhere to these standards. The media used in Kirby–Bauer testing must be Mueller–Hinton agar at only 4 mm deep, poured into either 100 mm or 150 mm Petri dishes. The pH level of the agar must be between 7.2 and 7.4. Bacterial inoculum is prepared by diluting a broth culture to match a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard, which is equivalent to approximately 150 million cells per mL.


title: Disk diffusion test

text: Using aseptic technique, broth culture of a specific organism is collected with a sterile swab. In the case of Gram negative bacteria, excess liquid is removed from the swab by gently pressing or rotating it against the inside of the tube. The swab is then streaked across a Mueller–Hinton agar plate to form a bacterial lawn. To obtain uniform growth, the agar plate is streaked with the swab in one direction, rotated 120° and streaked again, rotated another 120° and streaked again. Using an antibiotic disk dispenser, disks containing specific antibiotics are then applied to the plate. This must be done within 15 minutes of inoculation. Flame-sterilized forceps are used to gently press each disk onto the agar and ensure it is attached. Plates are then incubated overnight, usually at a temperature of 35 °C. Plates must be incubated within 15 minutes of applying antibiotic disks.


title: Disk diffusion test

text: Several variations of the disk diffusion method have been developed including the Oxford penicillin cup and Etest methods used in hospital diagnostic laboratories, and the well diffusion, cylinder diffusion and bioautography methods used in drug discovery and development laboratories.


title: Disk diffusion test

text: Disks containing increasing antibiotic concentrations are placed on a seeded bacterial lawn on the agar surface and plates are incubated. Zone sizes are measured from the edge of the disk to the end of the clear zone. Interpretation is more complicated in mixed susceptibility populations. These are plotted as linear dimensions or squares of distances as a function of the natural logarithm of antibiotic concentration in the disks. The MIC is determined from the zero intercept of a linear regression fit through the data. The intercept itself is the logarithm of the MIC. The slope of the regression line is related to the diffusion coefficient of that particular antibiotic in the agar.


title: Playboy TV

text: The channel first launched on December 9, 1980, as Escapade by Rainbow Programing Services (a joint-venture of four cable companies, led by Cablevision). At launch, Escapade aired mostly R rated B movies. The channel aired five nights a week from 9 PM to 4 or 6 AM, Tuesday through Saturday. Sunday and Monday nights were reserved for Rainbow's other new channel Bravo. The satellite time the two networks used was subleased from National Christian Network. By July 1981, the service expanded to seven nights a week.


title: Playboy TV

text: In August 1981, Playboy Enterprises became half-owner of Escapade and announced a plan to produce original programming that reflected the contents of Playboy magazine beginning in early 1982. On January 21, 1982, the Playboy Channel on Escapade debuted as a four-hour programming block. The first program was an interview with John and Bo Derek, followed by footage of January playmate Shannon Tweed, the West German adult movie "Vanessa", and a magazine features including "Ribald Classics". Over the months that followed, Escapade would gradually increase the amount of Playboy programming.


title: Playboy TV

text: The channel officially relaunched as the Playboy Channel on November 18, 1982. The original programming and style of the Playboy Channel was developed by Hugh Hefner, and producer Michael Trikilis. Playboy hired its own sales and marketing staff and launched the channel on several major multiple system operators. At the time of its launch, programming featured on the channel consisted of R-rated films. It was broadcast for only ten hours each day, from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. ET, during its first eleven years of existence. In October 1983, Rainbow Media exited the partnership by selling its share to Playboy, but would continue to distribute the channel until 1986. The channel re-launched as Playboy TV and adopted its current name on November 1, 1989. The network expanded its programming with the adoption of a 24-hour schedule in 1994.


title: Playboy TV

text: In November 2011, Playboy Enterprises sold its ownership of its media properties (including the Spice Networks) to Manwin (later MindGeek), who would operate them, including Playboy TV, under the "Playboy Plus Entertainment" subsidiary. Although Playboy Enterprises would re-acquire their website, MindGeek still continues operate Playboy TV under license.


title: Playboy TV

text: Playboy TV was originally developed as a video version of Playboy Magazine. Programming featured music reviews, celebrity interviews, men's fashion and segments on cars. It was a video extension of the magazine - an established lifestyle brand. Slowly the programming on the channel evolved to feature more attractive women and eventually soft core features. This then evolved to what would become more standard television programming with a focus primarily on a male demographic.


