title: Gangotri (film)

text: Neelakantham Naidu is a big factionist who has a loyal confidant Narasimha, who is willing to give his life for the sake of his master. After many years, Neelakantham's wife Tulasi gives birth to a baby girl, but all the earlier babies born to Neelakantham died due to some unknown reason. The priests advise Neelakantham to name his daughter Gangotri. They also warn Neelakantham that the child has 'jalagandam', hence they ask him to take Gangotri to the holy place of Gangotri (after which she was named) in the Himalayas and perform 'abhyangana snanam' (bathe with turmeric, milk, etc.) for the next 15 years. After 15 years, Gangotri would be free of any danger. When nobody could entertain the child Gangotri, Simhadri, the son of Narasimha, entertains her with a song. Simhadri becomes a servant and friend to Gangotri.


title: Gangotri (film)

text: They grow up together. Simhadri and Gangotri become good friends. In the meantime, Simhadri's mother is shot by a bullet in a trap with bombs while trying to save Neelakantham. When Gangotri attains puberty, her paternal aunt restricts Simhadri from meeting Gangotri as it would be wrong. When Simhadri comes to Gangotri's place clandestinely to meet her, they are caught by Neelakantham. Neelakantham's sister speaks badly about their relationship. Neelakantham then beats Simhadri.


title: Gangotri (film)

text: Meanwhile, Narasimha comes to the spot and interferes. This causes a rift between Neelakantham and Narasimha. Neelakantham is misinformed about Narasimha's intentions; hence, he has bombs planted in Narasimha's house. Simhadri is away at that time. When Simhadri discovers that Neelakantham is responsible for the bombing, he goes to Neelakantham's house and challenges that he will marry Gangotri in a year. Then, Simhadri goes to the holy place of Gangotri and waits for his lover to come there for the final sacred bath. They try to elope, but Neelakantham stabs Simhadri with a sword, and Gangotri tries to commit suicide, which makes Neelakantham realize their love. Simhadri then gains consciousness with their favorite flute tune and gets back his love, and they both hug each other.


title: Gangotri (film)

text: The film was later dubbed into Malayalam and Hindi under the name "Simhakutty" (2009) and "Gangotri" (2014 by Goldmines Telefilms) respectively. .


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: Fridays was a late-night live comedy show that aired on ABC on Friday nights from April 11, 1980, to April 23, 1982.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: The program was ABC's attempt to duplicate the success of NBC's "Saturday Night Live", which, at the time, was in its fifth and final season featuring the original "Not Ready for Primetime" cast, along with several writers (and "SNL" band leader at the time, Paul Shaffer) who had been promoted to feature player status, as well as newcomer Harry Shearer. Like "SNL", "Fridays" featured popular musical guests and, beginning in the second season, celebrity guest hosts, some of whom had appeared on "SNL" before and after "Fridays" aired, such as Andy Kaufman, Billy Crystal, William Shatner, Mark Hamill, and George Carlin. (Carlin, who had hosted the very first "SNL" in 1975, was also "Fridays" first official "guest host" in 1981.)


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: The show featured many recurring characters and sketches, short films, and a parody news segment called "Friday Edition", with Melanie Chartoff as the anchor (later joined by Rich Hall in seasons two and three). Veteran comedian Jack Burns served as show announcer and made on-screen appearances on the show. Initially, the show was compared unfavorably to "Saturday Night Live" as a weak clone that resorted to shock humor for laughs. The third episode (original airdate: April 25, 1980) was the last episode to air on some affiliates due to objectionable content concerning zombie gore and cannibalism ("Diner of the Living Dead"), disgusting habits ("Women Who Spit"), and blasphemous humor ("The Inflatable Nun").


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: When "Saturday Night Live"s sixth season was met with negative reviews and low ratings over the new cast, new writers, and new showrunner Jean Doumanian, critics who once panned "Fridays" praised it, citing the show as being sharper, edgier and funnier than "Saturday Night Live" at the time. Some critics attributed this to the sprawling, ambitious, and often pointed sociopolitical and situational sketches.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: Unusual for a sketch comedy series at the time, "Fridays" occasionally featured serious interludes and dramatic sketches, such as a segment that aired soon after the 1981 assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan involving all nine of the cast members recalling where they were at the time of previous assassinations and attempts and a sketch where a punk rocker (Michael Richards) visits his father (John Roarke) who rejects him by yelling, "Who are you?" and "I have no son!". After a long, heartfelt speech from the punk about how his father should accept that he is from a different generation and learn to love him, the punk discovers that the old man was right: they aren't father and son because they have different hair and eye colors.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: From its inception, "Fridays" embraced the emerging new wave rock music scene and its associated culture to a greater extent than "Saturday Night Live" did at the time, widely incorporating it into their selection of musical guests, hosts and sketches. Unlike "Saturday Night Live", "Fridays" did not have a show band on set. Pop art drawings were displayed and accompanied with a fuzz heavy electric guitar solo whenever the show went to and came back from commercial breaks, though season one featured cartoons by B. Kliban with some kind of pun as the punchline.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: Three seasons of "Fridays" aired on ABC (see ). The last episode aired as a primetime sketch show. The show was originally 70 minutes in its first season. It was expanded to 90 minutes in seasons two and three.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: "SNL" executive producer Dick Ebersol gave all "Fridays" cast members an offer to join "Saturday Night Live" in 1982, but most turned him down. Only Larry David, Kevin Kelton and Rich Hall worked on "SNL" for a short time after "Fridays" was completed (all of them worked on "Saturday Night Live" during its tenth season in 1984; Hall was a cast member while David and Kelton were writers).


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: AC/DC, The Clash and The Stray Cats made their American television debuts on "Fridays". At the time of The Stray Cats' appearance, the band had yet to be signed by a record company. During the group's performance, there was a crawl at the bottom of the screen inviting offers from record companies.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: On the February 20, 1981, episode, Andy Kaufman was the host. During a sketch about couples at dinner sneaking away to the bathroom to smoke marijuana, Kaufman, who was known for causing trouble on live television, broke character and refused to read his lines (saying "I can't play stoned"). Michael Richards got up from the table, grabbed the cue cards and threw them down on the table in front of Kaufman, who responded by throwing a glass of water on Richards. Some of the show's cast and crew members (including Richards and Burns) became angry and a small brawl broke out on stage. Since the show was broadcast live, home viewers were able to see most of these events transpire until the network cut the cameras off. Kaufman returned the following week in a taped apology to home viewers. The incident was planned by Kaufman, who concocted it with his sidekick Bob Zmuda, and was meant as a prank. The only individuals aware of the plan were producer/director Moffitt, producer/announcer Burns, and the three comedians acting in the sketch along with Kaufman: Richards, Chartoff and Burrell. This incident was reenacted in the film "Man on the Moon" (1999), starring Jim Carrey as Kaufman, Zmuda as Burns, Norm Macdonald as Richards, Caroline Rhea as Chartoff and Mary Lynn Rajskub as Burrell.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: The series ended in 1982 following ABC's decision to expand "Nightline" to five nights a week, which moved "Fridays" to air at midnight instead of 11:30pm.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: One final attempt was made by ABC to save the show by putting it on in prime time. The episode (broadcast on April 23, 1982) was scheduled against "Dallas", which did nothing to help the show's moribund ratings. The series was promptly canceled.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: A few years after the show's cancellation, "Fridays" appeared in reruns on the USA Network in the late 1980s. However, the episodes were edited down to 60 minutes (similar to how "Saturday Night Live" is edited on cable reruns and NBC reruns that air at 10pm EST as filler). The reruns were pulled after a year.


title: Fridays (TV series)

text: For some time, a home video release of "Fridays" was considered out of the question, as cast member Michael Richards was said to have signed a deal stating that no episode would be released on any home video format. However, clips of sketches from the show (mostly sketches that featured Richards or David) surfaced on the "Seinfeld" season three DVD set in the bonus features set. Shout Factory announced plans to release all three seasons of the show on DVD in 2013. In August 2013, after missing their original release date, Shout Factory released a five disc best-of collection featuring highlights of 16 episodes from seasons one through three (not complete episodes). In 2015, Hulu Plus streamed select episodes from all three seasons (season one has episodes 1, 3, 8, and 10; season 2 has episodes 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 19, and 20; and season three has episodes 2, 4, 12, and 13). As of 2017, the show is no longer streaming on Hulu Plus, but the best-of DVD collection is still available for purchase, and the show's episodes (which include the Hulu episodes and some episodes that weren't featured on Hulu) can be streamed on Tubi TV and Shout! Factory.


title: Gina Ravera

text: Gina Ravera is an American actress. She has appeared in the films "Showgirls" (1995), "Soul Food" (1997), "Kiss the Girls" (1997), and "The Great Debaters" (2007). She co-starred as detective Irene Daniels in the TNT crime drama series "The Closer" (2005-2009).


title: Gina Ravera

text: Ravera was born in San Francisco, California. She is of mixed African-American and Puerto Rican heritage. She is a classically trained dancer.


title: Gina Ravera

text: In the early 1990s, Ravera began appearing in guest-starring roles on television shows, including "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "Melrose Place", and "". During 1993-94, she was a cast member of the CBS crime series "Silk Stalkings". In films, she had a starring role in the 1995 erotic drama "Showgirls", directed by Paul Verhoeven, and in 1997 appeared in the comedy-drama "Soul Food". Ravera later went to television, appearing in TV films of the week and in series guest roles and regular roles. She was a regular cast member of "Time of Your Life", a spin-off series of Fox's popular teen drama "Party of Five", from 1999 to 2001.


title: Gina Ravera

text: From 2005 to 2009, Ravera played Irene Daniels during the first four seasons of the TNT crime drama series "The Closer" and was the only regular cast member to leave the series during its run. From 2006 to 2008, she also had a recurring role on "ER" and in 2007, she played Denzel Washington's wife in the biographical film "The Great Debaters".


