title: Silver Airways

text: On December 15, 2011, the airline was re-branded as Silver Airways. That same day, they took delivery of one of six recently purchased Saab 340B+ aircraft. Upon the merger of Continental Airlines into United Airlines on April 1, 2012, Silver operated as United Express until the affiliation with United ended in 2013.


title: Silver Airways

text: In the first half of 2012, Silver Airways made several moves to turn the company around. Its maintenance facilities were moved from Fort Lauderdale to Gainesville Regional Airport, taking over the former Eclipse Aviation facility that had remained vacant since 2009. It purchased six more Saab 340B+ aircraft bringing the Saab fleet to 12. Scheduled service on the Saabs started on the Florida and Bahamas routes. Shortly after, routes from Gainesville Regional Airport to Orlando International Airport and Tampa International Airport began. Silver Airways expanded their network numerous times in the second half of 2012. First, Washington Dulles International Airport started scheduled service to destinations in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Virginia. Its Florida route network expanded to Jacksonville. Service began from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to destinations in Mississippi and Alabama. On August 7, 2012, Silver Airways made national news headlines when one of its flights landed at the wrong airport.


title: Silver Airways

text: In Late 2011 Silver Airways began a new operation in Montana serving eight cities from a hub at Billings. Seven of the eight cities were served through government subsidies by way of Essential Air Service contracts.


title: Silver Airways

text: On February 11, 2013, Victory Park Capital announced it had hired industry veteran Dave Pflieger to strengthen and grow the airline. On June 28, 2013, Silver Airways announced that it would cease Montana operations over the next few months. The announcement came on the heels of the Department of Transportation's (DOT) decision to eliminate subsidized service in two key Montana communities, Lewistown and Miles City. Service ended after the last flights on July 15, 2013, for Lewistown and Miles City. To ensure no interruption of service and a smooth transition for the flying public in the remaining Montana markets serviced by Silver Airways, Silver continued its operations in those communities until such time as the DOT awarded the routes to another airline and the new carrier started service to those communities. In September 2013, Silver Airways announced an expansion of its intra-Florida and Florida-Bahamas network. In 2013, Silver Airways was named one of the Top 10 Best U.S. Airlines in the Condé Nast Traveler's 26th annual Readers' Choice Awards.


title: Silver Airways

text: In the first half of 2014, Silver Airways made several network changes. It ended Beechcraft 1900 operations in Cleveland's EAS network. Then, Silver Airways closed much of its Atlanta network and redeployed its aircraft to other markets. In February 2014, the airline and its owners, Victory Park Capital, announced they had obtained up to $73 million in additional financing from GB Credit Partners, LLC, the investment management affiliate of Gordon Brothers Group and Crystal Financial LLC. In February 2014, Silver Airways announced it planned to exit its Cleveland Network, retire its Beech 1900Ds, and strengthen its core network and Saab 340B Plus fleet. In March 2014, Silver Airways completed its first ever IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA). In May 2014, Silver announced a new partnership with JetBlue. In May 2014, Silver Airways announced it was a new stand-alone airline after the launch of its own independent reservations system, CEO Dave Pflieger described the airline as a hybrid carrier, part start-up, part turnaround, both independent and a partner to a larger airline (United). He also noted that it was "rationalizing" its fleet and network and "only flying where it makes sense", so the airline could not only meet but exceed guests' expectations and continue to grow the airline.


title: Silver Airways

text: In January 2015, Silver Airways added Panama City, Florida, to its list of destinations, by starting services to Orlando and Tampa from the Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport. It also announced the launch of a direct service between Jacksonville and Tampa. On February 27, 2015, Silver Airways previewed its new maintenance headquarters at Orlando International Airport. The project is a complete renovation that will be home to a 38,000 square-foot maintenance, repair and overhaul facility that includes two large aircraft hangars each capable of housing three to four aircraft, as well as office space. Silver Airways has committed to a long-term 30-year lease from the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority to headquarter its new maintenance facility in Orlando. In August 2015, Silver Airways ended its Gainesville service, several months after missing and restructuring payments on its Gainesville maintenance hangar.


title: Silver Airways

text: On March 2, 2016, Silver Airways filed an application with the U.S. Department of Transportation to provide service from five Florida cities to ten Cuban cities. However, later, Silver Airways was only granted nine Cuban cities, being denied the Havana route. On June 2, 2016, Silver Airways, Great Lakes Airlines and Frontier Airlines announced a partnership for recruiting pilots. On September 13, 2016, it was announced that a majority stake of Silver Airways has been acquired by a private equity firm Versa Capital Management LLC in Philadelphia. On August 1, 2017, Silver Airways announced an order for 20 ATR-42-600 aircraft, with options for up to 30 more.


title: Silver Airways

text: On April 23, 2018, Silver Airways announced the acquisition of Seaborne Airlines, a San Juan-based airline serving the Caribbean. In November 2019, Silver Airways created a codeshare partnership with Delta Air Lines and American Airlines to provide single ticket booking with baggage transfers to destinations in the Caribbean.


title: Silver Airways

text: In February 2020, Silver Airways announced new services to Charleston International Airport from its hubs in Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, and Tampa, however due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on aviation, the services were initially postponed until November 2020 when service was started. In March 2020, the airline announced the introduction of its own services to its San Juan base previously acquired along with its subsidiary Seaborne Airlines, with routes from San Juan launching in phases between March and July 2020 as more of the airline's ATR 42-600 aircraft would be delivered.


title: Silver Airways

text: On November 9, 2021, Silver Airways began contract flying for Amazon Air with feeder flights from Albuquerque, New Mexico and Des Moines, Iowa to Amazon's hub at the Fort Worth Alliance Airport near Fort Worth, Texas. Silver is using two ATR-72-500 aircraft configured for airfreight operations and painted with Amazon's "Prime Air" logo.


title: Silver Airways

text: The airline headquarters are located in Suite 201 of the 1100 Lee Wagener Boulevard building on the property of Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport in unincorporated Broward County, Florida, near Fort Lauderdale. Previously its headquarters were in Dania Beach, Florida, also near Fort Lauderdale. The airline also maintains a maintenance facility at Orlando International Airport in a facility previously utilized by Comair.


title: Silver Airways

text: Over its history, Silver Airways has domestically operated both scheduled commercial flights originating from its Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, and Tampa hubs in Florida, as well as Essential Air Services based in Atlanta (Georgia), Billings (Montana), Boston (Massachusetts), Cleveland (Ohio), and Washington D.C. Internationally, the airline operates services between Florida and the Bahamas, and in March 2020 began its own operations based in San Juan (Puerto Rico) to surrounding destinations in the Caribbean, alongside those of its subsidiary Seaborne Airlines.


title: Silver Airways

text: Silver Airways does not participate in any major global airline alliances, but the airline has interline and codeshare agreements with several airlines. Many of the following airlines are also members of global airline alliances:


title: Viz.

text: The abbreviation viz. (or viz without a full stop) is short for the Latin , which itself is a contraction of the Latin phrase videre licet, meaning "it is permitted to see". It is used as a synonym for "namely", "that is to say", "to wit", "which is", or "as follows". It is typically used to introduce examples or further details to illustrate a point. For example: "all types of data viz. text, audio, video, pictures, graphics, can be transmitted through networking".


title: Viz.

text: "Viz." is shorthand for the adverb "". It uses Tironian notes, a system of Latin shorthand. It comprises the first two letters, "vi", followed by the last two, "et", using the z-shaped Tironian "et", historically written ⁊, a common contraction for "et" in Latin shorthand in Ancient Rome and medieval Europe.


title: Viz.

text: In contradistinction to "i.e." and "e.g.", "viz." is used to indicate a detailed description of something stated before, and when it precedes a list of group members, it implies (near) completeness.


title: Viz.

text: A similar expression is , from earlier , abbreviated as "sc.", which is Latin for "it is permitted to know." "Sc." provides a parenthetic clarification, removes an ambiguity, or supplies a word omitted in preceding text, while "viz." is usually used to elaborate or detail text which precedes it.


title: Viz.

text: In legal usage, "Scilicet" appears abbreviated as "ss." It can also appear as a section sign (§) in a caption, where it is used to provide a statement of venue, that is to say a location where an action is to take place.


title: Viz.

text: "Scilicet" can be read as "namely," "to wit," or "that is to say," or pronounced in English-speaking countries, or also anglicized as .


title: Salawat

text: Salawat (, "" "salat"; also referred to as "divine blessings on Muhammad", "durood shareef" or "durood-e-Ibrahim") is an Islamic complimentary Arabic phrase, which contains the salutation upon Muhammad. This phrase is usually expressed by the Muslims as part of their five times daily prayers (usually during the tashahhud) and also when Muhammad's name is mentioned.


title: Salawat

text: "Salawat" is a plural form of "salat" () and from the triliteral root of "ṣ-l-w" the letters "ṣād-lām-wāw" () which means "prayer" or "salutation".


title: Salawat

text: Arabic philologists hold the view that the meaning of the word "salawat" would vary according to who has used the word, and to whom it is used for.


title: Salawat

text: "When Muhammad sends Salawat upon the believers, it indicates his prayer for their welfare, blessing and salvation."


title: Salawat

text: In Islam, when a Muslim or Islamic angels (malā'ikah) recite salawat, it means they are sending it to the prophet and are showing Allah their respect for Muhammad, while when the same is sending upon prophet by Allah himself, it means he is blessed by Allah.


title: Salawat

text: ʾAllāhumma ṣalli ʿalā Muḥammadin wa ʿalā ʾāli Muḥammadin kamā ṣallayta ʿalā ʾIbrāhīma wa ʿalā ʾāli ʾIbrāhīma ʾinnaka Ḥamīdun Majīdun ʾAllāhumma bārik ʿalā Muḥammadin wa ʿalā ʾāli Muḥammadin kamā bārakta ʿalā ʾIbrāhīma wa ʿalā ʾāli ʾIbrāhīma ʾinnaka Ḥamīdun Majīdun


title: Salawat

text: Muhammad was also reported to have said: "Do not invoke incomplete salawat upon me". His Sahabah asked him: "What is incomplete salawat?" He replied them: "When you say: 'O Allah, send blessing to Muhammad' and then stop on that. Rather say: ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ 'O Allah! send Your blessing to Muhammad and the progeny of Muhammad."


