title: Pagan Kingdom

text: In contrast to the "stupas", the hollow "gu"-style temple is a structure used for meditation, devotional worship of the Buddha and other Buddhist rituals. The "gu" temples come in two basic styles: "one-face" design and "four-face" design—essentially one main entrance and four main entrances. Other styles such as five-face and hybrids also exist. The one-face style grew out of 2nd century Beikthano, and the four-face out of 7th-century Sri Ksetra. The temples, whose main features were the pointed arches and the vaulted chamber, became larger and grander in the Pagan period.


title: Pagan Kingdom

text: Although the Burmese temple designs evolved from Indic, Pyu (and possibly Mon) styles, the techniques of vaulting seem to have developed in Pagan itself. The earliest vaulted temples in Pagan date to the 11th century while the vaulting did not become widespread in India until the late 12th century. The masonry of the buildings shows "an astonishing degree of perfection", where many of the immense structures survived the 1975 earthquake more or less intact. (Unfortunately, the vaulting techniques of the Pagan era were lost in the later periods. Only much smaller "gu" style temples were built after Pagan. In the 18th century, for example, King Bodawpaya attempted to build the Mingun Pagoda, in the form of spacious vaulted chambered temple but failed as craftsmen and masons of the later era had lost the knowledge of vaulting and keystone arching to reproduce the spacious interior space of the Pagan hollow temples.)


title: Pagan Kingdom

text: Another architectural innovation originated in Pagan is the Buddhist temple with a pentagonal floor plan. This design grew out of hybrid (between one-face and four-face designs) designs. The idea was to include the veneration of the Maitreya Buddha, the future and fifth Buddha of this era, in addition to the four who had already appeared. The Dhammayazika and the Ngamyethna Pagoda are examples of the pentagonal design.


title: Pagan Kingdom

text: The kingdom of Pagan, the "charter polity" of Myanmar, had a lasting impact on Burmese history and the history of mainland Southeast Asia. The success and longevity of Pagan's dominance over the Irrawaddy valley enabled the ascent of Burmese language and culture, and the spread of Bamar ethnicity in Upper Myanmar and laid the foundation for their continued spread elsewhere in later centuries. The 250-year rule left a proven system of administrative and cultural norms that would be adopted and extended by successor kingdoms—not only by the Burmese-speaking Ava Kingdom but also by the Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy Kingdom and Shan-speaking Shan states.


title: Pagan Kingdom

text: Continued cultural integration in an otherwise politically fragmented post-Pagan Myanmar set the stage for a resurgence of a unified Burmese state in the 16th century. An apt comparison can be made with the Khmer Empire, the other Southeast Asian Empire that Mongol invasions toppled. Various Tai-Shan peoples, who came down with the Mongols, came to dominate the political landscapes of the two former empires. Whereas Myanmar would see a resurgence, the post-Mongol Khmer state was reduced to a mere shadow of her former self, never to regain her preeminence. Only in the former Khmer Empire, did the Thai/Lao ethnicity and Thai/Lao languages spread permanently at the expense of the Mon-Khmer speaking peoples, not unlike the Burman takeover of the Pyu realm four centuries earlier. In Myanmar, the result was the opposite: the Shan leadership, as well as lowland Shan immigrants of Myinsaing, Pinya, Sagaing and Ava Kingdoms came to adopt Burmese cultural norms, the Burmese language, and the Bamar ethnicity. The convergence of cultural norms around existing Pagan-centered norms, at least in the Irrawaddy valley core, in turn facilitated the latter-day political reunification drives of Toungoo and Konbaung dynasties.


title: Pagan Kingdom

text: The Pagan Empire also changed the history of mainland Southeast Asia. Geopolitically, Pagan checked the Khmer Empire's encroachment into the Tenasserim coast and upper Menam valley. Culturally, the emergence of Pagan as a Theravada stronghold in the face of an expanding Hindu Khmer Empire from the 11th to 13th centuries provided the Buddhist school, which had been in retreat elsewhere in South Asia and Southeast Asia, a much needed reprieve and a safe shelter. Not only did Pagan help restart Theravada Buddhism in Ceylon but the over two centuries of patronage by a powerful empire made Theravada Buddhism's later growth in Lan Na (northern Thailand), Siam (central Thailand), Lan Xang (Laos), and Khmer Empire (Cambodia) in the 13th and 14th centuries possible.


title: Rhianna Pratchett

text: Rhianna Pratchett (born 30 December 1976) is an English video game writer and journalist. She has worked on "Heavenly Sword" (2007), "Overlord" (2007), "Mirror's Edge" (2008) and "Tomb Raider" (2013) and its follow up, "Rise of the Tomb Raider" (2015), among others. She is the daughter of fantasy writer Terry Pratchett.


title: Rhianna Pratchett

text: Rhianna Pratchett studied journalism at the London College of Printing and following graduation began writing for "Minx" magazine, where her first games reviews were published. She moved to the long running "PC Zone" magazine as an editorial assistant, staff writer, eventually becoming a section editor. She wrote for many other publications including "The Guardian".


title: Rhianna Pratchett

text: Pratchett moved into script writing and narrative design in 2002, with "Beyond Divinity", produced by Larian Studios in Belgium. She also wrote a novella to accompany the game. In 2007, her work on "Heavenly Sword" was nominated for a BAFTA and a year later she won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain 'Best Videogame Script' award for "Overlord". Pratchett wrote the comic "Tomb Raider: The Beginning" with Dark Horse and the "Mirror's Edge" miniseries with DC Comics, along with several of her own short stories. She has contributed to various books on games narrative including "Professional Techniques for Video Game Writing" and "Game Writing: Narrative Skills for Videogames".


title: Rhianna Pratchett

text: Since 2012, she has been co-director of Narrativia Limited, a production company which holds exclusive multimedia and merchandising rights to her father Terry Pratchett's works following his death. In 2012 and 2013, Narrativia announced that it would be working on three television projects based on Pratchett's father's works: "The Watch", "Good Omens", and "Wee Free Men", as well as several other projects; Pratchett was reported as co-writer of "The Watch" but in 2019 she announced she had not been involved in the project "for many years". In a deal announced in April 2020, multiple "Discworld" novels are to be adapted for television by Narrativia, Motive Pictures and Endeavor Content.


title: Rhianna Pratchett

text: She has also spoken on BBC Radio 1, Radio 4, 5Live and multiple conferences around the world, including Develop, Animex, GDC and TEDx Transmedia. In June 2015, she said that her father's 41st Discworld novel "The Shepherd's Crown", to be published posthumously later that year, would mark the end of the series, and that no further novels or books of unfinished work would be authorised for publication.


title: Rhianna Pratchett

text: Pratchett has appeared in the documentaries "Games Britannia", "Critical Path" and Charlie Brooker's "How Video Games Changed the World".


title: Mob Wives

text: Mob Wives is an American reality television series that premiered on VH1 on April 17, 2011. The show focuses on the lives of several women residing in the New York City borough of Staten Island, whose family members and husbands have been arrested and imprisoned for crimes that are connected to the American Mafia.


title: Mob Wives

text: The success of the show has resulted in several spin-offs, including "", "Mob Wives Chicago", "Big Ang" and "Miami Monkey".


title: Mob Wives

text: Raiola died from complications of throat cancer and pneumonia on February 18, 2016, less than a month before the final season concluded.


title: Mob Wives

text: Since December 2017, a revival of the series has been discussed, in which D'Avanzo has confirmed she would not be featured.


title: Mob Wives

text: The first season premiered on April 17, 2011. Drita D’Avanzo, Carla Facciolo, Karen Gravano and Renee Graziano were introduced as the main cast.


title: Mob Wives

text: The second season premiered on January 1, 2012, with Angela "Big Ang" Raiola and Ramona Rizzo joining the cast.


title: Mob Wives

text: It was announced on December 11, 2012 that the third season would debut on January 6, 2013 with new cast member Love Majewski.


title: Mob Wives

text: On May 14, 2013, Graziano revealed that the show had been renewed for a fourth season, although it had not been officially announced by VH1 at the time.


title: Mob Wives

text: In an interview during New York Fashion Week, Rizzo mentioned that she, Gravano, and Facciolo would not be returning for the fourth season.


title: Mob Wives

text: The fourth season premiered on December 5, 2013, with Alicia DiMichele and Natalie Guercio joining the cast.


title: Mob Wives

text: The fifth season premiered on December 3, 2014, with Natalie DiDonato joining the cast in a recurring capacity. Victoria Gotti also made a special guest appearance. Facciolo made guest appearances.


title: Mob Wives

text: On December 7, 2015, VH1 announced their decision to end the show as the conclusion of its sixth season, known as "Mob Wives: The Last Stand".


title: Mob Wives

text: The sixth and final season premiered on January 13, 2016, with Brittany Fogarty and Marissa Jade joining the cast, both in recurring capacities. Majewski made guest appearances.


title: Mob Wives

text: On February 18, 2016, less than a month before the final season concluded, Angela "Big Ang" Raiola died from complications of throat cancer and pneumonia.


title: Mob Wives

text: Jennifer Graziano announced in October 2012 that "Mob Wives Miami", "Mob Wives Pittsburgh", and "Mob Wives Philadelphia" had both been cast, but VH1 never green-lit either project.


title: Mob Wives

text: Jennifer Graziano, creator and executive producer of "Mob Wives", stated in December 2017 that a reboot of "Mob Wives" was in the works. Drita D'Avanzo, who starred on the show during its original run, declined Graziano's invitation to return, stating that she had since moved on and wanted to explore other ventures. According to Graziano, most of the original cast were willing to return, including her sister Renee, who also starred on all seasons of the show. The show was set to be filmed on the East Coast and would likely feature both original and new cast members.


title: Mob Wives

text: Despite a response issued from Renee Graziano about a 2021 premiere, a source close to VH1 confirmed that a reboot of the show was eventually dismissed within weeks of initial discussions back in 2017, citing declining viewership of its original run and a rise of popular programming currently airing on the network.