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Sir Cedric Webster Hardwicke (19 February 1893 – 6 August 1964) was an English stage and film actor whose career spanned nearly 50 years. His theatre work included notable performances in productions of the plays of Shakespeare and Shaw, and his film work included leading roles in several adapted literary classics.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke was born in Lye, Worcestershire (now West Midlands) to Edwin Webster Hardwicke and his wife, Jessie (née Masterson). He attended Bridgnorth Grammar School in Shropshire. He intended to train as a doctor but failed to pass the necessary examinations. He turned to the theatre and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke enlisted at the outbreak of the First World War. He served with the London Scottish from 1914 to 1921 as an officer in the Judge Advocate's branch of the British Army in France. He was one of the last members of the British Expeditionary Force to leave France. According to the "Daily Mirror" 1 January 1934, Hardwicke was one of the officers who escorted The Unknown Warrior from France.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke made his first appearance on stage at the Lyceum Theatre, London in 1912 during the run of Frederick Melville's melodrama "The Monk and the Woman", when he took over the part of Brother John. During this year, he was at Her Majesty's Theatre understudying, and subsequently appeared at the Garrick Theatre in Charles Klein's play "Find the Woman", and "Trust the People". In 1913, he joined Benson's Company and toured in the provinces, South Africa, and Rhodesia. During 1914 he toured with Miss Darragh (Letitia Marion Dallas, d. 1917) in Laurence Irving's play "The Unwritten Law", and he appeared at the Old Vic in 1914 as Malcolm in "Macbeth", Tranio in "The Taming of the Shrew", the gravedigger in "Hamlet", and other roles.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: After serving in the British Army in WWI, he resumed his acting career. In January 1922, he joined the Birmingham Repertory Company, playing a range of parts from the drooping young lover Faulkland in "The Rivals" to the roistering Sir Toby Belch in "Twelfth Night".


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: He played many classical roles on stage, appearing at London's top theatres, making his name on the stage performing works by George Bernard Shaw, who said that Hardwicke was his fifth favourite actor after the four Marx Brothers. As one of the leading Shavian actors of his generation, Hardwicke starred in "Caesar and Cleopatra", "Pygmalion", "The Apple Cart", "Candida", "Too True to Be Good", and "Don Juan in Hell", making such an impression that at the age of 41 he became the youngest actor to be knighted (this occurred in the 1934 New Year's Honours; Laurence Olivier subsequently took the record in 1947 when he was knighted at the age of 40). Other stage successes included "The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse", "Antigone" and "A Majority of One", winning a Tony Award nomination for his performance as a Japanese diplomat.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: In 1928, whilst appearing with Edith Day, Paul Robeson and Alberta Hunter in the London production of "Show Boat", he married actress Helena Pickard.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: In December 1935, Hardwicke was elected Rede Lecturer to Cambridge University for 1936, he took as his subject "The Drama Tomorrow". In the late 1930s, he moved to the U.S., initially for film work. In the early 1940s, he continued his stage career on tours and in New York.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: In 1944, Hardwicke returned to Britain, again touring, and reappeared on the London stage, at the Westminster Theatre, on 29 March 1945, as Richard Varwell in a revival of Eden and Adelaide Phillpotts' comedy "Yellow Sands", and subsequently toured in this on the continent. He returned to America late in 1945 and appeared with Ethel Barrymore in December in a revival of Shaw's "Pygmalion", and continued on the New York stage the following year. In 1946, he starred opposite Katharine Cornell as King Creon in her production of Jean Anouilh's adaptation of the Greek tragedy "Antigone".


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: In 1948, he joined the Old Vic Company at the New Theatre to play Sir Toby Belch, Doctor Faustus, and Gaev in "The Cherry Orchard", but according to critic and biographer W.A. Darlington, "it was about this time that he confessed to a friend that he was finding the competition in London too hot for him", and he moved permanently to the U.S. In 1951–52, he appeared on Broadway in Shaw's "Don Juan in Hell" with Agnes Moorehead, Charles Boyer and Charles Laughton.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke's first appearance in a British film was in 1931, and from the late 1930s, he was in great demand in Hollywood. He played David Livingstone opposite Spencer Tracy's Henry Morton Stanley in "Stanley and Livingstone" in 1939, and also played the evil Frollo in the [remake]] of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" starring Charles Laughton the same year. In 1940, he played Mr Jones in a screen version of Joseph Conrad's novel "Victory". He starred as the unfortunate Ludwig von Frankenstein in "The Ghost of Frankenstein" (1942) alongside Lon Chaney Jr. as Frankenstein's monster and Bela Lugosi as Ygor.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke played in films such as "Les Misérables" (1935) with Fredric March and Charles Laughton, "King Solomon's Mines" (1937), "The Keys of the Kingdom" (1944), "The Winslow Boy" (1948), Alfred Hitchcock's "Rope" (1948) with James Stewart, and Olivier's "Richard III" (1955). He was featured as King Arthur in the comedy/musical "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" (1949), singing "Busy Doing Nothing" in a trio with Bing Crosby and William Bendix, and as the Pharaoh Sethi in Cecil B. DeMille's 1956 film "The Ten Commandments" starring Charlton Heston as Moses.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: He appeared in a 1956 episode of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" titled "Wet Saturday" in which he portrayed Mr. Princey, an aristocratic gentleman who tries to cover up a murder to avoid public scandal. On 6 March 1958, he guest-starred on the TV series "The Ford Show" starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. During the 1961–62 television season, Hardwicke starred as Professor Crayton in Gertrude Berg's sitcom "Mrs. G. Goes to College", which ran for 26 weeks on CBS. The story line had Berg attending college as a 62-year-old widowed freshman studying under Hardwicke, with whom she previously had acted. Earlier, Hardwicke guest-starred on the Howard Duff and Ida Lupino sitcom "Mr. Adams and Eve". He starred in "The Twilight Zone" episode "Uncle Simon" that first aired 15 November 1963. His final acting role was in "The Outer Limits" in the episode "The Forms of Things Unknown".


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: In 1945, Hardwicke played Sherlock Holmes in a BBC Radio dramatisation of "The Speckled Band", opposite Finlay Currie as Dr. Watson. Years later, Hardwicke's son Edward played Watson in the acclaimed Granada series.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke played the titular role in a short-lived revival of the "Bulldog Drummond" radio program on the Mutual Broadcasting System, which ran 3 January 1954 to 28 March 1954.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: In 1928, he married the English actress Helena Pickard. They divorced in 1948; their son was actor Edward Hardwicke. His second marriage, which produced a son, Michael, and likewise ended in divorce, was to actress, Mary Scott (1921–2009), from 1950 to 1961.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: A lifelong heavy smoker, he suffered from emphysema and died 6 August 1964 at the age of 71 in New York from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hardwicke's body was flown back to England; after a memorial service he was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in north London, where his ashes were scattered.


title: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke left two volumes of memoirs: "Let's Pretend: Recollections and Reflections of a Lucky Actor", 1932 and "A Victorian in Orbit: as told to James Brough", 1962. He is commemorated by a sculpture by Tim Tolkien at Lye, commissioned by the Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council. The memorial takes the form of a giant filmstrip, the illuminated cut metal panels illustrating scenes from some of Hardwicke's better-known roles, which include "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", "Things to Come", and "The Ghost of Frankenstein". Unveiled in November 2005, it is located at Lye Cross where he lived as a child. Thorns School and Community College in neighbouring Quarry Bank has renamed its drama theatre in his honour as the Hardwicke Theatre.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions is a 2020 American documentary concert film directed and produced by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released on Disney+ on November 25, 2020. The documentary is set at Long Pond Studio, an isolated recording studio in a forested area in Hudson Valley, New York; Swift performs all of the 17 tracks of her eighth studio album, "Folklore" (2020), whilst discussing the creative process behind the songs with her collaborators Aaron Dessner and Jack Antonoff. Swift made her debut as a film director with the documentary, which is her fourth film to be released on a streaming service, following the releases of "The 1989 World Tour Live" (2015), "Taylor Swift: Reputation Stadium Tour" (2018), and "Miss Americana" (2020).


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Receiving widespread critical acclaim, "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions" was praised for its music, intimacy, visuals, and insight provided on "Folklore", with many critics labeling the film an admirable supplement to the album. It received an approval rating of on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. Accompanying the film's premiere, a live album consisting of renditions from the recording sessions, titled "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions (From the Disney+ Special)", was released to music streaming and digital platforms.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Imbued by the sessions, Swift wrote and recorded several new songs off-screen while shooting the documentary. These songs came to be a major portion of Swift's ninth studio album, "Evermore" (2020), which was released fifteen days after the documentary. The film received the Gracie Grand Award for Outstanding Special or Variety.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: In September 2020, Swift and her co-producers for her eighth studio album, Dessner and Antonoff, assembled together at Long Pond Studio—a secluded, rustic cabin in upstate New York—to play the complete album for the first time in the same room after isolating themselves separately due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The result was the documentary, "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions", where Swift performs the stripped-down renditions of all 17 tracks in order, while revealing the creative process, stories, and inspirations behind the songs through discussions.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: The film's premise on Disney+ reads: "Taylor Swift performs every song from her best-selling album, "Folklore", in a truly intimate concert experience. Accompanied by her co-producers, Aaron Dessner (The National) and Jack Antonoff (Bleachers), along with a guest appearance by Justin Vernon (Bon Iver), Taylor filmed the event at the historic Long Pond Studios in upstate New York, a setting that evokes the nostalgic, wistful nature of the album. In between live performances, she and her collaborators discuss the creation and meaning behind each song, and also share the challenges and joys of remotely producing this acclaimed and record-setting collection".