title: Makur Maker

text: Makur Maker (born 4 November 2000) is a South Sudanese-Australian professional basketball player for the Capital City Go-Go of the NBA G League. A consensus five-star recruit, he committed to play college basketball for Howard University, becoming the highest-ranked player in the modern recruiting era to commit to a historically black college or university (HBCU).


title: Makur Maker

text: Born in Nairobi, Maker grew up in Perth, Western Australia, before playing high school basketball in North America. He is the cousin of basketball players Thon and Matur Maker.


title: Makur Maker

text: Maker was born in Nairobi, Kenya, to South Sudanese parents and immigrated to Perth, Western Australia, when he was one year old. Before focusing on basketball, he mainly took interest in football as a striker and often played beach soccer with his friends. Maker played for Quinns Football club alongside his older brothers. Maker attended St. Andrews Catholic Primary School and joined Irene McCormack Catholic College for high school. He was drawn to basketball in part because of his exceptional height.


title: Makur Maker

text: In 2015, Maker moved to the United States and enrolled for his freshman year at Chaminade College Preparatory School in West Hills, Los Angeles. As a result, he was forced to live away from his family for many years. As a freshman, Maker averaged 9.5 points, 8.2 rebounds and 2.5 blocks per game.


title: Makur Maker

text: In 2016, he transferred to The Tech Academy, a prep school in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. He was drawn to the program by his cousins, basketball players Thon and Matur Maker. His cousins also brought him under the guidance of Ed Smith, a coach who had helped direct them through their own basketball careers. Maker joined the basketball team with Matur and played in the National Preparatory Association and The Grind Session. In his next year, The Tech Academy closed and he was homeschooled. Maker suffered a foot injury that sidelined him for the 2017–18 season.


title: Makur Maker

text: In the summer of 2018, he transferred to Orange Lutheran High School in Orange, California. As a junior, he earned All-Trinity League first team and "Orange County Register" All-County second team honors. Maker faced eligibility questions entering his senior season, because he had already exhausted his eight semesters of eligibility. Instead of seeking a waiver from the California Interscholastic Federation to continue playing for Orange Lutheran, he transferred to Pacific Academy, a prep school in Irvine, California, and continued his career with the affiliated program, Center of International Basketball Academy. On 17 October 2019, it was announced that he had submitted paperwork to explore his eligibility for the 2020 NBA draft. On 25 April 2020, he declared for the 2020 NBA draft. Despite finishing two credits short of high school graduation, Maker was granted eligibility by the NBA. However, on 3 August he withdrew from the draft to play college basketball.


title: Makur Maker

text: Maker was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top centers in the 2020 recruiting class, according to major recruiting services. On 3 July 2020, he committed to play college basketball for Howard over offers from UCLA, Kentucky and Memphis. He became the highest-ranked recruit to commit to a historically black college or university (HBCU) in the modern recruiting era. Maker made the decision in part to encourage future prospects to play for HBCU programs.


title: Makur Maker

text: After playing in Howard's first two games, Maker was ruled out indefinitely on 28 November 2020, due to a groin injury suffered in preseason practice.


title: Makur Maker

text: On 21 August 2021, Maker signed with the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (NBL) on a Next Stars contract.


title: Makur Maker

text: After going undrafted in the 2022 NBA draft, Maker joined the Chicago Bulls for the 2022 NBA Summer League.


title: Makur Maker

text: On August 10, 2022, Maker signed an Exhibit 10 contract with the Washington Wizards. He was then later waived on October 12, 2022. On November 4, 2022, Maker was named to the opening night roster for the Capital City Go-Go.


title: Makur Maker

text: In February 2019, Maker stated that he would play for Australia internationally. He made himself available to represent Australia at the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup but was not selected in the final squad.


title: Makur Maker

text: Maker is a cousin of basketball players Thon Maker and Matur Maker. Makur is also a cousin of Aliir Aliir who plays for Port Adelaide in the Australian Football League. He has six brothers and one sister. Maker descends from the Dinka people in South Sudan. His guardian is Liberian-born basketball coach Ed Smith, who is the same guardian as his cousins Thon and Matur.


title: Nishan-e-Haider

text: Nishan-e-Haider (NH; ), is the highest military gallantry award of Pakistan. The Nishan-e-Haider is awarded posthumously and only to members of the Pakistan Armed Forces. It recognises the highest acts of extraordinary bravery in the face of the enemy in air, land, or sea. It has been awarded only 11 times since Pakistan's independence in 1947.


title: Nishan-e-Haider

text: Nishan-e-Haider literally means "Emblem of the Lion" in the Urdu language. The word "Haider" is also the epithet of Ali, who is referred to as the 'Lion of Allah', a valiant warrior and leader. Ali was the fourth Caliph of Islam and declared bravest person by Muhammad. He is known by his courage, bravery and power in Islam.


title: Nishan-e-Haider

text: The Nishan-e-Haider was established by the Government of Pakistan and named after Ali on 14 August 1947, the year that Pakistan became a republic. It was applied retrospectively from the date of Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947. It is Pakistan's highest award and takes precedence over all military and civil awards. Of the eleven Nishan-e-Haider recipients to date, ten have been from the Army and one from the Air Force.


title: Nishan-e-Haider

text: Although some consider it equivalent to the British Victoria Cross and the United States Medal of Honor, it is unique in that it has so far been awarded only posthumously. At one point in time the Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan was asked why it was only awarded posthumously, his response reportedly that if it is awarded to a living person he may be involved in dishonourable conduct in the future which may disgrace the Award.


title: Nishan-e-Haider

text: The Nishan-e-Haider can be awarded to all ranks of the Armed Forces for showing feats of extraordinary courage in confronting the enemy. As a matter of practice and precedent, it has only been awarded where it has been established that the recipient acted despite high risks and was martyred (shaheed) in the act.


title: Nishan-e-Haider

text: The Nishan-e-Haider is manufactured by Pakistan Mint on the order of the Ministry of Defence. It is forged from captured enemy equipment and consists of 88% copper, 10% gold, and 2% zinc.


title: Paloma Baeza

text: Paloma Baeza (born 1 May 1975) is a British actress and director of English and Mexican heritage. Her 2017 film "Poles Apart" won the BAFTA for best animated short film in 2018.


title: Paloma Baeza

text: Baeza was born in London and spent her childhood in Mexico. Her Mexican father and her British mother were musicians who met in the UK. In 1975, when Baeza was five months old, her parents married in London and they went to Mexico City. They divorced nine years later.


title: Paloma Baeza

text: She returned to the UK with her mother in 1985, when she was nine. She began taking acting classes and appeared very early in the London theatres and British television productions. She studied English and Performing Arts at the University of Bristol.


title: Paloma Baeza

text: Baeza has acted in a number of films and television programmes, including the 1998 film "Far from the Madding Crowd" playing the leading role of Bathsheba Everdene, and the 2008 BBC production "The Passion" as Mary Magdalene. She has also performed on stage, including "Navy Pier" in 2000 and "The Flight Into Egypt" in 1996.


title: Paloma Baeza

text: Baeza directed a short feature film "Watchmen" in 2001, which she wrote with actor Cillian Murphy, who also starred. She directed the TV film "The Window" in 2006.


title: Paloma Baeza

text: Baeza decided to study animation at the National Film and Television School. For her graduation project, she made the stop-motion short film "Poles Apart", which won the BAFTA award for Best Animated Short Film in 2018. In 2018, she began directing a CG/live-action film, "The Toymaker's Secret", written by her husband Alex Garland. She is also working on a project on the life of Frida Kahlo.


title: Paloma Baeza

text: Baeza is married to screenwriter, novelist, and film director Alex Garland; they have a son, Milo, and a daughter, Eva.


title: Gretsch

text: Gretsch is an American company that manufactures musical instruments. The company was founded in 1883 in Brooklyn, New York by Friedrich Gretsch, a 27-year-old German immigrant, shortly after his arrival to the United States. Friedrich Gretsch manufactured banjos, tambourines, and drums until his death in 1895. In 1916, his son, Fred Gretsch Sr. moved operations to a larger facility where Gretsch went on to become a prominent manufacturer of American musical instruments. Through the years, Gretsch has manufactured a wide range of instruments, though they currently focus on electric, acoustic and resonator guitars, basses, ukuleles, and drums.


title: Gretsch

text: Gretsch instruments enjoyed market prominence by the 1950s. In 1954, Gretsch began a collaboration with guitarist Chet Atkins to manufacture a line of electric guitars with Atkins' endorsement, resulting in the Gretsch 6120 hollowbody guitar and other later models such as the Country Gentleman. Electric guitars before 1957 used single coil pickups that have significant hum problems as an inherent part of their design. Frustration with the hum of these pickups prompted Atkins to collaborate with American inventor and engineer Ray Butts on the development of a new "humbucking" pickup by connecting two single-coil pickups serially and out of phase. This resulted in what may have been the first humbucker pickup (a claim lost to Gibson Guitars because Gibson was able to file a patent for their humbucker design first). Butts' design became the Gretsch Filter'Tron and was used on Gretsch guitars beginning in 1957, and is highly regarded for its unique sound properties. The popularity of Gretsch guitars soared in the mid-1960s because of its association with Beatles guitarist George Harrison, who played Gretsch guitars beginning in the band's early years.


title: Gretsch

text: In 2002, Gretsch entered a business agreement with Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC). Under the terms of the agreement Fred W. Gretsch retains ownership while FMIC has the exclusive rights to develop, produce, market and distribute Gretsch guitars worldwide.


title: Gretsch

text: Gretsch was founded in 1883 by Friedrich Gretsch, a young German immigrant who opened his own musical instrument shop on 128 Middleton Street in Brooklyn, New York that year. His shop was designed for the manufacture of tambourines and drums. The operation moved to South 4th Street in 1894. In 1895, Gretsch died at the age of 39 and the company was taken over by his wife and fifteen-year-old son Fred.