title: Mob Wives

text: The first season of "Mob Wives" was well received by some entertainment critics. "Entertainment Weekly's" television critic Ken Tucker praised the show in his review, stating, "As someone who’s watched at least a few episodes of every version of the "Real Housewives" franchise and feels a bit nauseous about it, I didn’t come to "Mob Wives" with high hopes. But this floridly funny, vicariously vicious reality series exerts a vulgar charm." He noted the fascination of watching excessively made-up people living in apparent luxury and the authenticity of the drama among the women. "By turns funny, appalling, and frightening, "Mob Wives" is swiftly paced, reality-TV at its most effusively dismaying." "The Hollywood Reporter" critic David Knowles felt the show was significantly better than typical reality TV. He found the women's internal conflict between their mob past and their desire to break free from that lifestyle to be the underlying question of the series. Knowles noted that the women's storylines are so tense and engrossing that the surveillance-style effect used to introduce them seemed unnecessarily cliché. "As we learned from "The Sopranos", the wives and children of mafiosos can be every bit as compelling as the gangsters themselves... As for those other real housewives franchises, their endless squabbles and social climbing antics are rendered rather trivial after you watch the first five minutes of "Mob Wives"."


title: Mob Wives

text: Some New York critics were less enthusiastic about the show. David Hinckley's "New York Daily News" review complained the "tired concept, is so bad it should sleep with fishes", and observed "these are unpleasant people in an unwatchable show". On the other hand, he wrote: "Now it could be added that if this is what you want on TV, "Mob Wives" is an all-you-can-eat buffet. Imagine the angriest of the "Real Housewives" ratcheted up into overdrive". "Staten Island Advance's" SILive.com "Entertainment Comment of the Day" in April 2011 said, "Out of interest we only watched about twenty minutes of the first episode and couldn't stomach watching the second. We don't know what's so interesting about a bunch of low-life women (the one pictured is a real piece of work) who think that husbands that go off to prison is like spending a year at college. I bet their kids are real proud of them. Any glorification of a life of crime is pathetic. They all deserve whatever misery that comes along".


title: Mob Wives

text: The Mafia theme of the show was a concern for some non-journalists, as well. Staten Island Borough President James Molinaro stated; "I've seen it – It's disgraceful. It paints Staten Island and Italian-Americans in a bad light. It's detrimental because people will think this is what Staten Island is made of. I'm Italian – and this is bad for our doctors, our lawyers, the people who came from Italy to build their lives". UNICO National, an Italian advocacy group, said the show is tantamount to "trash TV like "Jersey Shore". I hope it dies because no one watches it. We were mobsters and mafiosos with "The Sopranos", bimbos and buffoons with "Jersey Shore", and now we're back where we started. It's a disgrace". Gawker.com said, "This seems like a terrible idea for a reality show! Would anyone watch a show called Mass Murderers' Wives?"


title: Mob Wives

text: Relatives of murder victims killed by the cast members' relatives are also disturbed by the show. Jackie Colucci, whose brother Joseph was murdered by Sammy "The Bull" Gravano in 1970, stated about Karen Gravano: "She should be ashamed that her father is a murderer and a drug dealer. I would be ashamed and crawling in a hole and staying out of the limelight".


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: A ferrite is a ceramic material made by mixing and firing large proportions of iron(III) oxide (FeO, rust) blended with small proportions of one or more additional metallic elements, such as strontium, barium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. They are ferrimagnetic, meaning they can be magnetized or attracted to a magnet. Unlike other ferromagnetic materials, most ferrites are not electrically conductive, making them useful in applications like magnetic cores for transformers to suppress eddy currents. Ferrites can be divided into two families based on their resistance to being demagnetized (magnetic coercivity).


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Hard ferrites have high coercivity, so are difficult to demagnetize. They are used to make permanent magnets for applications such as refrigerator magnets, loudspeakers, and small electric motors.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Soft ferrites have low coercivity, so they easily change their magnetization and act as conductors of magnetic fields. They are used in the electronics industry to make efficient magnetic cores called ferrite cores for high-frequency inductors, transformers and antennas, and in various microwave components.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Ferrite compounds are extremely low cost, being made of mostly iron oxide, and have excellent corrosion resistance. Yogoro Kato and Takeshi Takei of the Tokyo Institute of Technology synthesized the first ferrite compounds in 1930.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Ferrites are usually ferrimagnetic ceramic compounds derived from iron oxides. Magnetite (FeO) is a famous example. Like most of the other ceramics, ferrites are hard, brittle, and poor conductors of electricity.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Many ferrites adopt the spinel structure with the formula ABO, where A and B represent various metal cations, usually including iron (Fe). Spinel ferrites usually adopt a crystal motif consisting of cubic close-packed (fcc) oxides (O) with A cations occupying one eighth of the tetrahedral holes and B cations occupying half of the octahedral holes, i.e., .


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Ferrite crystals do not adopt the ordinary spinel structure, but rather the inverse spinel structure: One eighth of the tetrahedral holes are occupied by B cations, one fourth of the octahedral sites are occupied by A cations. and the other one fourth by B cation. It is also possible to have mixed structure spinel ferrites with formula [MFe][MFe]O where δ is the degree of inversion.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: The magnetic material known as "ZnFe" has the formula ZnFeO, with Fe occupying the octahedral sites and Zn occupy the tetrahedral sites, it is an example of normal structure spinel ferrite.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Some ferrites adopt hexagonal crystal structure, like barium and strontium ferrites BaFeO (BaO:6FeO) and SrFeO (SrO:6FeO).


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: In terms of their magnetic properties, the different ferrites are often classified as "soft", "semi-hard" or "hard", which refers to their low or high magnetic coercivity, as follows.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Ferrites that are used in transformer or electromagnetic cores contain nickel, zinc, and/or manganese compounds. Soft ferrites are not permanent magnets. They have magnetism (much like mild steel), but when the magnetic field is removed, the magnetism decreases. Soft ferrites are commonly used as transformers (to change the voltage from primary to secondary windings). As a result, soft ferrites are also called transformer ferrites.They have a low coercivity. The low coercivity means the material's magnetization can easily reverse direction without dissipating much energy (hysteresis losses), while the material's high resistivity prevents eddy currents in the core, another source of energy loss. Because of their comparatively low losses at high frequencies, they are extensively used in the cores of RF transformers and inductors in applications such as switched-mode power supplies and loopstick antennas used in AM radios.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: For applications below 5 MHz, MnZn ferrites are used; above that, NiZn is the usual choice. The exception is with common mode inductors, where the threshold of choice is at 70 MHz.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: In contrast, permanent ferrite magnets are made of hard ferrites, which have a high coercivity and high remanence after magnetization. Iron oxide and barium or strontium carbonate are used in manufacturing of hard ferrite magnets. The high coercivity means the materials are very resistant to becoming demagnetized, an essential characteristic for a permanent magnet. They also have high magnetic permeability. These so-called "ceramic magnets" are cheap, and are widely used in household products such as refrigerator magnets. The maximum magnetic field "B" is about 0.35 tesla and the magnetic field strength "H" is about 30 to 160 kiloampere turns per meter (400 to 2000 oersteds). The density of ferrite magnets is about 5 g/cm.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Ferrites are produced by heating a mixture of the oxides of the constituent metals at high temperatures, as shown in this idealized equation:


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: In some cases, the mixture of finely-powdered precursors is pressed into a mold. For barium and strontium ferrites, these metals are typically supplied as their carbonates, BaCO or SrCO. During the heating process, these carbonates undergo calcination:


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: After this step, the two oxides combine to give the ferrite. The resulting mixture of oxides undergoes sintering.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Having obtained the ferrite, the cooled product is milled to particles smaller than 2 µm, sufficiently small that each particle consists of a single magnetic domain. Next the powder is pressed into a shape, dried, and re-sintered. The shaping may be performed in an external magnetic field, in order to achieve a preferred orientation of the particles (anisotropy).


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Small and geometrically easy shapes may be produced with dry pressing. However, in such a process small particles may agglomerate and lead to poorer magnetic properties compared to the wet pressing process. Direct calcination and sintering without re-milling is possible as well but leads to poor magnetic properties.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Electromagnets are pre-sintered as well (pre-reaction), milled and pressed. However, the sintering takes place in a specific atmosphere, for instance one with an oxygen shortage. The chemical composition and especially the structure vary strongly between the precursor and the sintered product.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: To allow efficient stacking of product in the furnace during sintering and prevent parts sticking together, many manufacturers separate ware using ceramic powder separator sheets. These sheets are available in various materials such as alumina, zirconia and magnesia. They are also available in fine, medium and coarse particle sizes. By matching the material and particle size to the ware being sintered, surface damage and contamination can be reduced while maximizing furnace loading.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Ferrite cores are used in electronic inductors, transformers, and electromagnets where the high electrical resistance of the ferrite leads to very low eddy current losses.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Ferrites are also found as a lump in a computer cable, called a ferrite bead, which helps to prevent high frequency electrical noise (radio frequency interference) from exiting or entering the equipment; these types of ferrites are made with lossy materials to not just block (reflect), but also absorb and dissipate as heat, the unwanted higher-frequency energy.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Early computer memories stored data in the residual magnetic fields of hard ferrite cores, which were assembled into arrays of "core memory". Ferrite powders are used in the coatings of magnetic recording tapes.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Ferrite particles are also used as a component of radar-absorbing materials or coatings used in stealth aircraft and in the absorption tiles lining the rooms used for electromagnetic compatibility measurements.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Most common audio magnets, including those used in loudspeakers and electromagnetic instrument pickups, are ferrite magnets. Except for certain "vintage" products, ferrite magnets have largely displaced the more expensive Alnico magnets in these applications. In particular, for hard hexaferrites today the most common uses are still as permanent magnets in refrigerator seal gaskets, microphones and loud speakers, small motors for cordless appliances and in automobile applications.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Yogoro Kato and Takeshi Takei of the Tokyo Institute of Technology synthesized the first ferrite compounds in 1930. This led to the founding of TDK Corporation in 1935, to manufacture the material.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: Barium hexaferrite (BaO•6FeO) was discovered in 1950 at the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium ("Philips Physics Laboratory"). The discovery was somewhat accidental—due to a mistake by an assistant who was supposed to be preparing a sample of hexagonal lanthanum ferrite for a team investigating its use as a semiconductor material. On discovering that it was actually a magnetic material, and confirming its structure by X-ray crystallography, they passed it on to the magnetic research group. Barium hexaferrite has both high coercivity (170 kA/m) and low raw material costs. It was developed as a product by Philips Industries (Netherlands) and from 1952 was marketed under the trade name "Ferroxdure". The low price and good performance led to a rapid increase in the use of permanent magnets.