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions" is a hybrid between a documentary and a concert film. It marked the first time Swift, Dessner and Antonoff had assembled together in person after several months of COVID-19 quarantining. Due to the pandemic, they were filmed not by a film crew, but instead by six Panasonic Lumix S1H mirrorless cameras with Leica lenses embedded in the studio, along with one Arri Alexa LF with an Angénieux 24-290 lens on an Agito Trax modular dolly system with more than 30 feet of curved track that occasionally scans the recording session from the background. A drone camera was also used to capture aerial shots of the studio and the surrounding forested estate. Justin Vernon appeared via video stream from Eau Claire, Wisconsin, to perform "Exile" with Swift.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: The film is characterized by a casual, small-scale production, and a softly lit, cottagecore aesthetic. Apart from a few videos of Swift at her home studio, the film was entirely recorded at Long Pond Studios in New York's Hudson Valley—one of the places where "Folklore" was engineered. The studio, which is located near Dessner's residence and was originally a barn, had been converted into a wooden cabin situated in a waterfront estate besides an elongated pond and surrounded by chairs, string lights and fire pits. The studio is an open room with a church-high ceiling, tall windows, and a woodland view, set up with a variety of Dessner's music instruments. The ambience outside the studio consists of sounds of birds, insects, frogs or the trees swaying in the wind. In the film, Swift performed seated on a couch in an oversized plaid shirt-dress, singing directly into a microphone, with Antonoff and Dessner playing instruments and an engineer in the back of the room. The instruments used in the film include a variety of guitars, keyboards, a Fender bass, a piano, a drum machine and a snare.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Like the release of "Folklore", "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions" was a surprise release, announced hours before its launch at midnight. It was released on Disney+ on November 25, 2020 and on Hotstar in India and Indonesia on November 26, 2020.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions" received universal acclaim from film and music critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Andrew Barker of "Variety" praised the film's picturesque setting, performances, and ability to recreate "Folklore"'s "sparse yet carefully textured soundscapes" with fewer instruments, and dubbed Swift's vocals as the film's "most striking element". "NME" writer Will Richards named it a perfect "early Christmas present" and praised its editing, especially when Swift and Dessner have a "genuinely touching" discussion on the meaning behind the song "Peace", followed by a performance of the song that "hits right in the gut".


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Writing for "The New York Times", Jon Pareles dubbed the film a "musical experience" that heightens the album's "sense of pristine contemplation" using a small-scale, casual-looking production. "i" newspaper's Sarah Carson defined the film as "artfully crafted, aesthetically gorgeous, cosy cottagecore escapism" with diverse conversations, such as light-hearted "giggly" discussions around the campfire to formal introspection on stiff chairs. Carson opined that it sheds "genuine light" on Swift's work, seeing her at peace with her life, laughing, "publicly relaxed for the first time in a decade". "Decider" critic Johnny Loftus found it refreshing to see and hear Swift in the "dressed-down setting" of "Long Pond Studio Sessions", calling the film "a balm for the soul as we wind down an extremely not cool year" and an intimate portrait of artists at work, in contrast to the pop persona that dominated Swift's career.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: "Little White Lies" critic Sydney Urbanek lauded the film as a "triumphant debut" for Swift as a film director, as well as the cast's on-screen presence: Swift's and Antonoff's "captivating" one-on-one chats and Dessner's studio focus. Alex Hudson of "Exclaim!" described the film as "an oasis of tranquility in a chaotic time", in which "even the biggest pop star on Earth holed up and got cozy and insular". He admired Swift's rapport with Antonoff—their "laugh-out-loud" jokes—and the discussions that yielded "interesting insights and factoids" about the songwriting of "Folklore". "Junkee"'s Richard He complimented Swift's vocals, emotion, the film's visuals and intimacy, and the cast's instrumental skills; he described the film as a "masterclass" in songcraft and "a rare glimpse inside a genius songwriter's mind". In He's words, "Great popstars embody our times; great songwriters address them. Taylor Swift is doing both".


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" praised the cast's chemistry, and asserted that "The Long Pond Studio Sessions" is not a mere footnote to the album, but a "stunning musical statement in its own right, full of stripped-down acoustic warmth". He underlined how Swift moves past vague anecdotes about the tracks by explaining why she felt the need to write such music in the first place. Branding it a "very beautifully done" film, "The Daily Telegraph"s Kate Solomon called it a "very warm two hours of music that gives the songs a new lease of life", and observed the parallels between the "luscious, remote surroundings" of the studio and how they reflect the "lusciousness and isolation" of the songs. "Stuff" critic James Croot compared the special's atmosphere to that of "MTV Unplugged", and added that the film's production is slick despite the intimate appeal, similar to Swift's 2020 Netflix documentary, "Miss Americana".


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Drew Taylor of "Collider" labelled the film "a winning examination and celebration" of "Folklore", and "a look at one of the world's biggest pop stars at her most vulnerable and artistically ambitious". He picked Antonoff as the more active personality, while Dessner is "terse", except the point where he opens up about his depression—"a moment that is both incredibly vulnerable and also powerful". Ryan Lattanzio of "IndieWire" termed the film as "a window into the introspective songwriting" of "Folklore", and summarized that the special "isn't going to blow your head off", but is a "fine supplement to one of the year's most beloved albums". "The Guardian"'s Elle Hunt wrote that the film has Swift at ease, but also at the "peak of her power" with little to prove, while her song-by-song commentary depicts the "shifting emotional tenor" she felt in quarantine. However, Hunt felt that Swift not name-dropping her detractors "seems coy" as it limits the film's personal reflection.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: American comedian Jimmy Fallon released a parody of the documentary on YouTube, titled "Fallonlore: The 30 Rock Sessions", featuring American hip-hop band the Roots. In the skit, Fallon wrote an album in quarantine, enlisting Questlove and Black Thought to help him finish it remotely. Months later, the trio gather at 30 Rockefeller Center to perform their tracks together for the first time. The setlist included songs titled "Peed My Pants in an Applebee's", "Song About Milk", "Sourdough Heart", and "Fuzzy Wuzzy" featuring Chris Martin of Coldplay.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Most of the songs on "Evermore"—Swift's ninth studio album and "Folklore"s sister album—were recorded while filming "The Long Pond Studio Sessions".


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: A still from the film was featured in a 2021 television advertisement by "The New York Times", titled "The Truth Is Essential: Life Right Now", showcasing a variety of articles from the publication.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: The Department of English of the Queen's University at Kingston, a public research university in Ontario, Canada, offers a fall semester course titled "Taylor Swift's Literary Legacy (Taylor's Version)", with a syllabus requiring students to watch and analyze many of Swift's works, including "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions;" the course objective is to examine Swift's music, its literary references, and her sociopolitical impact on contemporary culture.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: After the release of "Folklore", "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions" and "Evermore", artists such as Maya Hawke, Gracie Abrams, Ed Sheeran, King Princess, and Girl in Red desired to collaborate with Dessner and record songs at his Long Pond Studio. Dessner stated, "After Taylor, it was a bit crazy how many people reached out. And getting to meet and write songs with people you wouldn’t have had access to… I’m so grateful for it." He described the studio as a "creative oasis" for artists.


title: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions

text: Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions (From the Disney+ Special) is the third live album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It contains the acoustic renditions of "Folklore" tracks performed in the "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions" film. The album was released via Republic Records to streaming and digital platforms on November 25, 2020, alongside the film. It consists of two discs: the deluxe edition of "Folklore" on disc one, and live recordings from "Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions" on disc two.


title: Agathe Rousselle

text: Agathe Rousselle (; born 14 June 1988) is a French journalist, model, and actress. She is the co-founder of feminist magazine "Peach" and a custom embroidery company Cheeky Boom. She is also known for her lead performance as Alexia in the body horror film "Titane", which won the Palme d'Or at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Agathe Rousselle

text: Rousselle began her career as a journalist and editor. In 2016, she participated in the creation of "General Pop", a cultural web magazine dedicated to emerging cultures. The same year, she co-founded the feminist magazine "Peach" with the actress and singer Tifenn-Tiana Fournereau. This magazine, created by women, highlights female artists and creators, in reaction to the lack of exclusively female artistic collectives in France. The review was launched on 22 September at the "TDTF3 bar" in Paris. The magazine wishes to set itself apart from the traditional women's press while targeting both a female and male audience. It also advocates inclusiveness, appealing for its realization to trans and non-binary people who are often marginalized in the professional world.


title: Agathe Rousselle

text: Passionate about embroidery, which she practices as a hobby, Rousselle created the company Cheeky Boom in 2012 with her boyfriend at the time, Jean André de Trémontels, a freelance graphic designer. Cheeky Boom sells T-shirts and panties that are embellished with designed embroidery. In 2015, Rousselle became captain of a running team called Boost Pigalle, sponsored by sports equipment manufacturer Adidas. She is also a photographer and model.


title: Agathe Rousselle

text: Rousselle took drama class from age 15 to age 22. She began her acting career with minor roles and short appearances in feature films. In 2015, she played the leading role in "5 vagues de l'avenir", a short film by Laurent Perreau. In 2021, she made her feature film debut in the lead role of Alexia in "Titane", directed by Julia Ducournau. Rousselle plays Alexia, a serial killer who has an unusual sexual desire for cars. Following the film's premiere at the Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Palme d'Or, "The New York Times" called the film "one of the weirdest prizewinners of the year".


title: Agathe Rousselle

text: Rousselle will perform the role of Blake in Oliver Leith's opera "Last Days", adapted from the Gus Van Sant film of the same name, at the Royal Opera House.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)

text: Bigg Boss 4 is the fourth season of the Telugu version of the Indian reality television series "Bigg Boss" based on Dutch series "Big Brother". The show premiered on 6 September 2020 on Star Maa and Disney+ Hotstar with Nagarjuna hosting the season for the second time, while Samantha appeared as a guest host for a week.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)

text: The season's finale took place on 20 December 2020 with Abijeet Duddala winning the title along with 25 lakh prize money and a bike, while Akhil Sarthak emerged as the first runner-up.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)

text: The makers were scheduled to launch on the last week of June 2020 but it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 20 July 2020, the makers unveiled the title logo. Season 4 was initially planned to launch on 30 August 2020 but was pushed to 6 September 2020.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)

text: Bigg Boss 4 Buzzz is an Indian Telugu-language television talk show about the reality television series "Bigg Boss Telugu". The host Rahul Sipligunj conducts the talk show with the evicted contestants of "Bigg Boss 4" on every Monday. The show premiered on 7 September 2020 onwards on Star Maa Music. The unseen portions of episodes that were not aired on television are streamed on Disney+ Hotstar and aired on Star Maa Music as "Bigg Boss 4 Buzzz".


