title: Khuda Gawah

text: "Khuda Gawah" had lavish production values and was extensively shot in and around the cities of Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan as well as Nepal and India. Then-Afghan President Mohammad Najibullah, a fan of Bachchan, provided security from the Afghan Air Force during the 18-day shooting of the film in 1991.


title: Khuda Gawah

text: Sanjay Dutt was initially cast in the film, and filmed some scenes, but due to his highly published legal issues, he was unable to complete the film.


title: Khuda Gawah

text: The film was the third-highest-grossing Indian film of 1992. The film received critical acclaim for all its actors and especially the lead pair Sridevi and Amitabh Bachchan. Both stars won Filmfare nominations for their work. With Khuda Gawah, Sridevi became the only actress in the history of Indian cinema to play a double role opposite Amitabh Bachchan till date. The film won three Filmfare awards, including Best Director. It entered India's "Limca Book of Records" as the first Bollywood film to use surround sound technique. BBC reported that "It ran to packed houses for 10 weeks in Kabul". "Khuda Gawah" still remains popular in Afghanistan. "Rediff" reported that the film is "in great demand in the country" when cinemas reopened in 2001.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: The British decimal fifty pence coin (often shortened to 50p in writing and speech) is a denomination of sterling coinage worth one half of a pound. Its obverse features the profile of the current Monarch since the coin's introduction in 1969. , five different royal portraits have been used.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: Fifty pence coins are legal tender for amounts up to the sum of £10 when offered in repayment of a debt; however, the coin's legal tender status is not normally relevant for everyday transactions.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: In 1967 the Deputy Master of the Royal Mint approached the Decimal Currency Board to ask for their advice on the introduction of a new coin. The 10-shilling note then in use was lasting only five months and it had been suggested that a coin, which could last fifty years, would be more economical. The problem with this was that all coins are arranged in "tiers", each coin in a tier having the same weight-to-value ratio so that a bag of mixed coins could be weighed to ascertain the value so long as they were all bronze, all silver, etc. Each coin was identified within its tier by its size and each tier had to be capable of being identified by sight and touch. This was achieved in the then-existing sets by the use of different materials ("bronze", "brass" and "silver") with the bronze coins having plain rims, the nickel-brass threepenny bit being 12-sided and the silver coins having milled rims. If the 10-shilling coin was to be made in the same tier as the silver coins it would have to be twice the weight of the Crown (then and now only in use for commemorative coins) and it was generally agreed that that would make it very unpopular and expensive. It would therefore have to be in a new tier of its own.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: The Mint could not find a suitable metal which was sufficiently different in colour to the existing coins and which would not tarnish. This last point was thought to be important because the new coin would be the most valuable coin in general circulation in the world (). It therefore had to be a different shape; various methods had been used overseas to overcome this problem but none were without drawbacks. A hole through the coin did unacceptable things to the Queen's head (a legal requirement on British coins), and wavy-edged, flat-edged or square coins could not be used in the coin-handling machinery which was then coming into increasing use in industry, banking and vending. To be used in a vending or sorting machine a coin would have to roll under gravity and be capable of being measured without being presented in a special way; in other words it needed a constant breadth at whichever angle it was measured.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: The Technical Member (and the only engineer) on the Decimal Currency Board was Hugh Conway, at that time President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and Managing Director of Bristol Siddeley Engines, Bristol. He had found in a mathematical textbook a formula for a non-circular shape of constant breadth and asked the design office at Patchway, near Bristol, which normally worked on the engines for aircraft such as Concorde, Vulcan and Harrier to draw out the shape. However, this turned out to be a wavy-edged form with re-entrant sides which would not roll and which could not be measured easily. A designer, Colin Lewis, suggested a much simpler shape which in its basic form is an equilateral triangle with a small circle centred on each apex and with a larger circular arc centred on each apex but tangential to each of the two opposite small circles. Wherever it was measured, the breadth of this shape was one small radius plus one large radius. (The small radius was not strictly necessary to the geometry, but made the shape more practical by removing inconvenient sharp points and reducing the rate of wear, and therefore change of size, in handling.) The number of corners could be any odd number greater than one. A drawing was made to illustrate the proposal which was accepted by Hugh Conway. He chose seven sides as a compromise between too radical a shape, which might not be acceptable to the public, and having too many sides, which would make a shape visually difficult to differentiate from a circle. The shape was drawn out by David Brown and samples made from stainless steel by the Model Shop, together with a section of perspex channel with a bend to demonstrate that the "coin" would roll around corners and drop through gauging slots. The legend "50" was photo-etched (from a master drawn by Ray Gooding) on the faces of the samples since it had already been decided that the new coin would be the first coin of the new Decimal series. As the coin was released before Decimal Day is was initially worth 10/- (and therefore 120d)