title: Ferrite (magnet)

text: In the 1960s Philips developed strontium hexaferrite (SrO•6FeO), with better properties than barium hexaferrite. Barium and strontium hexaferrite dominate the market due to their low costs. Other materials have been found with improved properties. BaO•2(FeO)•8(FeO) came in 1980. and BaZnFeO came in 1991.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Martavis Alexander Bryant (born December 20, 1991) is a wide receiver for the Vegas Vipers of the XFL. He played college football at Clemson, and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fourth round of the 2014 NFL Draft.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Bryant was born in Calhoun Falls, South Carolina. In high school, Bryant was a standout football player for two schools. He attended Calhoun Falls High School in South Carolina and transferred to T. L. Hanna High School in Anderson, South Carolina prior to his senior year because Calhoun Falls High was shut down due to low student numbers from a small town. He was named first-team all-state as a senior recording 70 receptions for 722 yards and 11 touchdowns. He had 44 catches for 776 yards and six touchdowns as a junior.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Considered a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", he was rated the 10th best wide receiver prospect in the nation. After high school, he spent one year at Hargrave Military Academy in Chatham, Virginia to pass NCAA initial eligibility standards


title: Martavis Bryant

text: As a standout sprinter, Bryant ran for the T. L. Hanna track team. He finished 2nd in the 100 meters at the Regional Class 1 AAAA championships, with a time of 10.85 seconds. He also won the 200 meters at the 2010 Region 1-4A Meet, recording a personal-best time of 21.46 seconds.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Bryant began attending Clemson University in 2011. Coming into Clemson, he had to compete with future NFL players, Sammy Watkins, DeAndre Hopkins, and Jaron Brown. His first reception was for 54 yards against Troy on September 3. The next week, he had his first career touchdown, a 42-yard reception while playing Wofford. His first career start was against No. 10 Virginia Tech on October 1, 2011. He also played in his first bowl game, against No. 22 West Virginia in the Orange Bowl. In that game, he caught two passes for 20 yards. He completed his first season with two starts in 14 games. He finished 2011 with nine receptions, 220 receiving yards, and two touchdowns.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: After his first season, Bryant's production increased. Against Ball State, he would have a 22-yard touchdown catch, a 17-yard carry, and three kickoff returns for 69 yards. He would finish this game leading the Tigers with 108 all purpose yards. For the season, he would show little improvement, having career highs with 10 receptions, 305 receiving yards, and 4 touchdown catches. He would lead the entire FBS with 30.5 yards per a reception.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: His junior season marked the best year in his college career. While playing against No. 5 Georgia, he recovered the game winning onside kick. Against North Carolina State, he had 6 receptions for 73 yards. On November 14, against Georgia Tech, he had a career-high 176 receiving yards, on five catches, for one touchdown. In his second Orange Bowl against No. 6 Ohio State he had three catches, 28 receiving yards, and two touchdowns, marking a career-high. He finished 2013 with 42 receptions, 828 receiving yards, and seven touchdown receptions making his career totals, 61 receptions, 1,354 receiving yards, and 13 touchdowns.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Bryant announced on January 5, 2014, that he would forgo his senior season and enter the 2014 NFL Draft.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Coming out of Clemson, Bryant was projected to be drafted anywhere from the second to fourth round by the majority of NFL analysts and scouts. Bryant received an invitation to the NFL Combine and completed all the required combine drills and positional drills for team representatives and scouts. On March 6, 2014, he participated at Clemson's Pro Day and chose to only perform positional drills. He was ranked as the 14th best wide receiver prospect available in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com and was ranked the 13th best wide receiver by NFL analyst Mike Mayock.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: The Pittsburgh Steelers selected Bryant in the fourth round (118th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. He was the 19th wide receiver selected in the 2014 NFL Draft. On June 9, 2014, he signed a four-year contract with the team worth $2.659 million with $439,220 guaranteed and a $439,220 signing bonus.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Bryant spent the first six weeks of the season inactive due to a shaky training camp and preseason in addition to suffering a mild A/C sprain in the last preseason game. Head coach Mike Tomlin told Bryant he wanted to see him dominate the scout team in practice before he would activate him for a game. Bryant was finally activated for a Week 7 matchup against the Houston Texans. His first NFL reception went for a 35-yard touchdown and he finished the game with two catches for 40 yards. On October 26, 2014, he hauled in a season-high five catches for 83 yards and two touchdowns in a 51–34 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. On November 2, 2014, Bryant received his first career start against the Baltimore Ravens and ended the game with three receptions, 44 receiving yards, and two touchdown receptions. His five touchdown receptions set an NFL record for a player in their first three games. During a Week 10 contest at the New York Jets, he had four receptions for a season-high 143-yards and had an 80-yard touchdown catch. This marked his sixth touchdown in first four games and again set an NFL record, which was later tied by Calvin Ridley.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: On December 28, 2014, Bryant caught a 21-yard touchdown reception in a 27–17 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. He played in his first NFL postseason game on January 3, 2015, against the Baltimore Ravens. He finished the 17–30 loss with five receptions for 61 yards and a touchdown.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Bryant finished his rookie year with 26 receptions for 549 receiving yards and eight touchdowns in ten games and three starts. Bryant's 21.1 yards per reception ranked first among NFL wide receivers in 2014.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: On August 27, 2015, Bryant was suspended the first four games due to violating the league's substance abuse policy. During his suspension, he spent time at a rehabilitation center in Houston, Texas and worked with ex-NBA coach John Lucas. Although he was available to return for Week 5, he missed the game due to a knee injury, so he made his 2015 debut on October 18, 2015. In a 25–13 victory over the Arizona Cardinals, he caught six passes for 137 yards and two touchdowns including an 88-yard touchdown. His first start of the season was on October 25, 2015, at the Kansas City Chiefs, and in his second game he caught three receptions for 45 yards and a touchdown. During a Week 10 matchup against the Cleveland Browns, Bryant had a season-high 178 receiving yards on six catches while also scoring a 64-yard touchdown. On December 13, 2015, he caught a season-high seven receptions for 49 yards in a 33–20 victory over the Bengals. In Week 15, he made a season-high ten catches for 87 yards in a 34–27 win over the Denver Broncos, making it the first time he caught over nine passes in his career.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: On January 9, 2016, against the Cincinnati Bengals in the , while in the red zone, quarterback Ben Roethlisberger threw a pass into the corner of the endzone intended for Bryant. During the process of the catch, he did a front flip and maintained control of the ball while holding it on the back of his leg throughout the flip. The NFL VP of officiating later deemed this should not have been ruled a catch. This score gave the Steelers a 15–0 lead en route to winning the game by a score of 18–16. In the against the Broncos, Bryant had nine receptions for 154 yards and also rushed for 40 yards in the 23–16 defeat.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: On March 14, 2016, the NFL announced it had suspended Bryant for the entire 2016 NFL season for violating the league's substance abuse policy.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: On April 25, 2017, Bryant was conditionally reinstated by the NFL. He entered the regular season as the starting wide receiver alongside Antonio Brown. In the Steelers' season-opening victory against the Cleveland Browns, Bryant caught two passes for 14 yards. The following week, he caught three passes for 91 receiving yards and his first touchdown of the season on a 27-yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger as the Steelers defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26–9. However, following the Week 7 game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Bryant vented frustration about his lack of role in the offense on social media, and then skipped mandatory team meetings the following Monday. Bryant then publicly told ESPN he would like to be traded; however, coach Mike Tomlin said the team had no plans to trade Bryant. On October 25, 2017, prior to that week's game against the Detroit Lions, the Steelers demoted Bryant to the scout team and replaced him with JuJu Smith-Schuster after deactivating him for the game. As of November 1, 2017, Bryant was promoted back onto the first-team for the following game against the Indianapolis Colts.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Bryant finished the 2017 season with 50 receptions for 603 yards and three touchdowns. The Steelers made the playoffs and faced off against the Jacksonville Jaguars in the . In the 45–42 loss, he had two receptions for 78 yards and a touchdown.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: On April 26, 2018, the Steelers traded Bryant to the Oakland Raiders for Oakland's third round pick previously acquired from the Arizona Cardinals (79th overall) in the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: On September 1, 2018, Bryant was released by the Raiders. Despite facing a possible year-long suspension by the NFL for a violation of the league's drug policy during the off-season, the Raiders re-signed him to a one-year deal ten days later. He played in eight games, recording 19 catches for 266 yards and no touchdowns, before being placed on injured reserve on December 5, 2018, with a knee injury. On December 14, 2018, the NFL suspended Bryant indefinitely for violating the terms of his conditional reinstatement. Bryant applied for reinstatement in 2019.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: On January 25, 2021, Bryant signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He was placed on the suspended list on July 10, 2021 after failing to report for training camp. Bryant never played for the Argos and after the season he was released on December 23, 2021.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: The Edmonton Elks announced that they had signed Bryant on February 28, 2022. Bryant was released by the Elks on May 3, 2022 before training camp began.


title: Martavis Bryant

text: Clemson began recruiting Bryant when he was a freshman in high school. He verbally committed to them during his second year of high school. He also has amassed many tattoos including the NFL shield logo on his abdomen to remind him he was drafted in the fourth round and to keep himself motivated. His cousin is former Clemson quarterback and former Toronto Argonauts teammate Kelly Bryant.


title: Geosmin

text: Geosmin ( ) is an irregular sesquiterpenoid, produced from the universal sesquiterpene precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate (also known as farnesyl diphosphate), in a two-step -dependent reaction. Geosmin, along with the irregular monoterpene 2-methylisoborneol, together account for the majority of biologically-caused taste and odor outbreaks in drinking water worldwide. Geosmin has a distinct earthy or musty odor, which most people can easily smell. The geosmin odor detection threshold in humans is very low, ranging from 0.006 to 0.01 micrograms per liter in water. Geosmin is also responsible for the earthy taste of beetroots and a contributor to the strong scent (petrichor) that occurs in the air when rain falls after a spell of dry weather or when soil is disturbed.


title: Geosmin

text: In chemical terms, geosmin is a bicyclic alcohol with formula , a derivative of decalin. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek words (), meaning "earth", and (), meaning "smell". The word was coined in 1965 by the American biochemist Nancy N. Gerber (1929–1985) and the French-American biologist Hubert A. Lechevalier (1926–2015).