title: Playboy TV

text: In 2010, Playboy TV unveiled a new program slate, which featured series tailored to both male and female viewers.


title: Linzi Drew

text: Lindsey Jane Drew (born 11 May 1958), known professionally as Linzi Drew, is an English former glamour model, producer, adult model and pornographic actress.


title: Linzi Drew

text: Linzi Drew was born on 11 May 1958 in Bristol, England. During a varied career in the UK sex industry, she worked as a "Page 3" girl, stripper, glamour model and porn actress, and was at one time the editor of the British edition of "Penthouse" magazine. In the 1980s, she appeared nude each month in the softcore magazine "Club International".


title: Linzi Drew

text: In the 1990s, Drew was arrested for illegally distributing pornography, something which she and then-boyfriend Simon Honey a.k.a. Ben Dover discussed in a BBC "Open Space" documentary titled "More Sex Please, We're British" (1993).


title: Linzi Drew

text: In 1993, she published her autobiography "Try Everything Once Except Incest and Morris Dancing: The Intimate Autobiography of a Dangerous Lady". The book chronicles her time as a groupie and her career as a glamour model and porn star.


title: Linzi Drew

text: Under the direction of glamour photographer George Harrison Marks, Drew starred in two short erotic corporal punishment videos: "Warden’s End" (1981), produced by "Janus" magazine, and "The Cane and Mr. Abel" (1984), released by Kane International Video, a publishing company owned by Marks.


title: Linzi Drew

text: Drew has also had minor roles in a handful of mainstream films, including "An American Werewolf in London" (1981) and "The Rainbow Thief" (1990), and a number of Ken Russell films, including "Salome's Last Dance" (1988), "The Lair of the White Worm" (1988) and the "Nessun dorma"  segment of the multi-director film "Aria" (1987).


title: Linzi Drew

text: She also appeared on the front cover of the 1984 Roger Waters concept album "The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking"  and in the film back-projected during the accompanying live tour.


title: Linzi Drew

text: Drew played the role of "rack girl" during American hard rockers W.A.S.P.'s appearance at the 1987 Monsters of Rock festival.


title: 2000–01 NBA season

text: The 2000–01 NBA season was the 55th season of the National Basketball Association. The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their second straight championship, beating the Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 1 in the 2001 NBA Finals.


title: 2000–01 NBA season

text: Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home-court advantage does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.


title: Heather Tom

text: Heather Marie Tom (born November 4, 1975) is an American actress and television director. She is best known for her acting work on various soap operas. Her best known roles are Victoria Newman on "The Young and the Restless," Kelly Cramer on "One Life to Live" and "All My Children", and since 2007, Katie Logan on "The Bold and the Beautiful". On "The Bold and the Beautiful", she has earned a record-tying six Daytime Emmy Awards, the most for a soap actress.


title: Heather Tom

text: Tom was the first of three children born to Marie and Charles Tom, who are divorced. Her two younger siblings are twins David and Nicholle Tom, who are also actors. David played Billy Abbott on "The Young and the Restless" and also co-starred with her on "One Life to Live" as her brother, Paul Cramer, while Nicholle played Maggie Sheffield on "The Nanny," starring Fran Drescher. In 2000, Tom and David became the first brother and sister nominated for Daytime Emmy Awards in the same year.


title: Heather Tom

text: As a jump start to her career, Tom guest starred on an episode of "Who's the Boss?" in 1989. In that same year, she guest starred in an episode of Kids Incorporated. She then became well known in the realm of soap operas for her role as Victoria Newman on "The Young and the Restless." Debuting in December 1990, Tom won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 1993 and 1999, along with nominations in 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2000. Tom departed from the role of Victoria on December 17, 2003, citing creative differences. Prior to her departure, she began portraying Kelly Cramer on ABC's "One Life to Live," also making brief appearances on "All My Children" until she departed in 2006. Since 2007, Tom has become widely recognized for her role as Katie Logan on "The Bold and the Beautiful"; she earned nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2007 and 2008, with a win in 2011, followed by her first Lead Actress nominations and wins in 2012, 2013 and 2020. Tom has also guest starred on "Monk", The Mentalist and "Ugly Betty" and has also worked extensively in theater, both in New York and on the West Coast.