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)

text: On Week 7, Samantha hosted the show in absence of the main host Nagarjuna due to his movie shooting and the episode was also extended to 3 hours, from the usual 1½ hours.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)

text: The grand finale of season 4 became the most-watched and created a record with viewership as it garnered the highest TRP rating of 19.51 TVR and in the two Telugu speaking states it received 21.7 TVR.


title: Song Il-kook

text: Song Il-kook (; born 1 October 1971) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his role in the 2006 hit drama series "Jumong" as the titular character.


title: Song Il-kook

text: Song is the grandson of politician Kim Du-han, great grandson of Kim Jwa-jin, the famous anarchist and Korean independence movement general during the early 1900s. Song is the son of politician and former actress Kim Eul-dong.


title: Song Il-kook

text: He graduated from Cheongju University, majoring in Performing Arts, and later obtained a master's degree from Chung-Ang University.


title: Song Il-kook

text: Song is the vice-president of the Korean Triathlon Confederation and participated in the 2008 Seoul International Triathlon Competition. In April 2008, Song carried the Olympic torch through Seoul.


title: Song Il-kook

text: According to Reuters the most popular episodes of Jumong attracted over 90% of Iranian audience (compared to 40% in South Korea), propelling Song Il-gook to superstar status in Iran.


title: Song Il-kook

text: Song is also an amateur sketch artist. He has also modelled professionally, both on the runway and in print. In 2008, he was one of the subjects of the Kolon Christmas Photo Shoot.


title: Song Il-kook

text: In 2009, the state of Hawaii designated March 21 as Song Il-kook day. In April 2010, he was invited to the Blue House to dine with Heads of State, including the president of Kazakhstan, as "Jumong" garnered immense popularity in the central Asian country.


title: Song Il-kook

text: On 15 March 2008, Song was wed to High Court Judge Jung Seung-yeon in a private, traditional Korean wedding at the Sheraton Walkerhill Hotel in Seoul.


title: Song Il-kook

text: Song and Jung became parents to fraternal triplet sons at a hospital in Seoul on 16 March 2012. Their sons are named Dae-han, Min-guk and Man-se which, when said together mean "Long Live the Republic of Korea". Song and his sons starred in the variety show "The Return of Superman" from 6 July 2014 to 7 February 2016. The triplets also made a cameo appearance in Song's television series "Jang Yeong-sil" (2016).


title: Mark Dice

text: Mark Shouldice (born December 21, 1977), better known as Mark Dice, is an American YouTuber, right-wing conservative political commentator, author, activist, and conspiracy theorist.


title: Mark Dice

text: Dice is the founder of a San Diegan Christian activist group called "The Resistance", described as being "known for its hardline stance on morality". In late 2004, Dice published the website TheResistanceManifesto.com under the pseudonym John Conner. "The Village Voice" wrote that his pen-name was "presumably" taken from the 1984 sci-fi film "The Terminator" whose fictional protagonist was future Resistance leader John Connor. A year later, Dice self-published his website writings in book form as "The Resistance Manifesto" under the John Conner name; an updated 2008 version of the book credited Mark Dice as the author.


title: Mark Dice

text: In 2008, in response to Starbucks' reintroduction of its original logo (featuring a topless siren), Dice led his group and its 3,000 members in boycotting the coffee chain: "The Starbucks logo has a naked woman on it with her legs spread like a prostitute […] It's extremely poor taste, and the company might as well call themselves Slutbucks." Starbucks had more than 6,000 locations in 2008.


title: Mark Dice

text: As the founder of The Resistance, Dice told KFSN-TV of his group's intention to disrupt theater showings of 2009's "Angels & Demons" because the film "is a fraud, aimed at covering up the existence of a secret society called the Illuminati." Dice contended that the Illuminati were instrumental in the September 11 attacks and the financial crisis of 2007–2008.


title: Mark Dice

text: Dice is a right-wing, conservative conspiracy theorist who has provided the media with his input on a broad array of topics.


title: Mark Dice

text: In May 2005 through his website, Dice advocated for the Georgia Guidestones monument to "be smashed into a million pieces, and then the rubble used for a construction project", claiming that the Guidestones "have a deep Satanic origin and message", that "the New World Order is written all over them.", and that R. C. Christian, the person who built the guidestones, belongs to "a Luciferian secret society" related to the New World Order.


title: Mark Dice

text: In June 2008, Dice launched "Operation Inform the Soldiers", an effort to send DVDs, letters, and declassified government documents to U.S. service members in Iraq. Dice hoped these would prove 9/11 conspiracy theories and cause the recipients to "rethink why they’re fighting." On June 10, syndicated talk show host Michael Reagan advocated on-air that Dice should be assassinated for having done so. Six days later, Reagan hosted Dice on his show and apologized for his comments.


title: Mark Dice

text: In June 2008, Fox News called Dice a "conspiracy theorist who believes that Freemasons worship Satan and that 'the United States military has built enormous underground cities for the political elite.'"


title: Mark Dice

text: Dice promoted the Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories, claiming that the 2015 military exercises were preparation for a declaration of martial law in the United States.


title: Mark Dice

text: Conflating celebrities with the Illuminati and Satanism, Dice called musicians Jay-Z and Beyoncé "Illuminati puppets. I call them Satanic skanks". Dice described celebrities' connection to the Illuminati as the pursuit of power via message of materialism.


title: Mark Dice

text: Dice called Super Bowl halftime shows of the 2010s "elaborate Illuminati rituals hidden in plain sight". The Super Bowl XLVI and XLVII halftime shows allegedly featured "secret Illuminati hand signs", while musician Katy Perry—star of the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show—"promotes bisexuality and appears to be some kind of Satanic Witch". Dice published a YouTube video denouncing the Super Bowl 50 halftime show as "gay Pride propaganda". Dice noted the show featured the rainbow-colored message "believe in love" and a platform with four ramps which Dice described as a "crucifix blasphemously placed in the centre."


title: Mark Dice

text: Dice describes himself as a media analyst and author who exposes "the liberal lunatics and their manipulation of mainstream media."


title: Mark Dice

text: Regarding the unrest after the September 2016 shooting of Keith Lamont Scott, Dice decried the "black thugs who are rioting over this black thug."


title: Mark Dice

text: In October 2016, Dice helped uncover that YouTube prankster Joey Salads had staged a YouTube video which cast opponents of Donald Trump in a negative light. Dice called the video from Salads "shameful" and posted a response video in which he showed behind-the-scenes footage from Salads that proved the video was staged. Dice also expressed concern that the video would deflect attention away from actual instances of Trump supporters being attacked, citing the firebombing of a Republican office in North Carolina as an example.


title: Mark Dice

text: In November 2016, Dice attributed the rise of the alt-right to being "a direct consequence of social justice warriors trying to shut down conservatives on social media and ruin their careers by organizing cyber mobs to harass people's employers". He also cited opposition towards political correctness as a reason for people gravitating toward the alt-right. Also in November, after the Podesta emails were leaked, Dice noted an email from Marina Abramović to Tony Podesta and conflated the former's spiritualism with Satanism, tweeting, "I am now accepting apologies from everyone who said I was crazy for writing books about how the Establishment are Satanists".


title: Mark Dice

text: In late 2016, Dice helped organize an unsuccessful boycott of "Rogue One", a "Star Wars" film he called "feminist propaganda" on Twitter. Dice also encouraged his fans to boycott Grubhub in November 2016 after Grubhub’s CEO Matt Maloney released a letter that was interpreted as an attack against Trump supporters.


title: Mark Dice

text: After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in February 2018, Dice tweeted a distortion of the events: "Someone tell Generation Z kids that in the event of a school shooting, they should call 911 instead of posting video of it on Snapchat." Student survivors, including Sarah Chadwick, pushed back against Dice's claims; Dice deleted the post and did not respond to media inquiries thereabout. Also in February, Dice criticized the Green brothers for selling VidCon to Viacom, calling the acquisition an instance of the "YouTube community being sold out to big media again".


title: Mark Dice

text: In May 2018, Dice defended controversial tweets made by American actor Roseanne Barr that have been perceived as being racist, saying "Time to ban monkey bars from all school playgrounds, because they’re 'racist' too, I guess."


title: Mark Dice

text: In August 2018, after racist tweets by Sarah Jeong were published, Dice called her continued employment at "The New York Times" an "example […] of liberal hypocrisy".


title: Mark Dice

text: On July 11, 2019, Dice attended the White House social media summit alongside other extremist figures.


title: Mark Dice

text: In September 2019, Dice claimed in a tweet that "Liberals are now celebrating getting AIDS." in response to American hairstylist and television personality Jonathan Van Ness speaking about his HIV diagnosis in "The Guardian" and in "The New York Times". Dice's tweet received backlash from Twitter users, including American actress Patricia Arquette, who called Dice a "soulless skin husk" and added that "I will use this stupid and heartless tweet of yours which is devoid of any humanity and use it as a honey trap to see all the fake religious mindless people I can mute and block. Thanks for sweeping them up like trash for me into one pile."


title: Mark Dice

text: Dice has spread false claims of election fraud related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election, resulting in his content on YouTube and Facebook being placed behind content warnings.


title: Mark Dice

text: In mid January 2021, Dice equated the storming of the United States Capitol to the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, saying that "By BLM standards, it would be what you call a 'mostly peaceful' protest".


title: Mark Dice

text: In February 2021, in response to Hasbro changing the Mr. Potato Head brand to be more gender-neutral, Dice made a series of tweets, including a tweet on February 25 advocating for Republican states to secede, a tweet claiming that "Mr. Potato Head has been canceled", and a tweet claiming that "Democrats believe there are dozens of genders."