title: Gretsch

text: Fred Gretsch expanded the business, adding Gretsch Building #1 at 109 South 5th Street in 1903, Gretsch Building #2 at 104-114 South 4th Street in 1910, and a new ten-story Gretsch Building #4 at 60 Broadway in 1916. The company ultimately owned or operated six properties in the immediate area, including a warehouse on Dunham Place. Gretsch Building #4 was owned by the Gretsch family until 1999. Guitar production by the Gretsch Company began in the early 1930s, and Gretsch guitars became highly sought after, most notably in the 1950s and 1960s.


title: Gretsch

text: Fred Gretsch Sr. handed over the family business to his son, Fred Gretsch Jr., after retiring in 1942. Soon after taking over, Fred Jr. left to serve in WWII as a Navy commander, leaving the business in the hands of his younger brother, William Walter "Bill" Gretsch. Bill Gretsch died in 1948 and the company was again run by Fred Jr.


title: Gretsch

text: By the mid-1950s the company introduced several models, including the 6120 "Nashville," and the Duo Jet chambered "solid body", which was played by Bo Diddley. Two other models were introduced - the Country Club, and the White Falcon.


title: Gretsch

text: During this time, Chet Atkins became an endorser of Gretsch and they sold guitars with Atkins' name on the pickguard.


title: Gretsch

text: Fred Gretsch never found a suitable successor, and in 1967 Gretsch was sold to Baldwin Pianos, becoming a subsidiary of that firm. Mid-1969, Baldwin moved Gretsch instrument manufacturing operations from Brooklyn to a plant in DeQueen, Arkansas.


title: Gretsch

text: In 1983, Baldwin's holding company and several of its subsidiaries were forced into bankruptcy. At the time it was the largest bankruptcy ever, with a total debt of over $9 billion. In 1984, former Baldwin CEO Richard Harrison bought the Baldwin music divisions and brought back former Gretsch employee, Duke Kramer, to run the Gretsch division.


title: Gretsch

text: In 1985, the Gretsch company once again came under the leadership of the Gretsch family when Fred W. Gretsch, great grandson of Friedrich and nephew of Fred Gretsch Jr, assumed presidency of the company. The first Gretsch guitars after Fred W Gretsch became president were released in 1988. They were a series of Traveling Wilburys commemorative guitars, which bore little resemblance to prior Gretsch models. In 1989, Gretsch restarted large-scale production of new guitars based on classic Gretsch models.


title: Gretsch

text: In late 2002, Gretsch and the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation reached an agreement giving Fender control over marketing, production, and distribution of guitars, with the Gretsch family retaining ownership of the company.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: John Martin (19 July 1789 – 17 February 1854) was an English Romantic painter, engraver and illustrator. He was celebrated for his typically vast and dramatic paintings of religious subjects and fantastic compositions, populated with minute figures placed in imposing landscapes. Martin's paintings, and the prints made from them, enjoyed great success with the general publicin 1821 Thomas Lawrence referred to him as "the most popular painter of his day"but were lambasted by John Ruskin and other critics.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin was born in July 1789, in a one-room cottage, at Haydon Bridge, near Hexham in Northumberland, the fourth son of Fenwick Martin, a one-time fencing master. He was apprenticed by his father to a coachbuilder in Newcastle upon Tyne to learn heraldic painting, but owing to a dispute over wages the indentures were cancelled, and he was placed instead under Boniface Musso, an Italian artist, father of the enamel painter Charles Muss.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: With his master, Martin moved from Newcastle to London in 1806, where he married at the age of nineteen, and supported himself by giving drawing lessons, and by painting in watercolours, and on china and glass—his only surviving painted plate is now in a private collection in England. His leisure was occupied in the study of perspective and architecture.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: His brothers were William, the eldest, an inventor; Richard, a tanner who became a soldier in the Northumberland Fencibles in 1798, rising to the rank of Quartermaster Sergeant in the Grenadier Guards and fought in the Peninsular War and at Waterloo; and Jonathan, a preacher tormented by madness who set fire to York Minster in 1829, for which he stood trial.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin began to supplement his income by painting sepia watercolours. He sent his first oil painting to the Royal Academy in 1810, but it was not hung. In 1811 he sent the painting once again, when it was hung under the title "A Landscape Composition" as item no.46 in the Great Room. Thereafter, he produced a succession of large exhibited oil paintings: some landscapes, but more usually grand biblical themes inspired by the Old Testament. His landscapes have the ruggedness of the Northumberland crags, while some authors claim that his apocalyptic canvasses, such as "The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah", show his familiarity with the forges and ironworks of the Tyne Valley and display his intimate knowledge of the Old Testament.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: In the years of the Regency from 1812 onwards there was a fashion for such ‘sublime’ paintings. Martin's first break came at the end of a season at the Royal Academy, where his first major sublime canvas "Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion" had been hung—and ignored. He brought it home, only to find there a visiting card from William Manning MP, who wanted to buy it from him. Patronage propelled Martin's career.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: This promising career was interrupted by the deaths of his father, mother, grandmother and young son in a single year. Another distraction was William, who frequently asked him to draw up plans for his inventions, and whom he always indulged with help and money. But, heavily influenced by the works of John Milton, he continued with his grand themes despite setbacks. In 1816 Martin finally achieved public acclaim with "Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still upon Gibeon", even though it broke many of the conventional rules of composition. In 1818, on the back of the sale of the "Fall of Babylon" for £420 (equivalent to £ in 2015), he finally rid himself of debt and bought a house in Marylebone, where he came into contact with artists, writers, scientists and Whig nobility.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin's triumph was "Belshazzar's Feast", of which he boasted beforehand, "it shall make more noise than any picture ever did before... only don't tell anyone I said so." Five thousand people paid to see it. It was later nearly ruined when the carriage in which it was being transported was struck by a train at a level crossing near Oswestry.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: In private Martin was passionate, a devotee of chess—and, in common with his brothers, swordsmanship and javelin-throwing—and a devout Christian, believing in "natural religion". Despite an often cited singular instance of his hissing at the national anthem, he was courted by royalty and presented with several gold medals, one of them from the Russian Tsar Nicholas, on whom a visit to Wallsend colliery on Tyneside had made an unforgettable impression: "My God," he had cried, "it is like the mouth of Hell." Martin became the official historical painter to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, later the first King of Belgium. Leopold was the godfather of Martin's son Leopold, and endowed Martin with the Order of Leopold. Martin frequently had early morning visits from another Saxe-Coburg, Prince Albert, who would engage him in banter from his horse—Martin standing in the doorway still in his dressing gown—at seven o'clock in the morning. Martin was a defender of deism and natural religion, evolution (before Charles Darwin) and rationality. Georges Cuvier became an admirer of Martin's, and he increasingly enjoyed the company of scientists, artists and writers—Charles Dickens, Michael Faraday and J. M. W. Turner among them.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin began to experiment with mezzotint technology, and as a result was commissioned to produce 24 engravings for a new edition of "Paradise Lost"—perhaps the definitive illustrations of Milton's masterpiece, of which copies now fetch many hundreds of pounds. Politically his sympathies are not clear; some claim he was a radical, but this is not borne out by known facts, although he knew William Godwin, the ageing reformed revolutionist, husband of Mary Wollstonecraft and father of Mary Shelley; and John Hunt, co-founder of "The Examiner".


title: John Martin (painter)

text: At one time the Martins took under their wing a young woman called Jane Webb, who at twenty produced "The Mummy!" a socially optimistic but satirical vision of a steam-driven world in the 22nd century. Another friend was Charles Wheatstone, professor of physics at King's College, London. Wheatstone experimented with telegraphy and invented the concertina and stereoscope; Martin was fascinated by his attempts to measure the speed of light. Accounts of Martin's evening parties reveal an astonishing array of thinkers, eccentrics and social movers; one witness was a young John Tenniel—later the illustrator of Lewis Carroll's work—who was heavily influenced by Martin and was a close friend of his children. At various points Martin's brothers were also among the guests, their eccentricities and conversation adding to the already exotic flavour of the fare.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: His first exhibited subject picture, "Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion" (now in the St. Louis Art Museum), was hung in the Ante-room of the Royal Academy in 1812, and sold for fifty guineas. The piece depicts a scene from the "Tales of Two Genii" "It was followed by the "Expulsion" (1813), "Adam's First Sight of Eve" (1813), "Clytie" (1814), "Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still upon Gibeon" (1816) and "The Fall of Babylon" (1819). In 1820 appeared his "Belshazzar's Feast", which excited much favourable and hostile comment, and was awarded a prize of £200 at the British Institution, where the "Joshua" had previously carried off a premium of £100. Then came "The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum" (1822), "The Creation" (1824), the "Eve of the Deluge" (1840), and a series of other Biblical and imaginative subjects. "The Plains of Heaven" is thought by some to reflect his memories of the Allendale of his youth.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin's large paintings were closely connected with contemporary dioramas or panoramas, popular entertainments in which large painted cloths were displayed, and animated by the skilful use of artificial light. Martin has often been claimed as a forerunner of the epic cinema, and there is no doubt that the pioneer director D. W. Griffith was aware of his work." In turn, the diorama makers borrowed Martin's work, to the point of plagiarism. A version of "Belshazzar's Feast" was mounted at a facility called the British Diorama in 1833; Martin tried, but failed, to shut down the display with a court order. Another diorama of the same picture was staged in New York City in 1835. These dioramas were tremendous successes with their audiences, but wounded Martin's reputation in the serious art world. The painting "The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah", 1852 is currently at the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: In addition to being a painter, John Martin was a mezzotint engraver. For significant periods of his life, he earned more from his engravings than his paintings. In 1823, Martin was commissioned by Samuel Prowett to illustrate John Milton's "Paradise Lost", for which he was paid 2000 guineas. Before the first 24 engravings were completed he was paid a further 1500 guineas for a second set of 24 engravings on smaller plates. Some of the more notable prints include "Pandæmonium" and "Satan Presiding at the Infernal Council", remarkable for the science fiction element visible in the depicted architecture, and arguably his most dramatic composition "Bridge over Chaos". Prowett issued 4 separate editions of the engravings in monthly instalments, the first appearing on 20 March 1825 and the last in 1827. Later, inspired by Prowett's venture, between 1831 and 1835 Martin published his own illustrations to accompany the Old Testament but the project was a serious drain on his resources and not very profitable. He sold his remaining stock to Charles Tilt who republished them in a folio album in 1838 and in a smaller format in 1839.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: His profile was raised further in February 1829 when his elder brother, non-conformist Jonathan Martin, deliberately set fire to York Minster. The fire caused extensive damage and the scene was likened by an onlooker to Martin's work, oblivious to the fact that it had more to do with him than it initially seemed. Jonathan Martin's defence at his trial was paid for with John Martin's money. Jonathan Martin, known as "Mad Martin", was ultimately found guilty but was spared the hangman's noose on the grounds of insanity.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin from about 1827 to 1828 had turned away from painting, and became involved with many plans and inventions. He developed a fascination with solving London's water and sewage problems, involving the creation of the Thames embankment, containing a central drainage system. His plans were visionary, and formed the basis for later engineers' designs. His 1834 plans for London's sewerage system anticipated by some 25 years the 1859 proposals of Joseph Bazalgette to create intercepting sewers complete with walkways along both banks of the River Thames. He also made plans for railway schemes, including lines on both banks of the Thames. The plans, along with ideas for "laminating timber", lighthouses, and draining islands, all survive.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Debt and family pressures, including the suicide of his nephew (Jonathan's son Richard) brought on depression which reached its worst in 1838.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: From 1839 Martin's fortunes recovered and he exhibited many works during the 1840s. During the last four years of his life Martin was engaged in a trilogy of large paintings of biblical subjects: "The Last Judgment", "The Great Day of His Wrath", and "The Plains of Heaven", of which two were bequeathed to Tate Britain in 1974, the other having been acquired for the Tate some years earlier. They were completed in 1853, just before the stroke which paralysed his right side. He was never to recover and died on 17 February 1854, on the Isle of Man. He is buried in Kirk Braddan cemetery. Major exhibitions of his works are still mounted.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin enjoyed immense popularity and his influence survived. One of his followers was Thomas Cole, founder of American landscape painting. Others whose imaginations were fired by him included Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Brontës – a print of "Belshazzar's Feast" hung on the parlour wall of the Brontë parsonage in Haworth, and his works were to have a direct influence upon the writings of Charlotte and her sisters, who as children played with a model of him. Martin's fantasy architecture influenced the Glasstown and Angria of the Brontë juvenilia, where he himself appears as Edward de Lisle of Verdopolis.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin enjoyed a European reputation and influence. Heinrich Heine wrote of the music of Hector Berlioz that "It makes me see visions of fabulous empires and many a cloud-capped, impossible wonder. Its magical strains conjure up Babylon, the hanging gardens of Semiramis, the marvels of Nineveh, the mighty constructions of Mizraim, as we see them in the pictures of the English painter Martin."