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: When the Decimal Currency Board met none of the other members had any suggestion to make, so when the samples were produced the idea was accepted without opposition.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: It was the first seven-sided coin in the world. However, there was some confusion and resistance to the new shape after its release on 14th October 1969, where the coins were mistaken for the decimal 10p and Half crowns, which were both round. A group of "Anti-Heptagonists" regarded the coin as 'ugly' and 'an insult to our sovereign whose image it bears'. Geometrically, the shape of the coin forms an equilateral-curve heptagon, or Reuleaux polygon, a curve of constant width, meaning that the diameter is constant across any bisection.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: In 1997 the 50p coin was reduced in both diameter and thickness and the older coins were removed from circulation. The new coin was introduced on 1 September 1997. The old larger coin was demonetised on 28 February 1998. The face designs remained unchanged.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: The shape of the original 50p coin was also used for the 20p coin, introduced in 1982, but in a smaller size.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: For Queen Elizabeth II, four different obverses have been used. In all cases, the inscription is , where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting; some additionally has the denomination, , before the year (as these coins omit the denomination on the reverse entirely).


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: As with all new decimal currency, until 1984 the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse, in which the Queen wears the 'Girls of Great Britain and Ireland' Tiara.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: Between 1985 and 1997 the portrait by Raphael Maklouf was used, in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: From 1998 to 2015 the portrait by Ian Rank-Broadley has been used, again featuring the tiara, with a signature-mark below the portrait. In 2008 the obverse design was rotated, to match the new reverse design which is displayed with the heptagon point down rather than point up.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: As of June 2015, coins bearing the portrait by Jody Clark have been seen in circulation, which again features the Diadem.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: On 3rd October 2022, a commemorative 50p coin was released as the first to carry the portrait of King Charles III following the death of Elizabeth II. The coin, planned both as part of a commemorative set and for general circulation, featured a copy of the design used on the Crown released in 1953 to commemorate the Queen's coronation. The portrait of the King was undertaken by Martin Jennings.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: The reverse of the coin, designed by Christopher Ironside, and used from 1969 to 2008, is a seated Britannia alongside a lion, holding an olive branch in her left hand and a trident in her right, accompanied by either (1969–1981) or (1982–2008) above Britannia, with the numeral 50 underneath the seated figure. His original but unused design, of the Royal Arms with supporters was released as a variation in 2013.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £2 coin. The winner, announced in April 2008, was Matthew Dent, whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008. The designs for the 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together. The shield in its entirety was featured on the now-obsolete round £1 coin. The 50p coin depicts the lowest point of the Shield, with the words below the point of the shield. The coin's obverse remains unchanged.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: In addition to the standard designs there have been several variant reverse designs used on the 50p coin to commemorate important events. These are summarised in the table below.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: The following coins were produced by the Royal Mint as commemorative releases only, without being intended for release into circulation:


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: Fifty pence coins are legal tender for amounts up to and including £10. However, in the UK, "legal tender" has a very specific and narrow meaning which relates only to the repayment of debt to a creditor, not to everyday shopping or other transactions. Specifically, coins of particular denominations are said to be "legal tender" when a creditor must by law accept them in redemption of a debt. The term does not mean—as is often thought—that a shopkeeper has to accept a particular type of currency in payment. A shopkeeper is under no obligation to accept any specific type of payment, whether legal tender or not; conversely they have the discretion to accept any payment type they wish.


title: Fifty pence (British coin)

text: "Mintage figures below represent the number of coins of each date released for circulation. Mint Sets have been produced since 1982; where mintages on or after that date indicate 'none' or 'Proof only', there are examples contained within those sets."


title: Koshary

text: Koshary, kushari or koshari ( ) is Egypt's national dish and a widely popular street food. A traditional Egyptian staple, mixing pasta, rice and brown lentils, and topped with a zesty tomato sauce, garlic vinegar and garnished with chickpeas and crispy fried onions. It is often served with sprinklings of garlic juice; garlic vinegar and hot sauce are optional.