title: Mark Dice

text: In early March 2021, in response to Burger King UK tweeting "Women belong in the kitchen", Dice replied "Isn't "Burger King" inherently sexist? Why not "Burger Royal" for more inclusiveness?" On March 24, 2021, Dice responded to a tweet made by American filmmaker and author Michael Moore referencing the perpetrator of the Boulder shooting by telling him to "Turn off CNN." In late March 2021, Dice alleged that American podcaster Joe Rogan had "lied" about Spotify censoring Rogan’s content. Dice also misattributed a quote to Rogan that was actually made by American radio host and conspiracy theorist Alex Jones in September 2020 when the Spotify censorship controversy started.


title: Mark Dice

text: In March 2022, in response to conservative political commentator Dave Rubin announcing that he and his husband would have two children through surrogacy, Dice called it "horrifying", adding that "Any Christian or conservative congratulating them is just as bad as the Marxists."


title: Mark Dice

text: After having written "The Resistance Manifesto" in 2005, in which the Illuminati played a minor role, Dice devoted his entire next book—2009's "Illuminati: Facts and Fiction"—to the secret society. His book "The Illuminati in Hollywood", explains Dice's belief that liberalism is promoted by films and television, while his 2013 self-published book "Illuminati in the Music Industry" alleges Rick Ross and Christina Aguilera's membership in the group. In November 2019, Dice self-published "The Liberal Media Industrial Complex" about social media, its political influence, and the "massive backslash from those wanting to regain the influence they once held."


title: Mark Dice

text: In 2016, "The Hollywood Reporter" described Dice as "best known for his YouTube videos" and a "rising online media star who considers himself mainstream conservative but is being called alt-right by his detractors." Inspired by "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" sketch "Jaywalking", Dice records videos in crowded locations where he asks passers-by to answer simple questions or to sign petitions. Dice formulated one such petition in 2013 to repeal the First Amendment to the United States Constitution; by invoking the suggestion of supporting President Obama, Dice found people in Southern California willing to sign. Dice's on-screen persona was described by a fan in "The New York Times" as a "goon".


title: Mark Dice

text: In November 2019, KUSI-TV averaged Dice's daily videos as having 250,000 views and enumerated his YouTube subscribers at "more than 1.5 million".


title: The Reckoning (2022 TV series)

text: The Reckoning is a forthcoming true crime television drama about the life of, and offences committed by, the British DJ and television personality Jimmy Savile, with Steve Coogan portraying Savile.


title: The Reckoning (2022 TV series)

text: The four-part series is a biographical account of the life of the infamous Jimmy Savile. After he died, it came to light that he had been a prolific predator and sex offender. The series covers Savile's upbringing, career and sexual offences.


title: The Reckoning (2022 TV series)

text: The production was announced in October 2020, and was criticised before filming was underway. Richard Morrison, writing in "The Times", stated that, as it was commissioned by the BBC (the corporation that was accused of turning a blind eye to Savile's crimes), it felt "less an act of contrition than of exploitation." Similarly, Pragya Argawal, writing in "The Independent" stated:


title: The Reckoning (2022 TV series)

text: However, Ben Lawrence writing in "The Daily Telegraph", said that the victims deserved "better than the kneejerk hysteria that has surfaced about "The Reckoning"", and that "... the question is not whether we should make a drama like "The Reckoning", but how we do so."


title: The Reckoning (2022 TV series)

text: Steve Coogan himself announced that playing Savile was not a decision that "... (he) took lightly." "Neil McKay has written an intelligent script tackling sensitively an horrific story which - however harrowing - needs to be told."


title: The Reckoning (2022 TV series)

text: Work on the production started in early October 2021, and has been noted filming in the north west of England and in North Wales.


title: The Reckoning (2022 TV series)

text: The drama was expected to be broadcast by the BBC in 2022, but has now been pushed back to 2024. A source said, “The four-part drama is being edited in such a meticulous and careful way, so as not to create more pain and suffering for Savile’s victims.”


title: Propaganda model

text: The propaganda model is a conceptual model in political economy advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky to explain how propaganda and systemic biases function in corporate mass media. The model seeks to explain how populations are manipulated and how consent for economic, social, and political policies, both foreign and domestic, is "manufactured" in the public mind due to this propaganda. The theory posits that the way in which corporate media is structured (e.g. through advertising, concentration of media ownership or government sourcing) creates an inherent conflict of interest and therefore acts as propaganda for anti-democratic elements.


title: Propaganda model

text: First presented in their 1988 book "Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media", the propaganda model views corporate media as businesses interested in the sale of a product—readers and audiences—to other businesses (advertisers) rather than the pursuit of quality journalism in service of the public. Describing the media's "societal purpose", Chomsky writes, "... the study of institutions and how they function must be scrupulously ignored, apart from fringe elements or a relatively obscure scholarly literature". The theory postulates five general classes of "filters" that determine the type of news that is presented in news media. These five classes are: ownership of the medium, the medium's funding sources, sourcing, flak, and anti-communism or "fear ideology".


title: Propaganda model

text: The first three are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. In versions published after the 9/11 attacks on the United States in 2001, Chomsky and Herman updated the fifth prong to instead refer to the "War on Terror" and "counter-terrorism", which they state operates in much the same manner.


title: Propaganda model

text: Although the model was based mainly on the media of the United States, Chomsky and Herman believe the theory is equally applicable to any country that shares the basic economic structure and organizing principles that the model postulates as the cause of media biases. Their assessment has been supported by a number of scholars and the propaganda role of the media has since been empirically assessed in Western Europe and Latin America.


title: Propaganda model

text: The size and profit-seeking imperative of dominant media corporations create a bias. The authors point to how in the early nineteenth century, a radical British press had emerged that addressed the concerns of workers, but excessive stamp duties, designed to restrict newspaper ownership to the 'respectable' wealthy, began to change the face of the press. Nevertheless, there remained a degree of diversity. In post World War II Britain, radical or worker-friendly newspapers such as the "Daily Herald", "News Chronicle", "Sunday Citizen" (all since failed or absorbed into other publications), and the "Daily Mirror" (at least until the late 1970s) regularly published articles questioning the capitalist system. The authors posit that these earlier radical papers were not constrained by corporate ownership and therefore, were free to criticize the capitalist system.


title: Propaganda model

text: Herman and Chomsky argue that since mainstream media outlets are currently either large corporations or part of conglomerates (e.g. Westinghouse or General Electric), the information presented to the public will be biased with respect to these interests. Such conglomerates frequently extend beyond traditional media fields and thus have extensive financial interests that may be endangered when certain information is publicized. According to this reasoning, news items that most endanger the corporate financial interests of those who own the media will face the greatest bias and censorship.


title: Propaganda model

text: It then follows that if to maximize profit means sacrificing news objectivity, then the news sources that ultimately survive must be fundamentally biased, with regard to news in which they have a conflict of interest.


title: Propaganda model

text: The second filter of the propaganda model is funding generated through advertising. Most newspapers have to attract advertising in order to cover the costs of production; without it, they would have to increase the price of their newspaper. There is fierce competition throughout the media to attract advertisers; a newspaper which gets less advertising than its competitors is at a serious disadvantage. Lack of success in raising advertising revenue was another factor in the demise of the 'people's newspapers' of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.


title: Propaganda model

text: The product is composed of the affluent readers who buy the newspaper—who also comprise the educated decision-making sector of the population—while the actual clientele served by the newspaper includes the businesses that pay to advertise their goods. According to this filter, the news is "filler" to get privileged readers to see the advertisements which makes up the content and will thus take whatever form is most conducive to attracting educated decision-makers. Stories that conflict with their "buying mood", it is argued, will tend to be marginalized or excluded, along with information that presents a picture of the world that collides with advertisers' interests. The theory argues that the people buying the newspaper are the product which is sold to the businesses that buy advertising space; the news has only a marginal role as the product.


title: Propaganda model

text: The third of Herman and Chomsky's five filters relates to the sourcing of mass media news: "The mass media are drawn into a symbiotic relationship with powerful sources of information by economic necessity and reciprocity of interest." Even large media corporations such as the BBC cannot afford to place reporters everywhere. They concentrate their resources where news stories are likely to happen: the White House, the Pentagon, 10 Downing Street and other central news "terminals". Although British newspapers may occasionally complain about the "spin-doctoring" of New Labour, for example, they are dependent upon the pronouncements of "the Prime Minister's personal spokesperson" for government news. Business corporations and trade organizations are also trusted sources of stories considered newsworthy. Editors and journalists who offend these powerful news sources, perhaps by questioning the veracity or bias of the furnished material, can be threatened with the denial of access to their media life-blood - fresh news. Thus, the media has become reluctant to run articles that will harm corporate interests that provide them with the resources that they depend upon.


title: Propaganda model

text: This relationship also gives rise to a "moral division of labor", in which "officials have and give the facts" and "reporters merely get them". Journalists are then supposed to adopt an uncritical attitude that makes it possible for them to accept corporate values without experiencing cognitive dissonance.


title: Propaganda model

text: The fourth filter is 'flak' (not to be confused with flack which means promoters or publicity agents), described by Herman and Chomsky as 'negative responses to a media statement or [TV or radio] program. It may take the form of letters, telegrams, phone calls, petitions, lawsuits, speeches and Bills before Congress and other modes of complaint, threat and punitive action'. Business organizations regularly come together to form flak machines. An example is the US-based Global Climate Coalition (GCC), comprising fossil fuel and automobile companies such as Exxon, Texaco and Ford. The GCC was conceived by Burson-Marsteller, one of the world's largest public relations companies, to attack the credibility of climate scientists and 'scare stories' about global warming.