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin's work influenced the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood – especially Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and several generations of movie-makers, from D. W. Griffith, who borrowed his Babylon from Martin, to Cecil B. DeMille and George Lucas. Writers like Rider Haggard, Jules Verne, and H. G. Wells were influenced by his concept of the sublime. The French Romantic movement, in both art and literature, was inspired by him. Much Victorian railway architecture was copied from his motifs, including his friend Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge. A number of Martin's engineering plans for London which included a circular connecting railway, though they failed to be built in his lifetime, came to fruition many years later. This would have pleased him inordinately – he is known to have exclaimed to his son, Leopold, that he would rather have been an engineer than painter.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Like some other popular artists, Martin fell victim to changes in fashion and public taste. His grandiose visions seemed theatrical and outmoded to the mid-Victorians, and after Martin died his works became neglected and gradually forgotten. "Few artists have been subject to such posthumous extremes of critical fortune, for in the 1930s his vast paintings fetched only a pound or two, while today they are valued at many thousands."


title: John Martin (painter)

text: A number of Martin's works survive in public collections: the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle – which also holds his famous "black cabinet" of projects in progress; Tate Britain, the Victoria & Albert Museum, the Louvre, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., Yale Center for British Art, Saint Louis Art Museum and elsewhere in the USA. The RIBA holds many of his engineering pamphlets. There are letters in private collections and at Queen Mary College in London. John Martin wrote two autobiographies, the first an article in "The Athenaeum" of 14 June 1834, page 459 and the most extensive in "The Illustrated London News", 17 March 1849, pp. 176–177. A major source for his life is a series of reminiscences by his son Leopold, published in sixteen parts in the "Newcastle Weekly Chronicle" in 1889. There are a number of surviving letters and reminiscences by, among others, B.R. Haydon, John Constable, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Rossettis, Benjamin Disraeli, Charlotte Brontë and John Ruskin – a persistent critic who, even so, admitted Martin's uniqueness of vision. The first full biography was that by Mary L. Pendered whose chief source, Martin's friend Sergeant Ralph Thomas, wrote a diary – now lost – of their friendship. Thomas Balston then wrote two biographies on the artist, the first in 1934, and the second (still the leading biography) in 1947. Christopher Johnstone produced an introductory book on Martin 1974, and in 1975 the art critic William Feaver was author of an extensively illustrated work on Martin's life and works. Since 1986, Michael J. Campbell has produced a number of publications on John Martin, including the leading publication on his work as an original printmaker, published by the Royal Academy of Arts, Madrid, in 2006.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: In 2011–12 Tate Britain and Newcastle's Laing Art Gallery co-curated a major retrospective exhibition of Martin's work in all genres -"John Martin – Apocalypse" – including his contribution as a civil engineer. Featured in the exhibition was the fully restored "The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum", 1822. Recorded as lost in the disastrous Tate Gallery flood of 1928, the painting was rediscovered by Christopher Johnstone, a research assistant at the gallery, when he was researching his book "John Martin" (1974). Its restoration by Tate conservator Sarah Maisey, reveals that the original paintwork was in near pristine condition; a large area of missing canvas has been repainted by Maisey using techniques that were not available in 1973 as she describes on page 113 of the exhibition catalogue "John Martin: Apocalypse" (2011). When rediscovered the painting was rolled up inside the missing Paul Delaroche painting "The Execution of Lady Jane Grey" which was returned to the National Gallery, London.


title: John Martin (painter)

text: With his wife Susan, née Garrett, who was nine years older than him, Martin had six children who survived to adulthood: Alfred (who worked with his father as a mezzotint engraver and later became a senior tax official), Isabella, Zenobia (who married the artist Peter Cunningham), Leopold (who became a clerk), Charles (1820–1906), who was trained as a painter by his father, copying a number of his father's works – he later became a successful portrait painter and lived in America – his last exhibit at the Royal Academy was in 1896 and Jessie (who married Egyptologist Joseph Bonomi). Leopold was the godson of the future King Leopold I of Belgium, who had met and befriended Martin when they shared lodgings on Marylebone High Street in about 1815. Leopold later wrote a series of reminiscences of his father, published in the "Newcastle Weekly Chronicle Supplement" in 1889. Leopold accompanied his father on many walks and visits, and his anecdotes include encounters with J. M. W. Turner, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, William Godwin and Charles Wheatstone. Leopold married the sister of John Tenniel, later famous as the cartoonist of "Punch" and illustrator of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".


title: John Martin (painter)

text: Martin's eldest brother, William (1772–1851) was by turn a rope-maker, soldier, inventor, scientist, writer and lecturer, who attempted to develop a rival philosophy to "Newtonian" science, allowing for perpetual motion, and denying the law of gravity. Despite undoubted elements of "quackery and buffoonery", William had a great talent for inventing. In 1819 he produced a miner's safety lamp which was said to be better and more reliable than that of Sir Humphry Davy. The only recognition he achieved in this field was a silver medal from the Royal Society for the invention of the spring balance. The second eldest brother, Richard, was a quartermaster in the guards, serving throughout the Peninsular War, and was present at Waterloo. Jonathan, the third eldest brother, (1782–1838) achieved notoriety by setting fire to York Minster in February 1829. He was subsequently apprehended, tried and found not guilty on the grounds of insanity. He was confined to St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in London, where he remained until his death.


title: FIH Men's World Ranking

text: The FIH Men's World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in field hockey. The teams of the member nations of International Hockey Federation (FIH), field hockey's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results. The rankings were introduced in October 2003.


title: FIH Men's World Ranking

text: The rankings were introduced to overcome the criticism of fixing when drawing the pools for each tournament. It also determines the quotas for tournaments such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup.


title: FIH Men's World Ranking

text: All of the FIH-recognised, including qualifying and continental matches played in last four years are included in ranking points calculation. However, the past results will be deducted by the percentage set by the FIH as shown by the tabulation below:


title: FIH Men's World Ranking

text: FIH had set allocated ranking points for all the continental tournaments. However, a different percentage of points for every continent raised questions about the system. Only Europe had full 100% points allocation for all classifications while the others had only several finishers with full points allocation. Africa was the sole continent with neither men's or women's tournaments having full points allocation regardless of the classifications.


title: FIH Men's World Ranking

text: From 2020 onwards, the FIH rolled out a new match-based world rankings system similar to the ones being used in rugby union and association football.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: Rajdeep Sardesai (born 24 May 1965) is an Indian news anchor, reporter, journalist and author. He is a consulting editor and an anchor of India Today Television. He was the Editor-in-Chief of Global Broadcast News, that included CNN-IBN, IBN7 and IBN-Lokmat, before resigning in July 2014.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: Sardesai was born in Ahmedabad, Gujarat to a Goan father and a Gujarati mother. His father, Dilip Sardesai, was a former Indian Test cricketer and his mother, Nandini, is an activist in Mumbai and former head of the Department of Sociology at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. He completed his schooling up to ICSE from the Campion School, Mumbai, and did two years of ISC at The Cathedral & John Connon School, Mumbai. Thereafter he graduated in economics from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. He then went to University College, Oxford, earning the degrees of Bachelor of Arts in jurisprudence (promoted to Master of Arts by seniority) and Bachelor of Civil Law.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: While at Oxford he made six first-class cricket appearances for Oxford University and one for a combined Oxford and Cambridge side against the 1987 Pakistani touring team. He was awarded a cricket Blue at Oxford.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: Sardesai worked with "The Times of India" for six years, after joining it in October 1988, and was the city editor of its Mumbai edition. He entered television journalism in 1994 as Political Editor of New Delhi Television (NDTV). He was the Managing Editor of both NDTV 24X7 and NDTV India and was responsible for overseeing the news policy for both. He hosted popular shows like "The Big Fight" at NDTV.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: He quit NDTV on 17 April 2005 to start his own company, Global Broadcast News (GBN), in collaboration with the American giant CNN and Raghav Bahl's TV18. The latter broadcasts the Indian Edition (in English) of CNBC called CNBC-TV18, the Hindi consumer channel, CNBC Awaaz and an international channel, SAW. The new channel with Sardesai as the Editor-in-Chief was named CNN-IBN. It went on air on 17 December 2005. Channel 7 has also come under this umbrella after Sardesai's company bought a 46 percent stake in the channel. Channel 7 was later renamed IBN7.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: On 29 May 2014, Reliance Industries Ltd announced it would be acquiring control in Network 18 Media & Investments Ltd, the parent of CNN-IBN, IBN7 and CNBC-TV18. The board of RIL approved funding of up to to Independent Media Trust (IMT), of which RIL is the sole beneficiary, for acquisition of control in Network 18 and its subsidiaries. Subsequently, on 1 July 2014, Sardesai, editor-in-chief of CNN-IBN, along with the entire founding team — editorial and managerial — resigned from the Network18 group.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: He is married to journalist and author Sagarika Ghose. Sardesai and Ghose have two children, son Ishan, and daughter Tarini.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: On 30 September 2014, Sardesai was allegedly heckled by a group of Indians in the Madison Square of New York, however, the person representing the group denied these allegations and claimed that Rajdeep "begun the physical assault".


