title: Boerewors

text: A similar sausage may also be made from the meat of different animal species, such as kudu, and springbok, but it may not be sold as boerewors. Instead, it is named after the predominant meat species, but only if it contains at least 75% meat from that specific species. When a sausage is made from different types of game, it may not be labelled boerewors but must be labelled as sausage and with the names of all the game species in it.


title: Boerewors

text: Boerewors does not keep well unrefrigerated. A similar dried or cured sausage called droëwors is prepared instead in a process similar to the preparation of biltong. Droëwors has become popular in its own right as a snack.


title: Boerewors

text: In response to the modern plant-based food movement, various vegan boerewors variants, mostly made by small and home-based industries, have begun to appear in retailers and food markets in South Africa.


title: Boerewors

text: The preparation and grilling of boerewors has become a fine art with many local, regional and national competitions taking place. The Shoprite supermarket chain hosts an annual competition to determine the best new preparations. The winner of this competition has the privilege of having their product/recipe manufactured and sold in all Checkers stores nationwide, under the Championship Boerewors brand.


title: Pichaikkaran

text: Pichaikkaaran () is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Sasi, produced by Fatima Vijay Antony and starring Vijay Antony and Satna Titus, with Bagavathi Perumal, Vazhakku En Muthuraman, and Dheepa Ramanujam in supporting roles. Antony also composed the music for the film. The story is about Arul (Vijay Antony), a billionaire businessman who leads a 48-day long secret life as a beggar as part of a religious offering to save his hopeless dying mother. The film was released on 4 March 2016.


title: Pichaikkaran

text: Arul Selvakumar is a rich businessman based out of Palladam, Tirupur district. His mother, Bhuvaneshwari, is the person behind the growth of their textile business following her husband's early death. Avinashi is her brother-in-law who is money minded and has plans to grab Arul's properties. Arul returns from abroad after graduation and takes charge of all the businesses that were run by his mother. In the meantime, Bhuvaneshwari meets with an accident in the factory and falls into a coma. All the efforts taken by Arul for her treatment are in vain. By chance, he meets a sage at the hospital where his mother is being treated who tells him there is a way to save his mother; The sage advises him to live a 48-day life of a beggar with two conditions; the first being that he shouldn't reveal his real identity and the second being that he shouldn't inform anyone else of this. If he completes it, his mother will have a chance to survive.


title: Pichaikkaran

text: With no other way to save his mother, Arul accepts both conditions and informs his friend Rajesh to look after the business until he returns. Arul travels to Chennai and joins other beggars at a temple, and starts begging. He comes across Magizhini and falls in love with her seeing her charitable personality. Arul recalls that he and his mother had initially decided to approach Magizhini for her hand in marriage through a matrimonial site. Magizhini also encounters Arul later and starts to like his character, not knowing that he is a beggar. Avinashi realises the absence of Arul and tries to take over Arul's business. In a wedding ceremony, Magizhini learns that Arul is a beggar and is angered, thinking Arul has misled her. She still doesn't avoid him as she is impressed more by his good nature. One day Magizhini's mother sees Arul's photo in her laptop and recalls that he is a rich businessman and also she had shared her photos with him through the matrimony website a few months ago. Magizhini is shocked and tries to meet Arul, where she overhears the conversation between Arul and Rajesh, which makes her realise Arul's life as a beggar is to save his mother, and she is impressed by his good nature. Rajesh urges Arul to return, but Arul refuses to come with him. Magizhini decides not to disturb Arul until his life as a beggar is still incomplete.


title: Pichaikkaran

text: Meanwhile, a group of doctors who manage a mental health centre and use the patients for their medical experiments are found by Arul with the help of a beggar who stays there by pretending to be a mentally challenged girl. Knowing this, the doctors hire goons to murder Arul. Arul manages to escape from the goons. On his last day as a beggar, Arul is spotted by Avinashi, and he tries to kill him but accidentally stabs Magizhini, who is then admitted to the hospital. Arul, who is yet to complete his beggar life, is left hopeless as he is unable to pay the hospital expenses for Magizhini, but his beggar friends give him some money to help Arul while Avinashi is arrested by police. Arul gets back to his home after 48 days along with Rajesh to visit his mother and learns that there is no improvement in her health. Arul holds his mother's hands and prays for her recovery. Suddenly he feels his mother's hands moving. After six months, his mother completely recovers, and both Arul and Magizhini get married. In the climax, a beggar begs for money from Arul in front of a temple, but Arul, being busy with a phone call, fails to notice the beggar. Arul's mother gives alms to the beggar and tells Arul that the life of a beggar is so pathetic and they should never hurt them as people like themselves cannot lead a beggar's life even a single day, implying that Arul's mother is unaware of what Arul did.


title: Pichaikkaran

text: Sasi began the production of "Pichaikkaran" in October 2014, and signed on Vijay Antony to feature in the lead role. The pair had earlier worked together in "Dishyum" (2006), in which Vijay Antony had composed the film's music. The team shot a schedule in Pollachi near Everwin Spinning Mills near Achipatty village in January 2015, before moving to Puducherry by June 2015.


title: Pichaikkaran

text: The film's soundtrack album and background score were composed by Vijay Antony in his second collaboration with Sasi after "Dishyum". The soundtrack album consists of seven tracks. The album was released on 7 January 2016. "Behindwoods" rated the album 2.25 out of 5 and noted that "Overall a pretty decent album but it does have a couple of thumping numbers!".


title: Pichaikkaran

text: "Rediff" wrote, "Sasi's Pichaikkaran may have overdosed on action and sentiment but the director manages to portray life from the other side. The humiliation and pain of people we meet and choose to ignore on a daily basis stays with you".


title: Pichaikkaran

text: "Hindustan Times" wrote, "One of the biggest drawbacks of many Indian movies is its lethargic attitude towards perfecting a script – not drawing the line from one point to another with any fair degree of conviction. Pichaikkaran thus ends up as a beggar begging for credibility".


title: Pichaikkaran

text: "Behindwoods" gave it a 3.25/5, saying that "Excessive exaggerations and lack of depth in the dealing make Pichaikkaran not an easy affair".


title: Pichaikkaran

text: "Indiaglitz" gave it a 3.8/5, saying that "[It] makes the right impact as a wholesome entertainer with emotional scenes as his strong base".


title: Pichaikkaran

text: The movie brought in 16 crore in Tamil Nadu and 26.5 crore from the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (under the title "Bichagadu") which declared the film as blockbuster, which makes the worldwide gross collection almost 42.5 crore.


title: Pichaikkaran

text: A sequel titled "Pichaikkaran 2" was announced on 24 July 2020, which is scheduled to be released in 2021. Although the film was not yet released.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: Pierre Alain Ngalani (born July 7, 1977) is a Cameroonian-born Hong Konger mixed martial artist and Muay Thai kickboxer currently signed to ONE Championship, where he competes in the Heavyweight division. He is a four-time Muay Thai World Champion.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: Ngalani started learning Judo at the age of six, following his brothers. He started showing ability early, winning back-to-back junior tournaments in Cameroon and all over Africa. He was influenced by his mother, who loved the sport and wanted her boys to learn discipline and focus their energy positively. As a youth he cut down his judo training in order to study other styles such as Karate (Shotokan, Koshiki and Kyokushin), Kickboxing, Savate, Sanda and Muay Thai. Later he picked up other disciplines like boxing, jiu-jitsu and wrestling in preparation for fighting in MMA competitions. In addition to martial arts, he worked as a bodyguard for VIPs and high-profile personalities in Côte d'Ivoire before immigrating to Hong Kong in 2001.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: While based in Hong Kong, he travelled to Thailand, Japan and Mainland China to win numerous titles. When the "Planet Battle" promotion was formed in 2008, Ngalani became a regular fighter for the organization. After defeating Michael McDonald at "Planet Battle I" in June 2008, he went on to compete in the 8-man tournament at "Planet Battle II" in November 2008. Ngalani, who was ordered by doctors not to fight due to a severely injured right knee, lost to Brian Douwes via knockout with a knee in the quarter-final. He then bounced back by knocking out Eduardo Maiorino at "Planet Battle III" on June 6, 2009. At "Planet Battle IV" on October 7, 2009, Ngalani defeated Bob Sapp via decision, and then on March 26, 2010, he stopped Carter Williams with low kicks at "Planet Battle V".


title: Alain Ngalani

text: Ngalani could not continue after getting knocked down with an alleged punch to the back of his head against Dževad Poturak in 2011. The match was for the IKA Super Heavyweight World Championship and was considered a no contest.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: Alain Ngalani briefly moved back to kickboxing, competing in the ONE Super Series, where he lost to Tarik Khbabez by third-round technical knockout at "" on June 23, 2018. On October 6, 2018 at "", his fight with Andre Meunier ended in a no contest when he was on the receiving end of an accidental low blow.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: On September 13, 2013, Ngalani switched from striking to mixed martial arts, debuting with a 31-second spinning heel kick KO win over Mahmoud Hassan at "".


title: Alain Ngalani

text: However, he went without a win in his next three contests as he lost to Paul Cheng by verbal submission at "" on December 6, 2013.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: On May 30, 2014, Ngalani faced Chi Lewis-Parry at "". The fight ended in a no contest when Lewis-Parry landed an inadvertent groin strike. He lost their rematch at "" by first-round knockout via ground-and-pound elbows.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: Ngalani got back to his winning ways with a first-round TKO win over Igor Subora at "" on November 13, 2015.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: He broke the ONE record for fastest heavyweight knockout when he stopped BJJ and judo black belt Hideki Sekine in 11 seconds at "" on September 16, 2017.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: On November 3, 2017, Ngalani faced Aung La Nsang in the ONE Championship's first-ever openweight superfight at "", where he lost by submission via guillotine choke.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: Ngalani returned to mixed martial arts on March 8, 2019, where he lost to Mauro Cerilli by first-round TKO at "".


