text: Fourth, it is said that mandatory celibacy distances priests from this experience of life, compromising their moral authority in the pastoral sphere, although its defenders argue that the Church's moral authority is rather enhanced by a life of total self-giving in imitation of Christ, a practical application of the Vatican II teaching that "man cannot fully find himself except through a sincere gift of himself."


title: Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church

text: In 1970, nine German theologians, including Joseph Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI), signed a letter calling for a new discussion of the law of celibacy, though refraining from making a statement as to whether the law of celibacy should in fact be changed.


text: In 2011, hundreds of German, Austrian, and Swiss theologians (249 as of 15 February 2011) signed a letter calling for married priests, as well as for women in Church ministry.


text: During and after the Council, the Magisterium of the Catholic Church has repeatedly re-affirmed the permanent value of the discipline of obligatory clerical celibacy in the Latin Church. Pope John Paul II wrote in 1992:


text: He added that the "unchanging" essence of ordination "configures the priest to Jesus Christ the Head and Spouse of the Church." Thus, he said, "The Church, as the Spouse of Jesus Christ, wishes to be loved by the priest in the total and exclusive manner in which Jesus Christ her Head and Spouse loved her."


text: There has never been any doubt, however, that it is an ecclesiastical discipline, as the Council Fathers explicitly recognised when they stated that "it is not demanded by the very nature of the priesthood." Pope John Paul II took up this theme when he said at a public audience on 17 July 1993 that celibacy "does not belong to the essence of priesthood." He went on to speak of its aptness for, and its congruence with, the requirements of sacred orders, asserting that the discipline "enters into the logic of [priestly] consecration."


text: Yet some commentators have argued for the possibility that married men of proven seriousness and maturity ("viri probati", taking up a phrase which appears in the first-century First Epistle of Clement in a different context) might be ordained to a localized and modified form of the priesthood. The topic of "viri probati" was raised by some participants in discussions at Ordinary General Assembly XI of the Synod of Bishops held at the Vatican in October 2005 on the theme of the Eucharist, but it was rejected as a solution for the insufficiency of priests.


text: Pope Francis shared his views on celibacy, and the possibility of church discussion on the topic, when he was the Archbishop of Buenos Aires, recorded in the book "On Heaven and Earth", a record of conversations conducted with a Buenos Aires rabbi. He commented that celibacy "is a matter of discipline, not of faith. It can change" but added: "For the moment, I am in favor of maintaining celibacy, with all its pros and cons, because we have ten centuries of good experiences rather than failures... Tradition has weight and validity." He said that now the rule must be strictly adhered to, and any priest who cannot obey it "has to leave the ministry." "National Catholic Reporter" Vatican analyst, Jesuit Thomas J. Reese, called Bergoglio's use of "conditional language" regarding the rule of celibacy "remarkable." He said that phrases like "for the moment" and "for now" are "not the kind of qualifications one normally hears when bishops and cardinals discuss celibacy."


text: In a conversation with Bishop Erwin Krautler about mandatory celibacy on 4 April 2014, the Pope also spoke about a possible mechanism for a change starting with national bishop conferences. These conferences would


text: seek and find consensus on reform and we should then bring up our suggestions for reform in Rome. ...The pope explained that he could not take everything in hand personally from Rome. We local bishops, who are best acquainted with the needs of our faithful, should be ‘corajudos,’ that is ‘courageous’ in Spanish, and make concrete suggestions... It was up to the bishops to make suggestions, the pope said again.


text: In 2018 Francis showed that he wanted the topic discussed, beginning with remote areas like Amazonia that have a shortage of priests.


text: Different German catholic bishops like Ulrich Neymeyr (Roman Catholic Diocese of Erfurt), Reinhard Marx (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising), Peter Kohlgraf (Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz), Helmut Dieser (Roman Catholic Diocese of Aachen), Franz Jung (Roman Catholic Diocese of Würzburg), Franz-Josef Overbeck (Roman Catholic Diocese of Essen) and Karl-Heinz Wiesemann (Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer) support exceptions from clerical celibacy for priests. Also German bishop Georg Bätzing (Roman Catholic Diocese of Limburg) said, there should be also married priests in Roman Catholic Church. The same opinion was also expressed by German bishop Gerhard Feige (Roman Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg) in February 2019 and German bishop Heiner Wilmer (Roman Catholic Diocese of Hildesheim) in February 2019. In March 2019, German bishop Stefan Oster (Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau) said, there can be also married priests in Roman Catholic Church.


text: In Lingen the German catholic bishops started a reformgroup under leadership of bishop Felix Genn (Roman Catholic Diocese of Münster) to talk over a reform of clercial celibacy for priests and if married priests should also be allowed. In April 2019, Austrian bishop Christoph Schönborn (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna) said, there can be clerical celibacy priests and also married priests in Roman Catholic Church. In June 2019, German bishop Franz-Josef Bode (Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück) said, there can be clerical celibacy priests and also married priests in Roman Catholic Church. In December 2019, German bishop Heinrich Timmerevers answered also, there can be married priests in Catholic Church.


text: In November 2019, the "Amazonassynode" in Rome voted by 128 to 41 votes in favour for married priests in Latin America. Following the synod, Pope Francis rejected the proposal in his post-synodal apostolic exhortation "Querida Amazonia."


text: Exceptions to the rule of celibacy for priests of the Latin Church are sometimes granted by authority of the Pope, when married Protestant clergy become Catholic. Thus married Anglicans have been ordained to the Catholic priesthood in personal ordinariates and through the United States Pastoral Provision. Because the rule of celibacy is an ecclesiastical law and not a doctrine, it can, in principle, be changed at any time by the Pope. Nonetheless, both Pope Benedict XVI and his predecessors have spoken clearly of their understanding that the traditional practice was not likely to change.


text: Father Richard McBrien, a controversial voice within the Church, argued that the existence of these exceptions, coupled with a declining number of priests in active ministry (per McBrien's North America and in Europe) and reported cases of non-observance of the norm will keep the subject in the spotlight. However, the number of priests worldwide has been increased from about 405,000 in 1995 to 415,000 in 2016, reversing the previous downward tendency from about 420,000 in 1970 to 403,000 in 1990.


text: Despite the Latin Church's historical practice of priestly celibacy, there have been Catholic priests throughout the centuries who have engaged in sexual relations through the practice of concubinage.


text: One notable example was former EWTN priest Francis Mary Stone, who was also revealed to have privately maintained his clerical status after violating his vow of celibacy and also fathering a child with an employee at EWTN when he was serving as a host of the network's show "Life on the Rock". After these revelations were made public, Stone was at first only suspended from public ministry. He was later accused of sexually abusing the son he fathered with this employee, but was later acquitted. By 2018, it was reported that Stone was still only suspended from his religious order and was not yet acknowledged to have been removed.


text: On 18 February 2019, the Vatican acknowledged that the celibacy policy has not always been enforced. Some of the Catholic clergy who violated their vow of celibacy had also fathered children as well. It was also revealed that during the course of history, rules were secretly established by the Vatican to protect clergy who had violated the celibacy policy, including those who fathered children. Some people who were fathered by Catholic clergy also made themselves public as well.


text: In an interview with Vatican News editor Andrea Tornielli on 27 February 2019, Prefect of Congregation of the Clergy Beniamino Stella revealed that his Congregation manages matters concerning priests who violate their vows of celibacy. Regarding violation of the celibacy policy, Stella stated "In such cases there are, unfortunately, Bishops and Superiors who think that, after having provided economically for the children, or after having transferred the priest, the cleric could continue to exercise the ministry."


text: Some clergy who violated the celibacy policy, which also forbids marriage for clergy who did not convert from the Protestant faiths, such as Lutheranism or Anglicanism, have also maintained their clerical status after marrying women in secret. One example was shown in the Diocese of Greensburg in Pennsylvania, where a priest maintained his clerical status after marrying a girl he impregnated. In 2012, Kevin Lee, a priest in Australia, revealed that he had maintained his clerical status after being secretly married for a full year and that church leaders were aware of his secret marriage, but disregarded the celibacy policy. The same year, it was revealed that former Los Angeles Auxiliary Bishop Gabino Zavala had privately fathered two children and had "more than a passing relationship" with their mother, who had two separate pregnancies, before he resigned from his post as Auxiliary Bishop and from the Catholic clergy.