title: Heather Tom

text: In August 2011, Tom announced her engagement to her partner of 15 years, James Achor. On September 17, 2011, they were married. On October 28, 2012, Tom gave birth to her son, Zane Alexander. Zane has appeared occasionally since 2013 on "The Bold and the Beautiful", as Tom's on-screen son, Will Spencer.


title: Heather Tom

text: Heather Tom and James Achor run a design business, Tight Rope Designs; they have redecorated several homes in the Los Angeles area. Their work has also been featured in InStyle and Elle Decor magazines. In the summer of 2013, Heather starred in her own reality TV miniseries for HGTV called "Renovation Unscripted". In September 2016, Tom finished first in the celebrity female division of the 30th Annual Nautica Malibu Triathlon with a time of 2:05:23.63, helping to raise more than $1,226,000 for the Children's Hospital Los Angeles Pediatric Cancer Research Program.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Donald Pierce is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as a cyborg and is commonly an enemy of the X-Men.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Donald Pierce first appeared in "The Uncanny X-Men" #132 April 1980, and was created by Chris Claremont and John Byrne. Pierce's name and appearance were modeled by Byrne upon Donald Sutherland. The character's last name comes from Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce, Sutherland's character in the 1970 film "M*A*S*H".


title: Donald Pierce

text: Donald Pierce was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He first appears as a high-ranking member of the Inner Circle of the Hellfire Club, where he holds the position of White Bishop. However, Pierce is in fact a genocidal mutant hater, and has only joined the Hellfire Club in order to kill the Inner Circle's other members, all of whom are mutants. In addition to hating mutants, Pierce is also bigoted towards certain nationalities and harbors a sense of self-loathing due to his cyborg status, referring to himself as "only half a man". He is the CEO and principal shareholder of Pierce-Consolidated Mining, and operates out of a mining and laboratory complex in Cameron, Kentucky. Pierce and his mercenaries kidnap Professor X and Tessa in a plot against the Hellfire Club and X-Men, but he is defeated by the Professor despite a device shielding against telepathic attacks. Pierce is handed over to Tessa of the Hellfire Club, expelled from the Inner Circle, and taken to a secret holding facility in one of Shaw Industries' Kentucky installations.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Many months later, Pierce is violently liberated from the holding facility. Though his rescuers are never explicitly identified, he resurfaces alongside three members of the Reavers, a band of cyborg criminals which Pierce claims to have built and assembled, and which had recently been all but wiped out by the X-Men. The four of them ally with Lady Deathstrike and three Hellfire Club mercenaries (Cole, Macon, and Reese) who were cybernetically enhanced by Pierce. Under Pierce's leadership, the new Reavers are dedicated to exterminating mutants, with highest priority given to the X-Men and Sebastian Shaw (CEO of Shaw Industries).


title: Donald Pierce

text: The Reavers take over the X-Men's headquarters in their absence, but after the X-Men leave through the Siege Perilous, they manage to capture only Wolverine whom they torture and crucify. During this time, Pierce develops a romantic attraction towards Lady Deathstrike but the woman is disgusted by Pierce's arrogance and spurns him, and Wolverine is rescued by Jubilee and the two mutants go into hiding. Pierce tracks the two down, but is incapacitated by Jubilee. Assuming the mutants fled to Muir Island, Pierce and the Reavers attack Muir Island, and battle Moira MacTaggart's "Muir Island X-Men" and Freedom Force. With the Reavers, he also attacks Frost Technologies' plant in California. Pierce creates two super intelligent sentient androids (Elsie-Dee and Albert), programming the two to find Wolverine and self-destruct. However, the androids' intelligence allows the two to put the bomb in Elsie-Dee on hold, and abandon the Reavers.