title: Alain Ngalani

text: On April 28, 2020, news surfaced that Ngalani was scheduled to face Vitor Belfort, who was making his ONE debut. Their bout never materialized as Belfort parted ways with ONE in June 2021 without ever having fought for the promotion.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: On January 12, 2021, ONE Championship announced that Ngalani would instead face Senegalese wrestling champion Oumar Kane in the latter's promotional debut at "" on January 29, 2021. Ngalani lost by first-round technical knockout.


title: Alain Ngalani

text: Ngalani faced ONE promotional newcomer Thomas Narmo at "" on August 13, 2021. After a groin kick committed by Ngalani, Narmo was unable to continue and the bout was declared a no contest.


title: Dave Madden

text: David Joseph Madden (December 17, 1931 – January 16, 2014) was a Canadian-born American actor. His most famous role came on the 1970s sitcom "The Partridge Family", in which he played the group's manager, Reuben Kincaid, opposite Shirley Jones' character. Madden later had a recurring role as diner customer Earl Hicks on the mid-1970s to mid-1980s sitcom "Alice".


title: Dave Madden

text: Madden was born in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, to Verna (née Burleigh) and Roger Madden. He had three older siblings: Sister Mary Roger (1919–), a practicing nun at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods in Indiana; Richard (1921–?); and Jack (1926–1948). He spent his early childhood in Port Huron, Michigan, and in 1939 was sent to live with his aunt and uncle, Bess and Frank Hoff, in Terre Haute, Indiana, after his father's death and his mother's job keeping her on the road. At age 13, a serious bicycle accident left him immobilized. Madden spent months recuperating, a time during which he took an interest in magic. He later worked magic into his comedy act, which he performed around Terre Haute. He graduated in 1950 from Otter Creek High School, where he served as joke editor of the school paper, writing his own material. Madden spent one semester at Indiana State Teachers College, and in 1951 dropped out to enlist in the United States Air Force. Assigned to Special Services, he was sent to Tripoli, Libya, where he was a hit as an entertainer in camp shows and native theater, even performing before Idris of Libya, the ruler at the time. After the Air Force, Madden attended the University of Miami, where he graduated with a degree in communications in 1959.


title: Dave Madden

text: After two unsuccessful years on the Southern nightclub circuit, Madden travelled to Los Angeles, where a successful opening night at a Beverly Hills nightclub led to a 10-week retention, and a recommendation by patron Frank Sinatra to Ed Sullivan, who signed Madden for three nights on "The Ed Sullivan Show". These appearances led to his first real acting engagement, a spot on "Camp Runamuck", in 1965.


title: Dave Madden

text: Madden first gained national notice as a milk-drinking, confetti-throwing sad sack on "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" from 1968 to 1969. However, he became better known worldwide for his role as Reuben Kincaid, the harried manager/agent for "The Partridge Family" (1970–1974). "Partridge" co-star Danny Bonaduce, whom Madden took into his home during Bonaduce's family's domestic strife, has said that he owes a lot to Madden. In 1976, he appeared in "Eat My Dust!," the first movie developed by Ron Howard.


title: Dave Madden

text: Madden also made guest appearances on other television series, such as "Bewitched", "Happy Days", "The Love Boat", "Barney Miller" (1978, episode: "Eviction", parts 1 and 2) and "Fantasy Island". He had a recurring role on "Alice" as Tommy's basketball coach Earl Hicks, a regular at Mel's Diner.


title: Dave Madden

text: Madden began voicing several characters on Focus on the Family's children's radio drama "Adventures in Odyssey" in the late 1980s. In 1990, he received his own regular character in the curmudgeonly window-washer Bernard Walton, a character he continued to play until 2008.


title: Dave Madden

text: In 1992, he reprised his role of Mr. Kincaid for a sketch on an episode of "The Ben Stiller Show". Two years later, he appeared with Bonaduce in an episode of "Married... with Children".


title: Dave Madden

text: In 1995, Madden appeared on the sitcom "Boy Meets World" in the episode "Rave On". His last guest appearance was on "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", where he played Dr. Egglehoffer along with other former "Laugh-In" cast members.


title: Dave Madden

text: Madden did voice-over work for numerous television and radio commercials, including the Cornick Sister ads for "Denny's" from 1990 to 1993. Madden also narrated the opening title sequence for the FOX sitcom "Herman's Head" during the show's first two seasons.


title: Dave Madden

text: Madden married Nena Arnold in 1975. They had two children – an adopted daughter, Selena; and a son, Peter Michael – before divorcing in 1985.


title: Dave Madden

text: While starring in "The Partridge Family", Madden took an interest in photography. He would bring his camera onto the set to photograph the cast, crew and guest stars. This would become a lifelong hobby for him.


title: Dave Madden

text: A long-time smoker, Madden quit after "The Partridge Family" episode "Each Dawn I Diet" (in which Danny and Reuben make a bet that Reuben can abstain from smoking longer than Danny can from eating "junk" food).


title: Dave Madden

text: According to Madden, he did not get along with Shirley Jones' husband Marty Ingels; Madden and Jones had a limited relationship as a result.


title: Dave Madden

text: Madden befriended many fellow actors over his career, including Jonathan Winters, Alan Young, Pat Morita, Henry Gibson, Dan Rowan, Richard Gautier, Arte Johnson, James Karen and Gary Owens, as well as all of his "Partridge Family" co-stars and the show's creator Bernard Slade. While in retirement, he wrote his autobiography "Reuben on Wry: The Memoirs of Dave Madden".


title: Dave Madden

text: Madden died on January 16, 2014, in Jacksonville, Florida, where he was receiving hospice care, of complications of myelodysplastic syndrome. He was 82.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Nowhere to Run is a 1993 American action drama film directed by Robert Harmon. The film stars Jean-Claude Van Damme, Rosanna Arquette, Kieran Culkin, Ted Levine, and Joss Ackland.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: "Nowhere to Run" was released in the United States on January 15, 1993, by Columbia Pictures. The film was the second collaboration between Van Damme and producer Craig Baumgarten, after "Universal Soldier" (1992).


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: A prison bus flips on the road when it's cut off by a car driven by Billy. He's there to free prisoner Sam Gillen (Jean-Claude Van Damme). They escape in the car but Billy is fatally shot by a guard.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Sam buys some food from a roadside store and camps near a pond. He finds the money from their heist that had landed him in prison in the trunk and listens to a tape recording left by Billy before pushing the car into the pond. That night, Sam sneaks up to a nearby house and sees a woman and her two children inside. He breaks in but is nearly discovered by one of the kids; he takes a salt shaker and leaves. The next night he breaks in again to return it; the boy (named Mike or Mookie) finds Sam's campsite.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Nearby demolition from real estate development disturbs Clydie Anderson, the owner of the home. Corrupt developer Franklin Hale seeks to drive her off the land with the help of his lackey, Mr. Dunston, and the local sheriff, Lonnie Poole, who is seeing her.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: One night, goons attack Clydie and her children, but Sam arrives and fights them off. He claims he is camping and hunting on her land, and Clydie insinuates that he is not welcome, but later offers him shelter in her barn out of gratitude.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Sam also purchases her dead husband's old Triumph Bonneville motorcycle and repairs it with Mookie's help. Later Sam thwarts an attempt by Hale to ruin Clydie's farmland by coating it with oil.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: A town council meeting gets heated when another resident, Tom, refuses to sell his land to Hale. That night, his goons burn down Tom's barn. Mookie (who discovers the fire) awakens Sam; Sam saves Tom and puts out the fire with their water tower before their fuel tanks can ignite, further angering Hale.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Noticing that Clydie is taking a liking to Sam, Lonnie beats him and demands he leave. While tending his wounds, Clydie and Sam have sex. Lonnie continues to grow suspicious of Sam and Clydie's relationship; he finds out Sam is a fugitive and informs Clydie. Sam tells her that he and Billy robbed a bank, but Billy killed a guard defending him. He got caught, while his friend escaped.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Clydie tells him to leave, so Sam returns to his campsite. Hale enlists the sheriff's department to hunt him down, so he leads them on a motorcycle chase and ultimately escapes, but returns to Clydie.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Running out of time and growing desperate, Hale and Dunston go to Clydie's house with guns and force her to sign over the land. Sam arrives just in time to stop them from burning down the house and kills Dunston. The police arrive and arrest Hale (who is holding Clydie at gunpoint).


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Sam allows Lonnie to arrest him, having decided to stop running but promises to return to Clydie and the kids, whom he loves.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Joe Eszterhas wrote the original script with director Richard Marquand, with whom he had made two films. He had originally written the script as more of a serious drama film with action elements however according to Eszterhas "The script was taken and destroyed many years later by Jean-Claude Van Damme as "Nowhere to Run"," said Eszterhas. "It lost its sensitivity, it lost everything. I don't like to remember that movie."


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: The film was the first in a three picture deal between Van Damme and Columbia Pictures. His fee was $3.5 million. Columbia said the film is ”true to his audience and goes beyond his audience."


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: Van Damme later said, "the script was... not that good. The writer told me he was going to fix everything. I was in his house, he shook my hand, he promised me, but he didn't fix it."