text: In general, the Eastern Catholic Churches allow ordination of married men as priests. Within the lands of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the largest Eastern Rite Catholic Church, priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly-knit hereditary caste. In North America, by the provisions of the decree "Cum data fuerit", and for fear that married priests would create scandal among Latin Church Catholics, Eastern Catholic bishops were directed to ordain only unmarried men. This ban, which some bishops determined to be null in various circumstances or at times or simply decided not to enforce, was finally rescinded by a decree of June 2014. Similarly, the Maronite Church does not demand celibacy vows from its deacons or parish priests; their monks, however, are celibate, as well as their bishops who are normally selected from celibate priests and sometimes from the monasteries. The current Patriarch of the Maronite Church is originally a monk in the Mariamite Maronite Order.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Michael Vincent Hayden (born March 17, 1945) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general and former Director of the National Security Agency, Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence, and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Hayden currently co-chairs the Bipartisan Policy Center's Electric Grid Cyber Security Initiative. In 2017, Hayden became a national security analyst for CNN.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: He was Director of the National Security Agency (NSA) from 1999 to 2005. During his tenure as director, he initiated and oversaw the NSA surveillance of technological communications between persons in the United States and foreign citizens who allegedly had ties to terrorist groups, which resulted in the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy. In 2020, a federal court ruled that the NSA program was illegal and possibly unconstitutional.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: On April 21, 2005, then Lt. Gen Hayden, was confirmed by the United States Senate as the first Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence and awarded his fourth star-making him "the highest-ranking military intelligence officer in the armed forces". He served in this position under DNI John Negroponte until May 26, 2006.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: On May 8, 2006, Hayden was nominated for the position of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency following the resignation of Porter J. Goss, and on 23 May the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence voted 12–3 to send the nomination to the Senate floor. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on 26 May by a vote of 78–15. On May 30, 2006, and again the following day at the CIA lobby with President George W. Bush in attendance, Hayden was sworn in as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: On July 1, 2008, Hayden retired from the Air Force after over 41 years of service, while continuing to serve as Director of the CIA until February 12, 2009. He received an honorary doctorate from The Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C., in 2009.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: He is currently a principal at the Chertoff Group, a security consultancy co-founded by former Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff. He also serves on the board of directors for the Atlantic Council, Motorola Solutions, and Caliburn International, a military contractor that oversees operations for Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden is a distinguished visiting professor at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government. He is also a founder of the Michael V. Hayden Center for Intelligence, Policy, and International Security at the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Michael Vincent Hayden was born on March 17, 1945, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to an Irish-American couple, Sadie (Murray) and Harry V. Hayden Jr., who worked as a welder for a Pennsylvania manufacturing company. He has a sister, Debby, and a brother, Harry.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden attended to St. Peter's Elementary School where, in 7th and 8th grade he played quarterback on the school football team then being coached by the late Dan Rooney, the son of the founder of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and former chairman of the team. Hayden graduated from North Catholic High School. One of his first jobs was as an equipment manager for the Steelers. He went on to Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in history in 1967 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He then attended graduate school at Duquesne for a Master's degree in modern American history. He continues to be an avid fan of the hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, since the 1990s traveling with his wife and family to at least three or four games a year.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden was commissioned through Duquesne University's Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. Hayden entered active military service in 1969.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden is married to the former Jeanine Carrier. They have a daughter Margaret and two sons, Michael and Liam.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In November 2018, Hayden was hospitalized after suffering a stroke; he suffers from aphasia as a result.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In 2020 he signed his name to a letter falsely claiming the New York Post Hunter Biden laptop story was Russian disinformation.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden has served as commander of the Air Intelligence Agency and director of the Joint Command and Control Warfare Center, both headquartered at Lackland Air Force Base. He also has served in senior staff positions in the Pentagon; Headquarters U.S. European Command, Stuttgart, Germany; the National Security Council, Washington, D.C., and the U.S. Embassy in the then-People's Republic of Bulgaria. Prior to becoming Director of the National Security Agency, the general served as deputy chief of staff for United Nations Command and U.S. Forces Korea, Yongsan Garrison. He has also worked in intelligence in Guam.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: From 1996 to 1997, Hayden served as commander of the AIA, an agency of 16,000 charged with defending and exploiting the "information domain."


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden served as the director of the National Security Agency and chief of the Central Security Service at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, from March 1999 to April 2005. As the director of NSA and chief of CSS, he was responsible for a combat support agency of the Department of Defense with military and civilian personnel stationed worldwide.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden came to the NSA at a time of great trouble in the agency. Internal government analysis indicated it suffered from a lack of quality management and an outdated IT infrastructure. In fact soon after he came on board, a huge part of the NSA network system crashed and was down for several days. Part of his plan to revitalize the agency was to introduce more outside contractors, induce a lot of old managers to retire and get rid of old management structures. Part of his plan also included increased openness at the agency; it had historically been one of the most secretive organs of government. He notably allowed James Bamford access for his book "Body of Secrets". Hayden was also initially extremely concerned with following the laws against domestic surveillance. Many reports say that after 9/11, he became more concerned with stopping terrorism, and allegedly softened his stance against domestic surveillance. Hayden however has said that he believed everything the agency was doing was "effective, appropriate, and lawful".


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: On 9/11, Hayden immediately evacuated all non-essential personnel from NSA headquarters. After 9/11, the agency greatly increased its activity. Details about its operations have been largely hidden, but it played a major role in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the War on Terror. One notable example is its relationship with the unmanned aerial vehicle 'drone' program.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In May 2006, "USA Today" reported that, under Hayden's leadership, the NSA created a domestic telephone call database. During his nomination hearings, Hayden defended his actions to Senator Russ Feingold and others, stating that he had relied upon legal advice from the White House that building the database was supported by Article Two of the United States Constitution executive branch powers (in which the president must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed"), overriding legislative branch statutes forbidding warrantless surveillance of domestic calls, which included the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Previously, this action would have required a warrant from a FISA court. The stated purpose of the database was to eavesdrop on international communications between persons within the U.S. and individuals and groups overseas in order to locate terrorists.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden also championed the Trailblazer Project, a "transformation" project with a large information technology component. The project was criticized by several NSA staffers for not including privacy protections for United States citizens and for being a waste of money. The critics included Diane S Roark, of the House Intelligence Committee, NSA workers Thomas Andrews Drake, William Binney, J. Kirk Wiebe, and Loomis, and others. Hayden severely rebuked these critics. Several quit in protest. After investigations by the NSA inspector general, the DOD inspector general, and Congress, Trailblazer was shut down.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: As part of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, the CIA chief no longer would run the intelligence community. Instead a new office was created for this purpose; the Director of National Intelligence. General Hayden became the Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence from May 2005 to May 2006 under the first DNI, John Negroponte.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: On January 23, 2006, Hayden participated in a news conference. A YouTube video was posted of Michael Hayden telling reporters at a press conference that "probable cause" is not required for all searches or seizures under the Fourth Amendment, claiming instead that the standard is whether the search or seizure is reasonable. "Probable cause" is required for all warrants, whether or not the search or seizure is deemed to be "unreasonable."


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Many critics and experts on interrogation techniques maintain that torture does not work to yield reliable information, including in the context of CIA detainees, and Hayden said such views, or the notion that torture never yield useful intelligence, is not credible and the product of "interrogation deniers".


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: On May 8, 2006, Hayden was nominated by President George W. Bush to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency after the resignation of Porter J. Goss on May 5, 2006. He was later confirmed on May 26, 2006, as director, 78–15, by full U.S. Senate vote.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Critics of the nomination and Hayden's attempts to increase domestic surveillance included Senator Dianne Feinstein who stated on May 11, 2006, that "I happen to believe we are on our way to a major constitutional confrontation on Fourth Amendment guarantees of unreasonable search and seizure".


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Hayden has been accused of lying to Congress during his 2007 testimony about the CIA's 'enhanced interrogation program.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In 2007, Hayden lobbied to allow the CIA to conduct drone strikes purely on the behavior of ground vehicles, with no further evidence of connection to terrorism.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In 2008 Hayden warned of the destabilizing consequences of Muslim migration to Europe that might raise the possibility of civil unrest. According to Leon Panetta's memoir, "Worthy Fights", Hayden had hoped to be retained as CIA director by the Obama administration and derisively referred to his successor as "Rahm Emanuel's goombah". In conversations with Panetta, Hayden encouraged him to advise the president to protect the CIA's right to engage in enhanced interrogation techniques as well as to avoid suggesting that CIA officers had ever performed torture.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In 2013, after the P5+1 reached a nuclear agreement with Iran, Hayden said, "We have accepted Iranian uranium enrichment."


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: The 2014 Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture cited an email prepared by a subordinate that indicated that as CIA Director, Hayden instructed that out-of-date information be used in briefing Congress so that fewer than 100 Guantanamo Bay detainees would be reported.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: During his tenure as director, he oversaw the controversial NSA surveillance of technological communications between persons in the United States and alleged foreign terrorist groups. Numerous commentators have accused Hayden of lying to congress, and breaking the law. According ThinkProgress, Hayden misled Congress in a 2002 testimony, where he testified that any surveillance of persons in the United States was consistent with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. ThinkProgress stated that "at the time of his statements, Hayden was fully aware of the presidential order to conduct warrantless domestic spying issued the previous year. But Hayden didn’t feel as though he needed to share that with Congress. Apparently, Hayden believed that he had been legally authorized to conduct the surveillance, but told Congress that he had no authority to do exactly what he was doing. The Fraud and False Statements statute (18 U.S.C. 1001) make Hayden’s misleading statements to Congress illegal." Trevor Timm, executive director of Freedom of the Press Foundation, also accused the NSA program set up during Hayden's tenure of violating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In September 2013, Hayden stressed the indisputable legality of "what the NSA is doing" and called Edward Snowden a "troubled young man" and "morally arrogant to a tremendous degree"; he also said about his prospects in Russia: "I suspect he will end up like most of the rest of the defectors who went to the old Soviet Union: Isolated, bored, lonely, depressed—and most of them ended up alcoholics."


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In 2020, a federal court ruled that the NSA program of mass surveillance of Americans’ telephone records was illegal and possibly unconstitutional.