title: Propaganda model

text: For Chomsky and Herman "flak" refers to negative responses to a media statement or program. The term "flak" has been used to describe what Chomsky and Herman see as efforts to discredit organizations or individuals who disagree with or cast doubt on the prevailing assumptions which Chomsky and Herman view as favorable to established power (e.g., "The Establishment"). Unlike the first three "filtering" mechanisms—which are derived from analysis of market mechanisms—flak is characterized by concerted efforts to manage public information.


title: Propaganda model

text: The fifth and final news filter that Herman and Chomsky identified was 'anti-communism'. "Manufacturing Consent" was written during the Cold War. Chomsky updated the model as "fear", often as 'the enemy' or an 'evil dictator' such as Colonel Gaddafi, Paul Biya, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, or Vladimir Putin. This is exemplified in British tabloid headlines of 'Smash Saddam!' and 'Clobba Slobba!'. The same is said to extend to mainstream reporting of environmentalists as 'eco-terrorists'. "The Sunday Times" ran a series of articles in 1999 accusing activists from the non-violent direct action group Reclaim The Streets of stocking up on CS gas and stun guns.


title: Propaganda model

text: Anti-ideologies exploit public fear and hatred of groups that pose a potential threat, either real, exaggerated or imagined. Communism once posed the primary threat according to the model. Communism and socialism were portrayed by their detractors as endangering freedoms of speech, movement, the press and so forth. They argue that such a portrayal was often used as a means to silence voices critical of elite interests. Chomsky argues that since the end of the Cold War (1991), anticommunism was replaced by the "War on Terror", as the major social control mechanism: "Anti-communism has receded as an ideological factor in the Western media, but it is not dead... The 'war on terror' has provided a useful substitute for the Soviet Menace." Following the events of September 11, 2001, some scholars agree that Islamophobia is replacing anti-communism as a new source of public fear. Herman and Chomsky themselves conceded, in an interview given in 2009, that the popularity of 'anti-communism' as a news filter is slowly decreasing in favor of other more contemporary ideologies such as 'anti-terrorism'.


title: Propaganda model

text: Following the theoretical exposition of the propaganda model, "Manufacturing Consent" contains a large section where the authors seek to test their hypotheses. If the propaganda model is right and the filters do influence media content, a particular form of bias would be expected—one that systematically favors corporate interests.


title: Propaganda model

text: They also looked at what they perceived as naturally occurring "historical control groups" where two events, similar in their properties but differing in the expected media attitude towards them, are contrasted using objective measures such as coverage of key events (measured in column inches) or editorials favoring a particular issue (measured in number).


title: Propaganda model

text: Examples of bias given by the authors include the failure of the media to question the legality of the Vietnam War while greatly emphasizing the Soviet–Afghan War as an act of aggression.


title: Propaganda model

text: Other biases include a propensity to emphasize violent acts such as genocide more in enemy or unfriendly countries such as Kosovo while ignoring greater genocide in allied countries such as the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. This bias is also said to exist in foreign elections, giving favorable media coverage to fraudulent elections in allied countries such as El Salvador and Guatemala, while unfavorable coverage is given to legitimate elections in enemy countries such as Nicaragua.


title: Propaganda model

text: Chomsky also asserts that the media accurately covered events such as the Battle of Fallujah but because of an ideological bias, it acted as pro-government propaganda. In describing coverage of raid on Fallujah General Hospital he stated that "The New York Times", "accurately recorded the battle of Fallujah but it was celebrated... it was a celebration of ongoing war crimes". The article in question was "Early Target of Offensive Is a Hospital".


title: Propaganda model

text: The authors point to biases that are based on only reporting scandals which benefit a section of power, while ignoring scandals that hurt the powerless. The biggest example of this was how the US media greatly covered the Watergate Scandal but ignored the COINTELPRO exposures. While the Watergate break-in was a political threat to powerful people (Democrats), COINTELPRO harmed average citizens and went as far as political assassination. Other examples include coverage of the Iran–Contra affair by only focusing on people in power such as Oliver North but omitting coverage of the civilians killed in Nicaragua as the result of aid to the contras.


title: Propaganda model

text: In a 2010 interview, Chomsky compared media coverage of the Afghan War Diaries released by WikiLeaks and lack of media coverage to a study of severe health problems in Fallujah. While there was ample coverage of WikiLeaks there was no American coverage of the Fallujah study, in which the health situation in Fallujah was described by the British media as "worse than Hiroshima".


title: Propaganda model

text: Since the publication of "Manufacturing Consent", Herman and Chomsky have adopted the theory and have given it a prominent role in their writings, lectures and theoretical frameworks. Chomsky has made extensive use of its explanative power to lend support to his interpretations of mainstream media attitudes towards a wide array of events, including the following:


title: Propaganda model

text: On the rare occasions the propaganda model is discussed in the mainstream media there is usually a large reaction. In 1988, when Chomsky was interviewed by Bill Moyers there were 1,000 letters in response, one of the biggest written reactions in the show's history. When he was interviewed by TV Ontario, the show generated 31,321 call-ins, which was a new record for the station.


title: Propaganda model

text: In 1996, when Chomsky was interviewed by Andrew Marr the producer commented that the response was "astonishing". He commented that "[t]he audience reaction was astonishing... I have never worked on a programme which elicited so many letters and calls".


title: Propaganda model

text: In May 2007, Chomsky and Herman spoke at the University of Windsor in Canada summarizing developments and responding to criticisms related to the model. Both authors stated they felt the propaganda model is still applicable (Herman said even more so than when it was introduced), although they did suggest a few areas where they believe it falls short and needs to be extended in light of recent developments.


title: Propaganda model

text: Chomsky has insisted that while the propaganda role of the media "is intensified by ownership and advertising" the problem mostly lies with "ideological-doctrinal commitments that are part of intellectual life" or intellectual culture of the people in power. He compares the media to scholarly literature which he says has the same problems even without the constraints of the propaganda model.


title: Propaganda model

text: At the Windsor talk, Chomsky pointed out that Edward S. Herman was primarily responsible for creating the theory although Chomsky supported it. According to Chomsky, he insisted Herman's name appear first on the cover of "Manufacturing Consent" because of his primary role researching and developing the theory.


title: Propaganda model

text: In April 2010, a study conducted by the Harvard Kennedy School showed that media outlets such as "The New York Times" and "Los Angeles Times" stopped using the term "torture" for waterboarding when the US government committed it, from 2002 to 2008. It also noted that the press was "much more likely to call waterboarding torture if a country other than the United States is the perpetrator."


title: Propaganda model

text: The study was similar to media studies done in "Manufacturing Consent" for topics such as comparing how the term "genocide" is used in the media when referring to allied and enemy countries.


title: Propaganda model

text: Glenn Greenwald in response said that "We don't need a state-run media because our media outlets volunteer for the task..." and commented that the media often act as propaganda for the government without coercion.


title: Propaganda model

text: Chomsky has commented in the "ChomskyChat Forum" on the applicability of the Propaganda Model to the media environment of other countries:


title: Propaganda model

text: That's only rarely been done in any systematic way. There is work on the British media, by a good U[niversity] of Glasgow media group. And interesting work on British Central America coverage by Mark Curtis in his book "Ambiguities of Power". There is work on France, done in Belgium mostly, also a recent book by Serge Halimi (editor of "Le Monde diplomatique"). There is one very careful study by a Dutch graduate student, applying the methods Ed Herman used in studying US media reaction to elections (El Salvador, Nicaragua) to 14 major European newspapers. ... Interesting results. Discussed a bit (along with some others) in a footnote in chapter 5 of my book "Deterring Democracy", if you happen to have that around.


title: Propaganda model

text: For more than a decade, a British-based website Media Lens has examined their domestic broadcasters and liberal press. Its criticisms are featured in the books "Guardians of Power" (2006) and "Newspeak in the 21st Century" (2009).


title: Propaganda model

text: Studies have also expanded the propaganda model to examine news media in the People's Republic of China and for film production in Hollywood.


title: Propaganda model

text: In July 2011, the journalist Paul Mason, then working for the BBC, pointed out that the News International phone hacking scandal threw light on close links between the press and politicians. However, he argued that the closure of the mass-circulation newspaper "News of the World", which took place after the scandal broke, conformed only partly to the propaganda model. He drew attention to the role of social media, saying that "large corporations pulled their advertising" because of the "scale of the social media response" (a response which was mainly to do with the newspaper's behaviour towards Milly Dowler, although Mason did not go into this level of detail).


title: Propaganda model

text: Mason praised "The Guardian" for having told the truth about the phone-hacking, but expressed doubt about the financial viability of the newspaper.


title: Propaganda model

text: One part of the Chomsky doctrine has been proven by exception. He stated that newspapers that told the truth could not make money. "The Guardian"...is indeed burning money and may run out of it in three years' time.


title: Propaganda model

text: Eli Lehrer of the American Enterprise Institute criticized the theory in "The Anti-Chomsky Reader". According to Lehrer, the fact that papers like "The New York Times" and "The Wall Street Journal" have disagreements is evidence that the media is not a monolithic entity. Lehrer also believes that the media cannot have a corporate bias because it reports on and exposes corporate corruption. Lehrer asserts that the model amounts to a Marxist conception of right-wing false consciousness.


title: Propaganda model

text: Herman and Chomsky have asserted that the media "is not a solid monolith" but that it represents a debate between powerful interests while ignoring perspectives that challenge the "fundamental premises" of all these interests. For instance, during the Vietnam War there was disagreement among the media over tactics, but the broader issue of the legality and legitimacy of the war was ignored (see Coverage of "enemy" countries). Additionally, Chomsky has said that while the media are against corruption, they are not against society legally empowering corporate interests which is a reflection of the powerful interests that the model would predict. The authors have also said that the model does not seek to address "the effects of the media on the public" which might be ineffective at shaping public opinion. Edward Herman has said "critics failed to comprehend that the propaganda model is about how the media work, not how effective they are".