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: "Nowhere to Run" opened January 15, 1993, in 1,745 theaters. In its opening weekend, the film made $8,203,255, at #4 behind "Aladdin"'s tenth weekend, "A Few Good Men's" sixth, and "Alive's" first weekend.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: The film finally grossed $22,189,039 in the United States and Canada. The film performed better internationally, grossing $41.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $64 million.


title: Nowhere to Run (1993 film)

text: The film received mostly mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 33% of 24 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.1/10. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. Despite that, the film has a cult following with most fans declaring it as "one of Van Damme's better films".


title: Instrument flight rules

text: In aviation, instrument flight rules (IFR) is one of two sets of regulations governing all aspects of civil aviation aircraft operations; the other is visual flight rules (VFR).


title: Instrument flight rules

text: The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) "Instrument Flying Handbook" defines IFR as: "Rules and regulations established by the FAA to govern flight under conditions in which flight by outside visual reference is not safe. IFR flight depends upon flying by reference to instruments in the flight deck, and navigation is accomplished by reference to electronic signals." It is also a term used by pilots and controllers to indicate the type of flight plan an aircraft is flying, such as an IFR or VFR flight plan.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: It is possible and fairly straightforward, in relatively clear weather conditions, to fly an aircraft solely by reference to outside visual cues, such as the horizon to maintain orientation, nearby buildings and terrain features for navigation, and other aircraft to maintain separation. This is known as operating the aircraft under visual flight rules (VFR), and is the most common mode of operation for small aircraft. However, it is safe to fly VFR only when these outside references can be clearly seen from a sufficient distance. When flying through or above clouds, or in fog, rain, dust or similar low-level weather conditions, these references can be obscured. Thus, cloud ceiling and flight visibility are the most important variables for safe operations during all phases of flight.<ref name="NASA/CR-2000-210288">


title: Instrument flight rules

text: </ref> The minimum weather conditions for ceiling and visibility for VFR flights are defined in FAR Part 91.155, and vary depending on the type of airspace in which the aircraft is operating, and on whether the flight is conducted during daytime or nighttime. However, typical daytime VFR minimums for most airspace is 3 statute miles of flight visibility and a distance from clouds of 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, and 2,000 feet horizontally. Flight conditions reported as equal to or greater than these VFR minimums are referred to as visual meteorological conditions (VMC).


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Any aircraft operating under VFR must have the required equipment on board, as described in FAR Part 91.205 (which includes some instruments necessary for IFR flight). VFR pilots "may" use cockpit instruments as secondary aids to navigation and orientation, but are not required to; the view outside of the aircraft is the primary source for keeping the aircraft straight and level (orientation), flying to the intended destination (navigation), and avoiding obstacles and hazards (separation).


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Visual flight rules are generally simpler than instrument flight rules, and require significantly less training and practice. VFR provides a great degree of freedom, allowing pilots to go where they want, when they want, and allows them a much wider latitude in determining how they get there.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: When operation of an aircraft under VFR is not safe, because the visual cues outside the aircraft are obscured by weather, instrument flight rules must be used instead. IFR permits an aircraft to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), which is essentially any weather condition less than VMC but in which aircraft can still operate safely. Use of instrument flight rules is also required when flying in "Class A" airspace regardless of weather conditions. Class A airspace extends from 18,000 feet above mean sea level to flight level 600 (60,000 feet pressure altitude) above the contiguous 48 United States and overlying the waters within 12 miles thereof. Flight in Class A airspace requires pilots and aircraft to be instrument equipped and rated and to be operating under instrument flight rules (IFR). In many countries commercial airliners and their pilots must operate under IFR as the majority of flights enter Class A airspace. Procedures and training are significantly more complex compared to VFR instruction, as a pilot must demonstrate competency in conducting an entire cross-country flight solely by reference to instruments.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Instrument pilots must meticulously evaluate weather, create a detailed flight plan based around specific instrument departure, en route, and arrival procedures, and dispatch the flight.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: The distance by which an aircraft avoids obstacles or other aircraft is termed "separation". The most important concept of IFR flying is that separation is maintained regardless of weather conditions. In controlled airspace, air traffic control (ATC) separates IFR aircraft from obstacles and other aircraft using a flight "clearance" based on route, time, distance, speed, and altitude. ATC monitors IFR flights on radar, or through aircraft position reports in areas where radar coverage is not available. Aircraft position reports are sent as voice radio transmissions. In the United States, a flight operating under IFR is required to provide position reports unless ATC advises a pilot that the plane is in radar contact. The pilot must resume position reports after ATC advises that radar contact has been lost, or that radar services are terminated.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: IFR flights in controlled airspace require an ATC "clearance" for each part of the flight. A clearance always specifies a "clearance limit", which is the farthest the aircraft can fly without a new clearance. In addition, a clearance typically provides a heading or route to follow, altitude, and communication parameters, such as frequencies and transponder codes.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: In uncontrolled airspace, ATC clearances are unavailable. In some states a form of separation is provided to certain aircraft in uncontrolled airspace as far as is practical (often known under ICAO as an advisory service in class G airspace), but separation is not mandated nor widely provided.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Despite the protection offered by flight in controlled airspace under IFR, the ultimate responsibility for the safety of the aircraft rests with the pilot in command, who can refuse clearances.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: It is essential to differentiate between flight plan type (VFR or IFR) and weather conditions (VMC or IMC). While current and forecast weather may be a factor in deciding which type of flight plan to file, weather conditions themselves do not affect one's filed flight plan. For example, an IFR flight that encounters visual meteorological conditions (VMC) en route does not automatically change to a VFR flight, and the flight must still follow all IFR procedures regardless of weather conditions. In the US, weather conditions are forecast broadly as VFR, MVFR (marginal visual flight rules), IFR, or LIFR (low instrument flight rules).


title: Instrument flight rules

text: The main purpose of IFR is the safe operation of aircraft in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The weather is considered to be MVFR or IMC when it does not meet the minimum requirements for visual meteorological conditions (VMC). To operate safely in IMC ("actual instrument conditions"), a pilot controls the aircraft relying on flight instruments and ATC provides separation.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: It is important not to confuse IFR with IMC. A significant amount of IFR flying is conducted in visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Anytime a flight is operating in VMC and in a volume of airspace in which VFR traffic can operate, the crew is responsible for seeing and avoiding VFR traffic; however, because the flight is conducted under instrument flight rules, ATC still provides separation services from other IFR traffic, and can in many cases also advise the crew of the location of VFR traffic near the flight path.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Although dangerous and illegal, a certain amount of VFR flying is conducted in IMC. A scenario is a VFR pilot taking off in VMC conditions, but encountering deteriorating visibility while en route. Continued VFR flight into IMC can lead to spatial disorientation of the pilot which is the cause of a significant number of general aviation crashes. VFR flight into IMC is distinct from "VFR-on-top", an IFR procedure in which the aircraft operates in VMC using a hybrid of VFR and IFR rules, and "VFR over the top", a VFR procedure in which the aircraft takes off and lands in VMC but flies above an intervening area of IMC. Also possible in many countries is "Special VFR" flight, where an aircraft is explicitly granted permission to operate VFR within the controlled airspace of an airport in conditions technically less than VMC; the pilot asserts they have the necessary visibility to fly despite the weather, must stay in contact with ATC, and cannot leave controlled airspace while still below VMC minimums.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: During flight under IFR, there are no visibility requirements, so flying through clouds (or other conditions where there is zero visibility outside the aircraft) is legal and safe. However, there are still minimum weather conditions that must be present in order for the aircraft to take off or to land; these vary according to the kind of operation, the type of navigation aids available, the location and height of terrain and obstructions in the vicinity of the airport, equipment on the aircraft, and the qualifications of the crew. For example, Reno-Tahoe International Airport (KRNO) in a mountainous region has significantly different instrument approaches for aircraft landing on the same runway surface, but from opposite directions. Aircraft approaching from the north must make visual contact with the airport at a higher altitude than when approaching from the south because of rapidly rising terrain south of the airport. This higher altitude allows a flight crew to clear the obstacle if a landing is aborted. In general, each specific instrument approach specifies the minimum weather conditions to permit landing.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Although large airliners, and increasingly, smaller aircraft, carry their own terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS), these are primarily backup systems providing a last layer of defense if a sequence of errors or omissions causes a dangerous situation.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Because IFR flights often take place without visual reference to the ground, a means of navigation other than looking outside the window is required. A number of navigational aids are available to pilots, including ground-based systems such as DME/VORs and NDBs as well as the satellite-based GPS/GNSS system. Air traffic control may assist in navigation by assigning pilots specific headings ("radar vectors"). The majority of IFR navigation is given by ground- and satellite-based systems, while radar vectors are usually reserved by ATC for sequencing aircraft for a busy approach or transitioning aircraft from takeoff to cruise, among other things.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Specific procedures allow IFR aircraft to transition safely through every stage of flight. These procedures specify how an IFR pilot should respond, even in the event of a complete radio failure, and loss of communications with ATC, including the expected aircraft course and altitude.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Departures are described in an IFR clearance issued by ATC prior to takeoff. The departure clearance may contain an assigned heading, one or more waypoints, and an initial altitude to fly. The clearance can also specify a departure procedure (DP) or standard instrument departure (SID) that should be followed unless "NO DP" is specified in the notes section of the filed flight plan.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: En route flight is described by IFR charts showing navigation aids, fixes, and standard routes called "airways". Aircraft with appropriate navigational equipment such as GPS, are also often cleared for a "direct-to" routing, where only the destination, or a few navigational waypoints are used to describe the route that the flight will follow. ATC will assign altitudes in its initial clearance or amendments thereto, and navigational charts indicate minimum safe altitudes for airways.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: The approach portion of an IFR flight may begin with a standard terminal arrival route (STAR), describing common routes to fly to arrive at an initial approach fix (IAF) from which an instrument approach commences.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: An instrument approach terminates either by the pilot acquiring sufficient visual reference to proceed to the runway, or with a missed approach because the required visual reference is not seen in time.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: To fly under IFR, a pilot must have an instrument rating and must be "current" (meet recency of experience requirements).