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: In 2007, Hayden received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2008, in his native Northside neighborhood, the city of Pittsburgh named a part of a street going past


title: Michael Hayden (general)

text: Heinz Field in his honor. On July 26, 2011, Hayden was inducted into the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps Distinguished Alumni in a ceremony at Maxwell AFB, Alabama, officiated by Lt. Gen. Allen G. Peck, commander, Air University. He serves as a member of the board of advisors of the Military Cyber Professionals Association (MCPA)


title: Mortal Shell

text: Mortal Shell is an action role-playing video game developed by Cold Symmetry and published by Playstack. It was released on 18 August 2020, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows. A remastered version titled "Mortal Shell: Enhanced Edition" was released on 4 March 2021 for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S, and on 18 November 2021 for Amazon Luna. A port for Nintendo Switch with all the DLC included titled "Complete Edition" was released on 19 December 2022.


title: Mortal Shell

text: "Mortal Shell" is a third-person action role-playing game focused on melee combat, where players control one of several "shell" characters with different playstyles.


title: Mortal Shell

text: The game was developed by American indie developer Cold Symmetry. It was published by Playstack on 18 August 2020 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. "Rotting Autumn", an update adding new shell shades (skins), a new quest, a photo mode, and an alternative soundtrack by the Greek black metal band Rotting Christ, was released in October 2020.


title: Mortal Shell

text: The developers created "Mortal Shell" as they thought there was a gap in the market for video games evoking deeper emotional experiences. They were influenced by the 2011 game "Dark Souls", similarly creating a setting with a dark atmosphere and populated with characters giving players cryptic information, and designing gameplay based around challenging melee combat, but still intended to change things up and create their own take on the concept. While some changes to the "Dark Souls" formula were creatively driven, such as giving players only a limited amount of consumable health items to encourage use of the health-leeching mechanic, compared to "Dark Souls" Estus flasks, other changes came from the limitations of being a smaller developer: for example, they could not develop the same amount of armours, weapons and character builds, and instead developed four "shells" with different play styles and backstories.


title: Mortal Shell

text: An early prototype of the game, titled "Dungeonhaven", was focused on procedural generation; the developers moved away from this, feeling that it was antithetical to the "Dark Souls" series of games, and instead opted for designing the game's areas by hand, wanting players to feel like they were going on an adventure, traversing a space that made sense as a setting.


title: Mortal Shell

text: A remastered version of the game titled "Mortal Shell: Enhanced Edition", for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S was released on 4 March 2021, and was made available for Amazon Luna on 18 November 2021.


title: Mortal Shell

text: "Mortal Shell" was met by generally positive reviews on all platforms, according to the review aggregator Metacritic, and was nominated for Best Debut Game at The Game Awards 2020. Reviewers frequently compared the game to playing "Dark Souls" for the first time.


title: Mortal Shell

text: "GameSpot" awarded the game an 8/10, saying: "Cold Symmetry's budget action-RPG is a love letter to FromSoftware's work, but "Mortal Shell" take on similar ideas feels aimed at those who struggle to get through "Soulsborne" games."


title: Mount Unzen

text: In 1792, the collapse of one of its several lava domes triggered a megatsunami that killed 14,524 people in Japan's worst volcanic-related disaster. The volcano was most recently active from 1990 to 1995, and a large eruption in 1991 generated a pyroclastic flow that killed 43 people, including three volcanologists.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Its highest peaks are at and at . The latter emerged during the eruptions of the early, eponymous Heisei era (1989–2019).


title: Mount Unzen

text: Mount Unzen (or ) rises in the central part of the Shimabara Peninsula, Nagasaki Prefecture. It is located on the outer ring of the Chijiwa Caldera centering on Tachibana Bay in the west of the peninsula. It consists of a total of more than 20 mountains, however, the complexity in the shape of was expressed by various numbers (such as Mitake Goho/Mimine Godake as "24th peak", or Yatsuha as "36th peak"). As a result, the usage of only eight mountains (sometimes three mountains) was coined in a narrow sense, but historically it is a name that refers to the entire mountain range towering over the sea. It is often confused with the name of the oldest peak, .


title: Mount Unzen

text: Surrounding the highest peak of (), are (), (), (), (), (), and (). and derive magma from the Chijiwa Caldera. In other words, it is supplied from a magma chamber beneath Tachibana Bay off Obama Onsen. The main peak is , but the volcanic activity from 1990 (Heisei 2) to 1995 (Heisei 7) made , which was higher in elevation. is also the highest peak in Nagasaki Prefecture.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Unzen originally read "onsen" in the notation of a hot spring, but it was changed to the current notation when it was designated as a national park. An army radar base was built near the summit of Fugen-dake during the Pacific War, where about 100 people were stationed.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Mount Unzen is part of Shimabara Peninsula, which has seen extensive volcanism over millions of years. The oldest volcanic deposits in the region date from over 6 million years ago, and extensive eruptions occurred over the whole peninsula between 2.5 and 0.5 million years ago.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The origins of the Unzen complex are traced to the formation of a graben through crustal faulting. This caused parts of the peninsula to subside by up to below sea level and may have caused eruptive activity to localize at one site inside the graben. Eruptions of dacitic lava began from a site slightly to the south of today's Mount Unzen and migrated north over time.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The volcano rapidly grew during its first 200,000 years, forming a very large cone. Later eruptions over the following 150,000 years filled in much of the graben. Initially, activity was dominated by blocky andesitic lava and ash flows, changing to dacitic pumice flows and airfall deposits from 500,000 to 400,000 years ago. The period from 400,000 to 300,000 years ago saw the emplacement of large areas of pyroclastic flow and lahar deposits; these form the major part of the volcanic fan surrounding the volcano. Beginning 300,000 to 150,000 years ago, thick phreatomagmatic deposits were laid down, suggesting the subsidence of the volcano into its graben was rapid during this period.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Activity from 150,000 years ago to the present has occurred at a number of sites around the volcanic complex, building four main domes at different times: the No-dake (70–150,000 years old), Myōken-dake (25–40,000 years old), Fugen-dake (younger than 25,000 years old) and Mayu-yama (4,000 years old) volcanic peaks. Fugen-dake has been the site of most eruptions during the past 20,000 years and lies about from the center of Shimabara.


title: Mount Unzen

text: In December 1663, Fugen-dake erupted, producing lava flows that covered forest for over an extension of 1 km. In the spring of the following year, there was a flood from the Kujuku Island crater, located on the southeastern flank of Fugen-dake at an altitude of 600 m. More than 30 were killed.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Unzen's deadliest eruption occurred in 1792, beginning with an earthquake in November of the previous year. On February 10th, 1792, eruptions from Fugen-dake's Jigokuato crater began. Lava flows began on March 1 and continued for nearly two months. On March 22, volcanic plumes were produced, and lava also flowed out of the crater. On March 25, fumes rose and lava flowed down the northeastern part of Fugen-dake at a total length of 2.7 km. Eventually, the east flank of the Mayu-yama dome collapsed unexpectedly following a post-eruption earthquake, creating a landslide into Ariake Bay. This caused a megatsunami that reached a height of , and killed an estimated 15,000 people. it is the worst volcanic related eruption in Japan.


title: Mount Unzen

text: It started with a slowly building active phase in 1968, with first earthquake swarms continuing until 1975. Large amounts of volcanic gas were ejected by Fugen, which affected about thirty cedar trees. In 1975, bird and animal carcasses were found in the surrounding area, and high concentrations of carbon dioxide were detected emitting from rock fractures. This area was also reported to have erupted volcanic gasses during the 1792 eruption. Earthquakes occurred sporadically since 1975, but there were 89 sensitive earthquakes, with strong shaking equivalent to a maximum seismic intensity of 5 from June to September 1979. At Shimabara Onsen, there was a place where the dissolved carbon dioxide concentration rose sharply from 1975 and increased by 30%. From April 1984, swarms occurred in Tachibana Bay  A magnitude 5.7 earthquake with a seismic intensity of 5 occurred in August near the south side of Hayama. As a result of this earthquake, uplift of the Shimabara Peninsula was observed, and magma supply from Tachibana Bay began.


title: Mount Unzen

text: In November 1989, an earthquake swarm began about underneath and west of Fugen-dake. Over the following year, earthquakes continued, and their hypocentres gradually migrated towards the summit. Finally on November 17, 1990 (Heisei 2), the first phreatic, or steam-blast, eruptions began ejecting from two places near a shrine at the summit. These eruptions only allowed vaporized hot water and ash to blow up from the two craters. In December of the same year, the volcano's state lulled and it seemed that it would end, but it erupted again on February 12, 1991, and on April 3, and 4th. The eruption intensified on May 9.


title: Mount Unzen

text: On May 15, the first debris flow caused by accumulated volcanic ash at the summit occurred, and a number of cracks were formed on the west side of the crater, extending in an east–west direction. After this inflation of the summit area, fresh lava was confirmed to be emerging on May 20, 1991. The lava was so viscous that it did not flow out, but instead became a dome which formed in the crater. The lava dome grew like a peach, eventually splitting and collapsing into four pieces under its own weight. After that, the dome continued to grow, continuously supplied with fresh lava from the crater underneath, creating new lobes that hung down from the summit. The 1st to 13th lobes were named in the order they were formed. Collapsing of the lava dome began to occur when the lobes, pushed out by the newly supplied magma, started to give way on the slope, causing a phenomenon known as pyroclastic flows (in which debris and volcanic gasses flow down the mountainside at speeds of 100 km/h).


title: Mount Unzen

text: The threat of further disastrous events prompted authorities to evacuate 12,000 residents from their homes. On June 3, 1991, the volcano erupted violently, possibly as a result of depressurisation of the magma column after a landslide in the crater. A pyroclastic flow triggered by the collapse of a lava dome reached from the crater and claimed the lives of 43 scientists and journalists, including volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft and Harry Glicken.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The eruption activity continued until March 1995, with a temporary pause during its course. Between 1991 and 1994, the volcano generated at least 10,000 small pyroclastic flows, destroying about 2,000 houses. From 1993 onward, the rate of lava effusion gradually decreased, and eruptions came to an end in 1995.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The 1990–1995 eruptions of Unzen were the first eruptive activities in the world where pyroclastic flows were recorded clearly and continuously on video (in the past, many pyroclastic flows, such as those on Mt. Pelee, were recorded either as photographs or on small-scale videos).