title: Geosmin

text: Geosmin is produced by various blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and filamentous bacteria in the class Actinomyces, and also some other prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The main genera in the cyanobacteria that have been shown to produce geosmin include "Anabaena", "Phormidium", and "Planktothrix", while the main genus in the Actinomyces that produces geosmin is "Streptomyces". Communities whose water supplies depend on surface water can periodically experience episodes of unpleasant-tasting water when a sharp drop in the population of these bacteria releases geosmin into the local water supply. Under acidic conditions, geosmin decomposes into odorless substances.


title: Geosmin

text: In 2006, the biosynthesis of geosmin by a bifunctional "Streptomyces coelicolor" enzyme was unveiled. A single enzyme, geosmin synthase, converts farnesyl diphosphate to geosmin in a two-step reaction.


title: Geosmin

text: Not all blue-green algae produce geosmin. Identification of species that might produce geosmin is traditionally done through microscopic identification of algae as geosmin producers, a technique that is labor-intensive and requires specialized knowledge. Recent advances in molecular biology have enabled identification of a geosmin synthase gene, "geoA", which is present in cyanobacterial species that produce geosmin, but is not present in other cyanobacterial species. Amplification of this gene from water samples using real-time PCR may permit predictions of taste and odor events caused by cyanobacteria in fresh water.


title: Geosmin

text: The human olfactory system is extremely sensitive to geosmin and is able to detect it at concentrations as low as 0.4 parts per billion.


title: Geosmin

text: Geosmin is responsible for the muddy smell in many commercially important freshwater fish such as carp and catfish. Geosmin combines with 2-methylisoborneol, which concentrates in the fatty skin and dark muscle tissues. It breaks down in acid conditions; hence, vinegar and other acidic ingredients are used in fish recipes to reduce the muddy flavor. Taste and odor compounds including geosmin lead to an unpleasant taste of drinking water which is perceived by consumers as an indication of poor water quality.


title: Geosmin

text: This compound is reported to be an issue for saltwater fish farmed in recirculating aquaculture systems, such as Atlantic salmon, but there are also studies that show that the presence in seawater is significantly lower than that found in freshwater which is why many people consider freshwater fish to taste muddy compared to marine fish. These systems rely on biological filtration using cultured microbial communities to process the nitrogenous waste from the fish (ammonia) into less harmful compounds (nitrite and nitrate) that can be tolerated at higher concentrations. However, geosmin-producing bacteria can also grow in these systems, and often require fish to be transferred to an additional "finishing" or "purge" system where they are not fed for several days prior to harvest to remove off-flavor compounds and empty the intestinal tract. This process is also known as depuration.


title: Geosmin

text: According to municipal water treatment facilities, geosmin cannot be removed from water using standard treatment processes. Treating for geosmin requires additional treatment, which may not be available to all municipal water suppliers. Activated carbon filters may be able to help somewhat but few studies have been completed to address this issue.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Ramachandra "Ram" Guha (born 29 April 1958) is an Indian historian, environmentalist, writer and public intellectual whose research interests include social, political, contemporary, environmental and cricket history, and the field of economics. He is an important authority on the history of modern India.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: For the years 2011–12, he held a visiting position at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), occupying the Philippe Roman Chair in History and International Affairs. Guha was a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Science in Bengaluru. The American Historical Association (AHA) has conferred its Honorary Foreign Member prize for the year 2019 on Ramchandra Guha. He is the third Indian historian to be recognised by the association, joining the ranks of Romila Thapar and Jadunath Sarkar, who received the honour in 2009 and 1952, respectively.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Covering a wide range of subjects, Guha has produced three major books of modern India's socio-political history. Among them, Gandhi Before India (2013) and (2018), are the two volumes of biography of Mahatma Gandhi, an icon of the Indian independence movement. The other being India After Gandhi (2007), an account of the history of India from 1947-2017, which received commercial and critical success.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: He is a trustee of "New India Foundation" fellowship programme. He was appointed to BCCI's panel of administrators by the Supreme Court of India in January 2017, but stepped down from his position citing personal reasons five months later. A regular contributor to various academic journals, Guha has also written for "The Caravan" and "Outlook" magazines. His book India After Gandhi is read by aspirants of the Indian civil services examination. He is a columnist for "The Telegraph", "Hindustan Times", and Hindi daily newspaper, "Amar Ujala". Guha was listed among the 100 most powerful Indians in 2022 by The Indian Express.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Guha was born on 29 April 1958 in Dehradun to a Tamil Brahmin family. He was raised in Dehradun, where his father Subramaniam Ramdas Guha worked at the Forest Research Institute, and his mother was a high-school teacher. While he should have been named Subramaniam Ramachandra in keeping with Tamil name-keeping norms, his teachers at school, presumably while registering his name during admission, were not familiar with these norms, and he came to be known as Ramachandra Guha. He grew up in Dehradun, on the Forest Research Institute campus.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Guha studied at Cambrian Hall and The Doon School. At Doon, he was a contributor to the school newspaper "The Doon School Weekly", and edited a publication called "History Times" along with Amitav Ghosh, who later became a noted writer. He graduated from St. Stephen's College, Delhi with a bachelor's degree in economics in 1977, and completed his master's in economics from the Delhi School of Economics. He then enrolled at the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, where he earned a PhD on the social history of forestry in Uttarakhand, focusing on the Chipko movement. It was later published as "The Unquiet Woods".


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Guha has authored books on a diverse range of subjects including cricket, the environment, politics, and history. Guha was a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Science for a year beginning in July 2019. He is the trustee of the New India Foundation fellowship programme, which he himself conceptualised in 2004. He has taught at the following universities: Krea, Stanford, Yale, Berlin Institute for Advanced Study, Indian Institute of Science, and University of California at Berkeley. He held the Arné Naess Chair at the University of Oslo, the Indo-American Community Chair at the University of California at Berkeley, and the Philipe Roman Chair in History and International Affairs at the London School of Economics.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Guha is the author of "India after Gandhi", published by Macmillan and Ecco in 2007. The book was an instant hit and is considered an essential literature in space of modern Indian history. It was chosen Book of the Year by "The Economist", "The Wall Street Journal" and "Outlook Magazine". The book was one of the best non-fiction books of the decade (2010–2019) as per "The Hindu". The book won the 2011 Sahitya Akademi Award for English for 'narrative history'.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: In 2010, Guha wrote the introduction for and edited "Makers of Modern India", which profiles 19 Indians who helped in forming and shaping India. The book contains excerpts of their speeches and essays, and covers topics such as religion, caste, colonialism, and nationalism.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: In October 2013, he authored "Gandhi Before India", the first part of a two-volume biography of Mahatma Gandhi. The biography documents his life from 1869 to 1914, covering events from his childhood to the two decades he spent in South Africa. In 2018, he authored the standalone sequel "", which covers events from when Gandhi returned to India in 1914 to his death in 1948. The book subsumes a lot of new archival material that was discovered only in the 21st century. It has an epilogue which discusses the role of Gandhi in contemporary world politics.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: In 2022, Guha authored "Rebels Against the Raj", which tells the story of 7 Westerners who came to, lived in, and served India in its quest for independence from the British Raj.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: His books are amongst the most sought-after by history students and civil service aspirants in India.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Guha has published acollection of essays, two of them being "Patriots and Partisans" (2012) and "Democrats and Dissenters" (2016). In 1999, he was offered to write a biography of Atal Bihari Vajpayee which he declined.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Guha earned a PhD on the social history of forestry in Uttarakhand, focusing on the Chipko movement. He produced a biography of the anthropologist Verrier Elwin in 1999. In 2006, he authored "How Much Should a Person Consume?". In 2014, he wrote a book on environmentalism called "Environmentalism: A Global History."


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Guha has written extensively on cricket as a journalist and as a historian. His research into the social history of Indian cricket culminated in his work "A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport", which was released in 2002. The book charts the development of cricket in India from its inception during the British Raj to its position in contemporary India as the nation's favourite pastime.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: He was appointed to BCCI's panel of administrators by the Supreme Court of India on 30 January 2017, as part of the Lodha Committee reforms, only to resign in July of the same year.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: In November 2020, he published "The Commonwealth of Cricket: A Lifelong Love Affair with the Most Subtle and Sophisticated Game Known to Humankind", a personal account of the transformation of cricket in India across all levels at which the game is played. It presents vivid portraits of local heroes, provincial icons, and international stars through the 50 years he has been following the game. The book blends between memoir, anecdote, reportage, and political critique.


title: Ramachandra Guha

text: Guha is domiciled in the city of Bengaluru and frequently mentions about the same in his columns. Guha is married to Sujata Keshavan, a graphic designer, and they have two children together. Their son, Keshava Guha, became a fiction author with the release of "Accidental Magic" at the 2019 Bangalore Literature Festival.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: Venus Nadya Oshun, known professionally as Aja LaBeija, better known mononymously as Aja () (born January 4, 1994) is an American rapper, reality television personality and drag queen best known for competing on the ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and on the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars". Aja released her debut EP, "In My Feelings", in 2018, followed by her debut studio album, "BOX Office", in February 2019. Her second EP, "ALL CAPS", was released in June 2019. She released "Nail in the Coffin", a Halloween-themed EP, in collaboration with Shilow later that year. She recently starred as a contestant on the third season of "Legendary" on HBO Max, where she finished in 6th place with the House of LaBeija.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: Aja was born on January 4, 1994, in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. She was raised by adoptive parents. She used to suffer from PTSD and anxiety, attributing her to a "broken family" situation, but stopped having panic attacks after starting drag. She lived as a trans woman for a year at age 18, later coming to identify as genderqueer after learning about non-binary gender identities. Aja identifies as a person of color. In 2018, she stated on Twitter that she is of Moroccan, Egyptian and Libyan descent. Later, in a 2019 Tweet, she stated that she is not of Libyan descent.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: Aja began doing drag in Manhattan at age 16, participating in contests at Posh Bar, the Stonewall Inn, Metropolitan Bar and Sugarland. She was announced as one of 14 contestants for the ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 2, 2017. Aja placed ninth that season and subsequently returned to participate in the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars". Aja was eliminated during the fifth episode of "All Stars 3", but she returned in the following episode to compete for a chance to win re-entry to the competition. Another contestant, Morgan McMichaels, rejoined instead, which placed Aja seventh overall.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: The drag house Haus of Aja, based in Bedford–Stuyvesant, includes members Aja, Kandy Muse, Momo Shade, Dahlia Sin, and Janelle No5. They perform at Hardware Bar.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: Aja appeared in a commercial for H&M's Pride OUT Loud campaign in May 2018. Since June 2018, Aja has hosted a talk show called "Ayo Sis" on WOW Presents Plus. In May 2019, Aja was sponsored by Starbucks to promote the company's S'Mores Life contest.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: In July 2018, Aja announced that they no longer wish to be known as a drag queen but rather as a queer artist, stating to "them." magazine:


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: For the next three years, Aja focused primarily on her musical career. In September 2021, she stated that she would again begin performing in drag. After seeing Kylie Sonique Love win the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars", Aja said: "It really hit me at that moment that trans is who I am and drag is what I do... that me doing drag has never taken away from who I am as a person... As of today I can feel comfortable to say that I am a drag artist again."