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: Sardesai and others were acquitted of defamation by a Hyderabad court in November 2019 after issuing an unconditional apology to IPS officer Rajiv Trivedi for false reporting on his role in the death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh.


title: Rajdeep Sardesai

text: In January 2021, Sardesai was taken off TV for two weeks by India Today while also cutting his monthly salary for alleging in a retracted tweet that Navreet Singh was killed in a police shooting during 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest. Delhi Police claimed that his tweet on the cause of death was not accurate and referred to the CCTV footage of the incident of Singh's death. Later, Sardesai was booked for sedition over the Republic Day violence and the FIR stated that they shared misinformed news and ‘instigated violence’ on 26 January. Several journalists and politicians who reported about the 2021 Farmers' Republic Day parade were charged with sedition by the Delhi police and 5 state police in the BJP-ruled states. Siddharth Varadarajan called the police FIRs "malicious prosecution". Press Club of India (PCI), the Editors’ Guild of India, the Press Association, the Indian Women's Press Corps (IWPC), the Delhi Union of Journalists and the Indian Journalists Union in a joint press conference asked the sedition law to be scrapped. Editors Guild of India spoke against invoking of the sedition charge on journalists. The guild termed the FIRs as an "attempt to intimidate, harass, browbeat and stifle the media".


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Martha Wainwright (born May 8, 1976) is a Canadian-American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress. She has released seven critically-acclaimed studio albums.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Wainwright is the daughter of musicians Kate McGarrigle and Loudon Wainwright III and the younger sister of singer–composer Rufus Wainwright.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Martha Wainwright's live performances have received critical praise, with "The Telegraph" writing that her concerts "leave in no doubt that she is a singular star." Apart from music, she has appeared in several film projects, including Martin Scorsese’s "The Aviator" and the HBO miniseries "Olive Kitteridge" alongside Frances McDormand. Wainwright owns and operates Ursa, a café, concert-hall, bar, and recording space in Montreal.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Martha was born in New York City on May 8, 1976, to folk musicians Kate McGarrigle and Loudon Wainwright III. She moved to Montreal with her mother and brother when she was one year old, and was raised in Montreal in a musical family. She is Rufus Wainwright's sister and they frequently perform together and collaborate on each other’s albums. Martha is also half-sister to Lucy Wainwright Roche, with whom she collaborated on the album "Songs In The Dark", which was nominated for a Juno Award.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Martha Wainwright's first release was an album-length independent cassette of ten tracks, "Ground Floor," released in 1997. Wainwright released two EPs in 2005—"Bloody Mother Fucking Asshole" and "I Will Internalize"—both of which contained some tracks that also appeared on her self-titled studio album, "Martha Wainwright". PopMatters called the "Bloody Mother Fucking Asshole" EP "a rebellious introductory stance for an artist looking to provoke or silence potential critics." "The Sunday Times" included the song "Bloody Mother Fucking Asshole" in their songs of the year and "Rolling Stone" called it "a blistering prelude to her debut album." "Bloody Mother Fucking Asshole" was inspired by Wainwright's father, Loudon Wainwright III. She wrote the track as a response to her father's way of writing songs about his family, rather than tending to them. Despite the sentiment, she collaborated a year earlier with Loudon on the song "You Never Phone" on his 2003 album "So Damn Happy".


title: Martha Wainwright

text: "Bloody Mother Fucking Asshole" was used at the end of the second episode in season three of the Netflix original series "Orange is the New Black", and at the end of the fourth episode in season one of the HBO original series "Big Little Lies".


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Wainwright's self-titled debut album was released through Zoë Records and Drowned in Sound in April 2005, and earned Wainwright a nomination for New Artist of the Year at the 2006 Juno Awards. The album also reached number 43 on "Billboard"s Top Heatseekers chart. Her debut album featured contributions from her mother, Kate McGarrigle, her brother, Rufus Wainwright, her cousin, Lily Lanken, as well as organ and saxophone from Garth Hudson of The Band. Pitchfork wrote that the album "proves Martha Wainwright has a strong, distinct, fully formed musical identity, which would be just as impressive by any other name."


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In 2006, Wainwright collaborated with Snow Patrol on their song "Set the Fire to the Third Bar," off their critically and commercially successful album "Eyes Open". Frontman Gary Lightbody says that he wrote the song with Wainwright's vocals specifically in mind. Alvin Chan from "musicOMH" raved that "Lightbody's vocals are perfectly complemented by Canadian songstress Martha Wainwright, whose arrestingly haunting voice is put to good use."


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Wainwright's second album, "I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too", was released through Zoë Records and Drowned in Sound in June 2008, resulting in the No. 10 position on the Top Heatseekers "Billboard" charts and No. 6 on the "Billboard" Canada Music Charts, among other chart positions throughout Europe and Australia. The album was hailed for showcasing Wainwright's musical maturity and talent as a songwriter, and was a Long List Nominee for the 2009 Polaris Music Prize. The album features 12 original tracks and cover versions of Pink Floyd's "See Emily Play" and, as a bonus track in some countries, the Eurythmics' "Love Is a Stranger". The Australian release included a limited edition digipak with additional images and the bonus track. "Comin' Tonight" was released as an iTunes exclusive download in Australia in April 2008.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In addition to returning collaborators Anna McGarrigle, Kate McGarrigle, Rufus Wainwright, and Garth Hudson, Donald Fagen of Steely Dan contributed synthesizers on "So Many Friends," and Pete Townshend played electric guitar on "You Cheated Me" and "Comin' Tonight."


title: Martha Wainwright

text: "", a tribute to legendary French singer Édith Piaf, was released in November 2009. An homage to Piaf, it was received with glowing reviews, leaving audiences "stunned" by Wainwright's "incredible range and talent". The album was recorded during three performances in New York's Dixon Place Theatre in June 2009. The accompanying DVD was filmed by Jamie Catto. The name of the album comes from the lyrics to Piaf’s song "Les Grognards."


title: Martha Wainwright

text: "Come Home To Mama" was released on October 15, 2012. The album was recorded at Sean Lennon's home studio in New York City and produced by Cibo Matto’s Yuka Honda. Guest musicians on the album included Honda, Lennon, Wilco guitarist Nels Cline, and Dirty Three drummer Jim White. "Proserpina", the album's first single, was written by Wainwright's mother, Kate McGarrigle, who died in 2010. Produced by Cibo Matto’s Yuka Honda, it was heralded by Mojo Magazine as a "substantial and brilliantly sung career best." The album peaked at #6 on the Billboard Canada Music Charts and #21 US Top Heatseekers "Billboard" charts. The song "Four Black Sheep" was originally recorded in 2009 for CBC Radio 2's "Great Canadian Song Quest".


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In 2013, she recorded the soundtrack album for the fourth season of the television drama series "Trauma." For the soundtrack project, Wainwright selected songs drawn mainly from the Quebec musical repertoire. In addition to covers of Offenbach, Claude Dubois and Daniel Bélanger, Wainwright re-recorded three of her own songs in French as well as one by Kate & Anna McGarrigle.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In 2015, Wainwright collaborated with her half-sister Lucy Wainwright Roche on the album "Songs in the Dark". Released under the name The Wainwright Sisters, the album featured a suite of lullabies that their mothers Kate McGarrigle and Suzzy Roche sang to them as children, in addition to songs by Woody Guthrie, Jimmie Rogers, and their father Loudon Wainwright III. Details of the album were announced in September 2015. The song "El Condor Pasa" premiered on Speakeasy, a blog affiliated with "The Wall Street Journal", via SoundCloud, on October 7, 2015. Andy Gill of "The Independent" gave the album four out of five stars and wrote, "if ever an album merited the epithet 'charming', this is it." The album was nominated for Traditional Roots Album of the Year at the 2016 Juno Awards.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: "Goodnight City" was released in November 2016, and received notable praise from Exclaim!, NPR, and The Guardian, who called it "uplifting and powerful." Unlike previous albums, Martha Wainwright chose to co-write several of the songs on "Goodnight City" with friends and other notable songwriters, including Beth Orton, Glen Hansard, Michael Ondaatje, and Merrill Garbus of Tune-Yards. Recorded in Montreal, "Goodnight City" was produced by Thomas Bartlett, who previously worked with Sufjan Stevens and Glen Hansard. The album reached #41 on the "Billboard" Canadian Music charts.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In May 2020, Wainwright released "Wolves," a duet with Rufus Wainwright that was recorded during the sessions for "Goodnight City".