title: Mount Unzen

text: Mount Unzen is perhaps most famous for its destructive and fatal eruption on June 3, 1991, at 4:08 pm. This eruption caused the first large-scale pyroclastic flow, unprecedented at the time, which killed 43 people in the evacuation zone. Among these were French volcanologists Maurice and Katia Krafft, as well as American geologist Harry Glicken. The other forty fatalities consisted largely of those involved in the mass media, as well as firefighters, police officers, farmers and taxi drivers.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The first debris flow in the Mizunashi River (located at the foothills of Unzendake) occurred on May 15, and others continued to occur in succession on the 19th, 20th, and 21st. Shimabara City made an evacuation recommendation to the towns in the Mizunashi River basin each time, resulting in smooth evacuation of residents and no human fatalities.


title: Mount Unzen

text: However, on May 20, when the lava dome appeared on Fugen-dake, it continued to grow day by day, and on the 24th part of the dome collapsed and the first pyroclastic flow occurred. After that, small pyroclastic flows occurred frequently, reaching a distance of 2.5 km east of the lava dome on the 26th, and 3.0 km on the 29th. On the 26th when the tip of a pyroclastic flow approached from the nearest private houses, Shimabara City issued an evacuation recommendation for Kita-Kamikoba town, Minami-Kamikoba town, Shirataki town, Tenjin Motomachi, and Fudan Motomachi – all located in the Mizunashi River basin. The evacuation recommendation was carried out without trouble.


title: Mount Unzen

text: In order to capture the pyroclastic flow activity on film, the mass media chose a select spot within the evacuation advisory area. This spot was away from the lava dome, away from the Mizunashi River (where debris flows were frequent), and high. This shooting spot was located on the prefectural road in the village of Kita-Kamikoba, and was favored by the media because they were able to view Fugen-dake directly in front of them. The nickname "fixed point" was established. After the first pyroclastic flow on the 24th, more than a dozen media members were lined up at the "fixed point". In 1991, the media had started to use color photographs on the paper, and with the Fugen-dake disaster becoming an ongoing topic of coverage, the companies started competing for color photographs. The competition became even more intense as the Mainichi Shimbun succeeded in shooting nightly pyroclastic flows on May 28.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The fact that pyroclastic flows were being recorded in clear images for the first time attracted a great deal of attention from all over the world, and many volcanologists and government officials entered the evacuation advisory area for interviews and photography. On May 28, the Ministry of Construction (at that time officials of the Public Works Research Institute) released a picture taken when entering the path of previous pyroclastic flows below the lava dome, and another group on the afternoon of June 1 or 2. After entering the tip of the deposit path, they surveyed the site for about an hour, photographed the pattern and released it.


title: Mount Unzen

text: In addition, many visitors had begun to gather around Unzendake to see the plumes. In particular, since June 2 was Sunday, many visitors from other prefectures gathered around the Mizunashi River and observed the pyroclastic flows with binoculars and photographed them with video cameras. Traffic became heavy as a result.


title: Mount Unzen

text: However, on May 26, reporters from the "Asahi Shimbun" were warned that it was likely for them to be engulfed by the clouds, and in an evacuation recommendation, they were asked to leave the "fixed point" and find another area. According to a photographer who continued aerial photography of the lava dome from the helicopter, "The bottom fans out from the Sabo dam of the Mizunashi River, and if a large pyroclastic flow occurs, there is a strong possibility of it striking the 'fixed point'." The "Asahi Shimbun" abandoned their position and retreated past the Tsutsuno bus stop, to instead set up a point in Fukae Town outside the evacuation zone on the 28th, and switched to 24-hour shooting from there. At the "fixed point", the coverage in the vicinity was limited to patrols.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Similarly, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) stopped shooting from within the evacuated area from the end of May and arranged for an unmanned camera in the Kamikoba area. But until the unmanned camera was ready, the photographer who had been lowered backwards was advanced to the Kamikoba area once again on June 1. The evacuation area then became smaller, since the commercial broadcasters had shot footage of bright red lava on May 30 and 31; the person in charge of the news program (who ordered the initial retreat of the front-line shooting staff) ordered more images shot like it. Kamikoba soon emerged again as a filming location of the press.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Since May 15, when the debris flow evacuation advisory was issued, the fire brigade in charge of the Kamikoba district stayed either at the Minami-Kamikoba town fire brigade, or the Kita-Kamikoba town agricultural training center (which was initially an evacuation residence for locals). On May 29, due to the frequent occurrences of pyroclastic flows, they were evacuated from the firefighting station in Minami-Kamikoba town to the Shiratani Public Hall in the lower Mizunashi River, but on June 2, they returned to the Agricultural Training Center in Kita-Kamikoba town. This was because of the following reasons:


title: Mount Unzen

text: Since June 2 was Sunday, all 20 members of the Kamikoba area fire brigade slept at the agricultural training institute. They remained at the training center and were on alert.


title: Mount Unzen

text: After 3:30 PM on June 3, small and medium-sized pyroclastic flows occurred frequently, and the first large-scale pyroclastic flow occurred at 3:57. Although this pyroclastic flow (and its resulting pyroclastic surge) did not reach the "fixed point", visibility in the vicinity deteriorated significantly as volcanic ash from the dispersing cloud covered the surroundings, in addition to the rainfall that had continued from the morning.


title: Mount Unzen

text: At 4:08 PM, the second large pyroclastic flow occurred, descending the Mizunashi River Valley and reaching 3.2 km to the east from the lava dome. Although the main body of the flow continued to follow the river, the resulting pyroclastic surge spread out in a fan shape once it had exited the valley mouth and continued further, hitting Kita-Kamikoba town (4.0 km away from the lava dome) and finally stopping near the Tsutsuno bus stop (5.0 km away). The pyroclastic flow also flowed down the Akamatsu-dani River, but changed direction due to a gust of wind from the south, allowing the residents, firefighters, and the shooting staff (who left their camera behind to capture world-famous footage of the eruption) to immediately escape the eruption.


title: Mount Unzen

text: At the "fixed point", members of the media initially left their chartered taxis and company cars on the road with their engine running, facing south so that they could escape immediately in case of an unforeseen event. However, the field of view was poor due to dispersing ash from the previous pyroclastic flow, as well as due to the presence of rain, and it was almost impossible to evacuate even from the windward side, as the pyroclastic surge that flowed from the Akamatsu-dani River would have cut them off. A fire brigade member of the agricultural training station, several hundred meters away from the "fixed point", assumed incorrectly that the roaring of the pyroclastic flow was caused by a debris flow instead, and was engulfed by the pyroclastic surge when he left the training station to check the Mizunashi River. Many members escaped from the evacuation advisory area on their own, but suffered severe burns and airway damage. As a result, 16 members of the media (including part-time students), 3 volcanologists (the Kraffts and Harry Glicken), 12 firefighters who were on guard, 4 taxi drivers, 2 police officers who came by police car to conduct evacuation guidance, 2 workers who were removing the city council election poster bulletin board, and 4 residents who were working in agriculture were killed. The disaster resulted in 43 dead or missing, and 9 injured. The photographer of the "Yomiuri Shimbun" newspaper died holding his Nikon F4. The camera recorded seven frames of the pyroclastic flow, although it was discolored by heat. All of the areas surrounding the "fixed point" where many casualties occurred, were within the advised evacuation zone.


title: Mount Unzen

text: A professional video camera used by an NTV cameraman who died in the pyroclastic flow was discovered in June 2005. The camera melted due to the high temperature generated by the pyroclastic flow and was severely damaged, but the tape it contained was playable, despite having been buried under volcanic deposits for almost fifteen years. The video received from the camera shows the reporters observing the first pyroclastic flow, and then continuing to report after having moved their position to the "fixed point". It also displays the police cars that announced evacuation, all unaware of the approach of the second large pyroclastic flow. The footage and sound were recorded and recovered, although heavily damaged and warped (the video ends when the cameraman notices a sound apparently associated with the generating pyroclastic flow, and asks "What's that sound?", whilst turning the camera in the direction of Mt. Fugen). This video was broadcast on October 16 of 2005, and is now exhibited at the Unzendake Disaster Memorial Hall (Shimabara City) alongside the melted camera.


title: Mount Unzen

text: It is unclear as to what caused the unprecedented size of the second, large-scale pyroclastic flow on June 3. It has been suggested that the heavy ash-laden column that towered over the main flow, collapsed during its descent, causing the surge. It has also been pointed out that when the dome collapsed, 0.5 million cubic meters of hardened lava broke off, leaving a significant collapse scar afterwards, suggesting that the size of the dome collapse (rather than the column collapse) initiated the surge. Other explanations account the fact that previous lahars and pyroclastic flows filled the Mizunashi Valley, raising the level of the river-bed and making it more likely for the flow to "skip" ridges that would have once stopped it. According to the 2011 documentary (French for "Facing the Killer Volcano"), the unexpected surge could have been caused by phreatic explosions as the main body of the pyroclastic flow proceeded down two waterfalls at the headwaters of the river, fragmenting the ash-particles of the avalanche and expanding the energy of the overlaying gas and ash cloud.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Pyroclastic flows continued over the next few days following the June 3 eruption, however, they were reportedly smaller and less frequent. Even so, rescue efforts and movements to recover the bodies of the victims, were disrupted and stalled due to the ever-present danger. Authorities eventually managed to recover 27 bodies and brought them to the Anyoji Temple. 4 of the victims' bodies were never recovered, and were reported as missing at the time, but presumed dead. Many of the recovered bodies were carbonized due to the extreme heat of the surge, and were identified by either dental records, or personal belongings they carried with them (e.g. wristwatches or cameras). 17 victims on the outer edges of the affected zone lived for a while, before succumbing later to their injuries (burns to their skin and lungs, or inhaled ash in their windpipe and lungs).<ref name="Williams 2001 https://archive.org/details/survivinggaleras00stan/page/125 125"></ref> The final victim reportedly died on August 8.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The collapse of the lava dome itself left a notable scar on the eastern side of the summit, and the pyroclastic flow and surge resulted in much damage in the Kamikoba district. Kita-Kamikoba was almost completely destroyed. Around 170 houses were devastated, many of them set alight by the intense heat of the ash. Pictures have shown that the pyroclastic flow left significant deposits near the mouth of the Mizunashi River Valley, enough to bury houses and the river itself. In contrast, the surge that detached from the flow left deposits of ash between 3 and 30 cm thick, however trees were flattened and many buildings continued burning until the next morning. The force of the surge was enough to push a car 80 m down-road.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Many of the casualties of the June 3 eruption could have been avoided if the danger of pyroclastic flows had been made more apparent beforehand. While the first pyroclastic flow on May 24 was shocking, many did not understand just how lethal such events could become. A reporter stated at the time: "I knew they were quite hot, but didn't know they could be accompanied by (pyroclastic surges). I thought we could escape by car, but I didn't know the extent at which it burned."