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: Aja released the single "Level Ya Pussy Up" with producers WNNR and DJ Accident Report in February 2017. Aja's single with fellow season 9 queens Sasha Velour, Peppermint and Alexis Michelle, titled "C.L.A.T.", was released on April 21, 2017. The track was produced by DJ Mitch Ferrino, who was featured on "Purse First" by Bob the Drag Queen. Producer Adam Joseph remixed Aja's rant about fellow season 9 queen Valentina in a track called "Linda Evangelista". In September 2017, Aja appeared in the music video for Velo's song "Big D*ck Daddy" alongside Phi Phi O'Hara.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: On March 1, 2018, Aja released a solo music video, "Finish Her!", which was produced in collaboration with WNNR and DJ Accident Report. It features some of Aja's runway looks from "All Stars 3". Her debut EP, "In My Feelings", was released on May 11, 2018. Videos for two other songs from "In My Feelings", "Brujería" and "I Don't Wanna Brag", were released on May 7, 2018, and July 13, 2018, respectively. Aja's second EP, "All Caps", was released on June 28, 2019.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: Aja's debut studio album, "BOX Office", was released on February 7, 2019. The album consists of fifteen tracks and includes features from Shea Couleé and CupcakKe. A music video for the album's single "Jekyll & Hyde" (featuring Shilow) was released ahead of the album on February 1, 2019. On September 27, 2019, Aja released a Halloween-themed collaborative EP with Shilow titled "Nail in the Coffin". It was preceded by the music videos for its singles "Mama Chola" (featuring Amira Wang) on August 30, 2019, and "The Purge" on September 23, 2019.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: Just before filming season 9 of "Drag Race", Aja was in a situation of domestic violence with a previous boyfriend. In December 2017, Aja and her current boyfriend were kicked out of a Lyft after kissing. The driver was later fired, and the company issued a statement of support for Aja.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: In August 2018, Aja was banned from Twitter for referring to a user who discounted her gender identity as a "senseless cow". Her account was reinstated after a few hours. In a July 2019 interview with "them. Magazine", Aja shared that she was going through the process of changing her legal name from her birth name to Aja in order to reflect her gender identity. She said, She further stated,


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: In December 2021, Aja came out as a transgender woman, and announced the beginning of her transition, explaining in an Instagram post and GoFundMe campaign, "I have lived my life as Non Binary since 2018 and have recently began to identify more with the feminine aspect of my identity. Now living my life as a trans woman has brought out worries about different things such as my appearance." Aja uses she/her pronouns.


title: Aja (entertainer)

text: Aja practices Santeria, and she started doing what she called "sex work" on OnlyFans during the 2020 lockdown.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter, specialising in portraits. John Russell said he was one of the major European painters of the 18th century. He promoted the "Grand Style" in painting which depended on idealization of the imperfect. He was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, and was knighted by George III in 1769.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds was born in Plympton, Devon, on 16 July 1723 the third son of the Rev. Samuel Reynolds, master of the Plympton Free Grammar School in the town. His father had been a fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, but did not send any of his sons to the university.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: One of his sisters was Mary Palmer (1716–1794), seven years his senior, author of "Devonshire Dialogue", whose fondness for drawing is said to have had much influence on him when a boy. In 1740 she provided £60, half of the premium paid to Thomas Hudson the portrait-painter, for Joshua's pupilage, and nine years later advanced money for his expenses in Italy. His other siblings included Frances Reynolds and Elizabeth Johnson.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: As a boy, he came under the influence of Zachariah Mudge, whose Platonistic philosophy stayed with him all his life. Reynolds made extracts in his commonplace book from Theophrastus, Plutarch, Seneca, Marcus Antonius, Ovid, William Shakespeare, John Milton, Alexander Pope, John Dryden, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Aphra Behn, and passages on art theory by Leonardo da Vinci, Charles Alphonse Du Fresnoy, and André Félibien. The work that came to have the most influential impact on Reynolds was Jonathan Richardson's "An Essay on the Theory of Painting" (1715). Reynolds' annotated copy was lost for nearly two hundred years until it appeared in a Cambridge bookshop, inscribed with the signature ‘J. Reynolds Pictor’, and is now in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts, London.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Having shown an early interest in art, Reynolds was apprenticed in 1740 to the fashionable London portrait painter Thomas Hudson, who had been born in Devon. Hudson had a collection of Old Master drawings, including some by Guercino, of which Reynolds made copies. Although apprenticed to Hudson for four years, Reynolds remained with him only until summer 1743. Having left Hudson, Reynolds worked for some time as a portrait-painter in Plymouth Dock (now Devonport). He returned to London before the end of 1744, but following his father's death in late 1745 he shared a house in Plymouth Dock with his sisters.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: In 1749, Reynolds met Commodore Augustus Keppel, who invited him to join HMS "Centurion", of which he had command, on a voyage to the Mediterranean. While with the ship he visited Lisbon, Cadiz, Algiers, and Minorca. From Minorca he travelled to Livorno in Italy, and then to Rome, where he spent two years, studying the Old Masters and acquiring a taste for the "Grand Style". Lord Edgcumbe, who had known Reynolds as a boy and introduced him to Keppel, suggested he should study with Pompeo Batoni, the leading painter in Rome, but Reynolds replied that he had nothing to learn from him. While in Rome he suffered a severe cold, which left him partially deaf, and, as a result, he began to carry a small ear trumpet with which he is often pictured.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds travelled homeward overland via Florence, Bologna, Venice, and Paris. He was accompanied by Giuseppe Marchi, then aged about 17. Apart from a brief interlude in 1770, Marchi remained in Reynolds' employment as a studio assistant for the rest of the artist's career. Following his arrival in England in October 1752, Reynolds spent three months in Devon before establishing himself in London the following year and remaining there for the rest of his life. He took rooms in St Martin's Lane, before moving to Great Newport Street, his sister Frances acted as his housekeeper. He achieved success rapidly, and was extremely prolific. Lord Edgecumbe recommended the Duke of Devonshire and Duke of Grafton to sit for him, and other peers followed, including the Duke of Cumberland, third son of George II, in whose portrait, according to Nicholas Penny "bulk is brilliantly converted into power". In 1760 Reynolds moved into a large house, with space to show his works and accommodate his assistants, on the west side of Leicester Fields (now Leicester Square).


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Alongside ambitious full-length portraits, Reynolds painted large numbers of smaller works. In the late 1750s, at the height of the social season, he received five or six sitters a day, each for an hour. By 1761 Reynolds could command a fee of 80 guineas for a full-length portrait; in 1764 he was paid 100 guineas for a portrait of Lord Burghersh.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: The clothing of Reynolds' sitters was usually painted by either one of his pupils, his studio assistant Giuseppe Marchi, or the specialist drapery painter Peter Toms. James Northcote, his pupil, wrote of this arrangement that "the imitation of particular stuffs is not the work of genius, but is to be acquired easily by practice, and this was what his pupils could do by care and time more than he himself chose to bestow; but his own slight and masterly work was still the best." Lay figures were used to model the clothes.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds often adapted the poses of his subjects from the works of earlier artists, a practice mocked by Nathaniel Hone in a painting called "The Conjuror" submitted to the Royal Academy exhibition of 1775, and now in the collection of the National Gallery of Ireland. It shows a figure representing, though not resembling, Reynolds, seated in front of a cascade of prints from which Reynolds had borrowed with varying degrees of subtlety.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Although not known principally for his landscapes, Reynolds did paint in this genre. He had an excellent vantage from his house, Wick House, on Richmond Hill, and painted the view in about 1780.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds also was recognized for his portraits of children. He emphasized the innocence and natural grace of children when depicting them. His 1788 portrait, "Age of Innocence", is his best known character study of a child. The subject of the painting is not known, although conjecture includes Theophila Gwatkin, his great niece, and Lady Anne Spencer, the youngest daughter of the fourth Duke of Marlborough.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds worked long hours in his studio, rarely taking a holiday. He was gregarious and keenly intellectual, with many friends from London's intelligentsia, numbered amongst whom were Dr Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke, Giuseppe Baretti, Henry Thrale, David Garrick, and artist Angelica Kauffman. Johnson said in 1778: "Reynolds is too much under [Charles James] Fox and Burke at present. He is under the "Fox star" and the "Irish constellation" [meaning Burke]. He is always under some planet".


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Because of his popularity as a portrait painter, Reynolds enjoyed constant interaction with the wealthy and famous men and women of the day, and it was he who brought together the figures of "The Club". It was founded in 1764 and met in a suite of rooms on the first floor of the Turks Head at 9 Gerrard Street, now marked by a plaque. Original members included Burke, Bennet Langton, Topham Beauclerk, Goldsmith, Anthony Chamier, Thomas Hawkins, and Nugent, to be joined by Garrick, Boswell, and Sheridan. In ten years the membership had risen to 35. The Club met every Monday evening for supper and conversation and continued into the early hours of Tuesday morning. In later years, it met fortnightly during Parliamentary sessions. When in 1783 the landlord of the Turks Head died and the property was sold, The Club moved to Sackville Street.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society of Arts, helped found the Society of Artists of Great Britain, and in 1768 became the first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, a position he was to hold until his death. In 1769, he was knighted by George III, only the second artist to be so honoured. His "Discourses", a series of lectures delivered at the academy between 1769 and 1790, are remembered for their sensitivity and perception. In one lecture he expressed the opinion that "invention, strictly speaking, is little more than a new combination of those images which have been previously gathered and deposited in the memory." William Jackson in his contemporary essays said of Reynolds 'there is much ingenuity and originality in all his academic discourses, replete with classical knowledge of his art, acute remarks on the works of others, and general taste and discernment'.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds and the Royal Academy received a mixed reception. Critics included William Blake who published the vitriolic "Annotations to Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses" in 1808. J. M. W. Turner and James Northcote were fervent acolytes: Turner requested he be laid to rest at Reynolds' side, and Northcote, who spent four years as Reynolds' pupil, wrote to his family "I know him thoroughly, and all his faults, I am sure, and yet almost worship him."