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In 2021, Wainwright released "Love Will Be Reborn", which has been received as her best album since her self-titled debut. "Love Will Be Reborn" was made during the pandemic and recorded in Wainwright's hometown of Montreal, in the basement of her café-bar, Ursa, which also served as a studio. The songs on the album were largely influenced by her divorce from producer Brad Albetta. Wainwright began writing the album in 2017 after her separation from Albetta. Wainwright has described the album as "more on a broader perspective of themes of life and death, and time and trust and lack of trust, and parenthood and all of these things that sort of seem like a much bigger, broader, perspective and a deeper, more layered life."


title: Martha Wainwright

text: The album features Toronto musicians Thom Gill, Phil Melanson, Morgan Moore, and Josh Cole of Bernice, and was produced by Pierre Marchand, who also produced several of Kate & Anna McGarrigle's albums. "Love Will Be Reborn" received universal acclaim upon its release. Pitchfork wrote that, ""Love Will Be Reborn" feels at once bigger and smaller than her previous material, with each quiet rumination leading her toward grander musings on love, grief, and motherhood." "American Songwriter" wrote that "Love Will Be Reborn" "could be considered Martha Wainwright’s tour de force, a de facto declaration of outrage and emotion shared with full intent and without hesitation," and hailed that "if artistry is the product of passion, then Wainwright has demonstrated yet again that she's capable of channeling it better than most."


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Martha Wainwright has contributed songs to various soundtracks and compilation albums, including "The Aviator" (2004), "" (2005), and "Song of America" (2007).


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In 2009, Wainwright appeared on her father's album "", which won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Martha Wainwright participated in the 2015 edition of Canada Reads, advocating for Jocelyne Saucier's novel "And the Birds Rained Down".


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In 2020, she hosted the television series , a bilingual production featuring Canadian musicians. The show was broadcast on the network Unis TV.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: In 2019, Wainwright opened a café-bar in Montreal called Ursa on Parc Avenue. Several artists have performed at the venue since it opened, including Patrick Watson, La Force, The Barr Brothers, Rufus Wainwright, and Loudon Wainwright III. Her 2021 album, "Love Will Be Reborn", was recorded at Ursa during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: During the pandemic, Wainwright was instrumental in boosting morale and hope in Montreal through a series of rooftop concerts. She spearheaded several balcony sing-alongs working alongside POP Montreal, where Montrealers sang at night on their balconies to uniting community anthems, including Leonard Cohens "So Long, Marianne" and "I Lost My Baby" by Jean Leloup.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Wainwright released her memoirs in English: "Stories I Might Regret Telling You" and in French: "Rien de grave n’est encore arrivé" translated by Fanny Britt in the spring of 2022.


title: Martha Wainwright

text: Wainwright married her producer and musical collaborator Brad Albetta in September 2007. They divorced in 2018. They have two sons, Arcangelo and Francis.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! is a 2015 American made-for-television science fiction action comedy disaster film and the third installment in the "Sharknado" film series, following "Sharknado" and "". The film was directed by Anthony C. Ferrante with Ian Ziering, Tara Reid, Cassie Scerbo, and Mark McGrath reprising their roles from the previous installments. Also joining the cast are David Hasselhoff, Bo Derek, Ryan Newman (replacing Aubrey Peeples in the role of Claudia Shepard, from the first film), and Jack Griffo.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Irish music duo Jedward wrote and performed the film's official theme song "Oh Hell No", and also had a brief cameo in the film. In the film, Fin Shepard and his allies attempt to stop a group of sharknadoes that emerge along the East Coast of the United States, from Washington, D.C., to Florida.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: In Washington, D.C., Fin Shepard (Ian Ziering) attends an awards ceremony at the White House, where he is given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by the President for his heroic actions during the 2013 and sharknadoes. When a tropical depression approaches D.C, a sharknado forms and attacks and destroys the nation's capital, killing the Mayor of New York City, White House Chief of Staff, and multiple Secret Service agents. Fin and the President work together to defeat the sharks, and the sharknado eventually evaporates into thin air, rather than having been taken down by force like before.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Worried that his pregnant wife April (Tara Reid), who is attending Universal Orlando with their daughter Claudia (Ryan Newman) and her mother May (Bo Derek), is in danger, Fin drives down the East Coast in order to reach Florida. En route, Fin encounters a "fognado", which is destroyed by his former employee Nova Clarke and her partner Lucas Stevens. Nova reveals that she and Lucas have been tracking sharknado activity ever since the events in 2013. Using a mobilized RV equipped with sharknado-destroying weapons, the two have been traveling the country destroying sharknadoes and saving lives.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Nova and Lucas realize that the numerous storms will soon combine into a massive sharknado wall that will destroy the entire East Coast. The trio drive down to the Charleston Air Force Base, where they acquire a fighter jet they'll use to get to Orlando. However, Lucas sacrifices himself in order to destroy an approaching sharknado. Nova and Fin destroy a sharknado approaching the Daytona International Speedway, causing their jet to crash land in the resort at Universal. There, a sharknado kills Claudia's friend Jess while Claudia and Billy, a random stranger Claudia befriended, escape and reunite with Claudia's family.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Fin, April, Nova, Claudia, Billy and May take shelter in the Universal Studios Globe at the entrance of the resort, which is carried away by a sharknado, injuring May. While she is taken to the hospital, the rest of the group escape Universal and seek the help of Fin's estranged father, former NASA colonel Gil Shepard. Fin approaches him at a diner and convinces him to help him with a risky plan to destroy the storm from space. The group reaches a NASA facility outside Cape Canaveral, where they plan to dissipate the storm by using a top-secret Space Shuttle to blow up large tanks of rocket fuel inside it.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Nova accidentally leaks to April that Fin is heading to space in the shuttle, causing her to confront him as he is getting ready to go on the flight. The sharknado wall hits the NASA facility just as takeoff is about to begin, killing Billy while he is fending off sharks with Claudia. Too late for April to return to the command center, she joins Fin and Colonel Shepard in their journey to space. Nova uses a fighter jet to create a hole in the sharknado wall, allowing the trio a clear entrance to the atmosphere. They launch into space where they detonate the external tank, but it fails to stop the wall of sharknadoes.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Colonel Shepard deploys "Plan B", activating a Reagan-era Strategic Defense Initiative satellite laser weapon, stranding himself in space since there is not enough fuel to propel all of them back to Earth. This time, the sharknadoes are destroyed, but the beam causes the sharks to propel into space, attacking the shuttle. Fin attempts to fight them off using an energy-beam chainsaw, but he and April are swallowed by two different sharks, which fall back down to earth. Fin and April emerge from the sharks unharmed, during which Fin discovers that April had given birth during the descent; Fin decides to name his son Gil.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: As April recovers Fin's United States Astronaut Badge, a piece of the shuttle debris falls back down to Earth, seemingly crushing her to death.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: "Sharknado 3" was filmed on location at Universal Orlando, São Paulo Brazil, Northern New Jersey, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: The role of the President was written with former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin in mind, but she declined. The part was then offered to businessman Donald Trump, but took time to decide since he was preparing a real presidential campaign. After production went ahead and cast Mark Cuban in the role, Trump responded angrily and threatened to sue to film.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Rotten Tomatoes reports a 36% score with an average rating of 3.9/10, based on reviews from 33 critics. The consensus reads: ""Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!" bites off more than it can chew, leaving viewers with an overlong mess that isn't even bad enough to be good." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of a 100 based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: Brian Lowry of "Variety" said the self-reference gag was beginning to yield diminishing returns. He further added that the question is whether the parent company's insatiable appetite to cash in would hasten the feeding frenzy. Don Kaplan of The New York Daily News said the movie left a fishy taste behind. Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said "Sharknado 3"'s absurdities was turned to funny levels. He also said it was shameless in certain ways, with one being product placement. Matt Fowler from IGN said the film is surprisingly awful.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: A tie-in one shot comic, "Archie vs. Sharknado", was released on July 22, 2015, by Archie Comics. Written by Ferrante and illustrated by Dan Parent, it depicts a Sharknado striking Riverdale.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: "Sharknado 4" was confirmed to follow upon "Sharknado 3"s premiere. The film concludes with a cliffhanger leaving open the question as to whether April is killed by falling wreckage. An ad campaign that commenced after the film promoted a Twitter campaign offering fans the chance to decide her fate with the hashtags "#AprilLives" or "#AprilDies", with the results to be revealed in "Sharknado 4". The fourth installment aired on July 31, 2016.


title: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!

text: A promotional trailer reveals that Ziering also makes an appearance as Fin Shepard in "Lavalantula", which debuted on July 25, 2015, the Saturday after "Sharknado 3"s Wednesday premiere. This indicates that it takes place in a shared universe. As he says he has "shark problems right now", this may indicate that the events of "Lavalantula" take place just before or concurrent with "Sharknado 3". Steve Guttenberg, the star of "Lavalantula", appears in "Sharknado: The 4th Awakens", reprising the role of Colton West in cameo; Michael Winslow also appears in both films, but as different characters.


title: Viscacha

text: Viscacha or vizcacha (, ) are rodents of two genera ("Lagidium" and "Lagostomus") in the family Chinchillidae. They are native to South America and convergently resemble rabbits.


title: Humana

text: Humana Inc. is a for-profit American health insurance company based in Louisville, Kentucky. In 2021, the company ranked 41 on the Fortune 500 list, which made it the highest ranked (by revenues) company based in Kentucky. It has been the third largest health insurance provider in the nation.


title: Humana

text: The health insurer Aetna said on July 3, 2015, that it had agreed to acquire its smaller rival Humana for $37 billion in cash and stock but walked away from the deal after a court ruling that the merger would be anti-competitive.


title: Humana

text: Lawyers David A. Jones Sr. and Wendell Cherry founded a nursing home company in 1961. The company, known in 1968 as Extendicare Inc., became the largest nursing home company in the United States. In 1972, Jones and Cherry sold the nursing home chain to purchase hospitals.


title: Humana

text: In 1974, the partners changed the corporate name to Humana Inc. The name was meant to change public perception from 'warehousing' or indifferently treating people to providing a higher-level of human care and, by extension, more humane care. It grew in the following years, both by business and in 1978 through the takeover of American Medicorp Inc., which doubled the company's size, and growing into the world's largest hospital company in the 1980s. During this period, Humana developed the double corridor model for hospital construction. This design minimized the distance between patients and nurses by placing nursing support services in the interior of the building with patient rooms surrounding the perimeter.


title: Humana

text: As the American health care system changed in the 1980s, "one of its hospitals in Arizona lost a contract with the largest health-maintenance organization in the area [and] Humana created its own health insurance plan."