title: Mount Unzen

text: Twenty-five days after the event, the Japan Meteorological Agency revealed that while the first dome collapse was reported, much of the mass media and local residents were in a state of confusion about the danger of pyroclastic flows, and were not particularly concerned about them overall. The media originally reported that the pyroclastic flows seen on Fugen-dake at the time were "geologically small", which many regarded as "a scale that would cause no human fatalities". On May 26, a construction worker operating a Sabo dam in the upstream area of the Mizunashi River was caught in a pyroclastic flow; he survived but was sent to hospital with burns on his arms. Many thought that such burns could be prevented by wearing a long-sleeved shirt. The danger of the phenomena was not made clear. Furthermore, the number of pyroclastic flows from May 25 to June 2 had increased to 165, and all had stopped near the Sabo dam in the upper reaches of the valley. As a result, much of the media grew accustomed to the eruptions and no longer felt like they were in any danger.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Shimabara City issued an evacuation advisory for the villages near the base of Unzen on May 26, but responded to the residents' request that patrolling police officers allow them into the area to return to their homes (in preparation for prolonged evacuation). From the same day onward, a "district name sticker" was issued, and private cars with such a sticker were given permission to enter the evacuated area. For this reason, there were many residents doing laundry and field work at homes in the zone that had been declared dangerous. In the Kamikoba area, in particular, there were many farmers who made a living by cultivating tobacco leaf, but since they had been forced to evacuate for a long time (since the May 15th debris flows), their work grew stagnant and many of them were concerned. For this reason, on June 4, in collaboration with tobacco farmers in Annaka Town (which had not been evacuated), the residents of the Kamikoba area entered the evacuation zone to perform flower filling work later than usual.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Volcanologists did not talk about the danger of pyroclastic flows initially, because they feared residents would panic, especially those still working in the evacuated area. Residents were warned not to enter the evacuation advisory area by Shimabara City and the media, but since May, no concrete image was given regarding the danger of pyroclastic flows compared to that of debris flows (which had caused significant damage previously), and most residents did not take the warnings seriously. Many misunderstood them to be mere clouds of dust. According to the "Investigation of Disaster Information Transmission and Residents' Responses during the 1991 Unzendake Eruption" conducted in 1992, 75% of local residents recognized debris flows as more dangerous than pyroclastic flows before June 2. Only 15% perceived pyroclastic flows to be more dangerous. Furthermore, only 5% of the residents in the Kamikoba area recognized pyroclastic flows as "very dangerous". As was seen in the survey results, the volcanologist's warnings were not even understood by residents living in the most dangerous areas.


title: Mount Unzen

text: On June 3, a debris flow warning was passed out due to rain that began in the morning, and a party was held in Shiratani to celebrate the winner of the Shimabara City Council election on the 2nd. As a result of those two factors, most residents were withdrawn from the evacuation advisory area, and fortunately resulted in fewer victims.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The eruptive activity caused great damage to the Shimabara Peninsula, especially Shimabara City and Fukae Town. The main factor that led to damage were debris flows and lahars, initiated by heavy rain which destabilized pyroclastic flow and ash debris previously deposited on the slopes. The Mizunashi basin, as well as the Senbongi district and parts of Shimabara were severely damaged. In addition, there was concern about the collapse of Mt. Mayuyama, which previously caused the 1972 disaster. In this eruptive activity, however, Mt. Mayuyama protected the center of Shimabara from the pyroclastic flows.


title: Mount Unzen

text: In areas other than Shimabara and Fukae, there was ash fall depending on the wind direction, and at Kumamoto Airport, it had an impact on the arrival and departure of aircraft.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Since the eruptions, heavy rains have frequently remobilised pyroclastic material, generating lahars. Dikes have been constructed in several river valleys to channel lahar flows away from vulnerable areas, and warning systems and evacuation plans have been developed and deployed.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Mount Unzen was designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations, in 1991 as part of their International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, due to its history of violent activity and location in a densely populated area.


title: Mount Unzen

text: In 1999, an ambitious project began at Mount Unzen to drill deep inside the volcano and sample magma in the 1990–1995 eruption conduit. The project hoped to shed light on some fundamental questions in volcanology, such as why magma repeatedly travels in the same conduits despite the solidification of magma in them at the end of each eruption, and how it can lose enough gas on its ascent to erupt effusively rather than explosively.


title: Mount Unzen

text: Drilling began with test bores to assess the viability of a deep borehole. Two holes were drilled, and deep, and cores taken from these holes were used to better determine Unzen's eruptive history. One further deep borehole was drilled to test the methods to be used in the final drilling project.


title: Mount Unzen

text: The main drill began in 2003, starting from the northern flank of the volcano with a hole at an angle of 25 degrees from vertical. At greater depths, the direction of boring was tilted towards the conduit, reaching an angle of 75 degrees from vertical at a depth of . Drilling reached , the original target depth, without reaching the conduit, but in July 2004 at a depth of , the conduit was finally reached. The vertical depth below the summit was .


title: Mount Unzen

text: The temperature at the conduit was about , much lower than pre-drill estimations of and over. This was attributed to hydrothermal circulation accelerating the cooling of the magma over the nine to ten years since the end of the eruption.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: Kaio Jorge Pinto Ramos (born 24 January 2002), known as Kaio Jorge () or simply Kaio, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Juventus.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: Born in Olinda, Pernambuco, Kaio joined Santos' under-11s in 2013. In November 2017, aged only 15, he was promoted to the under-20 squad.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: On 21 September 2018, Kaio was promoted to the first-team by manager Cuca. He made his professional – and Série A – debut nine days later, coming on as a second-half substitute for Bruno Henrique in a 1–0 home defeat of Atlético Paranaense, becoming the sixth youngest to debut in Santos' history.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: On 11 January 2019, after lengthy negotiations, Kaio signed his first professional contract with the club, agreeing to a three-year deal. He scored his first goal for "Peixe" on 3 March of the following year, netting his team's second in a 2–1 Copa Libertadores away win against Defensa y Justicia; it was also his debut match in the competition.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: On 26 July 2021, Kaio reportedly agreed to a pre-contract with Italian side Juventus, effective as of 1 January. On 2 August, Santos announced an agreement with Juventus for his immediate transfer, with the Italian side paying a rumoured fee of €3 million. Juventus officially announced Kaio's transfer on 17 August, signing him on a five-year contract.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: On 23 August, Kaio suffered a medium-grade injury to the rectus femoris. On 1 September, Kaio was excluded from Juventus' 23-man squad for the UEFA Champions League group stage. He played his first match since this injury (and the first one for Juventus) on 2 October, in a 1–0 away win against cross-city rivals Torino, coming on as substitute in the 89th minute.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: On 20 October, Kaio played a match with Juventus U23 — the reserve team of Juventus — in a 2–2 Serie C away draw against AlbinoLeffe, where he missed a penalty and scored a goal. In January 2022, Kaio refused a loan move to Sassuolo. On 2 February, Juventus' coach Massimiliano Allegri did not include Kaio in the UEFA Champions League knock-out stage squad. Kaio was called up by Juventus U23 again on 22 February, for a match against Pro Patria set to be played the following day, where he injured his patellar tendon. He ended the 2021–22 season early, having only played 125 minutes in nine matches with the first team (none as a starter).


title: Kaio Jorge

text: Kaio was called up to the Brazil U15 team for the 2017 South American U-15 Championship, scoring four goals in three matches during the tournament. On 21 September 2018, he was called up to the U17 team for a friendly tournament in Nantwich and Telford, England.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: On 20 September 2019, Kaio was included in Guilherme Dalla Déa's 21-man list for the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He scored five goals in the competition, including one in the final (a 2–1 defeat of Mexico), and was awarded the Bronze Boot.