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: The Royal Academy of Art in London celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2018, since its opening in 1768. This became an impetus for galleries and museums across the UK to celebrate "the making, debating and exhibiting art at the Royal Academy". Waddesdon manor was amongst the historic houses that supported Sir Joshua Reynolds's influence at the academy, acknowledging how:


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: [He] transformed British painting with portraits and subject pictures that engaged their audience's knowledge, imagination, memory and emotions... As an eloquent teacher and art theorist, he used his role at the head of the Royal Academy to raise the status of art and artists of Britain.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: In the Battle of Ushant against the French in 1778, Lord Keppel commanded the Channel Fleet and the outcome resulted in no clear winner; Keppel ordered the attack be renewed and was obeyed except by Sir Hugh Palliser, who commanded the rear, and the French escaped bombardment. A dispute between Keppel and Palliser arose and Palliser brought charges of misconduct and neglect of duty against Keppel and the Admiralty decided to court-martial him. On 11 February 1779 Keppel was acquitted of all charges and became a national hero. One of Keppel's lawyers commissioned Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland to paint a portrait of Keppel but Keppel redirected it to Reynolds. Reynolds alluded to Keppel's trial in the painting by painting his hand on his sword, reflecting the presiding officer's words at the court-martial: "In delivering to you your sword, I am to congratulate you on its being restored to you with so much honour".


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: On 10 August 1784 Allan Ramsay died and the office of Principal Painter in Ordinary to King George III became vacant. Thomas Gainsborough felt that he had a good chance of securing it, but Reynolds felt he deserved it and threatened to resign the presidency of the Royal Academy if he did not receive it. Reynolds noted in his pocket book: "Sept. 1, 2½, to attend at the Lord Chancellor's Office to be sworn in painter to the King". It did not make Reynolds happy, however, as he wrote to Boswell: "If I had known what a shabby miserable place it is, I would not have asked for it; besides as things have turned out I think a certain person is not worth speaking to, nor speaking of", presumably meaning the king. Reynolds wrote to Jonathan Shipley, Bishop of St Asaph, a few weeks later: "Your Lordship congratulation on my succeeding Mr. Ramsay I take very kindly, but it is a most miserable office, it is reduced from two hundred to thirty-eight pounds per annum, the Kings Rat catcher I believe is a better place, and I am to be paid only a fourth part of what I have from other people, so that the Portraits of their Majesties are not likely to be better done now, than they used to be, I should be ruined if I was to paint them myself".


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: In 1787 Reynolds painted the portrait of Lord Heathfield, who became a national hero for the successful defence of Gibraltar in the Great Siege from 1779 to 1783 against the combined forces of France and Spain. Heathfield is depicted against a background of clouds and cannon smoke, wearing the uniform of the 15th Light Dragoons and clasping the key of the Rock, its chain wrapped twice around his right hand. John Constable said in the 1830s that it was "almost a history of the defence of Gibraltar". Desmond Shawe-Taylor has claimed that the portrait may have a religious meaning, Heathfield holding the key similar to St. Peter (Jesus' "rock") possessing the keys to Heaven, Heathfield "the rock upon which Britannia builds her military interests".


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: In 1789, Reynolds lost the sight of his left eye, which forced him into retirement. In 1791 James Boswell dedicated his "Life of Samuel Johnson" to Reynolds. Reynolds agreed with Burke's "Reflections on the Revolution in France" and, writing in early 1791, expressed his belief that the "ancien régime" of France had fallen due to spending too much time tending, as he puts it, to the splendor of the foliage, to the neglect of the stirring the earth about the roots. They cultivated only those arts which could add splendor to the nation, to the neglect of those which supported it – They neglected Trade & substantial Manufacture ... but does it follow that a total revolution is necessary that because we have given ourselves up too much to the ornaments of life, we will now have none at all. When attending a dinner at Holland House, Fox's niece Caroline was sat next to Reynolds and "burst out into glorification of the Revolution – and was grievously chilled and checked by her neighbour's cautious and unsympathetic tone".


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: On 4 June 1791 at a dinner at the Freemasons' Tavern to mark the king's birthday, Reynolds drank to the toasts "GOD "save the" KING!" and "May our glorious Constitution under which the arts flourish, be immortal!", in what was reported by the "Public Advertiser" as "a fervour truly patriotick". Reynolds "filled the chair with a most convivial glee". He returned to town from Burke's house in Beaconsfield and Edmond Malone wrote that "we left his carriage at the Inn at Hayes, and walked five miles on the road, in a warm day, without his complaining of any fatigue".


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Later that month Reynolds suffered from a swelling over his left eye and had to be purged by a surgeon. In October he was too ill to take the president's chair and in November, Frances Burney recorded that I had long languished to see that kindly zealous friend, but his ill health had intimidated me from making the attempt": "He had a bandage over one eye, and the other shaded with a green half-bonnet. He seemed serious even to sadness, though extremely kind. 'I am very glad,' he said, in a meek voice and dejected accent, 'to see you again, and I wish I could see you better! but I have only one eye now, and hardly that.' I was really quite touched. On 5 November Reynolds, fearing he might not have an opportunity to write a will, wrote a memorandum intended to be his last will and testament, with Edmund Burke, Edmond Malone, and Philip Metcalfe named as executors. On 10 November Reynolds wrote to Benjamin West to resign the presidency, but the General Assembly agreed he should be re-elected, with Sir William Chambers and West to deputise for him.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Doctors Richard Warren and Sir George Baker believed Reynolds' illness to be psychological and they bled his neck "with a view of drawing the humour from his eyes" but the effect, in the view of his niece, was that it seemed "as if the 'principle of life' were gone" from Reynolds. On New Year's Day 1792 Reynolds became "seized with sickness" and from that point could not keep down food.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds died on 23 February 1792 at his house at 47 Leicester Fields in London between eight and nine in the evening.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Burke was present on the night Reynolds died, and was moved within hours to write a eulogy of Reynolds starting with the following sentiments: "Sir Joshua Reynolds was on very many accounts one of the most memorable men of his Time. He was the first Englishman who added the praise of the elegant Arts to the other Glories of his Country. In Taste, in grace, in facility, in happy invention, and in the richness and Harmony of colouring, he was equal to the great masters of the renowned Ages." Burke's tribute was well received and one journalist called it "the eulogium of Apelles pronounced by Pericles".


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Reynolds was buried at St Paul's Cathedral. In 1903, a statue, by Alfred Drury, was erected in his honour in Annenberg Courtyard of Burlington House, home of the Royal Academy. Around the statue are fountains and lights, installed in 2000, arranged in the pattern of a star chart at midnight on the night of Reynolds' birth. The planets are marked by granite discs, and the Moon by a water recess.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: In appearance Reynolds was not striking. Slight, he was about 5'6" with dark brown curls, a florid complexion and features that James Boswell thought were "rather too largely and strongly limned." He had a broad face and a cleft chin, and the bridge of his nose was slightly dented; his skin was scarred by smallpox and his upper lip disfigured as a result of falling from a horse as a young man. Edmond Malone asserted that "his appearance at first sight impressed the spectator with the idea of a well-born and well-bred English gentleman."


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: In his mature years he suffered from deafness, as recorded by Frances Burney, although this did not impede his lively social life (he used an ear trumpet).


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Renowned for his placidity, Reynolds often claimed that he "hated nobody". This may be a little self-idealisation. It is well known that he disliked George Romney, whom he referred to only as "the man in Cavendish Square" and whom he successfully prevented from becoming a member of the Royal Academy. He did not like Gainsborough, yet appreciated his achievements in his obituary. (Rump; Kidson). It is said that when he taught in one of his "discourses" that a painter should not amass too much of the colour blue in the foreground of an image, Gainsborough was prompted to paint his famous "Blue Boy".


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Never quite losing his Devonshire accent, he was not only an amiable and original conversationalist, but a friendly and generous host, so that Frances Burney recorded in her diary that he had "a suavity of disposition that set everybody at their ease in his society", and William Makepeace Thackeray believed "of all the polite men of that age, Joshua Reynolds was the finest gentleman." Dr Johnson commented on the "inoffensiveness" of his nature; Edmund Burke noted his "strong turn for humor". Thomas Bernard, who later became Bishop of Killaloe, wrote in his closing verses on Reynolds stating:


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: It is to this lukewarm temperament that Frederick W. Hilles, Bodman Professor of English Literature at Yale attributes Reynolds' never having married. In the editorial notes of his compendium "Portraits by Sir Joshua Reynolds", Hilles theorizes that "as a corollary one might say that he [Reynolds] was somewhat lacking in a capacity for love", and cites Boswell's notary papers: "He said the reason he would never marry was that every woman whom he liked had grown indifferent to him, and he had been glad he did not marry her." Reynolds' own sister, Frances, who lived with him as housekeeper, took her own negative opinion further still, thinking him "a gloomy tyrant". The presence of family compensated Reynolds for the absence of a wife; he wrote on one occasion to his friend Bennet Langton, that both his sister and niece were away from home "so that I am quite a bachelor". Reynolds did not marry, and had no known children.


title: Joshua Reynolds

text: Biographer Ian McIntyre discusses the possibility of Reynolds having enjoyed sexual rendezvous with certain clients, such as Nelly O'Brien (or "My Lady O'Brien", as he playfully dubbed her) and Kitty Fisher, who visited his house for more sittings than were strictly necessary. Dan Cruickshank in his book "London's Sinful Secret" summarized Reynolds as having visited and re-visited various reputed red light districts in London after his return from Italy as a possible contributor to his medical condition and appearance due to commonly contracted disease in those areas of London.