title: Koshary

text: In the Egyptian Books of Genesis, the Ancient Egyptian term "Koshir" meant "Food of the rites of the Gods", the Koshir was a breakfast dish that consisted of lentils, wheat, chickpeas, garlic and onions cooked together in clay pots. The word isn't related to the Jewish dietary laws known as Kosher. It was described by a priest from Heliopolis as a food to eat after fasting on the 11th day of Pachons, a month in the ancient Egyptian calendar. Koshary is known as ""The food of the Poor"", it consists of fried onions, lentils, rice, macaroni and lemon sauce. It is somewhat related to Mediterranean cuisine, but the Egyptian dish has different ingredients and flavors, especially the local Egyptian lemon sauce, which gives it the unique taste for which the dish is popular.


title: Koshary

text: In 1853, in his book "Journey to Egypt and the Hijaz", explorer Richard Burton documented koshary as the breakfast meal of the people of Suez. It consisted of Egyptian lentils, rice, butter, onions and pickled lemons.


title: Koshary

text: This dish is widely popular among workers and laborers and the dish is well-suited to mass catering events such as conferences. It may be prepared at home, and is also served at roadside stalls and restaurants all over Egypt; some restaurants specialize in koshary to the exclusion of other dishes, while others feature it as one item among many. As traditionally prepared koshary does not contain any animal products, it can be considered vegan, as long as all frying uses vegetable oil.


title: Koshary

text: Alexandrian koshary is quite different from other koshary recipes, with significant variations in taste and form. the process of cooking includes yellow lentils and rice, it also uses curry and cumin in the rice, which gives the koshary a uniform color. Also included are Egyptian rolled eggs, which are boiled then fried in ghee or butter, as well as lightly pickled tomatoes instead of tomato sauce and French fries on the side.


title: Koshary

text: Koshary has also gained popularity outside of Egypt in recent years, especially in Eastern Arabia and Yemen. There are variations in each country or region, such as adding grilled vegetables and using basmati rice cooked either white or yellow. Other recipes of these regions include using other shapes of macaroni. The recipes could include chicken as well, making them closer to kabsa in some cases.


title: Koshary

text: The dish is served in Japanese carts and has some additions added on top of the original recipe. Additional ingredients, which are not typically found in Egyptian recipes, are basil chicken, raw tomatoes, sour cream, fried eggs, Cheddar sauce, avocado slices, and spicy powder with jalapeño.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: Koopa Troopas, known in Japan as , are fictional footsoldiers of the turtle-like Koopa race from the "Mario" media franchise. They are commonly referred to generically as Koopas, a race that includes Bowser, King of the Koopas, the Koopalings, Lakitu, and others.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: Predecessors to Koopa Troopas, , appeared in the 1983 game "Mario Bros.", with Koopa Troopas debuting in the first "Super Mario" game, "Super Mario Bros." (1985). Koopa Troopas have appeared in some form in most of the "Super Mario" games and many of the spin-off games. When defeated, they may flee from or retreat inside their shells, which can usually be used as weapons. Koopa shells are a recurring weapon in the franchise, particularly popularized in the "Mario Kart" series, in which they can be fired as projectiles against other racers. Despite making up the bulk of Bowser's army, known as the , Troopas are often shown to be peaceful, some teaming up with Mario. A skeleton of a Koopa Troopa is a .