title: Kaio Jorge

text: Kaio's father Jorge Ramos was also a footballer and a forward who notably represented Chaves and Gama.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon (known in Japan, Australia and Europe as is a 2013 action-adventure video game developed by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS. It is the sequel to the 2001 Nintendo GameCube game "Luigi's Mansion" (2001), and the third Mario franchise game where Luigi plays the lead role instead of the usual protagonist, Mario. The story follows Luigi as he explores a series of mansions in Evershade Valley, capturing ghosts using a specialized vacuum cleaner invented by Professor E. Gadd. In order to restore peace to Evershade Valley, Luigi must collect the pieces of the Dark Moon and recapture the main antagonist, King Boo.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: In "Dark Moon", the player controls Luigi, who captures ghosts using a vacuum cleaner called the Poltergust 5000. In the single-player mode, the goal is to rescue Mario from King Boo and retrieve the shattered shards of the Dark Moon, a magical object that can pacify the ghosts of Evershade Valley. Exploration is divided into five unique mansions, which are each split into multiple mission-based levels containing obstacles and puzzles. The Poltergust 5000 is equipped with features to capture ghosts and solve puzzles. "Dark Moon" also offers a cooperative multiplayer mode that can be played locally or online via the Nintendo Network.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: After a failed attempt to create a glasses-free 3D variant of the original "Luigi's Mansion" on the GameCube, the "Luigi's Mansion" series would remain dormant for roughly a decade. "Dark Moon" was outsourced to Next Level Games, a company that had worked on Nintendo titles in the past. Shigeru Miyamoto and select Nintendo employees supervised the project, but overall were hands-off with the project. The overall design goal was to create diverse experiences for the player, exploring how each game element could be used to its fullest. Many of these elements were altered to conform to the technology of the Nintendo 3DS, such as its dual screens and 3D capabilities.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Dark Moon" was announced at E3 2011, with further details revealed throughout 2012. When the game was delayed into 2013, Nintendo decided to promote the game as part of a "Year of Luigi", with additional Luigi-themed merchandise announced for the character's 30th anniversary. "Dark Moon" released in Japan on March 20, 2013, with other regional releases later that same month. The game received generally positive reviews from critics, praising its graphics, worldbuilding, and new features, while also attracting criticism for its mission-based structure and lack of checkpoints. The game was nominated for several awards, and sold 6.44 million copies as of December 2020, making it one of the bestselling video games for the Nintendo 3DS. An arcade cabinet based on "Dark Moon"s assets, titled "Luigi's Mansion Arcade", was released to arcades worldwide on June 18, 2015. A third entry in the series, titled "Luigi's Mansion 3", was released worldwide on October 31, 2019 for the Nintendo Switch.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" is an action-adventure game in which the main player character is Luigi, who is sent by Professor E. Gadd to explore abandoned haunted mansions and capture hostile ghosts using the Poltergust 5000, a specialized vacuum cleaner. In the main single-player mode, the player explores five different mansions designed around a specific theme, such as an overgrown greenhouse and a clock factory built over an archaeological site, to retrieve the Dark Moon fragment hidden within.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Exploration through a mansion is divided into multiple mission-based levels that focus on completing a number of objectives, such as retrieving an object, accessing a particular room, or defeating a stronger boss ghost. At the end of each mission, the player is scored based on various factors such as the treasures and ghosts collected. If Luigi takes too much damage from ghost attacks or environmental hazards and loses all his heart points, he will faint and the player must restart the mission. If the player finds and collects a golden bone, Luigi will be revived and continue the mission instead of starting over. The Nintendo 3DS touchscreen shows a mini-map of the mansion's layout, with locations of both locked and unlocked doors. The character Toad accompanies Luigi in certain missions. When the player obtains the Dark Moon fragment hidden in a mansion, they can progress to the next mansion.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: To capture a ghost, the player first stuns the ghost using Luigi's flashlight equipped with the Strobulb attachment. While "Luigi's Mansion" required the player to shine the light on the ghost, in "Dark Moon", the player charges the Strobulb to release a burst of light that acts similar to a flashbang. When stunned, the ghost's hit points are exposed, allowing Luigi to vacuum the ghost to decrease its hit points until it is weak enough to be captured. In addition to capturing ghosts, the suction and blowing functions of the Poltergust 5000 are used to manipulate and carry objects in the environment. Many of the game's puzzles are designed around this concept. For example, the player uses the vacuum to carry buckets of water, yank pull switches, spin valve handles, and propel small objects. Other objects, such as certain types of switches and locks, react only when exposed to the Strobulb flash. Early in the game, the player obtains the Dark-Light Device, which reveals invisible doors and furniture.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Dark Moon" features a cooperative multiplayer mode called "ScareScraper" ("Thrill Tower" in Europe), in which up to four players each control a differently colored Luigi. The players explore each floor of a mansion and complete the specified objective within a time limit. When the objective is completed, the players ascend to the next floor. The floors are all randomly generated, with different floor layouts and placement of ghosts and items, and the players may select whether the mansion has a limited or endless number of floors. Four different objective types are available: Hunter, in which all the ghosts on the floor must be captured; Rush, where players race to find the exit to the next floor; Polterpup, where players pursue and capture ghost dogs; and Surprise, in which one of the other three objectives is randomly chosen per floor. "ScareScraper" can be played locally or online via Nintendo Network.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: King Boo, who escaped his painting after the events of the first game, shatters the Dark Moon, a large crystalline object which has a pacifying effect on the ghosts that inhabit Evershade Valley, using the magical jewel embedded in his crown. This causes the ghosts to suddenly become hostile, forcing the Professor to take shelter in a bunker while a dark, eerie fog covers the valley. The Professor immediately contacts Luigi and sends him to the bunker. He tells Luigi to collect the five pieces of the Dark Moon, which have been scattered to different mansions, to clear out the fog and restore peace to Evershade Valley and capture and contain the ghosts before they leave the valley and wreak havoc on the rest of the world. To help Luigi, he provides him with several gadgets: a flashlight; the Poltergust 5000, an upgraded version of the Poltergust 3000; the Dual Scream, a DS-like device used for communication purposes; and the Dark-Light Device, a special lens used for uncovering hidden objects.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Luigi makes his way through five different mansions in the valley, proceeding to recover Dark Moon pieces from Possessor Ghosts (who have been entrusted by the boos to guard them) in each mansion and saving the professor's Toad assistants, whom King Boo turned into paintings. The Toads produce security images that provide valuable clues, and each image shows two Boos carrying a bag with a painting inside. Eventually, Luigi and the Professor find out that Mario was turned into a painting and that King Boo is behind the whole crisis. However, after Luigi obtains the final Dark Moon piece in a parallel dimension, King Boo intercepts him as he is being returned to the bunker. King Boo reveals to Luigi his intentions to use the corrupted ghosts to conquer the world. Luigi then battles and defeats King Boo.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: When Luigi returns to his world, he frees Mario from the painting and reunites with the Professor and the Toads. They reassemble the Dark Moon, returning the ghosts back to their friendly selves. The professor releases the captured ghosts from the Vault, and they celebrate by taking a photo. The game ends as Luigi returns home with his newly adopted ghost dog, Polterpup. The credits show Mario and Luigi paying visits to Evershade Valley and spending time with the ghosts.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" was developed by Next Level Games, a Canadian developer who had previously worked on Nintendo-published titles "Punch-Out!!" and the "Mario Strikers" series. Bryce Holliday served as the game's overall director and Chad York was the lead composer and audio director. Brian Davis was a lead programmer, primarily boss battles. Shigeru Miyamoto was a producer and creator for the original "Luigi's Mansion", but for "Dark Moon" Miyamoto stayed hands-off and instead supervised the project. He compared his role to that of a shepherd, by which he let Next Level Games take control of most of the project, and rather than telling them what to do, he instead intervened when he felt they were going in the wrong direction. Due to location differences—Miyamoto in Japan and Next Level Games being located in Canada—Yoshihito Ikebata also served as a supervisor, who had previously worked on the "Mario vs. Donkey Kong" series, and transcluded info between both companies frequently. Ikebata would report updates to Miyamoto biweekly and would relay Miyamoto's opinions to Holliday. Ryuichi Nakada served as an assistant supervisor and performed similar tasks. Yoshiaki Koizumi also helped advise. According to Holliday, Miyamoto did a good job supervising and the project never lost focus.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: In 2002, hardware designer Hideki Konno approached Nintendo to conduct experiments on "Luigi's Mansion" with the addition of new glasses-free 3D hardware, which would have also been released for the Nintendo GameCube. The project would have been the first instance of Nintendo using glasses-free 3D in their products and pre-dated the Nintendo 3DS by nine years. Nintendo was originally doubtful of the project due to the prior critical and commercial failure of the Virtual Boy. The concept had Konno revisit the GameCube hardware and make a new version that included a four-inch LCD screen for glasses-free 3D compatibility. They nicknamed the concept "dollhouse mode" because the 3D effects added a new layer of depth and made the graphics stand out more. The LCD concept was shown at E3 2002, titled "Luigi's Mansion 3D", but Nintendo held back on revealing the 3D aspect. According to Konno, the concept would have been successful but was simply too expensive to manufacture; liquid crystal, what made LCD possible, was too expensive at the time. Players would have needed to purchase the LCD as an add-on accessory and the purchase would have most likely been more expensive than the GameCube itself and the project never surfaced. In the years following, Nintendo continuously revisited the idea of a "Luigi's Mansion" sequel. Ikebata credited this to the Poltergust, which they felt was fun and satisfying to use and could also be exploited for puzzle design. They realized that the Nintendo 3DS featured similar hardware ability to that of their prototype on the GameCube, and they knew that it was finally time to make the sequel.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Prior to the development of "Dark Moon" Next Level Games was occupied with another undisclosed Nintendo-related project, which later was revealed to be a "Metroid" title with gameplay similar to the arcade game "Gauntlet"; the project was in its prototype phase and they planned on presenting the prototype in a video conference meeting. At the meeting, however, followed up by a "something like a drumroll", Kensuke Tanabe revealed they would instead be working on "Dark Moon". According to York, everyone on the staff was excited about the change of plans, more so York, who was looking forward to making music for a non sports game title. Development officially began in 2009 and pre-dated the announcement of the Nintendo 3DS in 2010, meaning they were unaware of the hardware they were making the game for. During the conference, they were informed of the failed attempt to make "Luigi's Mansion" 3D in 2002, so they assumed the new hardware had something to do with 3D and designed a demo after a dollhouse concept, coincidentally similar to that of the one made for "Luigi's Mansion".