title: Humana

text: In 1993, Humana had become the largest hospital operator in the country, owning 77 hospitals. Humana executives spun off hospital operations from health insurance operations to create Galen Health Care. The following year they sold the 73 hospitals of Galen Health Care Inc. to Nashville-based Columbia Hospital Corporation of America for $3.4 billion.


title: Humana

text: In 1998, one year after Jones had stepped aside as CEO, United Healthcare made an unsuccessful attempt to acquire Humana. Humana pulled out of the acquisition after United stock dropped $2.9 billion in value. In 2001, Humana was a cofounder of Avality.


title: Humana

text: In 2005, Humana entered into a business partnership with Virgin Group, offering financial incentives to members for healthy behavior, such as regular exercise.


title: Humana

text: On November 16, 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Humana Inc. partnered to expand on traditional private-sector approaches to population health management.


title: Humana

text: In 2006, Humana launched an education campaign to market (MA) and Prescription Drug Plans (PDP) nationwide to Medicare-eligible consumers, following the passage of the Medicare modernization act.


title: Humana

text: In March 2008, "Fortune Magazine" named Humana one of the Top 5 Most Admired Healthcare Companies in the United States.


title: Humana

text: In 2010, Humana bought Texas-based Concentra Inc., which owns urgent-care and physical therapy centers, for $790 million, effectively returning to healthcare services. In May 2011, Humana announced it would be using mobileStorm to transmit protected health information to patients.


title: Humana

text: In March 2015, Humana announced the sale of Concentra to private equity firm Welsh, Carson, Anderson & Stowe and Select Medical Holdings Corporation for about $1 billion, with proceeds to fund a "$2 billion share buyback program and other corporate spending."


title: Humana

text: In July 2015, Aetna announced that it would acquire Humana for $37 billion in cash and stock (approximately $230 a share at that time). Aetna and Humana shareholders would own 74% and 26% of the new combined company, however the merger was blocked by a federal judge in January 2017. In February 2017, Aetna Inc. and Humana Inc. quashed a $34 billion merger agreement after judges ruled against the merger for a second time.


title: Humana

text: In July 2018, Humana joined two private equity firms in the acquisition of Kindred Healthcare. The deal provided Humana with a 40% stake in the company's home health, hospice and community care businesses, called "Kindred at Home," for approximately $800 million. In August 2018, Humana announced the creation of a digital health and analytics division called Humana Studio H.


title: Humana

text: In December 2019, the company announced it would acquire Enclara Healthcare from Consonance Capital Partners and Enclara management.


title: Humana

text: In 2021, Susan Diamond, formerly occupying an interim position, was announced to be the new permanent CFO. Her appointment to the position comes with the company's focus being turned towards the home healthcare business, acquiring in April of the same year a 60% stake in Kindred at Home, an in-home care and hospice business.


title: Humana

text: In April 2022, it was announced Humana would sell a 60% interest of its Kindred at Home division to the private investment company, Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, for $2.8 billion USD.


title: Humana

text: Since 1979, Humana has been a principal sponsor of the annual Humana Festival of New American Plays in Louisville, Kentucky.


title: Humana

text: LPGA player Nancy Scranton was a spokesperson for Humana. In the past, PGA Tour player David Toms' David Toms Foundation has partnered with the Humana Foundation to provide grants to several children's charities in New Orleans. Humana is the official health benefits provider of the PGA Tour and Champions Tour.


title: Humana

text: The Humana Distaff Handicap is a Grade 1 race for thoroughbred fillies and mares, four-years-old and up. The race is run each spring on Kentucky Derby day at Churchill Downs and set at a distance of 7 furlongs for a purse of $250,000.


title: Humana

text: In 1993, Humana founded Humana Military Healthcare Services (HMHS) as a wholly owned subsidiary. They were awarded their first TRICARE contract in 1995, and began serving military beneficiaries in 1996.


title: Humana

text: From 2004 to 2009, HMHS was the managed care contractor for the Department of Defense Military Health System TRICARE South Region.


title: Humana

text: In 2009, HMHS' Managed Care Support Contract was awarded to United Military and Veterans Services, a subsidiary of UnitedHealth Group. HMHS protested that decision and the Government Accountability Office upheld the protest in late 2009.


title: Humana

text: In 2011, HMHS regained the five-year contract to administer medical benefits to military members and families in the South region, a contract worth $23.5 billion. In 2018, this was moved to the new TRICARE East region during the TRICARE regional realignment.


title: Humana

text: Humana filed a lawsuit in August 2019, alleging that 37 defendants engaged in a “far-reaching conspiracy” to “blatantly fix the price” of generic drugs. This follows a similar smaller lawsuit from October 2018.


title: Humana

text: In 1987, Humana sued NBC over a story line in the television medical drama "St. Elsewhere" in which the hospital was to be sold to a for-profit medical corporation and renamed "Ecumena", with subsequent changes to the hospital, both positive and negative, emanating from that change. Humana was successful at forcing NBC into showing a disclaimer at the beginning of the September 30 episode saying that the drama had no connection whatsoever with Humana.


title: Humana

text: On May 30, 1996, Linda Peeno, a physician who was contracted to work for Humana for nine months, testified before Congress as to the downside of managed care. Peeno said she was effectively rewarded by her employer for causing the death of a patient, because it saved the company a half-million dollars. Peeno stated that she felt the "managed care" model was inherently unethical.


title: Humana

text: In 1999, season one of Michael Moore's TV series "The Awful Truth" reported on Humana refusing to pay for a diabetic patient with pancreatic failure needing a transplant. The man's policy stated it covered all of his diabetes-related expenses, but another section of the policy stated that it did not cover organ transplants. Moore conducted a fake funeral on the front steps of the Humana building, and three days later Humana changed its policy and authorized the man's treatment..


title: Humana

text: Michael Moore's 2007 documentary "Sicko" used the video of Linda Peeno's testimony. On June 28, 2007, Humana declared that Peeno was never a Humana "associate" (permanent, full-time employee), but rather a "part-time contractor." Humana disputed portions of her Congressional testimony by saying that because the patient's healthcare plan did not cover heart transplants, denial of coverage was valid.


title: Humana

text: The U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services investigated Humana in 2009 for sending flyers to Medicare recipients that the AARP characterized as deceptive. In more detail - on September 21, 2009 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services opened an investigation into Humana mass mailings to elderly Medicare recipients. The mail was made to appear to contain official information about Medicare Advantage and prescription drug benefit information, but instead alleged that core Medicare benefits could be cut by the Obama administration's healthcare reform, a claim refuted by John Rother, AARP's executive vice president. Douglas Elmendorf, the head of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), supported the claim that Medicare benefits could be cut, but his comments were in reference to just one of several congressional bills. CBO estimates of another healthcare reform bill found that changes to premiums would vary. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services instructed Humana to cease all such mailings to Medicare plan members pending an investigation. HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, in a letter to the insurance industry, threatened that bad actors may be excluded from new health insurance markets that were to open in 2014. Senate Republicans pointed out in a letter to Sebelius that a 1997 directive from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services explicitly allowed HMOs to tell members about legislation and urge them to express opinions.


title: Lethargy

text: Lethargy is a state of tiredness, sleepiness, weariness, fatigue, sluggishness or lack of energy. It can be accompanied by depression, decreased motivation, or apathy. Lethargy can be a normal response to inadequate sleep, overexertion, overworking, stress, lack of exercise, improper nutrition, boredom, or a symptom of an underlying illness or a disorder. It may also be a side-effect of medication or caused by an interaction between medications or medication(s) and alcohol. It may also be an altered level of consciousness.


title: Lethargy

text: When part of a normal response, lethargy often resolves with rest, adequate sleep, decreased stress, physical exercise, and good nutrition. Lethargy's symptoms however can last days or even months, so it can be a sign of a recent underlying illness or infection if it doesn't resolve normally.


title: Grammatical number

text: In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and other languages present number categories of singular or plural, both of which are cited by using the hash sign (#) or by the numero signs "No." and "Nos." respectively. Some languages also have a dual, trial and paucal number or other arrangements.


title: Grammatical number

text: The count distinctions typically, but not always, correspond to the actual count of the referents of the marked noun or pronoun.


title: Grammatical number

text: The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see "Grammatical aspect".


title: Grammatical number

text: Most languages of the world have formal means to express differences of number. One widespread distinction, found in English and many other languages, involves a simple two-way number contrast between singular and plural ("car"/"cars", "child"/"children", etc.). Discussion of other more elaborate systems of number appears below.


title: Grammatical number

text: Grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. As an example, consider the English sentences below:


title: Grammatical number

text: The number of apples is marked on the noun—"apple" singular number (one item) vs. "apples" plural number (more than one item)—on the demonstrative, "that/those", and on the verb, "is/are". In the second sentence, all this information is redundant, since quantity is already indicated by the numeral "two".


title: Grammatical number

text: A language has grammatical number when its nouns are subdivided into morphological classes according to the quantity they express, such that:


title: Grammatical number

text: This is partly the case in English: every noun is either singular or plural (a few forms, such as "fish" and "cannon", can be either, according to context), and at least some modifiers of nouns—namely the demonstratives, the personal pronouns, the articles, and verbs—are inflected to agree with the number of the nouns to which they refer: "this car" and "these cars" are correct, while "*this cars" or "*these car" are ungrammatical and, therefore, incorrect. However, adjectives are not inflected, and some verb forms do not distinguish between singular and plural ("She/They went", "She/They can go", "She/They had gone", "She/They will go"). Only count nouns can be freely used in the singular and in the plural. Mass nouns, like "milk", "silverware", and "wisdom", are normally used in only the singular form. (In some cases, a normally mass noun X may be used as a count noun to collect several distinct kinds of X into an enumerable group; for example, a cheesemaker might speak of goat, sheep, and cow milk as "milks".) Many languages distinguish between count nouns and mass nouns.


title: Grammatical number

text: Not all languages have number as a grammatical category. In those that do not, quantity must be expressed either directly, with numerals, or indirectly, through optional quantifiers. However, many of these languages compensate for the lack of grammatical number with an extensive system of measure words.


title: Grammatical number

text: There is a hierarchy among number categories: no language distinguishes a trial (indicating the number 3) unless it has a dual, and no language has a dual without a plural.