title: Janice Long

text: Janice Berry ( Chegwin; 5 April 1955 – 25 December 2021), known professionally by her first married name Janice Long, was an English broadcaster who was best known for her work in British music radio. In a career that spanned five decades, she became the first woman to have her own daily music show on BBC Radio 1. She also appeared on other BBC


title: Janice Long

text: Radio stations, such as BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio London, BBC Radio WM, and BBC Radio 6 Music, and was a regular presenter on the television chart show "Top of the Pops".


title: Janice Long

text: At the end of her career, Long hosted four nights a week on BBC Radio Wales and Saturday afternoons on Greatest Hits Radio.


title: Janice Long

text: Janice Chegwin was born on 5 April 1955 in Liverpool, to Margaret (née Wells) and Colin Chegwin, who encouraged their three children to pursue an interest in stage performance. Her younger brother, Keith Chegwin (1957–2017), likewise had a career in radio and television.


title: Janice Long

text: Her early employment included two years at Laker Airways as cabin crew, and also as a shop assistant, in telesales and as an insurance clerk. In July 1978, Long and ex-husband Trevor won the premiere of "3-2-1", a Yorkshire Television game show.


title: Janice Long

text: Shortly afterwards she started presenting her own show "Streetlife" for the station on Sunday evenings, focusing on local bands in the thriving Liverpool music scene. Frankie Goes to Hollywood did their first radio session for her show. After interviewing Paul Gambaccini for her new afternoon show, the latter recommended her to BBC Radio 1.


title: Janice Long

text: Long joined BBC Radio 1 in 1982, making her debut on 4 December with her own Saturday evening show from 7:30 pm to 10 pm, after being presented as the 'newcomer' on BBC1's chart show "Top of the Pops" two nights earlier. From 1984 to 1987 she presented the Monday–Thursday evenings from 7:30 pm to 10 pm, a mix of new music and current affairs, and record review programme "Singled Out" on Friday evenings from 5:45 pm to 7 pm. She was the first woman to have her own daily show on BBC Radio 1. On television, Long was a regular presenter of "Top of the Pops" between January 1983 and August 1988, and was the first woman to become a regular host. She often presented it in partnership with John Peel (after the departure of David Jensen), with whom she struck up a solid friendship. Long returned to co-present the final show in July 2006. In 2021, Long was among a number of ex-Radio 1 DJs who were hired by Viacom International Studios to countdown the Official Charts Company's retro hits of the year on Channel 5's "Britain's Favourite Songs", with Long first being heard on the 1982 episode which also featured Toyah Willcox, Paul Gambaccini and Clare Grogan.


title: Janice Long

text: In 1989, she joined London station BBC Radio London (then known as Greater London Radio), taking over from Nick Abbot on the breakfast show. At the time GLR was being run by future BBC Radio 1 controller Matthew Bannister and future Radio 1 executive Trevor Dann. Long left the breakfast show but continued to work for the station, where she took over a weekend show. In addition to this, she was heard presenting and producing occasional shows on the old BBC Radio 5. Long became involved with XFM in London when it had a Restricted Service Licence (RSL), and played a crucial part in its bid for a permanent licence.


title: Janice Long

text: In 1995, Long moved back up to Liverpool, where she set up a radio station called Crash FM with Bernie Connor. The idea for an alternative music radio station in Liverpool was thought up by Long and Connor in 1994, with the pair having the idea that the station could be the city's answer to XFM. The station was launched on a Restricted Service Licence (RSL) broadcasting for a month from 5 November 1995 at Mabel Fletcher College on Greenbank, and with presenters such as Inspiral Carpets member Clint Boon getting their first radio presenting jobs.


title: Janice Long

text: Over the next few years, the station received support from Bob Geldof, Boy George and Primal Scream amongst others, and successfully bid for a permanent licence on 107.6FM.


title: Janice Long

text: In 1999, Long started appearing on BBC Radio 2, presenting a Saturday afternoon show from 3 pm to 6 pm. In April 2000, she began as a weekday presenter, hosting the show originally from Birmingham and then (from April 2008) from BBC Radio 2 studios in London.


title: Janice Long

text: Long promoted a number of acts through live music sessions on her show including Adele, The Zutons, Primal Scream, Kasabian, Amy Macdonald, Hard-Fi, Faithless, The Manic Street Preachers, Marillion, Josh Ritter, The Stranglers, Paul Weller, Morrissey, Moby, The Dandy Warhols, Stereophonics, Aslan and a significant number of new and unsigned bands such as Elle S'Appelle, Vijay Kishore, Damien Dempsey, Senses and Sam Isaac. Amy Winehouse performed her first radio session after Long was the first presenter to give her airtime.


title: Janice Long

text: In January 2010, due to a reorganisation of the breakfast schedule on Radio 2, her show was cut to two hours, and ran from midnight to 2 am, Monday to Friday. At the time Long was earning £137,000 a year.


title: Janice Long

text: In her Spoken Words Session in April 2014 she interviewed John Walsh on the rerelease of his lost Henry VIII film "Monarch".


title: Janice Long

text: With the announcement of the new "After Midnight" programme on Radio 2 from October 2014, the show was on Mondays to Thursdays, midnight to 3 am. Long left her regular BBC Radio 2 slot after further changes to its schedule. Her final "After Midnight" show was on 26 January 2017. She returned to BBC Radio 2 standing in for Jo Whiley for a week commencing 10 April 2017, and was given her own series called "A Long Walk With..." which went out between 2017-2018.


title: Janice Long

text: "A Long Walk With..." was an hour long series of interviews initially broadcast on BBC Radio 2 from 9 August 2017 at 10pm. Each week, Long walked through the streets of a different city with a popstar from the 1980s or 1990s as they remembered the key places, characters and music that shaped their pop career. The first series featured Holly Johnson's Liverpool, Alison Moyet's Basildon, Richard Hawley's Sheffield and a walk through west London with Gary Numan. The second series was broadcast on Thursdays at 9pm in 2018 with Jim Kerr, Chris Difford, James Dean Bradfield, and Tracey Thorn being the popstars featured.


title: Janice Long

text: From the station's founding and launch in 2002 to 2004 Long presented "Dream Ticket" on BBC Radio 6 Music, which aired from 10 pm to midnight five days a week, with a Saturday and Sunday early morning follow-up from 6 am to 8 am.


title: Janice Long

text: As well as a daily show on BBC Radio 2, Long presented for a time on BBC Radio WM on Saturday mornings from 9 am to noon, but left in July 2010. On 28 March 2017 the BBC announced that she would start presenting a new evening show on BBC Radio Wales from 22 May, airing Mondays to Thursdays from 7:00pm–10:00pm. She took time away from the programme from 11 December 2017 following the death of her younger brother, Keith Chegwin. Adam Walton stood in for Long during her absence. She returned to the show on 18 December 2017.


title: Janice Long

text: Long presented her final show on BBC Radio Wales on 9 December 2021 and Adam Walton presented a BBC Radio Wales's tribute show to Long on 27 December 2021.


title: Janice Long

text: In January 2019, Long joined Bauer Radio when their 'Bauer City 2' stations were rebranded as Greatest Hits Radio. In addition to her show on BBC Radio Wales, Long started a Saturday afternoon show, 1pm-4pm, on Greatest Hits Radio, and on AM and FM across the UK as part of the Bauer Media brand. Long's show was broadcast from the Radio City Tower in Liverpool, amid schedule changes at the station that saw the hiring of a number of BBC Radio presenters like Alex Lester, Simon Mayo, Mark Goodier, Matt Williams, Richard Allinson, Pat Sharp, and Paul Gambaccini.


title: Janice Long

text: The station's tribute show to Long (called "Remembering Janice") was broadcast from 1pm to 4pm on New Year's Day 2022 and was presented by Alex Lester, who also contributed his reminiscences to the show. The programme featured audio archive from "Top of the Pops", BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2, and Live Aid, contributions from her husband and widower Paul and radio colleagues such as Richard Allinson, Paul Gambaccini, Mark Goodier, Jackie Brambles and Simon Mayo, as well as contributions from musicians like Stephen Duffy, Frankie Goes To Hollywood's Nasher and Carl Hunter from The Farm. In addition to GHR's tribute on 1 January 2022, a BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio Wales and BBC Radio Merseyside simulcast tribute programme called "Janice Long: A Life In Music" was broadcast on 23 January 2022.


title: Janice Long

text: Long appeared on "The X Factor", "Countdown" and The Biography Channel, and provided the voiceover for the documentary "Desperate Midwives" on BBC Three television channel. She was one of the personalities at Live Aid in July 1985, in which she mainly interviewed the performers backstage. In the mid-1990s, she presented a programme on the BBC World Service, which was a mix of science and popular music called "Pop Science".


title: Janice Long

text: Long won the DJ celebrity special of quiz show "The Weakest Link", shown on BBC One on 5 September 2009. She also presented "The Janice Long Review Show" on Vintage TV and "The 2ube" on local TV station Made in Liverpool.


title: Janice Long

text: In 2016 the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors presented Long with a Gold Badge award for her contribution to the music industry. She received an honorary doctorate from Edge Hill University, West Lancashire, in 2018, in recognition of her commitment to music. The same year, she was featured in the Royal College of Art’s "First Women UK" exhibition, celebrating 100 pioneering 21st-century British women.


title: Janice Long

text: In 1977 Janice married Trevor Long in Liverpool; they divorced in 1982. The couple appeared as winning contestants on the first edition of Yorkshire Television's game show "3-2-1" in 1978. In her early days at Radio 1 she entered a relationship with fellow DJ Peter Powell which lasted from October 1984 to July 1985. From 1987 until her death, she was in a relationship with Paul Berry; they married in September 2017 and had two children.


title: Janice Long

text: Many musicians and fellow broadcasters paid tribute to Long. BBC Radio DJ Greg James said, "She picked the greats and got them in session before other DJs had even heard of them," while his colleague Adele Roberts said Long had forged a path for women; television presenter Carol Vorderman wrote on Twitter, "Rest In Music lovely vibrant trailblazer Janice Long”. Peter Hook of the band New Order said she was "always a great friend", while Tim Burgess, frontman of The Charlatans, praised Long for her support of fledgling bands.