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Miyamoto visited Vancouver, Canada in two instances to discuss the project. According to Next Level Games, other video game companies were "hanging around" the company building after they became aware of Miyamoto's visit, and tried to use the Nintendo 3DS's StreetPass feature to share game data with him as he passed by. Holliday said that Miyamoto was very humble and evaluated game design well. They showed him a demo of the game's first boss battle and, to their surprise, he beat it very quickly and "tossed out comments right and left." Beyond the two visits, Miyamoto would consult with Next Level Games every two weeks. Miyamoto would often be inspired by drama shows he would watch on the television for design ideas. He would consult with Ikebata on how each episode could be broken down into miniature stories that came full circle, a concept that was important with game design. At every biweekly conference meeting, Miyamoto would simply ask "So?" to begin with; he knew that the developers would anticipate this question and would pre-prepare an answer, therefore increasing focus. Development took over three years to complete, and a lot of time went into understanding the hardware they were developing for. According to the developers, the period was stressful; Ikebata felt the time went by "in a flash" due to the high levels of stress, Holliday said that he was "pulling his hair out" in the final year of development, and York even had two children within the time frame. Despite the layer of stress, Miyamoto continuously ensured that Next Level Games was enjoying the development process, and Holliday expressed that the team's atmosphere was continuously positive.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: The development team's goal in making "Dark Moon" was to create a new experience different from that of "Luigi's Mansion" while also retaining the quality of the original title and what made it so memorable. They wanted to emphasize new gameplay elements whilst also appealing to veterans of the original game but also making sure it didn't overly rely on nostalgia; to do so they ensured they retained a similar atmosphere, which balanced "slight horror and slight humor". With this quality retained they were able to come up with new gameplay elements and features without straying too far from the original "Luigi's Mansion" concept.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Luigi's control scheme was built from scratch ten times over. The first few times Ikebata met with Next Level Games, they decided to try a new control set. When showing the new controls to Miyamoto, he would frequently ask to view the inside programming required to make the controls possible and they went back and forth between the two often. Miyamoto stated that the programming was something he was "personally involved with to a fair extent". The original game involved the player using both circle pad sticks to suck up a ghost, but this was deemed too inaccessible for new players and they switched to one instead. Circle Pad Pro functionality was never considered for similar reasons and was released too late into the development cycle to adequately incorporate it. To make up for the lack of depth they incorporated other Poltergust gimmicks to balance out the tactical strategy. With less focus on sucking up ghosts they were able to direct some of the gimmicks towards the level design, and they were made much more in-depth than the game before. The Strobulb feature was added to make catching ghosts more satisfying.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Roughly sixteen to eighteen months of the development time period were spent conceiving and prototyping gameplay ideas. Some ideas were oriented towards the Poltergust and others involved new gameplay concepts, such as a minigame that involved balloons or a sliding puzzle. Over a course of a year, Miyamoto would play through the game simply suggesting that it needed more content to increase length, which was one of the main struggles of the first game. In multiple instances over development, they felt that the game was complete, but they kept returning to past areas and coming up with more ideas for each of them, prolonging development time. A lot of ideas didn't make it to the final product, "maybe enough to make another game" according to Holliday, and most of the length increases came from the addition of multiplayer.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: A multiplayer option was considered from the beginning of development. Konno informed the developers that multiplayer was planned for the first "Luigi's Mansion" that involved Luigi working alongside another Luigi but for various reasons was left out of the final product; he and Miyamoto encouraged them to include the mode in "Dark Moon", though they were already set on including a multiplayer game mode in the first place. After they showed Miyamoto a demo of a multiplayer concept, he challenged them to make it have just as much replay value as the "Mario Kart" series to ensure it had high quality. They focused on making multiplayer a cooperative experience, and the progression would only be possible with the help of another player to continue progress, such as having one Luigi being trapped and the other one needing to save them. When one of the Luigi's is knocked out another can save him, which was incorporated to better emphasize cooperative play and the concept derived from the "Luigi's Ghost Mansion" minigame for the Wii U title "Nintendo Land". They were given a 32 MB limit to allow for it to be downloadable, which altered some design choices.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Next Level Games found Luigi to be more diverse in emotion than Mario, and therefore a more relatable character with more personality. Holliday described him as having an "underdog quality", and were able to use his layer of fear to tell a deeper story. Miyamoto compared Luigi to a salad, considering that he was a more timid choice in comparison to Mario that helped balance out the horror aspect of the game. He also mentioned that numerous Nintendo employees were fans of Luigi and had been wanting to make a game starring him for a long time. Nintendo emphasized that Luigi should not be able to jump in "Dark Moon", to retain similarities between the two games; the designers were unaware of why Nintendo chose to not let him jump in the first game, and Ikebata assumed it was because the game emphasized adventure and removing a jump feature took attention away from action elements. According to Next Levels games, Nintendo was strict on their intellectual property and even more so the characters, and Ikebata and Nakada were "gatekeepers" that enforced their rules. They attempted to push the limits of these boundaries but were usually kept from doing so. Luigi, as usual, was voiced by Charles Martinet; he performed the lines without any context of the game itself, so they used various forms of storyboards and art to show Martinet what situation Luigi was in and what emotion he should be expressing. Sometimes Martinet would act out Luigi physically just for fun and would also sometimes ad-lib.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Ikebata assured that the game should reprise Toad from the original. Toad was Davis' favorite character throughout development; he ensured that the character should have an emotional connection with Luigi and that he feels safer when he's with him. He was made to be an escort mission, and Davis was inspired by "" when making them. Kazumi Totaka reprised the voice of E. Gadd from the original "Luigi's Mansion". E. Gadd was made to be "as much a tinkerer as he is an inventor", which justified why he repurposed a Nintendo DS into a tool Luigi used in the game. The Polterpup became both Next Level Games' and Nintendo's favorite character while developing them, and ultimately expanded their role to be larger than intended.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Ghost designs were made with a cartoon-like animation and emphasized to not be taken seriously, and were used to the expense of gag jokes. The designers used key frame animation to bring out more cartoony expression and they often made the ghosts stretch in unnatural formations. Most ghost designs conceptualized made their way into the final product. They were made to act "boisterous" in situations where they think they are away from Luigi, and a lot of instances of cracks in the walls or corners of hallways were made so Luigi could look into these situations. Nakada suggested the artwork should emphasize this concept because it was used very frequently, which they agreed to do. A lot of character ideas surfaced from Next Level Games that parodied common ghost film tropes but Miyamoto requested they stay away from them. He emphasized "Dark Moon" being "its own unique world" and requested they think outside of the box often. For example, Holliday conceptualized a boss battle that was a plant, but Miyamoto called the idea "ordinary" and suggested a staircase be the boss battle instead. This was one of the only design elements Miyamoto worked hands-on for. Boss battles in general were designed to leave a memorable impact on the player; at one point Miyamoto had the designers scratch their original boss battle designs and rebuild them from the ground up due to a lack of character and not expressing the franchise well enough, though they were all in early phases and not much was lost. The developers declared this as an instance of Miyamoto "upending the tea table".


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: The game was split up in a level-like format to emphasize the on-the-go portability of the Nintendo 3DS, and each level was built to be about ten to twenty minutes in length and have something "satisfying" happen in each of them. They also used this executive decision to reimagine the same locations with new ideas. The developers knew that the open-world format would result in tedious backtracking, so they added new ideas or changed others in rooms that the player had already visited. They justified this by making it seem as if the ghosts have visited and messed with a room's interior to justify the changes. Next Level Games was taught the Japanese word "karakuri" from Ikebata, which roughly translates to "surprise and delight", and they used this as a philosophy for designing each location. To encourage exploration, they hid various secrets and other paranormal activities in the rooms. Miyamoto wanted the game to have a lot of value, so multiple mansion designs were included. This also allowed for near limitless creativity and the concept was exploited to include as many diverse locations as possible, such as a steam clock factory and a museum. The developers also emphasized Miyamoto's design philosophy of "going left", where the player should be rewarded for returning to old parts of the game. Although they were made to be relatively easy to find they made sure it would still be a challenge for those who were trying to fully complete the game; Ikebata himself struggled to find some of the collectibles and needed help from others. To make backtracking less repetitive they introduce the Dark-Light Device. The Dark-Light Device was originally going to be similar to an alternate reality, where the player could switch between the real world and a "spirit world" and see differences among them. They considered the concept, however, to be overplayed; they switched it to be singular items within the real world instead.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Next Level Games received a lot of positive feedback from players who played the "Dark Moon" demo at E3, and they found that 3D graphics helped make capturing ghosts easier. To make the 3D graphics a more comfortable experience they used a fixed camera perspective and keep the camera more static during cutscenes. For better ease of experience, the transition between the first and third perspectives was also slowed and important objects were kept within view of the player at all times. The first boss battle was designed to bring out the room's 3D depth. Throughout the development process, they continuously revisited the 3D graphics to understand and utilize them as effectively as possible.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Dark Moon" was revealed at E3 2011 by Reggie Fils-Aime, a day before the announcement of the Wii U. He mentioned that the game would be more than another "Luigi's Mansion" installment, and a trailer played that showed the concept of multiple mansions alongside other gameplay features. Further details were kept minimal and announced a vague 2012 release date. It was tentatively referred to as "Luigi's Mansion 2". The following day Nintendo announced at a developer's conference that Next Level Games would be behind the title, which came as a surprise to some. When queried on why Nintendo was making a "Luigi's Mansion" sequel before another "Pikmin" entry, Miyamoto replied that "he wanted to" and had wanted to for a long time. Various booths to demo the game were available during the event for a twenty minute play sessions, and received positive first impressions from critics.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Further details were revealed at E3 2012, where gameplay footage was shown detailing new gameplay features and how the game functions with 3D graphics. It was renamed to "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" and dated for a holiday release. Details, however, remained sparse. A demo kiosk was once again also available. Nintendo published a release schedule on August 13, 2012, which mentioned that "Dark Moon" would instead release in the "first half of 2013 in the Americas", while "Professor Layton and the Miracle Mask" and "" proceeded to release on schedule. It was later announced via Twitter that the game would release within the first quarter of 2013. In January 2013, they revealed the game's multiplayer features. They also announced in January that the title would release March 24, alongside the reveal of the game's box artwork.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: In a February Nintendo Direct presentation, Nintendo president and CEO Satoru Iwata—while wearing a replica of Luigi's cap—announced at 2013 would be declared the "Year of Luigi"; it was a year-long event that celebrated the 30th anniversary of Luigi, since his inception in "Mario Bros." in 1983. According to Miyamoto, a decision was reached to create the event because of the new "Luigi's Mansion" and another game, "", both nearing release and put emphasis on Luigi, so they began the celebration to see fit. He also believed that Luigi is underrepresented and neglected in Nintendo titles. An overview of "Dark Moon" gameplay was presented by Miyamoto in the Direct, alongside announcements of "Dream Team" and "New Super Luigi U". Prior to the overview presentation Miyamoto and Iwata performed a skit where Miyamoto appeared with a real-life Poltergust. Iwata gave Miyamoto a Luigi cap, declared the two of them the "Luigi Brothers", and Miyamoto began the overview. The following March Nintendo made a Miiverse chatroom for "Dark Moon"; various Nintendo employees, such as Miyamoto, Takashi Tezuka, and Yoshihito Ikebata made posts on the chatroom. When York, Davis, and Holliday were interviewed by Iwata in an Iwata Asks interview that month, they all wore Luigi caps in spirit of the celeration. A promotional ad circulated in March that depicted a costumed character of Luigi using with the Poltergust in the real world, of which Nintendo partnered with iam8bit Productions to make and uploaded a video to their YouTube channel showing how the Poltergust was constructed.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" was released on March 20, 2013 in Japan, March 24 in North America, and March 28 in Europe. After the release of "Dark Moon", Next Level Games decided to work with Nintendo exclusively and, after the release of "Luigi's Mansion 3", were acquired by Nintendo altogether. Nintendo acquired the company to increase communication opportunities, in hopes that it would "facilitate an anticipated improvement in development speed and quality".