title: Propaganda model

text: Gareth Morley argues in an article in "Inroads: A Journal of Opinion" that widespread coverage of Israeli mistreatment of protesters as compared with little coverage of similar (or much worse) events in sub-Saharan Africa is poorly explained. This was in response to Chomsky's assertion that in testing the Model, examples should be carefully paired to control reasons for discrepancies not related to political bias. Chomsky himself cites the examples of government mis-treatment of protesters and points out that general coverage of the two areas compared should be similar, raising the point that they are not: news from Israel (in any form) is far more common than news from sub-Saharan Africa. Morley considers this approach dubiously empirical.


title: Propaganda model

text: Writing for "The New York Times", the historian Walter LaFeber criticized the book "Manufacturing Consent" for overstating its case, in particular with regards to reporting on Nicaragua and not adequately explaining how a powerful propaganda system would let military aid to the Contra rebels be blocked. Herman responded in a letter by stating that the system was not "all powerful" and that LaFeber did not address their main point regarding Nicaragua. LaFeber replied that:


title: Propaganda model

text: Mr. Herman wants to have it both ways: to claim that leading American journals "mobilize bias" but object when I cite crucial examples that weaken the book's thesis. If the news media are so unqualifiedly bad, the book should at least explain why so many publications (including my own) can cite their stories to attack President Reagan's Central American policy.


title: Propaganda model

text: What is more, a propaganda model is not weakened by the discovery that with careful and critical reading, material could be unearthed in the media that could be used by those that objected to "President Reagan's Central American policy" on grounds of principle, opposing not its failures but its successes: the near destruction of Nicaragua and the blunting of the popular forces that threatened to bring democracy and social reform to El Salvador, among other achievements.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan () is a 2021 Indian comedy drama film directed by Nadirshah. The film stars Dileep in the title role. It was originally scheduled for a theatrical release but was cancelled due COVID-19 pandemic. The film was released on 31 December 2021 through Disney+ Hotstar in four languages and received mixed reviews from critics and audience.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: The film revolves around Keshu, a driving instructor. He is the eldest among his siblings and had been working hard without any rest for the sake of the family after the death of his father. He blames his deceased father for his sufferings which is disowned by his mother, who requests him to do the last rites of his father by immersing the ashes of his father at Rameswaram. The whole family, including Keshu's cunning brothers-in-law Vijayan Pillai, Rajendran and Gopi and plan to go Rameswaram as a trip where they will do the last rites. Keshu's daughter Usha calls a tourist bus upon her boyfriend Vivek's careoff and they leave for the trip happily. On the way to Rameswaram, Keshu gets to know that a lottery which he had bought from a dealer upon compulsion have won the price money of ₹12 crore which turns Keshu's life into a new twist as he plans to escape with his family alone not informing the cunning relatives. Keshu and his wife Rathnamma alias Rathnam tried to convince their children about escaping. But Usha doesn't listen and tries to stay. She then calls her boyfriend and sends him the location. He finds where they are and Keshu and his family had no other choice and had to enter into the bus. On the same night of escaping, Keshu tells Rathnam to tell the reason of escaping from this trip where Usha gets shocked. She then forgets about Vivek and at the same moment his brother in-laws are planning to not let them escape from the hotel. But as time passes on, they manage to escape when they slept as they were drunk.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: They successfully reaches home and finds that everyone came to know that Keshu won the lottery and everyone is waiting at his home with the police. Keshu calls Ganapathi, the lottery agent and Kunjikrishnan's brother inside to give the ticket. Keshu realises that he took 3 tickets and there is only 2 tickets. The 3rd ticket was the one he won. Rathnam gets shocked as she thinks that he lost the lottery ticket. Everyone overhears it and the police tells Keshu and Ganapathi to call few people and search the house. During the search, Keshu finds a photo of him with a young girl Leela, his ex-girlfriend who ran away with a photographer and recollects his past. When Rathnam sees the photo, she thinks that Keshu hid the lottery ticket for her and to live happily with her. She becomes angry at him and threatens that if the ticket is not found, then she will kill both Keshu and Leela.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: At the same, Keshu's brother-in-laws and sister arrives there on the bus. Usha tries to reconcile with Vivek but he gets angry and breaks up with her. Umesh tells her a doubt that he might have wrote a love letter in the lottery ticket and sent to a young girl who is their neighbour. Usha slaps Umesh when she finds. Keshu's brother-in-laws finds this and tries to find the lottery ticket by making rocket with few tickets. The girl's mother sees this and learns about Umesh's affair with her daughter. She gets angry and hits her daughter, which Umesh witnesses and Keshu tells him that because of him, his life has a problem like this. Rathnam sees this and asks where Leela is and she won't allow him to spent a night. When she sees the girl's mother hitting her, she thinks that Keshu told them about his affair with Leela. She takes him inside the room and tells that she is going to leave him alone and teach a lesson. As he couldn't tolerate the torture, Keshu locks Rathnam in a room and moves out. He tells Umesh to make a paper rocket and throw it to the same place where he threw the lottery ticket to the girl. It launches and gets stuck in the tree. A group of people climbs and checks the tree for the lottery ticket and finds many letters written by Umesh and the girl's mother misunderstands and slaps her. Later they realises that Umesh wrote the letters on a paper not the lottery ticket. Ganapathi tells Keshu that his neighbour and ex-goon Biju might have stolen the lottery ticket and hidden it somewhere. Keshu's brother-in-laws and Ganapathi takes Keshu goes to Biju's house. Meanwhile, Rathnam escapes from room and catches them. She thinks that Keshu was taking everyone to Leela's house to live with her. When she finds out that they are going take the lottery ticket, she forces them that she will also come, but Keshu refuses. She then tells Keshu to not go to the place where she will also come. When Rajendran asks what has happened, Keshu tells that she is mad. When Vijayan Pillai tells her to keep calm, she tells bad about Vijayan Pillai's father. In a fit of rage, Keshu pushes Rathnam on to the ground where her head gets hit and becomes unconscious. Keshu takes Biju and asks him personally about the lottery ticket. Biju tells that he didn't take the lottery ticket and hide it anywhere. During that time, Keshu accidentally stabs Biju with a knife, when he stepped on a coconut and was about to slips. Everyone thinks that Keshu tried to kill him purposely and did it for the lottery ticket. One man tells that he tried to kill Rathnam and she is hospitalized. Keshu's brother-in-laws escapes from the scene as everyone knows that they brought Keshu there and if Biju dies in the hospital, they will be arrested for helping Keshu to kill him. Keshu gets arrested and sent to jail, but is released after 14 days on bail as Biju survived and he told that Keshu made an accident.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: Keshu returns to his house. Usha tells him that Rathnam lost her speaking ability due to the shock when he pushed her. He blames him for this and their life got ruined due to his behaviour. Keshu becomes very sad and heartbroken hearing this. He goes to Rathnam, apologies for pushing her and they both reconciles. Keshu's sisters and brother-in-laws comes there with his mother and tells them to divide the properties, to which he tells tells that his mother will decide. When Rajendran calls Keshu's mother a trophy, Keshu gets angry and scolds them. He tells that he doesn't want anything but some peace and kicks them out of the house. Keshu decides to take care of his mother and he decides to complete his father's last rites. Keshu's brother-in-laws are now in need of the lottery ticket and they goes to a bank and they realises that Keshu took a loan but he didn't repay it. They are now thinking Keshu might have lost the lottery ticket and Vijayan Pillai tells them to not go after the lottery ticket as they will be forced to take care of Keshu's debts. One night, Keshu's associate George comes there and tells that Biju's brother-in-laws have came to take revenge on Keshu. Keshu goes to Rameswaram to do his father's last rites with Rathnam. On the train, Ganapathi calls him and tells he needs money for all requirements he made when Keshu won the lottery otherwise he will die. Keshu tells him to not go after the lottery as it is not made for him and he will clear their debts even after selling Usha's jewelleries made for her marriage, which made Rathnam so sad.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: At Rameswaram temple, while Keshu goes to immerse his father's ashes at the pond, Keshu retrieves the lottery ticket which he won. He realises that when he was packing to go to Rameswaram, he kept the pot which contains his father's ashes on the lottery ticket. Keshu becomes very happy and tells this to Rathnam. She also becomes happy and gets back her voice. When Keshu makes her to say something, she asks him who is Leela, implying that her suspicions has not changed. She is now believing that Keshu will take the money and live with Leela to which she won't allow and creates a big scene. On the way back home, she kept on torturing and disturbing Keshu which the other passengers witnesses. Keshu gets a call from Ganapathi and when he was about to take the call, Rathnam takes it and tells him to cut the call as she thinks that Leela was the one who called him. She tells him that he will take care of the phone and nobody else than the god is with her. She decides to kill Leela. Keshu tries to calm her by telling that the god gave the lottery ticket back and with that he can help others. He wants to do anything good for his brother-in-laws and sisters and give Biju something, but she tells to give anything to anybody but what is he going to give Leela and without answering it she won't leave him.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: An ending vocal says that even though the lottery's issue is solved, Keshu's life is still remaining as Leela's issue is not solved.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: The music of the film is composed by Nadirshah. The lyrics are written by Nadirshah and Sujesh Hari. The first single,"Naaranga Muttaayi" was released on 18 August 2021. The second single, "Punnarapoonkattil" was released on 10 December 2021.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: The film was originally scheduled for a theatrical release, but due to COVID-19 pandemic it was announced that the film would be directly released on Disney+ Hotstar on 31 December 2021 in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Hindi. It is the second Malayalam film to be premiered through the platform's Disney+ Hotstar Multiplex initiative.


title: Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan

text: Reviewer Anna Mathews of times of India stated, " With its good comic and emotional moments, and its message, this is a movie that everyone in the family will enjoy watching together."


title: Barrier island

text: Barrier islands are coastal landforms and a type of dune system that are exceptionally flat or lumpy areas of sand that form by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen. They are subject to change during storms and other action, but absorb energy and protect the coastlines and create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish. A barrier chain may extend uninterrupted for over a hundred kilometers, excepting the tidal inlets that separate the islands, the longest and widest being Padre Island of Texas, United States. Sometimes an important inlet may close permanently, transforming an island into a peninsula, thus creating a barrier peninsula, often including a beach, barrier beach.