title: Donald Pierce

text: The Upstarts' members Trevor Fitzroy sends reprogrammed Sentinels to destroy the Reavers, as they are a threat to mutants and the former White King is worth a lot of "points" in the deadly game the Upstarts play. Only Lady Deathstrike and Cylla escape. Pierce has Gateway teleport him to the one responsible for the attack on the Reavers, but the Sentinels accompanying Fitzroy to electrocute him. Despite his seeming demise, he later resurfaces, starts an anti-mutant hate group, and enlists several members; revealing a plot to take militant terrorist actions against mutants and thwarted by the X-Men, he is beaten by Wolverine in hand-to-hand combat. Very little of Pierce's human tissue remains, which explains how he was able to survive the massacre in Australia with only portions of his upper torso intact.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Pierce would remain with the Hellfire Club for some time, eventually showing a more adversarial relationship with Shaw as the current Black King. He heads out to an outpost in Switzerland believed to be the immortal tyrant Apocalypse's old stronghold, in order to obtain the first mutant's power and technological marvels, also to secure his position within the Hellfire Club's inner circle. In one such botched expedition involving the mutant time traveler Cable, he was believed to be flash incinerated when he, Shaw and a guide leading them through another of the first mutant's lairs unleashed a techno-organic entity created by the mutant overlord in the past. All managed to survive unscathed, save for Pierce himself whose injuries further cost him much of his remaining flesh, revealing his head to be his only remaining fully organic component. Due to his constant failures and Shaw's general contempt of him, Pierce is eventually cut loose from the Inner Circle, left to plummet to his death from an escaping helicopter. Ironically enough he would later find refuge in one of Cable's old safe-houses, whose futuristic resources and databases he would use in reconstructing his damaged body, making himself a new cybernetic shell out of solid Adamantium he stole from another cyborg's secret cache. When Logan and Jubilee happened upon his machinations thanks to Gateway, the two were able to preempt whatever plans he had alongside Khyber, the mysterious cyborg whose Adamantium reserves Pierce stole, who had intervened.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Pierce later re-emerges, employing cyborgs Pico, Lady Deathstrike, and Skullbuster in an attempt to abduct Milo Thurman (Domino's estranged husband) from his US government holding facility. As Thurman has the genius ability to predict future events accurately from current data, Pierce wishes to integrate Thurman into his cybernetic brain so he may use this ability to exert further control of the world's future. Pierce reveals that after the events involving Fitzroy at the Hellfire Club, his mind and body were restored by a mysterious benefactor, and he now has a new prime directive. Just as Pierce downloads Thurman's mind into his own, Domino destroys Pierce's appropriated Weapon X base. Domino escapes, but Pierce and Thurman both seemingly perish in the ensuing explosion.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Pierce next tries to take over Sebastian Shaw's new Hellfire Club, launching an attack and slashing Shaw's chest. Though Shaw is left critically injured and later needed to be hospitalized, Shaw is able to punch off Pierce's head. Pierce later is forcibly recruited into the Purifiers' ranks and infected with the Technarch transmode virus. Being under the control of the mutant-hunting robot Bastion, he shows his mutant target: the newly formed Young X-Men.


title: Donald Pierce

text: He appears in a nightmare of the precognitive mutant Blindfold, battling a not yet formed team of X-Men and killing one of their number. Pierce himself recruited this team using an image inducer to pose as Cyclops (the X-Men's leader). His reasons for recruiting these mutants as "X-Men" are not entirely clear, however, it appears that his primary focus is to eliminate the Hellfire Club's current Lord Imperial Roberto da Costa and former New Mutants allies. He also hires Ink to deliver Dani and Blindfold to him, misleading him. Following the confrontation with the Young X-Men, his face is scoured by Dust.


title: Donald Pierce

text: With face's synthetic skin restored, he is kept captive by the Young X-Men. Ink is allowed to stay on the team and despite contention from Rockslide, later apologizes to Blindfold for working for Pierce, who remains in X-Men captivity. Pierce and Dust have frequent conversations while he is imprisoned, despite his vocal hatred of mutants and derogatory remarks toward Dust's faith in Islam, noting that his attitude reminds Dust of home. While they talk, Dust admits to Pierce of dying, as he is "the only one who won't care" and he agrees to share with Dust the secret information he has about teammates. He tells Dust that Ink is the mystery "non-mutant" among them, which is later discovered by the rest of the team. Also, he subtly says that three will die soon, referring to Boom Boom, Hellion and Surge, who were captured by the Sapien League and injected with a strain of the Legacy Virus.