title: Instrument flight rules

text: In the United States, to file and fly under IFR, a pilot must be instrument-rated and, within the preceding six months, have flown six instrument approaches, as well as holding procedures and course interception and tracking with navaids. Flight under IFR beyond six months after meeting these requirements is not permitted; however, currency may be reestablished within the next six months by completing the requirements above. Beyond the twelfth month, examination ("instrument proficiency check") by an instructor is required.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: Practicing instrument approaches can be done either in the instrument meteorological conditions or in visual meteorological conditions – in the latter case, a safety pilot is required so that the pilot practicing instrument approaches can wear a view-limiting device which restricts his field of view to the instrument panel. A safety pilot's primary duty is to observe and avoid other traffic.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: In the UK, an IR (UK restricted) - formerly the "IMC rating" - which permits flight under IFR in airspace classes B to G in instrument meteorological conditions, a non-instrument-rated pilot can also elect to fly under IFR in visual meteorological conditions outside controlled airspace. Compared to the rest of the world, the UK's flight crew licensing regime is somewhat unusual in its licensing for meteorological conditions and airspace, rather than flight rules.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: The aircraft must be equipped and type-certified for instrument flight, and the related navigational equipment must have been inspected or tested within a specific period of time prior to the instrument flight.


title: Instrument flight rules

text: In the United States, instruments required for IFR flight in addition to those that are required for VFR flight are: heading indicator, sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure, clock with a sweep-second pointer or digital equivalent, attitude indicator, radios and suitable avionics for the route to be flown, alternator or generator, gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator that is either a turn coordinator or the turn and bank indicator. From 1999 single-engine helicopters could not be FAA-certified for IFR. Recently, however, Bell and Leonardo have certified the single engine helicopters for instrument flight rules.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: Joy Elizabeth Williams (born November 14, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter. The winner of four Grammy Awards, Williams has released five solo albums and four EPs since her self-titled debut in 2001. She was half of the Civil Wars duo from 2009 until 2014.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: Williams was born in West Branch, Michigan, but raised in a Christian home in Mount Hermon in Santa Cruz County, California, where her parents worked in ministry. She attended Valley Christian High School in San Jose and graduated as the class valedictorian in 2001.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: In addition to singing in church, Williams began writing faith-based pop songs while living in Santa Cruz. At 17, she was signed by Reunion Records, a subsidiary of Sony/BMG based in Brentwood, Tennessee.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: Between 2001 and 2005, Williams was nominated for 11 Dove Awards, and the three records she released on Reunion cumulatively sold more than 250,000 copies. In 2005, she left the label to expand her musical horizons.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: Williams traveled to Europe, worked briefly at "Paste Magazine" and then at a Nashville boutique. In 2006, she signed a publishing deal with Warner/Chappell music, and in 2008 she co-founded an artist development firm, Sensibility Music, as a vehicle for her career development. That same year Oscar Mayer selected her song "It Doesn't Get Better Than This" for a 2008 marketing campaign. Williams subsequently released three EPs through Sensibility Music. The songs "Charmed Life", "Speaking a Dead Language", and "Sunny Day", were featured on the TV show "Grey's Anatomy".


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: In 2008, Williams attended a writing camp in Nashville, where she met John Paul White. They formed the folk rock duo The Civil Wars in 2009 and released their breakthrough album, "Barton Hollow", in 2011. The album was widely praised by critics and went on to sell more than 650,000 copies in the U.S. White and Williams won four Grammy Awards as The Civil Wars.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: The duo announced an indefinite hiatus in November 2012, prior to the release of their 2013 self-titled album. The duo was officially dissolved in August 2014 and in March 2015, Williams said her last conversation with White was after their Roundhouse show in London in November 2012.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: Late in 2013, Williams collaborated with Chris Cornell on the song "Misery Chain", which they performed on "Late Show with David Letterman". She also collaborated with Matt Berninger from The National on "Hush", the theme song for "". Williams and Hayley Williams (no relation) of the rock band Paramore collaborated on a new version of Paramore's "Hate to See Your Heart Break".


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: Williams began working on a solo album, "Venus", in 2014, ultimately releasing the record the following year.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: Williams made her acting debut in 2016 in an episode of "Roadies" and her recording of The Chainsmokers' "Don't Let Me Down" was used for a State Farm commercial in 2017.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: In 2018, while pregnant with her second child, Williams recorded fifteen songs in a five-day period; of those fifteen songs, twelve were included on her Kenneth Pattengale-produced album, "Front Porch", released on May 3, 2019.


title: Joy Williams (singer)

text: On June 12, 2004, Williams married Nate Yetton. Williams and Yetton have a son, Miles Alexander, born June 30, 2012; and a daughter, Poppy Louise, born August 6, 2018. In an interview with "Pop Matters", Williams stated that she and her husband had "decided to part ways" in early 2019.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Quentin Dupieux (, born 14 April 1974), also known by his musical stage name Mr. Oizo (), is a French filmmaker, electronic musician, and DJ.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Dupieux has directed numerous films including; "Rubber" (2010), "Wrong" (2012), "Wrong Cops" (2013), and "Reality" (2014), shot in the United States and began making films in France in 2018. Since then, he has released "Keep an Eye Out!" (2018), "Deerskin" (2019), and "Mandibles" (2020) which have been entirely filmed and produced in France.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Under the pseudonym Mr. Oizo, he is best known for his 1999 single "Flat Beat". His pseudonym is a corruption of the French , meaning "bird". He is signed to F Communications, Ed Banger Records and Brainfeeder.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Quentin Dupieux was born on 14 April 1974 in Paris. At the age of 18, he found a camera and started taking photographs. At 19, he began to play music to illustrate his images, and he bought his first synthesizer. In 1997, Laurent Garnier of the record label FCom bought a car from Mr. Oizo's father. Garnier then found out about Dupieux's talents and let him direct the music video for his song "Flashback". Later, Dupieux was signed to FCom, which he released his first EP, "#1".


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Dupieux released "Flat Beat" in January 1999, a track consisting mainly of a repeated bass loop and a drum sample from "Put Your Love in My Tender Care" by The Fatback Band. In an interview with "XLR8R" magazine, Dupieux stated that it took him only two hours with a Korg MS-20 to produce. Flat Beat became a hit throughout Europe in 1999, becoming the best-known Mr. Oizo release. The track was featured in a series of Levi's jeans TV commercials, which featured a yellow puppet named Flat Eric nodding his head to the rhythm while riding in an old, beat-up Chevelle. Flat Eric was also featured in the song's music video. The "Flat Beat EP" has sold over three million copies. The song reached number 1 in the UK.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: After "Flat Beat", Oizo spent two months creating his first full album, "Analog Worms Attack", which was released in 1999. The album's name was derived from the album's production – it was composed entirely using analog equipment. The record scratching effects were provided by Mr. Oizo's friend Feadz. "Flat Beat" appeared as a bonus track after the five minutes of silence following the final track "Analog Wormz Sequel". There are a total of three singles off of this album. A version of "No Day Massacre" without any record scratching exists on the Flat Beat EP, titled "Monday Massacre".


title: Mr. Oizo

text: "Moustache (Half a Scissor)" was Mr. Oizo's second studio album. Released in 2005, the album was composed exclusively using computers as he had by that time decided to eschew the use of analog equipment. The extensive time it took to remodel his studio and master the use of computers in composing electronic music is cited as the reason for the long hiatus between "Analog Worms Attack" and "Moustache (Half a Scissor)". Before its public release, a promo CD was released onto the internet featuring three tracks not on the original release: "CPU", "Nazis", and "A Nun".


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Some songs on the promo differ from the released album versions. For example, "Nurse Bob" is much longer on the final release whilst the promo version splices vocal samples into a much shorter version. This is his only album not to have its debut release on vinyl; in January 2011 it was released through Brainfeeder.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Mr. Oizo's first EP released on Ed Banger Records is called "Transexual / Patrick122". The EP features the track "Patrick122", which is a re-working of the 1979 disco track "Do It at the Disco" by Gary's Gang. The track appeared on Mr. Oizo's MySpace page in 2006 under the title "Patrick122".


title: Mr. Oizo

text: On 16 October 2008 his MySpace page had another video appear: a promo for his upcoming album, "Lambs Anger". The first single off the Record was "Positif", which was released 3 days after "Lambs Anger". On 15 March 2009 the second single off the album was released, "Pourriture", whose EP features some reworked titles by Oizo himself and a remix of Erreurjean by Arveene and Misk.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: "Lambs Anger" is Mr. Oizo's first studio album released by Ed Banger Records, the label he chose after his split with F Communications, who notoriously referred to "Moustache (Half a Scissor)" as "unlistenable". "Positif", "Two Takes It" (featuring Carmen Castro) and "Pourriture" were chosen as the album's singles. It also includes a track, "Steroids", which features the label-mate Uffie. "Two Takes It" is a cover of the song "It Takes Two" by Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock and "Gay Dentists" contains samples of "Let's Start the Dance" by Hamilton Bohannon.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Mr. Oizo and Uffie first collaborated on her second single, "Ready to Uff", in 2006. Since then he has produced the following tracks for Uffie: "Dismissed", "Hot Chick", "First Love" (which charted at number 18 in Belgium), "Steroids" and "MCs Can Kiss".