title: Koopa Troopa

text: A tortoise-like enemy called "Shellcreepers" (simply called "turtles" in Japan) first appeared in the 1983 arcade game "Mario Bros.", set in the sewers of New York. Series creator Shigeru Miyamoto had a fellow designer draw the enemy, but the result was far too realistic to fit in with the tone of the game, so Miyamoto designed the enemy himself. While the design had quite a large head, Miyamoto validated it by suggesting it looked like a tortoise. In "Mario Bros.", Shellcreepers could only be defeated by hitting the platform on which they stood from underneath, thus flipping them on their backs allowing Mario or Luigi to kick them off the screen. In "Mario Bros.", the color of a Shellcreeper's shell indicated how fast it was - green being the slowest, purple being faster, and red being the fastest.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: Koopa Troopas ("Nokonoko" in Japan), named as such in 1985's "Super Mario Bros." for the Nintendo Entertainment System, are the troops in Bowser's (known as "Koopa" in Japan) army.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: The design of the Koopa Paratroopa ( in Japan), a Koopa Troopa with wings which jumps up and down or flies, came from "Mario" developer Takashi Tezuka in an attempt to add a flying character to "Super Mario Bros.", but there was not enough space to include such a character. Tezuka suggested that they put wings on the Koopa Troopa, which Miyamoto did not think would work. However, once it was finished, Miyamoto felt that it looked cute.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: In "Super Mario Bros.", green-shelled Troopas wander aimlessly along platforms and even fall into pits, whereas those with red shells patrol their platforms, turning around when they reach the edge of it. Jumping on a Koopa Troopa causes it to retreat into its shell. The shell can then be kicked, causing it to slide quickly along a platform, defeating any enemy in its path (or Mario, should he stand in its way). It may also rebound off a block, pipe, or any non-enemy (or player) solid object that is in its way. These attributes have been present throughout most of the games. "Super Mario Bros." also introduced the Koopa Paratroopa. Jumping on a Paratroopa causes it to lose its wings and become a normal Koopa Troopa.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: Koopa Troopas appeared again in "", originally a Japan-exclusive Famicom Disk System title released in 1986 as ""Super Mario Bros. 2"".


title: Koopa Troopa

text: In "Super Mario World" for the Super NES, the Koopa Troopa's design was changed slightly, as it was given shoes according to the color of its shell and made bipedal, and although quadrupedal Koopas would be seen in "Super Mario Land" (albeit as - which were similar to Koopa Troopas except their shells exploded) and its , they would not be seen again until "Super Mario Galaxy" and its sequel, with bipedal Koopas remaining the most common design throughout the series. "Super Mario World" also introduced the concept of knocking a Koopa Troopa out of its shell by jumping on it (something outside the anatomy of real turtles and tortoises), causing it to go in search of a new shell. The game also introduced blue and yellow Koopa Troopas; blue Troopas essentially being faster versions of red ones that kick their shells at the player when knocked out of them, and yellow Koopas chasing after the player character. The "New Super Mario Bros." series saw the return of blue-shelled Troopas, but here they drop a blue shell after their death that the player character can wear, giving the player character the abilities of a Koopa Troopa such as retreating into the shell, which can be kicked by another player.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: They appear in "Super Mario Odyssey", where for the most part they're friendly mini-game organizers who give a Power Moon to Mario for beating them in a race after finishing the main game, similar to Koopa the Quick in "Super Mario 64", or walking on a shape formed by arrows that disappear over time. Here the only Koopas that are part of the Koopa Army are the ones found in the 8-bit inspired sections reminiscent of the first "Super Mario Bros".


title: Koopa Troopa

text: "Super Mario Kart" for the Super NES marked the Koopa Troopa's first appearance as a playable character, as well as introducing the character to the "Mario" spin-off games. Although Koopa Troopa was replaced by Wario on the roster of "Mario Kart 64", he would return as a playable character again in later games like "", "Mario Kart Wii", "Mario Kart 7", "Mario Kart 8", "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe", and "Mario Kart Tour". Since then, both Koopas and Paratroopas have appeared, either playable or not, in a vast number of spin-off games in the series, and Koopa shells have become popularized as a weapon by the "Mario Kart" series. Reflecting the walking behavior of Koopa Troopas in the "Super Mario" games, green shells move in a straight line regardless of what is around them, and red shells move intelligently to increase the chance of hitting an opponent.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: They appear in all games of the "Super Smash Bros." series, appearing as background elements, stage hazards, trophies, and adventure mode enemies. The Koopa shell has appeared as a weapon in every "Super Smash Bros." game.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: Koopa Troopas also have appeared in "Mario Golf" and "Mario Tennis". Koopa Troopa also appears in "Mario Tennis Aces" as a playable character.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: A friendly Koopa was given the role of the host of "Mario Party" for the Nintendo 64. It also appears in "Super Mario Party" and "Mario Party Superstars".


title: Koopa Troopa

text: Koopa Troopas have also made appearances in the various cartoons and comics based on the "Super Mario" series. While members of the Koopa family appear in the 1993 "Super Mario Bros." film, Troopas do not, although early artwork had the film's version of Goombas labelled as "Koopa's Troopas".