title: Donald Pierce

text: It was eventually revealed that Pierce was only captured to act as Bastion's mole inside the X-Men's headquarters, all the while building several structures that surround Utopia.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Later after receiving the green light from Bastion to proceed with their plan, Pierce provokes an explosion that decimates all the X-Men's jets and the Blackbirds. Pierce stands amid the debris, and muses to the X-Men that he is sorry that he will not live to witness the decimation of the mutant race. Cyclops eliminates him with an optic blast.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Donald was seen alive again with the rest of the Hellfire Club's Inner Circle on a pleasure cruise reserved for super criminals and cabals. He along with his compatriots were seen at a gambling den aboard the vessel as the Avengers Unity Division were searching for The Red Skull across the world.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Shortly after his return as seen during the "Hunt for Wolverine" storyline, Pierce and the Reavers were left in dire straits since they failed a couple of jobs as a unit. Worn down and nearly broken by hard times the cyborg posse took up one last job in order to earn enough cash for a total refit - exhuming the grave for the deceased Wolverine. They were disappointed to find that Logan's body had been removed from the Adamantium casing after Cylla Markham had cracked it open using a Molecular Rearranger, to which after a lengthily battle with the X-Men, Pierce and the others were rounded up and deposited into the care of Alpha Flight, as their attempt at grave robbery happened upon Canadian soil.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Due to lack of resources and proper jurisdiction however, Pierce and the rest of the Reavers were eventually turned over to the Office of National Emergency. The mutant related activity hating General Robert Callahan had Pierce run a couple of missions for the mutant crimes task force bureau on the false promise of freedom and much-needed system overhauls. With the latest acquisition of Miss Sinister however, General Callahan revealed the duplicity by triggering remote fail-safes installed during the Reavers' refitting. Pierce and select members of his crew were forced to impart their technologies and mechanical skills into building up Callahan's mutant-hunting gear, the rest of whom had been given the kill order by the corrupt commander to his soldiers, an event which soon made public news and garnered the attention of some ragtag X-Men.


title: Donald Pierce

text: After many of these mutants had been captured on live television, the remains of Pierce's cyborg crew, led by leftover mutant heroes Havok and Warpath, launched an assault on the Location 22 base camp of O*N*E withholding and experimenting on their friends. Where it is revealed that the list of mutant targets Callahan had the Reavers go after were the likely holders of what was the last component needed to upgrade the Sentinel Squad One unit. Havok, having had it in possession since the moral inversion, traded it for the Reavers' help, learning too late that the final piece was a nanite-coded module fashioned by Bastion that enables any machine to adaptively assimilate and incorporate any new technology into themselves.


title: Donald Pierce

text: A deadly new modification which Pierce's forces put to horrifying use as they assimilated the Squad Sentinels, turning them into new bodies for their penultimate use. With the ultimate augmentation in tow, Pierce and the now giant mech-upgraded Reavers move out to attack the X-Mansion, showing off their extravagant Technomorphing upgrades as they take and receive damage in battle. But they are soon undone by the mutants they believed to have double-crossed and destroyed back at the 22 base. Dazzler, after having absorbed Sean's shriek after the latter had nanotech parasitically hot-wired by Skullduster, let out a massive photokinetic pulse blast which stunned the Reavers and totalled their Sentinel bodies, putting them down for the count. Eventually O*N*E would show up taking both Havok and the Reavers back into their custody.


title: Donald Pierce

text: During the "Iron Man 2020" event, Albert was directed by Tyger Tiger to Reavers Universal Robotics (Pierce's company) in Madripoor and is confronted by Bonebreaker and the Reavers. Pierce arrives to prevent the lobby from being wrecked. Taking Albert on a tour, Pierce states that he has been upgrading his operations with the help of a 3D Printer. When Pierce stated that Elsie-Dee is not here and that previously appearing asking to have the self-destruct mechanism disarmed, Albert retaliates while claiming that Pierce doesn't own the two androids. After Albert subdues the Reavers, Pierce states having sold Elsie-Dee's head to yakuza boss Kimura, the arms to the Jade Dragon Triad, and the legs to the Vladivostok Mafia. After Albert heads out, Bonebreaker reports that some toxic fumes escaped from the air lock and advises to put a respirator on as Pierce plans to put a suffering chip in Albert's head. After getting the parts from them, Albert puts Elsie-Dee back together. In light of Albert's actions towards them, the Reavers, Kimura, the Jade Dragon Triad, and the Vladivostok Mafia to take action against Albert vowing that Albert will never make it out of Madripoor alive. In downtown Madripoor, Pierce and the Reavers are traveling through the vacant streets as they state that Albert and Elsie-Dee will have to travel through the Vladivostok Mafia's turf before they can engage them. Arriving at Madripoor Airport, the Reavers cover all the entrances there to make sure Albert and Elsie-Dee do not leave Madripoor. The Reavers bring a high velocity railgun in. During Albert and Elsie-Dee's fight with Kimura's men, Kimura stops the attack and informs Albert and Elsie-Dee about the ambush. As Kimura's limousine fools the Reavers into thinking that Albert and Elsie-Dee hijacked it and fire the railgun on it, Kimura smuggles Albert and Elsie-Dee out of Madripoor in a box claiming that it is filled with slot machine parts bound for Macao. The Reavers check the limousine wreckage and find that Albert and Elsie-Dee are not there.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Donald Pierce is a cyborg originally with four artificial limbs which provide him with superhuman strength. His speed, reflexes and agility are also inhumanly high. Attributes derived from his replacement extremities. His body has great resistance to damage and even if it is destroyed, as long as his head is intact he will probably survive. Before and after securing some of Cable's technology from the future and incorporating it into himself, he boasted a wide cadre of skills and abilities, such as generating a shocking plasma current through his cyborg limbs or hurling it as electrical force over short distances. His bionic body once hosted adamantium as an outer shell which further bolstered his resistance to damage. He also boasts bionic optics which feed into his Technarch mind in order to memorize and relay information, giving him an eidetic memory and photography vision. Pierce can plastically morph his arms into weapons like skeins, cannons, pincers, finger missiles and razor claws; likely through nanotechnology. His elongated nails can channel the electrical energies he generates into them increasing his cutting edge.