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Mr. Oizo provided both production work and songwriting for Uffie's 2010 debut album, "Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans". He worked alongside Feadz, SebastiAn, Mirwais, J-Mat and Uffie to produce and write the album. He produced the first single from the album, "MCs Can Kiss", which peaked at number 48 in Japan and 97 in France. He also produced the tracks "Art of Uff", "First Love", "Our Song" and "Neuneu".


title: Mr. Oizo

text: In 2014, Mr. Oizo released the album "The Church", which contains 10 tracks and a single collaboration with Bart B More on the track "Dry Run". Unlike his previous albums, this album was released by Brainfeeder because of his activity at the time in the United States.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Two years later, he released the album "All Wet" on Ed Banger Records. The album contains collaborations with Boys Noize, Phra, Siriusmo, Mocky, Peaches, Charli XCX and Skrillex on the track "End of the World", which is also the lead single of the album.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: In his early years, Mr. Oizo used a Korg MS-20, a Roland TR-606, an Akai S1000, and a demo of Cakewalk. Mr. Oizo is known currently for strong use of computers in his music. As he stated in an interview with "XLR8R", he started using computers to avoid having to plug in four different appliances, and because the result of music is more or less the same. His first album to switch to all computers was "Moustache (Half a Scissor)". In "Lambs Anger", Mr. Oizo used a Macintosh G5 running Logic Pro to compose all of the songs. During his DJ sets, he uses two CDJs.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Dupieux created a number of music videos and feature films, starting with the 1997 music video "Kirk". He not only directs his productions, he is usually also writer, editor, composer and cinematographer.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: His first film, "Nonfilm", starring Vincent Belorgey (Kavinsky) and Sébastien Tellier, released in 2001.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Dupieux's second feature film "Steak" was released in France on 20 June 2007. The cast is composed of Éric Judor, Ramzy Bedia, Jonathan Lambert, Vincent Belorgey and Sebastian Akchoté (SebastiAn), with an original soundtrack signed Dupieux himself, Sébastien Tellier and SebastiAn. The film ended up being a box-office bomb and this is the only film by Dupieux that has not been distributed internationally. According to Dupieux, the film was presented as a "popular comedy" by StudioCanal, the audience expected to see a comedy by Éric and Ramzy and he was disappointed, hence the reason for this flop in the theaters. Dupieux also directed opening credits of the adult animated series "", created by Éric and Ramzy, broadcast on Canal+ the same year.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Filming for the absurdist horror film "Rubber" began in 2009. The electronic music duo Justice stated that they would be working on the soundtrack for "Rubber", saying they had to 'finish working on the soundtrack for Mr. Oizo's new film before we start recording for the new album'. However, only Gaspard Augé of the duo collaborated with Dupieux on the soundtrack. In the United States, the film was released simultaneously through streaming and limited theatrical engagements.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: The comedy "Wrong Cops" was produced by Realitism Films, who describe it as "a filthy 90 minute comedy about some disturbed cops. It is not a sequel to "Wrong"." The first thirteen-minute chapter of the film premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Dupieux returned in 2014 with the surreal comedy "Reality", starring Alain Chabat, distributed in the US by IFC Midnight. The film premiered in the Horizons section at the 71st Venice International Film Festival on 28 August 2014.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: In 2018, his first film shot in France, "Keep an Eye Out!" (original title: "Au poste!"), starring Benoît Poelvoorde and , released in theaters. The film's story involves a "commissaire de police" (Poelvoorde) and a suspect (Ludig) in an interrogation room. For this film, Dupieux was indirectly inspired by the film "Le Magnifique", starring Jean-Paul Belmondo, and some press reviews have compared the film to "Buffet froid" by Bertrand Blier.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: In 2019, Dupieux returned with "Deerskin" (original title: "Le daim"), starring Jean Dujardin and Adèle Haenel. The film was presented as opening film at the Directors' Fortnight at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: His film "Mandibles" (original title: "Mandibules"), starring and , the two members of the duo , released on 19 May 2021 in French theaters. It was screened out of competition at the 77th Venice International Film Festival on 5 September 2020. Following the critical success of the film at the Venice International Film Festival, Magnolia Pictures acquired distribution rights for the United States.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: His next film, entitled "Incroyable mais vrai", starring Alain Chabat and Anaïs Demoustier, who respectively played in his previous films "Reality" and "Au poste!", will be released in 2022. The cast is also composed of Léa Drucker and Benoît Magimel.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: He currently lives with his partner Joan Le Boru, who is the chief decorator and artistic director of his films. They have several children together.


title: Mr. Oizo

text: Dupieux was promoted to "Officier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres" on 12 March 2019 by the Ministry of Culture.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: João Miranda de Souza Filho (born 7 September 1984), known as Miranda, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Having begun his career at Coritiba, Miranda spent the 2005–06 season with Sochaux in France before returning to Brazil to play for São Paulo. He won three consecutive Campeonato Brasileiro Série A titles, and was named in the Team of the Year four consecutive times from 2007 to 2010. In 2011, he joined Atlético Madrid, where he won domestic and European honours, leaving for Inter for €15 million four years later.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Miranda made his full international debut for Brazil in 2009 and was a member of the squad which won the Confederations Cup that year. He also played at three Copa América tournaments and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, captaining Brazil at the Copa América Centenario in 2016 and winning the 2019 Copa América.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Born in Paranavaí, Paraná, Miranda started at Coritiba, where he made 89 appearances and scored 6 goals. On 29 July 2005, Miranda signed a four-year deal with French side Sochaux. Miranda made twenty appearances for Sochaux as the club finished mid-table but he was not able to settle in France and soon moved back to his home country.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Miranda returned to Brazil in August 2006, on loan to São Paulo FC. In March 2007, he signed with São Paulo FC until 2011. In the same year, São Paulo won the 2006 Campeonato Brasileiro. He went on to win the 2007 and the 2008 editions of the Campeonato Brasileiro also, even being selected for the "Team of the Year" in both 2007 and 2008 respectively. While São Paulo failed to win any more national titles during Miranda's stay with the club, his individual performances did not go unheralded, as he was included in a further two "Team of the Year" squads in 2009 and 2010.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Miranda joined Spanish side Atlético Madrid in July 2011 upon signing a three-year pre-contractual agreement in January 2011 with Atlético after deciding not to renew his contract with São Paulo which was due to expire in July 2011. Miranda made his competitive debut for his new club on 25 August 2011 in a 4–0 thumping of Portuguese side Vitória S.C. in the second leg of their Europa League playoff round tie. Miranda made his La Liga debut on 10 September in a 1–0 loss to Valencia CF, Roberto Soldado scoring the game's only goal.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: The Brazilian defender scored his first goal for the capital club against Granada CF on 11 March 2012, converting a pass from Diego Godín to a goal in the top left corner of the net, pushing the club to a 2–0 league victory. On 8 April, Miranda put in an underwhelming display against fellow Champions League chasing club Levante UD, letting Arouna Koné in for Levante's second goal in the tenth minute and then picking up a red card with seven minutes left; Atlético lost the game 2–0 and Levante moved up to fourth place. His first European goal for the club came later that month against Spanish opposition, scoring Atlético's second goal in an eventual 4–2 first-leg win against Valencia in the semi-finals of their Europa League encounter on 19 April.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Miranda scored Atlético's third goal in their 4–1 UEFA Super Cup thrashing of European Champions Chelsea on 31 August 2012. On 12 March 2013, Miranda renewed his contract with Madrid, keeping him in Spain until 2016. In the Copa del Rey final on 17 May, Miranda provided the match-winner, scoring a header in added time of extra time to give Atlético a 2–1 victory over Real Madrid. This ended a streak of 25 games, stretching back to 1999, without a win against their city rivals.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: After helping Atlético to their first league title in 17 years, Miranda was nominated in 2014 as the best defender in La Liga, alongside teammate Filipe Luís and Real Madrid's Sergio Ramos.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: On 30 June 2015, Serie A club Inter Milan announced that they had signed Miranda on a two-year loan, for €4 million, with an obligation to sign outright for an additional €11 million on 1 July 2017, with conditions that would push the date even earlier. The obligation was activated after Miranda's 2016–17 season debut for Inter on 20 July.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Miranda made his Inter debut on 23 August as they began the season with a 1–0 home win over Atalanta. He played 32 games over the campaign, scoring once in a 3–1 victory against Sampdoria at the San Siro on 20 February 2016. He was also sent off twice in his first year with the "Nerazzurri", the first coming on 27 September 2015 for a foul on Nikola Kalinić in a 4–1 home loss to Fiorentina that ended Inter's unbeaten start.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: On 26 July 2019 it was announced that Miranda's contract with Inter was terminated by a mutual consent. Inter also announced that he was set to join Chinese club Jiangsu Suning. However, on 28 February 2021, Jiangsu announced that the club would be dissolved, and because of that, all players contracted to the club would be released, including Miranda.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: In 6 March 2021, before the derby against Santos at the Campeonato Paulista, São Paulo president Julio Casares confirmed the return of Miranda on a free transfer after days of negotiations. He signed a 1 year and 8 month contract.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: On 20 August 2007, Miranda received his first call-up to the national team, along with Thiago Silva, as a replacement for Lúcio and Luisão in a friendly match against Algeria. However, he did not make his debut as he was only an unused substitute during the match. More than a year later, Miranda made his first international appearance for Brazil in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Peru on 1 April 2009. He came on as a substitute for Luisão who was injured during the game.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Miranda was part of the Brazil squad which won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa. He replaced Kléber at left-back for the second group game against the United States in Pretoria, but he saw himself replaced in the third match by André Santos, who remained in the position for the rest of the tournament.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: In January 2013, Miranda was called up for Brazil for the first time since 2009 ahead of a friendly against England; it was the first squad for Luiz Felipe Scolari's return as manager. He was one of seven players put on standby for Brazil's 2014 FIFA World Cup team.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Under new coach Dunga, Miranda became a regular starter in the Brazilian defence, replacing former captain Thiago Silva as David Luiz's central defensive partner. In May 2015, he was included in Brazil's 23-man squad for the 2015 Copa América held in Chile. On 21 June, he replaced the suspended Neymar as captain of the "Seleção" in a 2–1 win against Venezuela.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: In May 2016, Miranda was named as Brazil's captain for the Copa América Centenario in the United States, which ultimately ended in a group stage exit.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: Miranda scored his first international goal on 6 September 2016, in the second minute of a 2–1 win over Colombia in a World Cup qualifying match played in Manaus. In May 2018 manager Tite named him in the final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, where he played as a starter in the five matches played by Brazil, which was eliminated in the quarterfinals.