title: Hard Hit

text: Hard Hit () is a 2021 South Korean thriller film directed by Kim Chang-ju and starring Jo Woo-jin, Lee Jae-in and Ji Chang-wook. The film depicts the unpredictable circumstances the members of an ordinary family have to deal with after a mysterious phone call puts them in a horrific situation. It is a remake of "Retribution", a 2015 Spanish action thriller film directed by Dani de la Torre.


title: Hard Hit

text: The film was theatrically released on June 23, 2021. The film was a hit, crossing the 500,000 viewer mark on the 10th day of its release, which was the first for a Korean film in 2021. it is fifth highest-grossing Korean film of 2021 and ranks number 17 among all the films released in the year 2021 in South Korea, with a gross of US$7.70 million and 955,809 admissions.


title: Hard Hit

text: Seong-gyu (Jo Woo-jin), a manager of a branch of a bank in Busan, heads to work in his car with his daughter Hye-in (Lee Jae-in), who is about to take her entrance examination, and son. He gets a call, on a phone he discovers in the car's glove compartment, with a restricted caller ID (also known by the slang ‘black call’). The mysterious caller informs him that there is a bomb under his seat and if he tries to get out of the car it will explode. This triggers the beginning of a nightmare situation for the Seong-gyu family in the middle of downtown Busan.


title: Hard Hit

text: On January 13, 2020, Ji Chang-wook was confirmed to be starring in the film alongside Jo Woo-jin. Ji Chang-wook last appeared on the big screen in the 2017 film "Fabricated City". It was also Kim Ji-ho's first appearance on screen after a four year break; she last appeared in the 2017 film "Steel Rain".


title: Hard Hit

text: The film is produced by TPS Company, with a production costs of 7 billion, and is distributed by CJ Entertainment. With this film, Kim Chang-joo made his debut as a director.


title: Hard Hit

text: Filming began in early February 2020 in Haeundae city, a district of Busan, and wrapped in May 2020. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the city's roads were not crowded so the chase scenes were able to be filmed comfortably. Photos of the film being shot in Busan were released on June 23, 2021, the day of the film's release.


title: Hard Hit

text: The film was made available for streaming on IPTV, TVING, Naver TV, GOM Player, Google Play, One Store, and KakaoPage from July 20, 2021.


title: Hard Hit

text: According to the integrated computer network for movie theater admissions by the Korea Film Council (KoFiC), the film attained first place at the Korean box office. As of June 23, 2021, it had amassed 57000 admissions, which was the best opening record among Korean films released in 2021. The film maintained its first place during the first week by mobilising 39,277, 47,505, 105,496 100,912, 35,743 and 35,114 admissions on the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh days, respectively. The admission total at the end of the seventh day was 421,581.


title: Hard Hit

text: According to the Korean Film Council, as of November 15, 2021, it stands at fifth place among all the Korean films released in the year 2021, with a gross of US$7.78 million and 955,809 admissions.


title: Hard Hit

text: Lee Da-won, writing for "Sports Trend", opined that the power of the story lay in the conveyance of the message of 'human morality' and 'family love' alongside the thrills. Da-won praised Jo Woo-jin for expressing tension, remorse, and apologetic feelings with facial expressions as for 80% of the film he acts from the confined space of a driver's seat. She felt that Ji Chang-wook is a new find in completely different role in this film, and recommended that audiences head back to the theatre to see the film.


title: Hard Hit

text: Yang So-young, writing for "Star Today", praised the performance of actors Lee Jae-in and Jo Woo-jin. Writing about Jo Woo-jin, So-young said, "Jo Woo-jin persuasively portrays the fear, tension, urgency, and fatherly love that Seong-gyu feels in a confined and enclosed space." In conclusion, So-young wrote, "Literally no smoke holes, the second half may be disappointing depending on the audience, but you can enjoy 94 minutes."


title: Hard Hit

text: Kim Young-sik, reviewing for "Within News", praised the performance of Jo Woo-jin and wrote, "A work that definitely stands out for actor Jo Woo-jin's passionate performance." Young-sik also praised the car chase scenes, and noted that these are a standout for a solo lead.


title: Hard Hit

text: Choo Seung-hyun of "Seoul Economy" praised the performances of Jo Woo-jin and Lee Jae-in. Highlighting the strengths of director Kim, who has previously worked as a film editor, Seung-hyun wrote, "The audience follows the same timeline as the main character, giving the impression of being right next to each other..." Seung-hyun liked the runtime of the film and wrote, "The running time of 94 minutes, which is neither too long nor too short, was expressed plainly without any fuss."


title: Hard Hit

text: Jeon Hyeong-hwa, reviewing for "Star News", wrote that the film is a familiar scenario so, to make it seem more fresh, the film was kept pacey. He praised the performances of Jo Woo-jin and Lee Jae-in. He noted that the charm of Busan is fully captured on a large screen, and concluded, "A movie proves that it tastes good only when it is seen in a theatre."


title: Darren Wang

text: Darren Wang Talu (; born May 29, 1991) is a Taiwanese actor. He is best known for his breakout role as Hsu Tai-yu in the coming-of-age film, "Our Times".


title: Darren Wang

text: Wang made his debut in the 2008 drama series "Mysterious Incredible Terminator", and went on to make his big-screen bow in the 2010 film "In Case of Love". He appeared in the hit high school romance film "Our Times" in 2015, after which he was crowned GQ's Man of the Year. He has contributed a number of songs to the soundtracks of films he starred in and appeared in "The Last Wish" (2019).


title: Darren Wang

text: In 2019, Wang starred as the male lead in the romance film "Fall in Love at First Kiss", a remake of the Taiwanese series of the same name.


title: Haken (band)

text: Haken () are an English progressive metal band formed in 2007 by multi-instrumentalist Richard Henshall, guitarist Matthew Marshall, and vocalist Ross Jennings. While Henshall, Marshall, and Jennings first had the idea of forming Haken in 2004, they opted to pursue their instruments and songwriting first. Upon recruiting other members three years later, they eventually released the demo "Enter the 5th Dimension" in 2008, signing with Sensory Records and releasing their first album "Aquarius" in 2010. , they have released six studio albums, an EP, and two live albums.


title: Haken (band)

text: Richard Henshall, Matthew Marshall, and Ross Jennings had grown up as friends in their teenage years and first had the idea to form Haken in 2004, when they would regularly play together in "casual bedroom jams". Henshall mentioned on some occasions that "Haken" was the name of a fictional character he and some friends came up with in their school days, under the influence of alcohol or weed. At the time the three considered the jams as a hobby, but they eventually chose to focus on studying their instruments and rejoined three years later to form the band. Early on, Jennings ended up parting ways with Henshall and Marshall as their guitar skills far eclipsed his own. He would later be asked to re-join as solely a vocalist. They completed their lineup with a keyboardist they met on an online forum, Pete Jones, as well as Jones' close friend Raymond Hearne. To-Mera guitarist Thomas MacLean became the band's bassist.


title: Haken (band)

text: Haken recorded a demo in 2007, followed by a full-length demo titled "Enter the 5th Dimension" in 2008. Later that year, Marshall and Jones left the band to pursue other careers.


title: Haken (band)

text: Charlie Griffiths, the guitarist for the band Linear Sphere and Anchorhead, became a full-time member of the band. Griffiths parted ways with Linear Sphere because he wanted to go in a different direction musically. Keyboardist Diego Tejeida auditioned and eventually joined the band in late 2008 as well.


title: Haken (band)

text: Ken Golden of Sensory Records offered them a record deal after a referral. They began recording for their debut album, "Aquarius", soon after and released it in March 2010. Haken released their second album, "Visions", in October 2011.


title: Haken (band)

text: Haken announced their third album, "The Mountain", on 20 June 2013. The album, released on 2 September by Inside Out Music, was mixed and mastered by Jens Bogren. On 25 September, Haken announced that MacLean would be leaving the band after completing the Prog Stage Festival in Israel in October 2013. After a series of auditions, his position was filled by Conner Green.


title: Haken (band)

text: Haken then released "Restoration" on 27 October 2014. This EP contained three reworked tracks from "Enter the 5th Dimension". "Darkest Light", a reworked version of "Blind", was released with a music video featuring footage from the recording process of "Restoration" on 24 September. Shortly before, the band announced on Facebook that they had begun writing their fourth album.


title: Haken (band)

text: On 9 February 2016, a press release along with a micro site called "Haken OS 4.0.1" was released with information of "Affinity". To promote the album, a long series of teasers had been posted by the band, jokingly referring to the new album as "Verbatim". The official music video for the lead single, "Initiate", was released online on 18 March 2016. It was released on Inside Out Music on 29 April 2016. "Affinity" is seen as the first release where all members of the band contributed towards its songwriting. During this period, Jennings formed the side project Novena which released the EP "Secondary Genesis" in 2016.


title: Haken (band)

text: Haken band began to tour with former Dream Theater drummer Mike Portnoy and Neal Morse Band guitarist Eric Gillette in 2017, performing the Twelve-step Suite in its entirety (among other Dream Theater songs), the outfit named Mike Portnoy's Shattered Fortress. They also reissued their first two albums that year.


title: Haken (band)

text: On 13 April 2018, the band announced the release of their first ever live album, titled "L-1VE". It was recorded and filmed on 13 April 2017, at the Melkweg venue in Amsterdam during their tenth anniversary tour. The live audio was mixed by Neal Morse and The Winery Dogs alumnus Jerry Guidroz. The album was released on 22 June 2018.


title: Haken (band)

text: "Vector" was then released on 26 October 2018 with positive reviews. The second album by Jennings's side project Novena, Eleventh Hour, was released on 6 March 2020. In August 2019, Henshall released a solo album titled "The Cocoon", featuring Jennings on vocals in one song. After some delays, Haken's sixth studio album "Virus" (which is linked to Vector) was released on 24 July 2020.


title: Haken (band)

text: On 26 August 2020, A Japanese-exclusive version of "Virus" was released, including, as a bonus track, an acoustic version of the song "Canary Yellow" featuring Bent Knee vocalist Courtney Swain who provides backing and chorus vocals. Jennings announced his own upcoming solo album that same month.


title: Haken (band)

text: On 22 November 2021, the band announced that keyboardist Diego Tejeida had parted ways with them due to both parties having "very different musical visions".


title: Haken (band)

text: On 31 December 2021, Jennings announced on Instagram page that a seventh Haken album was in the works, along with his second solo album. Founding member Peter Jones was announced to return to the band in 2022.