title: Donald Pierce

text: There is nothing left of his original human body, save for his head, which was given fake flesh and bone structural appearance through a synthetic skin hiding a robotic skull underneath. As such he is immune to psionic infraction thanks to various brain implants for telepathic resistance, also having the ability to turn psionic assaults against the attacker to a limited degree. He also boasted rocket powered flight capabilities, enabling Pierce to fly at unknown speeds for prolonged extents of time. He also has an Image Inducer to disguise himself with, used for infiltration purposes like moving undercover through the Xavier Institute as Cyclops for a time. He even boasts a personal teleporter device of his own design for quick escapes. It is unknown if he still has his original brain or if he uploaded his memories, intelligence, and thought engrams into a cyborg computer brain. As a member of the Reavers, he often wore body armor.


title: Donald Pierce

text: During his indoctrination into Bastion's Purifiers Donald was also modified with a Transmode Virus infection that made him subservient to the killer A.I.'s command code. While he hasn't shown any mechamorphing abilities of the Technarch, he has shown the ability to simulate Scott's optic blast power while disguised as him. Aside from his physical advantages, Donald Pierce is a genius in robotics, cybernetics and electronics. In these fields he has developed technology that exceeds that of conventional science by approximately two centuries. He is also a seasoned leader with vast financial and human resources (a prerequisite for membership in the Hellfire Club). He is a college graduate in geological engineering and business administration, and is an accomplished strategist and business administrator. Pierce is a fair hand-to-hand combatant, but mainly relies on his cyborg strength and is more prone to letting others fight his battles for him rather than fight on the front lines. In later publishing after coming under the services of the Office of National Emergency, Pierce as with all of his Reavers gained the ability to cyperpathically possess and/or assimilate any piece of engineered conveyance he can get his hands on. Effectively rebuilding and bulking himself up from any and every automated fabrication around him, I.E. commandeering a Sentinel for a new body or turning a truck into an arm cannon.


title: Donald Pierce

text: In the Age of Apocalypse, Pierce was the leader of the Reavers, a band of human assassins enhanced by Apocalypse's techno-organic virus. Thanks to the virus, Pierce and his band of assassins become cyborgs with regenerative abilities and the power to assimilate both organic and non-organic material to mutate themselves. Pierce infiltrated the territory of the Human High Council in an attempt to destroy the Council fleet and later attempted to kill Gateway, an ally of the HHC. After the fleet was assembled for an attack on Apocalypse's empire, Pierce infected Carol Danvers with the remains of the Reaver Vultura to aid him in the destruction of the fleet. During his attack he also used Brian Braddock, who was under Apocalypse's mind control, to kill Emma Frost, though he resisted Pierce's orders, for which Pierce killed him. In the end, Pierce was destroyed by Weapon X.


title: Donald Pierce

text: A human team known only as X-Terminators had used Pierce's blood sample before he was infected by the techno-organic virus to create several clones of him in order to help the fight against the mutants. One such clone began operating under the codename "Goodnight" and infiltrated the Hellfire Club, becoming a great friend of Sebastian Shaw. The general public and Club members think he is in fact a mutant.