title: Miranda (footballer, born 1984)

text: In May 2019, Miranda was included in Brazil's 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil. He made his only appearance in the competition in Brazil's 2–0 victory over rivals Argentina in the semi-finals of the competition on 2 July, coming on as a second-half substitute for Marquinhos. Brazil subsequently went on to win the title following a 3–1 win over Peru in the final on 7 July, at the Maracanã Stadium.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber", commonly referred to as the Google memo, is an internal memo, dated July 2017, by US-based Google engineer James Damore () about Google's culture and diversity policies. The memo and Google's subsequent dismissal of Damore in August 2017 became a subject of interest for the media. Damore's arguments received both praise and criticism from media outlets, scientists, academics and others.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: The company fired Damore for violation of the company's code of conduct. Damore filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board, but later withdrew this complaint. A lawyer with the NLRB wrote that his firing was proper. After withdrawing this complaint, Damore filed a class action lawsuit, retaining the services of attorney Harmeet Dhillon, alleging that Google was discriminating against conservatives, whites, Asians, and men. Damore withdrew his claims in the lawsuit to pursue arbitration against Google.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: James Damore was spurred to write the memo when a Google diversity program he attended solicited feedback. The memo was written on a flight to China. Calling the culture at Google an "ideological echo chamber", the memo states that, whereas discrimination exists, it is extreme to ascribe all disparities to oppression, and it is authoritarian to try to correct disparities through reverse discrimination. Instead, the memo argues that male to female disparities can be partly explained by biological differences. Alluding to the work of Simon Baron-Cohen, Damore said that those differences include women generally having a stronger interest in people rather than things, and tending to be more social, artistic, and prone to neuroticism (a higher-order personality trait). Damore's memorandum also suggests ways to adapt the tech workplace to those differences to increase women's representation and comfort, without resorting to discrimination.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: The memo is dated July 2017 and was originally shared on an internal mailing list. It was later updated with a preface affirming the author's opposition to workplace sexism and stereotyping. On August 5, a version of the memo (omitting sources and graphs) was published by Gizmodo. The memo's publication resulted in controversy across social media, and in public criticism of the memo and its author from some Google employees. According to "Wired", Google's internal forums showed some support for Damore, who said he received private thanks from employees who were afraid to come forward.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Damore was fired remotely by Google on August 7, 2017. The same day, prior to being fired, Damore filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board (case no. 32-CA-203891). The complaint is marked as "8(a)(1) Coercive Statements (Threats, Promises of Benefits, etc.)". A subsequent statement from Google asserted that its executives were unaware of the complaint when they fired Damore; it is illegal to fire an employee in retaliation for an NLRB complaint. Following his firing, Damore announced he would pursue legal action against Google.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Google's VP of Diversity, Danielle Brown, responded to the memo on August 8: "Part of building an open, inclusive environment means fostering a culture in which those with alternative views, including different political views, feel safe sharing their opinions. But that discourse needs to work alongside the principles of equal employment found in our Code of Conduct, policies, and anti-discrimination laws". Google's CEO Sundar Pichai wrote a note to Google employees, supporting Brown's formal response, and adding that much of the document was fair to debate. His explanation read "to suggest a group of our colleagues have traits that make them less biologically suited to that work is offensive and not OK ... At the same time, there are co-workers who are questioning whether they can safely express their views in the workplace (especially those with a minority viewpoint). They too feel under threat, and that is also not OK." Unauthorized ads criticizing Pichai and Google for the firing were put up shortly after. Damore characterized the response by Google executives as having "shamed" him for his views. CNN described the fallout as "perhaps the biggest setback to what has been a foundational premise for [Google] employees: the freedom to speak up about anything and everything".


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Damore gave interviews to "Bloomberg Technology" and to the YouTube channels of Canadian professor Jordan Peterson and podcaster Stefan Molyneux. Damore stated that he wanted his first interviews to be with media who were not hostile. He wrote an op-ed in "The Wall Street Journal", detailing the history of the memo and Google's reaction, followed by interviews with "Reason", Reddit's "IAmA" section, CNN, CNBC, "Business Insider", Joe Rogan, Dave Rubin, Milo Yiannopoulos, and Ben Shapiro.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: In response to the memo, Google's CEO planned an internal "town hall" meeting, fielding questions from employees on inclusivity. The meeting was cancelled a short time before it was due to start, over safety concerns as "our Dory questions appeared externally this afternoon, and on some websites, Googlers are now being named personally". Outlets found to be posting these names, with pictures, included 4chan, "Breitbart News", and Milo Yiannopoulos' blog. Danielle Brown, Google's VP for diversity, was harassed online, and temporarily disabled her Twitter account.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Damore withdrew his complaint with the National Labor Relations Board before the board released any official findings. However, shortly before the withdrawal, an internal NLRB memo found that his firing was legal. The memo, which was not released publicly until February 2018, said that, whereas the law shielded him from being fired solely for criticizing Google, it did not protect discriminatory statements, that his memo's "statements regarding biological differences between the sexes were so harmful, discriminatory, and disruptive as to be unprotected", and that these "discriminatory statements", not his criticisms of Google, were the reason for his firing.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: After withdrawing his complaint with the National Labor Relations Board, Damore and another ex-Google employee instead shifted focus to a class action lawsuit accusing Google of various forms of discrimination against conservatives, white people, and men. In October 2018, Damore and the other former Google employee dismissed their claims in the lawsuit, in order to pursue private arbitration against Google. Another engineer, Tim Chevalier, later filed a lawsuit against Google claiming that he was terminated in part for criticizing Damore's memo on Google's internal message boards.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Responses from scientists who study gender and psychology reflected the controversial nature of the science Damore cited.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Some commentators in the academic community said Damore had understood the science correctly, such as Debra W. Soh, a columnist and psychologist; Jordan Peterson, professor of psychology at the University of Toronto; Lee Jussim, a professor of social psychology at Rutgers University; and Geoffrey Miller, an evolutionary psychology professor at University of New Mexico.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Others said that he had got the science wrong and relied on data that was suspect, outdated, irrelevant, or otherwise flawed; these included Gina Rippon, chair of cognitive brain imaging at Aston University; evolutionary biologist Suzanne Sadedin; and Rosalind Barnett, a psychologist at Brandeis University.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: David P. Schmitt, former professor of psychology at Bradley University, said that while some sex differences are "small to moderate" in size and not relevant to occupational performance at Google, "culturally universal sex differences in personal values and certain cognitive abilities are a bit larger in size, and sex differences in occupational interests are quite large. It seems likely these culturally universal and biologically-linked sex differences play some role in the gendered hiring patterns of Google employees."


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: British journalist Angela Saini said that Damore failed to understand the research he cited, while American journalist John Horgan criticized the track record of evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics. Columnist for "The Guardian" Owen Jones said that the memo was "guff dressed up with pseudo-scientific jargon" and cited a former Google employee saying that it failed to show the desired qualities of an engineer.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Alice H. Eagly, professor of psychology at Northwestern University, wrote "As a social scientist who’s been conducting psychological research about sex and gender for almost 50 years, I agree that biological differences between the sexes likely are part of the reason we see fewer women than men in the ranks of Silicon Valley’s tech workers. But the road between biology and employment is long and bumpy, and any causal connection does not rule out the relevance of nonbiological causes."


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Prior to his interview with Damore, Steve Kovach interviewed a female Google employee for "Business Insider" who said she objected to the memo, saying it lumped all women together, and that it came across as a personal attack. "Business Insider" also reported that several women were preparing to leave Google by interviewing for other jobs. Within Google, the memo sparked discussions among staff, some of whom believe they were disciplined or fired for their comments supporting diversity or for criticizing Damore's beliefs.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: In addition to Sheryl Sandberg, who linked to scientific counterarguments, a number of other women in technology condemned the memorandum, including Megan Smith, a former Google vice president. Susan Wojcicki, CEO of YouTube, wrote an editorial in which she described feeling devastated about the potential effect of the memo on young women. Laurie Leshin, president of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, said that she was heartened by the backlash against the memo, which gave her hope that things were changing. Kara Swisher of "Recode" criticized the memo as sexist; Cynthia B. Lee, a computer science lecturer at Stanford University stated that there is ample evidence for bias in tech and that correcting this was more important than whether biological differences might account for a proportion of the numerical imbalances in Google and in technology.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Cathy Young in "USA Today" said that while the memo had legitimate points, it mischaracterized some sex differences as being universal, while Google's reaction to the memo was harmful since it fed into arguments that men are oppressed in modern workplaces. Libertarian author Megan McArdle, writing for "Bloomberg View", said that Damore's claims about differing levels of interest between the sexes reflected her own experiences.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Christina Cauterucci of "Slate" drew parallels between arguments from Damore's memo and those of men's rights activists.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: UC Hastings legal scholar Joan C. Williams expressed concerns about the prescriptive language used by some diversity training programs and recommended that diversity initiatives be phrased in problem-solving terms.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Yuki Noguchi, a reporter for NPR (National Public Radio), said that Damore's firing has raised questions regarding the limits of free speech in the workplace. First Amendment free speech protections usually do not extend into the workplace, as the First Amendment restricts government action but not the actions of private employers, and employers have a duty to protect their employees against a hostile work environment.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Several employment law experts interviewed by CNBC said that while Damore could challenge his firing in court, his potential case would be weak and Google would arguably have several defensible reasons for firing him; had Google not made a substantive response to his memo, that could have been cited as evidence of a "hostile work environment" in lawsuits against Google. Additionally, they argued that the memo could indicate that Damore would be unable to fairly assess or supervise the work of female colleagues.