title: Grammatical number

text: Obligatory plural marking of all nouns is found throughout western and northern Eurasia and in most parts of Africa. The rest of the world presents a heterogeneous picture. Optional plural marking is particularly common in Southeast and East Asia and Australian languages, and complete lack of plural marking is particularly found in New Guinea and Australian languages. In addition to the areal correlations, there also seems to be at least one correlation with morphological typology: isolating languages appear to favor no or non-obligatory plural marking. This can be seen particularly in Africa, where optionality or absence of plural marking is found particularly in the isolating languages of West Africa.


title: Grammatical number

text: Basque declension has four grammatical numbers: indefinite, definite singular, definite plural, and definite close plural:


title: Grammatical number

text: A noun followed by an adjective or a demonstrative is in the absolutive case, and the last word in the phrase is declined:


title: Grammatical number

text: "Etxea ("The house / House"). "Etxe bat ("A house"). "Etxe handi bat ("A big house"). "Etxe handi batean ("In a big house"). "Etxe handi hori ("That big house"). "Etxe zuri handi horretan ("In that big white house").


title: Grammatical number

text: If the amount is known, the plural grammatical numbers are used: "Lapurrak bi etxetan sartu dira" ("The thieves have broken in two houses" [indefinite: the houses are unknown to the speakers]). "Lapurrak bizpahiru etxetan sartu dira" ("The thieves have broken in two or three houses" [indefinite: the speakers does not know the exact amount of houses]). "Lapurrak bi etxeetan sartu dira" ("The thieves have broken in both houses" [definite plural: both are known to the speakers]). "Lapurrak bi etxeotan sartu dira" ("The thieves have broken in these two houses" [definite close plural: both are being shown by the speaker]).


title: Grammatical number

text: The indefinite is also used in some idioms and set phrases: "Egun on!" ("Good day! / Good morning!"), On egin!" ("Bon appetit!"), "Etxez etxe" ("From house to house"), "Mezatara joan" ("Go to the mass"), Etxe bila ibili" ("To look for a house"), and as the root for compound words (etxe-galgarri", etxekalte", "Person or thing which brings loss to a home") or derivative words (etxeratu", "To go home / To send home"; etxekoi", "fond of home"; "etxegile", "house-builder").


title: Grammatical number

text: It is also used to include oneself in the group referred to: "Nafarrak festazaleak dira" ("The Navarrese like celebrations": the speaker is not a Navarrese). "Nafarrok festazaleak gara" ("We Navarrese like celebrations": the speaker is a Navarrese).


title: Grammatical number

text: English is typical of most world languages, in distinguishing only between singular and plural number. The plural form of a noun is usually created by adding the suffix "-(e)s". The pronouns have irregular plurals, as in "I" versus "we", because they are ancient and frequently used words going back to when English had a well developed system of declension. English verbs distinguish singular from plural number in the third person present tense ("He goes" versus "They go"). English treats zero with the plural number. Old English also contained dual grammatical numbers; Modern English retains a few residual terms reflective of dual number (such as "both" and "neither", as opposed to "all" and "none" respectively), but they are generally considered to no longer constitute a separate grammatical number.


title: Grammatical number

text: The Finnish language has a plural form of almost every noun case (except the comitative, which is formally only plural).


title: Grammatical number

text: However, when a number is used, or a word signifying a number (monta- many), the singular version of the partitive case is used.


title: Grammatical number

text: In modern Romance languages, nouns, adjectives and articles are declined according to number (singular or plural only). Verbs are conjugated for number as well as person. French treats zero as using the singular number, not the plural.


title: Grammatical number

text: In its written form, French declines nouns for number (singular or plural). In speech, however, the majority of nouns (and adjectives) are not declined for number. The typical plural suffix, "-s" or "-es", is silent, no longer indicating a change in pronunciation. Spoken number marking on the noun appears when liaison occurs.


title: Grammatical number

text: In Modern Hebrew, a Semitic language, most nouns have only singular and plural forms, such as ספר "book" and ספרים "books", but some have distinct dual forms using a distinct dual suffix (largely nouns pertaining to numbers or time, such as אלפיים "two thousand" and שבועיים "two weeks"), some use this dual suffix for their regular plurals (largely body parts that tend to come in pairs, such as עיניים "eyes", as well as some that do not, such as שיניים "teeth"), and some are inherently dual (such as מכנסיים "pants" and אופניים "bicycle"). Adjectives, verbs, and pronouns agree with their subjects' or antecedents' numbers, but only have a two-way distinction between singular and plural; dual nouns entail plural adjectives, verbs, and pronouns.


title: Grammatical number

text: The Mortlockese language of the Mortlock Islands uses a base 10 counting system. Pronouns, nouns and demonstratives are used exclusively in the singular and plural forms through the use of classifiers, suffixes and prefixes. There are no other dual or trial grammatical forms in the Mortlockese language. Different forms that can be used in the language include first person singular and plural words, second person singular words like "umwi," second person plural words like "aumi" used to refer to an outside group, and third person plural words.


title: Grammatical number

text: Modern Russian has a singular vs plural number system, but the declension of noun phrases containing numeral expressions follows complex rules. For example, "У меня (есть) одна книга/три книги/пять книг" ("I have one book-"nom. sing."/three book-"gen. sing."/five book-"gen. plur.""). See Dual number: Slavic languages for a discussion of number phrases in Russian and other Slavic languages.


title: Grammatical number

text: The numeral "one" also has a plural form, used with pluralia tantum: одни джинсы/одни часы "one pair of jeans, one clock". The same form is used with countable nouns in meaning "only": Кругом одни идиоты "There are only idiots around".


title: Grammatical number

text: Swedish inflects nouns in singular and plural. The plural of the noun is usually obtained by adding a suffix, according to the noun's declension. The suffixes are as follows: -or in the 1st declension (e.g. flicka – flickor), -ar in the 2nd (e.g. bil – bilar), -er in the 3rd (e.g. katt – katter), -n in the 4th (e.g. äpple – äpplen) and no inflectional suffix is added for the nouns in the 5th declension (e.g. bord – bord). Verbs in Swedish do not distinguish singular from plural number, but adjectives do.


title: Grammatical number

text: Wuvulu is an Austronesian language spoken on Wuvulu Island located in the Manus Province of Papua New Guinea. The language's numbering system is multiplicative construction, where each number is based on multiplying pre-existing numbers smaller than five. Wuvulu is most similar to most Oceanic languages, and their numbering system is representative of some systems found in the Marshall Islands. For example, the number two in Wuvulu is "roa", and the number four in both Proto-Oceanic language and Wuvulu is "fa". Therefore, the number eight in Wuvulu is constructed from two and four, resulting in "fainaroa", translating into "four multiply two". Moreover, the Wuvulu language has different numerical systems for animate objects and inanimate objects. When referencing an inanimate object, the number seven is "oloompalo"; however, if it is an animate object, the word changes to "oloromea". The structure of a noun phrase looks like NP=(ART/DEMONSTRATIVE+)(NUMBER/QUANTIFIER+)(PREMODIFIERS+)NOUN(+MODIFER.) The number or quantifier appears in the middle of the noun phrase.


title: Grammatical number

text: In most languages with grammatical number, nouns, and sometimes other parts of speech, have two forms, the singular, for one instance of a concept, and the plural, for more than one instance. Usually, the singular is the unmarked form of a word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular. This is the case in English: "car/cars, box/boxes, man/men". There may be exceptional nouns whose plural form is identical to the singular form: "one sheep/two sheep" (which is not the same as nouns that have only one number).


title: Grammatical number

text: Some languages differentiate between an unmarked form, the collective, which is indifferent in respect to number, and a marked form for single entities, called the singulative in this context. For example, in Welsh, "moch" ("pigs") is a basic form, whereas a suffix is added to form "mochyn" ("pig"). It is the collective form which is more basic, and it is used as an adjectival modifier, e.g. "cig moch" ("pig meat", "pork"). The collective form is therefore similar in many respects to an English mass noun like "rice", which in fact refers to a collection of items which are logically countable. However, English has no productive process of forming singulative nouns (just phrases such as "a grain of rice"). Therefore, English cannot be said to have a singulative number.


title: Grammatical number

text: In other languages, singulatives can be regularly formed from collective nouns; e.g. Standard Arabic "tuffāḥ" "apple" → "tuffāḥah" "(individual) apple", "baqar" "cattle" → "baqarah" "(single) cow". In Russian, the suffix for forming singulative form is -ин- "-in-"; e.g. град "grad" "hail" → градина "gradina" "hailstone", лёд "lyod" "ice" → льдина "l'dina" "block of ice". In both Russian and Arabic, the singulative form always takes on the feminine gender. In Dutch, singulative forms of collective nouns are occasionally made by diminutives: "snoep" "sweets, candy" → "snoepje" "sweet, piece of candy". These singulatives can be pluralised like most other nouns: "snoepjes" "several sweets, pieces of candy".


title: Grammatical number

text: The distinction between a "singular" number (one) and a "plural" number (more than one) found in English is not the only possible classification. Another one is "singular" (one), "dual" (two) and "plural" (more than two). Dual number existed in Proto-Indo-European, persisted in many ancient Indo-European languages that descended from it—Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Gothic, Old Norse, and Old English for example—and can still be found in a few modern Indo-European languages such as Slovene. Many more modern Indo-European languages show residual traces of the dual, as in the English distinctions "both" vs. "all", "either" vs. "any", "neither" vs. "none", and so on. Former dual forms may broaden their meanings to become paucal forms: Norwegian "både", for example, though cognate with English "both", can be used with more than two things, as in "X sparer både tid, penger, og arbeid", literally "X saves both time, money, and labour".


title: Grammatical number

text: Many Semitic languages also have dual number. For instance, in Arabic all nouns can have singular, plural, or dual forms. For non-broken plurals, masculine plural nouns end with ون ' and feminine plural nouns end with ات ', whilst ان "", is added to the end of a noun to indicate that it is dual (even among nouns that have broken plurals).


title: Grammatical number

text: The dual may be restricted to certain morphological categories. For example, in North Saami, in possessive forms the possessor has three numbers (singular, dual, plural) whereas the noun possessed only has two (singular, plural).