title: Donald Pierce

text: In the House of M, Donald was a member of the Human Liberation Front, one of the many human resistance groups labeled as terrorists by the House of M. Alongside Seiji Ashida, the father of Surge, he was part of the HLF's base in Tokyo, which had targeted Project Genesis, a plan of Emperor Sunfire to forcefully mutate baseline humans.


title: Donald Pierce

text: Donald Pierce appears in the 2017 film "Logan", portrayed by Boyd Holbrook. Taking Kimura's place as Laura's handler, the version of the character is Zander Rice's chief of security for Transigen with a cybernetic right arm and claims to be a "fan" of Logan. After finding Gabriela Lopez and Laura, Pierce kidnaps Caliban to track Logan, Laura and Charles Xavier. Pierce survives Caliban's suicide by grenade then uses a fleet of drones to find the gathering place of Laura and other mutant children who are trying to escape to Canada. The children kill or incapacitate several of the Reavers, then combine their powers to kill him.


title: Assignment problem

text: The assignment problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem. In its most general form, the problem is as follows:


title: Assignment problem

text: If the numbers of agents and tasks are equal, then the problem is called "balanced assignment". Otherwise, it is called "unbalanced assignment". If the total cost of the assignment for all tasks is equal to the sum of the costs for each agent (or the sum of the costs for each task, which is the same thing in this case), then the problem is called "linear assignment". Commonly, when speaking of the "assignment problem" without any additional qualification, then the "linear balanced assignment problem" is meant.


title: Assignment problem

text: Suppose that a taxi firm has three taxis (the agents) available, and three customers (the tasks) wishing to be picked up as soon as possible. The firm prides itself on speedy pickups, so for each taxi the "cost" of picking up a particular customer will depend on the time taken for the taxi to reach the pickup point. This is a "balanced assignment" problem. Its solution is whichever combination of taxis and customers results in the least total cost.


title: Assignment problem

text: Now, suppose that there are "four" taxis available, but still only three customers. This is an "unbalanced assignment" problem. One way to solve it is to invent a fourth dummy task, perhaps called "sitting still doing nothing", with a cost of 0 for the taxi assigned to it. This reduces the problem to a balanced assignment problem, which can then be solved in the usual way and still give the best solution to the problem.


title: Assignment problem

text: Similar adjustments can be done in order to allow more tasks than agents, tasks to which multiple agents must be assigned (for instance, a group of more customers than will fit in one taxi), or maximizing profit rather than minimizing cost.


title: Assignment problem

text: Usually the weight function is viewed as a square real-valued matrix "C", so that the cost function is written down as:


title: Assignment problem

text: The problem is "linear" because the cost function to be optimized as well as all the constraints contain only linear terms.


title: Assignment problem

text: A naive solution for the assignment problem is to check all the assignments and calculate the cost of each one. This may be very inefficient since, with "n" agents and "n" tasks, there are "n"! (factorial of "n") different assignments. Fortunately, there are many algorithms for solving the problem in time polynomial in "n".


title: Assignment problem

text: The assignment problem is a special case of the transportation problem, which is a special case of the minimum cost flow problem, which in turn is a special case of a linear program. While it is possible to solve any of these problems using the simplex algorithm, each specialization has a smaller solution space and thus more efficient algorithms designed to take advantage of its special structure.


title: Assignment problem

text: In the balanced assignment problem, both parts of the bipartite graph have the same number of vertices, denoted by "n".


title: Assignment problem

text: One of the first polynomial-time algorithms for balanced assignment was the Hungarian algorithm. It is a "global" algorithm – it is based on improving a matching along augmenting paths (alternating paths between unmatched vertices). Its run-time complexity, when using Fibonacci heaps, is formula_3, where "m" is a number of edges. This is currently the fastest run-time of a strongly polynomial algorithm for this problem. If all weights are integers, then the run-time can be improved to formula_4, but the resulting algorithm is only weakly-polynomial. If the weights are integers, and all weights are at most "C" (where "C">1 is some integer), then the problem can be solved in formula_5 weakly-polynomial time in a method called "weight scaling".


title: Assignment problem

text: In addition to the global methods, there are "local methods" which are based on finding local updates (rather than full augmenting paths). These methods have worse asymptotic runtime guarantees, but they often work better in practice. These algorithms are called auction algorithms, push-relabel algorithms, or preflow-push algorithms. Some of these algorithms were shown to be equivalent.