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Google's reaction to the memo and its firing of Damore were criticized by several cultural commentators, including Margaret Wente of "The Globe and Mail", Erick Erickson, a conservative writer for "RedState", David Brooks of "The New York Times", Clive Crook of "Bloomberg View", and moral philosopher Peter Singer, writing in New York "Daily News".


title: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber

text: Others objected to the intensity of the broader response to the memo in the media and across the internet, such as CNN's Kirsten Powers, Conor Friedersdorf of "The Atlantic", and Jesse Singal, writing in "The Boston Globe".


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: The Deep Blue Sea is a 2011 British romantic drama film written and directed by Terence Davies and starring Rachel Weisz, Tom Hiddleston, and Simon Russell Beale. It is an adaptation of the 1952 Terence Rattigan play "The Deep Blue Sea" about the wife of a judge who engages in an affair with a former RAF pilot. This film version was funded by the UK Film Council and Film4, produced by Sean O'Connor and Kate Ogborn.


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: Filming began in late 2010 and it was released in the United Kingdom in 2011, the year of Rattigan's centenary. It was released in the United States in 2012 by distributor Music Box Films.


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: In 1950, Hester Collyer, the younger wife of High Court judge Sir William Collyer, has embarked on a passionate affair with Freddie Page, a handsome young former RAF pilot troubled by his memories of the Second World War. Freddie throws Hester's life in turmoil, as their erotic relationship leaves her emotionally stranded and physically isolated. For Freddie, that tumultuous mix of fear and excitement that was once in his life seems to be no longer present.


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: Most of the film takes place during one day in Hester's flat, a day on which she has decided to commit suicide. Her suicide attempt fails and as she recovers, the story of her affair and her married life is played out in a mosaic of short and sporadic flashbacks. We soon discover the constraints of Hester's comfortable marriage, which is affectionate but without sexual passion.


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: As Hester's affair is discovered she leaves her life of comparative luxury and moves into a small dingy London flat with Freddie. Hester's new lover has awakened her sexuality, but the reckless, thrill-seeking Freddie can never give her the love and stability that her husband gave her. Yet to return to a life without passion would be unbearable. The film takes its title from her dilemma of being caught between the Devil and the deep blue sea – two equally undesirable situations.


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: Filming locations are all in London, England (UK). The Three Mills Studios was used, Three Mill Lane, Bow, London.


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: The film was released to strongly positive reviews from critics. At Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 80%, based on 141 reviews and an average rating of 7.11/10. It also has a score of 82 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews.


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: For her performance, Weisz won the Best Actress Award at the 2012 New York Film Critics Circle Awards and also won the Best Actress Award from the Toronto Film Critics Association in the same year.


title: The Deep Blue Sea (2011 film)

text: In January 2012, Weisz was nominated as Best Actress in the 70th Golden Globe Awards. The film was also chosen as one of the Top Ten films of the year by "The New York Times" and "The Los Angeles Times". The film has found a largely appreciative audience and critical success in the United States with Weisz's performance named as 'film performance of 2012' by David Edelstein of "New York" magazine.


title: Bharat Mata

text: Bhārat Mātā ( Mother India in English) is a national personification of India (Bharat ) as a mother goddess. In the visual arts she is commonly depicted dressed in a red or saffron-coloured sari and holding a national flag; she sometimes stands on a lotus and is accompanied by a lion.


title: Bharat Mata

text: Although the mother and motherland were sometimes ranked higher than heaven in ancient Sanskrit literature, the idea of the mother goddess, Bharat Mata, dates to the late 19th century. She appeared first in the popular Bengali language-novel "Anandamath" (1882) in a form inseparable from the Hindu goddesses Durga and Kali. After the controversial division of Bengal province in 1905, she was given wider notice during the boycott of British-made goods organized by Sir Surendranath Bannerjee. In numerous protest meetings, she appeared in the rallying cry "Vande Mataram" (I bow to the mother).


title: Bharat Mata

text: The concept of "bhārat mātā as the" personification of the Indian subcontinent came into existence starting in the late 19th century, especially after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. Bhārat Mātā as a concept was first perceived to be an image of the land of India prominently by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his book "Anand Math" in 1880 and by Abanindranath Tagore through a 1905 painting.


title: Bharat Mata

text: The image of Bhāratmātā formed with the Indian independence movement of the late 19th century. A play by Kiran Chandra Bannerjee, "Bhārat Mātā", was first performed in 1873. The play, set during the 1770 Bengal famine, depicts a woman and her husband who go to the forest and encounter rebels. A priest takes them to a temple where they are shown Bharat Mata. Thus they are inspired and lead a rebellion which results in the defeat of the British. The "Manushi" magazine story traces origin to a satirical work "Unabimsa Purana" or "The Nineteenth Purana" by Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay which was first published anonymously in 1866. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1882 wrote a novel "Anandamath" and introduced the hymn "Vande Mātaram", which soon became the song of the emerging freedom movement in India. As the British Raj created cartographic shape of India through the Geological Survey of India, the Indian nationalist developed it into an icon of nationalism. In 1920s, it became more political image sometimes including images of Mahatma Gandhi and Bhagat Singh. The Tiranga flag was also started being included during this period. In 1930s, the image entered in religious practice. The Bharat Mata temple was built in Benaras in 1936 by Shiv Prashad Gupt and was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi. This temple does not have any statuary but only a marble relief of the map of India.


title: Bharat Mata

text: Bipin Chandra Pal elaborated its meaning in idealizing and idealist terms, along with Hindu philosophical traditions and devotional practices. It represented an archaic spiritual essence, a transcendental idea of Universe as well as expressing Universal Hinduism and nationhood.


title: Bharat Mata

text: Abanindranath Tagore portrayed Bhārat Mātā as a four-armed Hindu goddess wearing saffron-colored robes, holding the manuscripts, sheaves of rice, a mala, and a white cloth. The image of Bharatmata was an icon to create nationalist feeling in Indians during the freedom struggle. Sister Nivedita, an admirer of the painting, opined that the picture was refined and imaginative, with Bharatmata standing on green earth and blue sky behind her; feet with four lotuses, four arms meaning divine power; white halo and sincere eyes; and gifts Shiksha-Diksha-Anna-Bastra of the motherland to her children.


title: Bharat Mata

text: Indian Independence activist Subramania Bharati saw Bharat Mata as the land of Ganga. He identified Bharat Mata as Adi Parashakti. He also says that he has got the Darśana of Bharat Mata during his visit with his guru Sister Nivedita.


title: Bharat Mata

text: Bharat Mata was painted as a four-armed goddess by Abanindra Nath Tagore in 1904 in the style associated with the Bengal School of Art and is displayed in the Victoria Memorial Museum in Kolkata. Secular representations of India also came to accompany her. By the late-19th century, maps of India produced by the British Raj, and based on the Great Trigonometrical Survey, had become widely available. With the background of a map, Bharat Mata appeared on the cover of the poet Subramania Bharati's Tamil language-magazine "Vijaya" in 1909. In the decades following, she appeared throughout India in popular art—in magazines, posters, and calendars—becoming a symbol of Indian nationalism.


title: Bharat Mata

text: In the book "Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India", Kalyani Devaki Menon argues that """the vision of India as Bharat Mata has profound implications for the politics of Hindu nationalism""" and that the depiction of India as a Hindu goddess implies that it is not just the patriotic but also the religious duty of all Hindus to participate in the nationalist struggle to defend the nation. This association has caused controversy with devout Muslims, whose belief in the oneness of God keeps them from assigning divinity to any god other than Allah.


title: Bharat Mata

text: The motto "Bharat Mata ki Jai’" ("Victory for Mother India") is used by the Indian Army. In contemporary colloquial usage, however, the expression is analogous to "Long live Mother India" or "Salute to Mother India." (See also Jai Hind.) Muslim-majority Indonesia's several dozen national armed units also use Hindu-origin Sanskrit language mottoes, including the National Armed Forces, Army, Navy, for example the Indonesian Air Force's motto "Swabhuana Paksa" ("Wings of The Motherland") and the Indonesian National Police's motto "Rastra Sewakottama" or "राष्ट्र सेवकोत्तम" ("Nation's main servants").


title: Bharat Mata

text: There are a handful of Bharat Mata temples in India. The first such was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in Benares (now Varanasi) in 1936. The temple has a large relief map of India sculpted in marble on its floor but lacks a murti or cult image statue. A wall displays a poem written for the inauguration by the nationalist Hindi language-poet Maithili Sharan Gupt and proclaiming the temple to be open to all castes and religions. Most visitors to the temple are foreign tourists.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: The Year Without a Santa Claus is a 1974 stop motion animated Christmas television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. The story is based on Phyllis McGinley's 1956 book of the same name. It is narrated by Shirley Booth (her final acting credit before her retirement from acting) and starring the voices of Mickey Rooney, Dick Shawn, and George S. Irving. It was originally broadcast on December 10, 1974, on ABC.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: Santa Claus wakes up with a cold sometime before Christmas in the early 20th century. His doctor, who thinks nobody cares about him anymore, advises him to make some changes to his routine, so Santa decides to take a holiday instead of delivering gifts. Mrs. Claus unsuccessfully tries to convince him otherwise, so she enlists two elves named Jingle and Jangle to find proof that people still believe in Santa.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: Jingle and Jangle set out with Santa's youngest reindeer Vixen, but are shot down by crossfire between the conflicting Miser Brothers: Snow Miser, who controls the world's cold weather, and Heat Miser, who controls its warm weather. Vixen saves her guardian elves from falling to their doom and they continue on their uncertain path.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: Jingle, Jangle, and Vixen come upon Southtown, a small community in the southern United States. They ask a group of children, including a boy named Iggy, if they believe in Santa, but they are skeptical. To make matters worse, Vixen grows sick due to the warm weather and is sent to the local animal shelter after Jingle and Jangle disguise her as a dog. The town's police officer refers them to the town's mayor, who laughs at their story but agrees to free Vixen if they can prove they are elves by making it snow in Southtown on Christmas.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: Jingle and Jangle call Mrs. Claus to pick them up. As she leaves, Santa discovers Vixen is missing and travels to Southtown himself to retrieve her while disguised as a civilian named "Klaus". While there, he meets Iggy and his family. Klaus reveals his belief in Santa, and Iggy's father reveals that Santa personally visited him one Christmas, and he still believes as well. When Claus leaves to retrieve Vixen, Iggy realizes his true identity and resolves to help Jingle and Jangle.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: Iggy joins Mrs. Claus when she arrives to pick up Jingle and Jangle, and together they visit the Miser Brothers. They ask Snow Miser to send snow to Southtown for a day; he is agreeable but says he cannot as it is part of Heat Miser's territory. They then ask Heat Miser, who says he will only comply if Snow Miser turns the North Pole over to him in exchange. When the brothers begin bickering again, Mrs. Claus goes over their heads and visits their mother, Mother Nature, who convinces her sons to compromise.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: As Christmas approaches, the world's children send their own presents to Santa, setting off international headlines. Touched by the outpouring of generosity and appreciation, Santa decides to make his journey after all. On Christmas Eve, he makes a public stop in Southtown during a snowfall. The next day, the children, including Iggy, are delighted to receive their presents. As the special ends, Mrs. Claus narrates that somehow, "yearly, newly, faithfully and truly", Santa always comes. Santa is shown getting out of bed to prepare himself, his reindeer, and his gift-loaded sleigh, remarking he could never imagine "a year without a Santa Claus".