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Luigi's Mansion" debuted to high sales in the U.S.; selling 415,000 copies in the country by mid-April, it became the sixth bestselling game of the month in only a week's time in March, behind "". 365,000 of which were physical and the rest were digital downloads. By mid-July, sales totalled over 750,000 units. In the United Kingdom, "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" charted fifth in the All Formats chart, a position it held for three consecutive weeks, becoming the first 3DS exclusive title of the year to chart. It continued to remain within the top ten charts until mid-May. The game was the number-one bestseller in Japan for three weeks in a row, totalling 459,000 by April 7 and 68,423 were from the week prior, ahead of "". Sales tracker Media Create reported that the game had sold over eighty percent of its shipment in its debut week. According to Nintendo of America's senior product marketing director Bill Trinen, the successful launches of "Dark Moon" and "" helped push 3DS sales up 50 percent to a total of 20 million, and expected that 3DS sales would "really take off" in 2013. Within its first week, worldwide sales reached over 1 million, and by the end of October, 3.13 million. As of December 31, 2020, the game has sold 6.44 million copies worldwide and is the twelfth best-selling game on the 3DS.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Luigi's Mansion Arcade" is an arcade cabinet developed by Capcom, other involvement by Sega, and licensed by Nintendo, and based on the contents of "Dark Moon". Capcom ran a location test of the cabinet in 2014, and was temporarily placed in and arcade over the Halloween weekend from October 30 to November 3. The cabinet was formally revealed by SEGA in 2015 and was available for play sessions at the 2015 Japan Amusement Expo. Following a trailer and promotional website from Capcom, cabinets debuted in Japan in summer of 2015. The first North American cabinet was placed in a Dave & Buster's at Addison, Illinois on October 9, 2015, and other western Dave & Buster's locations received one throughout the following year. It is titled "Luigi Mansion Arcade" in Japan and "Luigi's Mansion Arcade" in North America.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: The exterior and interior of the machine are decorated with panel art from both "Luigi's Mansion" and "Dark Moon", and contain two sets of to-scale Poltergusts, and the players use the Poltergust's vacuum nozzle as a controller. It is an enclosed, sit-down cabinet, and the players view a screen from a first-person perspective; gameplay is an on-rails light gun shooter. The players have a choice of beginning the game or receiving a tutorial from E. Gadd first, who gives an overview of the Poltergust's features. Ghosts come in waves within "Dark Moon" locations, and the player must push a button on the Poltergust to stun them and hold a trigger to suck them in. Prompts on the screen dictate how the player needs to move the Poltergust around in order to suck ghosts in successfully, or they will escape otherwise. The players can also use a smart bomb to clear a large wave of ghosts at once, and the Poltergust can suck in coins and other objects to increase the player's score. The game is linear and level-based, and difficulty increases drastically as the players progress. The cabinet supports one or two players at a time.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" received "generally favorable" reviews, receiving an 86/100 on review aggregator website Metacritic. "IGN" gave the game a 9.3 out of 10, citing that it was "Nintendo at its inventive best."


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Matthew Castle of "Official Nintendo Magazine" gave it a 92%, praising the game's 3D visuals and mix of old and new features. However, he also criticized the game for its lack of checkpoints, stating that "Death, though rare, forces Luigi to restart missions from scratch, punishing 30 seconds of weak defence with up to half an hour of collecting treasure and solving puzzles for a second time which feels like rough justice when you make a silly mistake in a surprise ambush." He concluded on a positive note, stating "For as much as "Luigi's Mansion 2" acts like the class clown, all shrieks and pratfalls, it has more heart than any game in recent memory when it isn't yanking them out of ghost chests, naturally. So man up Luigi and embrace your applause. Funny, gorgeous, crammed full of surprises... but enough about Luigi. Nintendo renovates one of its more oddball offerings into a must-have title. The only thing to fear is that it takes another 10 years to return." Conversely, Carolyn Petit of "GameSpot" gave it a 6.5 out of 10, citing "difficulty spikes and a lack of checkpoints", as well as the stiff controls, but praised the multiplayer functionality.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: The visual presentation was widely lauded, with some considering the graphics to be the best yet seen on the 3DS, and Oli Welsh of "Eurogamer" proclaiming that it is "as close to a playable cartoon as anything since """. Richard Mitchell of "Joystiq" and Petit deemed the atmospheric settings to be the game's strongest asset, with Petit observing that the game "perfectly captures the sort of genteel spookiness typified by Disneyland's Haunted Mansion attraction". The settings were compared to dioramas and ornate dollhouses, and the high amount of interactive elements that react to Luigi's vacuum were said to instill charm in the settings. The character animations, particularly Luigi's, were praised for their comedic value, with Welsh elaborating that "Every movement will make you smile, from his pot-bellied scamper when you hold down the run button to his tiptoed ghost-hunting stance, or the elaborate Stan Laurel set-ups for each scripted pratfall.". The stereoscopic 3D effects were credited for significantly augmenting the game's visuals by granting added physicality and depth to the environmental details. Chris Carter of "Destructoid" singled out the ghosts as a visual highlight, but complained that the presentation of the menus was "decidedly cheap and non-Nintendo". Castle warned that players "may mourn the loss of the first game's gothic murk - spooks are more generic than the portrait ghosts".


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Commentary on the audio was generally positive. The music was described as "gently foreboding" and "delightfully spooky", with Welsh attributing a "Scooby-Doo"-like quality, and Mitchell remarking that it "skews much closer to Alfred Hitchcock than Akira Yamaoka". Welsh commended Martinet's vocalizations, and reviewers cited Luigi's tremulous idle humming along to the background music as an endearing trait. While Tim Turi of "Game Informer" affectionately likened E. Gadd's unintelligible prattling to "a lovable Ewok", Kevin Schaller of "GameRevolution" was sometimes annoyed by his manner of speech, which he referred to as "Nintendo's version of Simlish". Apart from this, Schaller acknowledged the music as occasionally eerie and the sounds effects as convincingly fitting.


title: Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

text: Prior to release, "Dark Moon" was nominated for Best Handheld game by the Game Critics Awards, but lost to Queasy Games's "Sound Shapes". Throughout 2013 and 2014 the game was nominated at various game award ceremonies primarily in handheld game categories, but lost all nominations to various other titles, including others developed by Nintendo. At the NAVGTR Awards, the game was nominated in categories for its animation and control design, but lost to "" and the critically acclaimed "The Last of Us" respectively. Various news sites considered "Dark Moon" to be among the best video games of 2013, including "IGN", "USGamer", "VentureBeat", and "Eurogamer".


title: Blue Mountains (New South Wales)

text: The Blue Mountains are a mountainous region and a mountain range located in New South Wales, Australia. The region borders on Sydney's metropolitan area, its foothills starting about west of centre of the state capital, close to Penrith on the outskirts of Greater Sydney region. The public's understanding of the extent of the Blue Mountains is varied, as it forms only part of an extensive mountainous area associated with the Great Dividing Range. As defined in 1970, the Blue Mountains region is bounded by the Nepean and Hawkesbury rivers in the east, the Coxs River and Lake Burragorang to the west and south, and the Wolgan and Colo rivers to the north. Geologically, it is situated in the central parts of the Sydney Basin.