title: Barrier island

text: The length and width of barriers and overall morphology of barrier coasts are related to parameters including tidal range, wave energy, sediment supply, sea-level trends, and basement controls. The amount of vegetation on the barrier has a large impact on the height and evolution of the island.


title: Barrier island

text: Chains of barrier islands can be found along approximately 13-15% of the world's coastlines. They display different settings, suggesting that they can form and be maintained in a variety of environments. Numerous theories have been given to explain their formation.


title: Barrier island

text: A human-made offshore structure constructed parallel to the shore is called a breakwater. In terms of coastal morphodynamics, it acts similarly to a naturally occurring barrier island by dissipating and reducing the energy of the waves and currents striking the coast. Hence, it is an important aspect of coastal engineering.


title: Barrier island

text: The shoreface is the part of the barrier where the ocean meets the shore of the island. The barrier island body itself separates the shoreface from the backshore and lagoon/tidal flat area. Characteristics common to the upper shoreface are fine sands with mud and possibly silt. Further out into the ocean the sediment becomes finer. The effect of waves at this point is weak because of the depth. Bioturbation is common and many fossils can be found in upper shoreface deposits in the geologic record.


title: Barrier island

text: The middle shoreface is located in the upper shoreface. The middle shoreface is strongly influenced by wave action because of its depth. Closer to shore the sand is medium-grained, with shell pieces common. Since wave action is heavier, bioturbation is not likely.


title: Barrier island

text: The lower shoreface is constantly affected by wave action. This results in development of herringbone sedimentary structures because of the constant differing flow of waves. The sand is coarser.


title: Barrier island

text: The foreshore is the area on land between high and low tide. Like the upper shoreface, it is constantly affected by wave action. Cross-bedding and lamination are present and coarser sands are present because of the high energy present by the crashing of the waves. The sand is also very well sorted.


title: Barrier island

text: The backshore is always above the highest water level point. The berm is also found here which marks the boundary between the foreshore and backshore. Wind is the important factor here, not water. During strong storms high waves and wind can deliver and erode sediment from the backshore.


title: Barrier island

text: Coastal dunes, created by wind, are typical of a barrier island. They are located at the top of the backshore. The dunes will display characteristics of typical aeolian wind-blown dunes. The difference is that dunes on a barrier island typically contain coastal vegetation roots and marine bioturbation.


title: Barrier island

text: The lagoon and tidal flat area is located behind the dune and backshore area. Here the water is still, which allows fine silts, sands, and mud to settle out. Lagoons can become host to an anaerobic environment. This will allow high amounts of organic-rich mud to form. Vegetation is also common.


title: Barrier island

text: Moreton Bay, on the east coast of Australia and directly east of Brisbane, is sheltered from the Pacific Ocean by a chain of very large barrier islands. Running north to south they are Bribie Island, Moreton Island, North Stradbroke Island and South Stradbroke Island (the last two used to be a single island until a storm created a channel between them in 1896). North Stradbroke Island is the second largest sand island in the world and Moreton Island is the third largest.


title: Barrier island

text: Fraser Island, another barrier island lying 200 km north of Moreton Bay on the same coastline, is the largest sand island in the world.


title: Barrier island

text: Barrier islands are found most prominently on the United States' East and Gulf Coasts, where every state—from Maine to Florida (East Coast) and from Florida to Texas (Gulf Coast)—features at least part of a barrier island. Many have large numbers of barrier islands; Florida for instance has twenty-five. Padre Island, Texas, is the world’s longest barrier island; other well-known islands on the Gulf Coast include Galveston Island in Texas and Sanibel and Captiva Islands in Florida. Those on the East Coast include Miami Beach and Palm Beach in Florida; Hatteras Island in North Carolina; Assateague Island in Virginia and Maryland; Absecon Island in New Jersey, where Atlantic City is located; and Jones Beach Island and Fire Island, both off Long Island in New York. No barrier islands are found on the Pacific Coast of the United States due to the rocky shore and short continental shelf, but barrier peninsulas can be found. Barrier islands can also be seen on Alaska's Arctic coast.


title: Barrier island

text: Barrier Islands can also be found in Maritime Canada, and other places along the coast. A good example is found at Miramichi Bay, New Brunswick, where Portage Island as well as Fox Island and Hay Island protect the inner bay from storms in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.


title: Barrier island

text: Barrier islands are more prevalent in the north of both of New Zealand's main islands. Notable barrier islands in New Zealand include Matakana Island, which guards the entrance to Tauranga Harbour, and Rabbit Island, at the southern end of Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere. See also Nelson Harbour's Boulder Bank, below.


title: Barrier island

text: Barrier islands can be observed in the Baltic Sea from Poland to Lithuania as well as distinctly in the Wadden Islands, which stretch from the Netherlands to Denmark. Lido di Venezia and Pellestrina are notable barrier islands of the Lagoon of Venice which have for centuries protected the city of Venice in Italy. Chesil Beach on the south coast of England developed as a barrier beach.


title: Barrier island

text: Water levels may be higher than the island during storm events. This situation can lead to overwash, which brings sand from the front of the island to the top and/or landward side of the island. This process leads to the evolution and migration of the barrier island.


title: Barrier island

text: Barrier islands are often formed to have a certain width. The term “critical width concept” has been discussed with reference to barrier islands, overwash, and washover deposits since the 1970s. The concept basically states that overwash processes were effective in migration of the barrier only where the barrier width is less than a critical value. The island did not narrow below these values because overwash was effective at transporting sediment over the barrier island, thereby keeping pace with the rate of ocean shoreline recession. Sections of the island with greater widths experienced washover deposits that did not reach the bayshore, and the island narrowed by ocean shoreline recession until it reached the critical width. The only process that widened the barrier beyond the critical width was breaching, formation of a partially subaerial flood shoal, and subsequent inlet closure.


title: Barrier island

text: Scientists have proposed numerous explanations for the formation of barrier islands for more than 150 years. There are three major theories: offshore bar, spit accretion, and submergence. No single theory can explain the development of all barriers, which are distributed extensively along the world's coastlines. Scientists accept the idea that barrier islands, including other barrier types, can form by a number of different mechanisms.


title: Barrier island

text: There appears to be some general requirements for formation. Barrier island systems develop most easily on wave-dominated coasts with a small to moderate tidal range. Coasts are classified into three groups based on tidal range: microtidal, 0–2 meter tidal range; mesotidal, 2–4 meter tidal range; and macrotidal, >4 meter tidal range. Barrier islands tend to form primarily along microtidal coasts, where they tend to be well developed and nearly continuous. They are less frequently formed in mesotidal coasts, where they are typically short with tidal inlets common. Barrier islands are very rare along macrotidal coasts. Along with a small tidal range and a wave-dominated coast, there must be a relatively low gradient shelf. Otherwise, sand accumulation into a sandbar would not occur and instead would be dispersed throughout the shore. An ample sediment supply is also a requirement for barrier island formation. The last major requirement for barrier island formation is a stable sea level. It is especially important for sea level to remain relatively unchanged during barrier island formation and growth. If sea level changes are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through aggradation. The formation of barrier islands requires a constant sea level so that waves can concentrate the sand into one location.


title: Barrier island

text: In 1845 the Frenchman Elie de Beaumont published an account of barrier formation. He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy. As the bars developed vertically, they gradually rose above sea level, forming barrier islands.


title: Barrier island

text: American geologist Grove Karl Gilbert first argued in 1885 that the barrier sediments came from longshore sources. He proposed that sediment moving in the breaker zone through agitation by waves in longshore drift would construct spits extending from headlands parallel to the coast. The subsequent breaching of spits by storm waves would form barrier islands.


title: Barrier island

text: William John McGee reasoned in 1890 that the East and Gulf coasts of the United States were undergoing submergence, as evidenced by the many drowned river valleys that occur along these coasts, including Raritan, Delaware and Chesapeake bays. He believed that during submergence, coastal ridges were separated from the mainland, and lagoons formed behind the ridges. He used the Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands (consists of Cat, Ship, Horn, Petit Bois and Dauphin Islands) as an example where coastal submergence formed barrier islands. His interpretation was later shown to be incorrect when the ages of the coastal stratigraphy and sediment were more accurately determined.


title: Barrier island

text: Along the coast of Louisiana, former lobes of the Mississippi River delta have been reworked by wave action, forming beach ridge complexes. Prolonged sinking of the marshes behind the barriers has converted these former vegetated wetlands to open-water areas. In a period of 125 years, from 1853 to 1978, two small semi-protected bays behind the barrier developed as the large water body of Lake Pelto, leading to Isles Dernieres's detachment from the mainland.


title: Barrier island

text: An unusual natural structure in New Zealand may give clues to the formation processes of barrier islands. The Boulder Bank, at the entrance to Nelson Haven at the northern end of the South Island, is a unique 13 km-long stretch of rocky substrate a few metres in width. It is not strictly a barrier island, as it is linked to the mainland at one end. The Boulder Bank is composed of granodiorite from Mackay Bluff, which lies close to the point where the bank joins the mainland. It is still debated what process or processes have resulted in this odd structure, though longshore drift is the most accepted hypothesis. Studies have been conducted since 1892 to determine the speed of boulder movement. Rates of the top-course gravel movement have been estimated at 7.5 metres a year.


title: Barrier island

text: Barrier islands are critically important in mitigating ocean swells and other storm events for the water systems on the mainland side of the barrier island, as well as protecting the coastline. This effectively creates a unique environment of relatively low energy, brackish water. Multiple wetland systems such as lagoons, estuaries, and/or marshes can result from such conditions depending on the surroundings. They are typically rich habitats for a variety of flora and fauna. Without barrier islands, these wetlands could not exist; they would be destroyed by daily ocean waves and tides as well as ocean storm events. One of the most prominent examples is the .