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: The special premiered in 1974 on ABC, and aired annually on Freeform during its 25 Days of Christmas programming block until 2017. As of 2018, AMC: American Movie Classics currently airs the special uncut as part of the Best Christmas Ever block. Warner Bros. Entertainment currently distributes the special through their ownership of the post-1974 Rankin/Bass Productions library.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: The special was first released on VHS by Vestron Video on September 5, 1991 as part of their Christmas Classics Series, which is distributed by Family Home Entertainment. Warner Home Video released the special on VHS on September 2, 1992, and re-released it on VHS on September 28, 1999. The special was then released on DVD on October 31, 2000, and re-released on the Deluxe Edition DVD on October 2, 2007. Warner Home Video released the special on Blu-ray on October 5, 2010, making it the first Rankin/Bass production to be released on that format.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: A live-action remake of "The Year Without a Santa Claus" premiered on NBC on December 11, 2006, and was released on DVD the following day. The remake stars John Goodman as Santa Claus, Michael McKean as the Snow Miser, and Harvey Fierstein as the Heat Miser. It follows largely the same plot as the original special.


title: The Year Without a Santa Claus

text: A sequel, titled "A Miser Brothers' Christmas", was produced in 2008 by Warner Bros. Animation and Cuppa Coffee Studios, and also used stop-motion animation. Mickey Rooney, age 88, reprised his role as Santa Claus, and George S. Irving, age 86, reprised his role as Heat Miser. Juan Chioran and Catherine Disher replaced Dick Shawn and Shirley Booth as Snow Miser and Mrs. Claus, respectively, Shawn and Booth having died prior to the film's production.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: Throughout history, numerous members of royal and noble houses have engaged in same-sex relationships. However, even in jurisdictions where homosexuality was not prohibited or proscribed by law or religious edicts, titles of aristocracy were almost always directly transferred through married spouses of the opposite sex and their offspring (except when certain titles could be inherited by relatives upon a childless death). Nevertheless, queer relationships occurred before, during, and outside such arrangements, as romance and marriage have widely historically been seen as two very different things.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: It is important to note that the terms 'homosexuality' and 'heterosexuality' did not exist until the late 19th century. For much of human history, most societies around the world did not view sexuality in modern binary terms. Indeed, many of these cultures have variously tolerated, acknowledged, accepted, and celebrated diverse sexualities and genders since ancient times, long before widespread Western colonization and imperialism, and the Christian influence, homophobia, and transphobia that came along with it. In any case, widespread historical acceptance of queerness is reflected in LGBT history around the world, including that of heads of state.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: A number of Roman rulers had homosexual relationships, including the Emperor Trajan, the Emperor Hadrian and his lover Antinous, and the Emperor Elagabalus.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: Several Chinese emperors had openly homosexual relationships. A famous example is that of Emperor Ai of Han and his lover, Dong Xian, whom Ai promoted quickly through government ranks and ennobled as a marquess (this despite the fact that both men were legally married to women).


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: Throughout written Chinese history, the role of women is given little positive emphasis, with relationships between women being especially rare. One mention by Ying Shao, who lived about 140 to 206, does relate palace women attaching themselves as husband and wife, a relationship called "dui shi". He noted, "They are intensely jealous of each other."


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: In many European countries, same-sex relations have historically been stigmatized, illegal, or considered sinful by Christians. Sometimes charges of homosexual relations were propagated by enemies, often rumors of such activities were denied, and sometimes same-sex lovers were acknowledged openly.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: Since the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted a series of reforms (from the 1960s onward) to the honours system, few hereditary titles have been created (the last being created in 1990), while life peerages have proliferated, allowing for more openly LGBT persons to be appointed to the House of Lords. However, despite the legalization of civil partnerships for same-sex couples in 2004, spouses of ennobled civil partners have not been allowed the extension of title and privilege from their spouses' ennoblements as those accorded to married opposite-sex spouses of ennobled persons. In July 2012, Conservative MP Oliver Colvile announced a private member's bill, titled "Honours (Equality of Titles for Partners) Bill 2012-13", to amend the honours system to both allow husbands of those made dames and for civil partners of recipients to receive honours by their relationship statuses. Another bill, the Equality (Titles) Bill, which would allow for both female first-born descendants to inherit hereditary titles as well as for "husbands and civil partners" of honours recipients "to use equivalent honorary titles to those available to wives", was introduced by Lord Lucas in the House of Lords on 13 May 2013, but did not progress past Committee stage.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: On 7 March 2008 Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo, 21st Duchess of Medina Sidonia, a Spanish aristocrat, married Liliana Maria Dahlmann in a civil ceremony on her deathbed. Today, the Dowager Duchess is Liliana Maria.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: In 2016, Lord Ivar Mountbatten, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, became the first member of the British aristocracy to come out as gay. He married his partner in 2018.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: A significant event in LGBT aristocracy occurred in 2006, when Manvendra Singh Gohil, a prince of the former princely state of Rajpipla in Gujarat, India, came out as gay to Indian media; the event caused controversy both in India and abroad, and his family unsuccessfully attempted to disinherit him.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: It was rumored to be an open secret that late Sultan Qaboos of Oman was the only gay ruling monarch, however, his rule did not improve LGBT rights in Oman.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: Note: The following list includes royals and nobles who were recorded as queer or being in queer relationships by reputable sources; those who were only allegedly LGBT are not included on this list.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: A recent treatment of LGBT nobles and royalty is the 2002 children's book "King & King", which shows the heir to a throne sifting through potential brides before falling in love with, and marrying, another prince before the two become kings. The book was challenged by groups in various countries, and was honored with a variety of accolades from supporters of LGBT rights.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: In 2019, Casey McQuiston published their debut novel Red, White & Royal Blue, which focuses on the Prince of England falling in love with the First Son of the United States of America.


title: LGBT nobility and royalty

text: In 2021, a series called Young Royals following the life of a Swedish prince who falls in love with another boy was created and aired on Netflix.


title: Carl Maria von Weber

text: Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber (18 or 19 November 17865 June 1826) was a German composer, conductor, virtuoso pianist, guitarist, and critic who was one of the first significant composers of the Romantic era. Best known for his operas, he was a crucial figure in the development of German "Romantische Oper" (German Romantic opera).


title: Carl Maria von Weber

text: Throughout his youth, his father, , relentlessly moved the family between Hamburg, Salzburg, Freiberg, Augsburg and Vienna. Consequently he studied with many teachers – his father, Johann Peter Heuschkel, Michael Haydn, Giovanni Valesi, Johann Nepomuk Kalcher and Georg Joseph Vogler – under whose supervision he composed four operas, none of which survive complete. He had a modest output of non-operatic music, which includes two symphonies; a viola concerto; bassoon concerti; piano pieces such as Konzertstück in F minor and "Invitation to the Dance"; and many pieces that featured the clarinet, usually written for the virtuoso clarinetist Heinrich Baermann. His mature operas—"Silvana" (1810), "Abu Hassan" (1811), "Der Freischütz" (1821), "Die drei Pintos" ( 1820–21), "Euryanthe" (1823), "Oberon" (1826)—had a major impact on subsequent German composers including Marschner, Meyerbeer, and Wagner; his compositions for piano influenced those of Chopin and Liszt. His best known work, "Der Freischütz", remains among the most significant German operas.


title: Carl Maria von Weber

text: Weber, born in Eutin, Bishopric of Lübeck, was the eldest of the three children of and his second wife, Genovefa Weber, a Viennese singer. He was baptized Catholic on 20 November 1786 with the name Carl Friedrich Ernst; the alternative second name Maria appeared only later. His brother and sister died in infancy. Both parents were Catholic and originally came from the far south of Germany. The "von" was an affectation of his father's, who was not an aristocrat and who claimed descent from a south German noble family which was already extinct at the time.


title: Carl Maria von Weber

text: In April 1779, Franz Anton had been appointed director of the prince-bishopric orchestra, Eutin, which, however, was dissolved in 1781 because of spending cuts. He then took the position of Eutin's municipal music director. Dissatisfied with this position, he resigned in 1787 and founded a theatre company in Hamburg. After a brief stay in Vienna, he joined the theatre company of Johann Friedrich Toscani and Peter Carl Santorini, who performed in Kassel, Marburg and Hofgeismar. He tried repeatedly to establish a lasting company of his own but had only intermittent success.