title: Koopa Troopa

text: Koopa Troopa also has its own Amiibo along with Goomba. They appear in the Wii U version of "", being summoned by Bowser during one of his special moves.


title: Koopa Troopa

text: GameDaily listed Koopa Troopa as the eighth best "Mario" enemy, calling them the most common enemies in the series next to the Goomba. IGN's Audrey Drake listed Koopa Troopa as one of the best "Mario" enemies, saying that it is one of the most "iconic Mario enemies out there. In fact, they're pretty much synonymous with the franchise."


title: Koopa Troopa

text: Since their introduction, Koopa Troopas have become the iconic enemy of the "Mario" franchise, often referenced in popular culture relating to the series: in 2007's "The Simpsons Game", a Koopa Troopa appears as the apparent bride of the eccentric geek Professor Frink after Bart and Lisa rescue him from Donkey Kong in a parody of the popular arcade game. A satirical article was written by The Pitt News columnist Ben Korman, criticizing the "Mario" series for its offensive treatment of the Koopa Troopas, stating that the character Mario was rewarded for his slaughter of "innocent, healthy turtles".


title: Koopa Troopa

text: A variety of Mario-related merchandise depicting Koopa Troopas have been produced over the years by Nintendo; this merchandise includes plush dolls, mini figures, bottle caps and plush keychains. The various merchandise given out on "King Koopa's Kool Kartoons" was often adorned with the name Koopa Troopa as well. Their signature shell was included as a player piece in the Nintendo version of the Monopoly board game.


title: The Kill Order

text: The Kill Order is a 2012 young adult dystopian science fiction novel written by American author James Dashner and published on August 14, 2012 by Delacorte Press. It is the first prequel book in "The Maze Runner" series and the fourth installment overall. The book is set prior to the events of "The Fever Code" and 13 years before "The Maze Runner" book.


title: The Kill Order

text: In the prologue, Thomas goes through the Swipe and is put in the Box, as he is one of the candidates who is needed inside. He is told that Teresa will get the Swipe as well. Thomas is then sent into the Maze with Teresa, setting the events of "The Maze Runner" in motion.


title: The Kill Order

text: Set thirteen years before the prologue and the events of "The Maze Runner", the main story of the novel begins in New York City, when the world is hit by catastrophic solar flares.


title: The Kill Order

text: Mark and Trina form an alliance with Alec, Lana, and others, who rescue them from a group of street urchins. The group flees to the fictional Lincoln Building to avoid an impending tsunami. The Tsunami ends up being made of searing hot water due to the solar flare, killing most of the survivors in New York and giving Mark PTSD. They camp out in the building for weeks until a yacht arrives, but the yacht's crew takes them hostage and kills one of them in order to persuade them to give up all the food in the Lincoln building. Alec manages to overcome their captors, and they take the yacht as their own and pilot the boat to the Appalachian Beaches.


title: The Kill Order

text: The story resumes one year after the tsunami near Asheville, a small North Carolina village in which Mark, Trina, Alec, and Lana now live. Huge helicopter-like vehicles, called Bergs, arrive and attack the people in the villages. The crew showers their settlement with darts that kill many villagers. Alec and Mark manage to subdue and take over a Berg, but its pilot crashes the vehicle in order to avoid answering their questions. They discover that the darts contained a deadly virus, and they start their long journey back to their village.


title: The Kill Order

text: Three days later, they reach the village to find that the virus had killed most of the infected. Lana and Trina explain that after the initial death toll, people started living a little longer before they die, and symptoms of infection also changed. Mark and Alec explain that the darts were filled with a virus, and the group suspects that the virus is mutating.


title: The Kill Order

text: Trina and Lana take Mark and Alec to a locked room in which one of their other friends, Darnell, is confined. Increasingly sick, he had started having hallucinations, apparently from the virus, and begged Trina and Lana to lock him up, which they did. Their friend started saying that "they" were in his brain and eating it away. He kept repeating that "they" were going to eat at his head until nothing was left. He suddenly starts banging his head against a wall to silence "them" and ends up killing himself.


title: The Kill Order

text: Another girl, Misty, who was his friend goes into the room and comes out reporting a headache that alarms Mark and Alec. They tell Lana and Trina to lock her up as well. Immediately after they confine, she starts acting just like her dead friend by talking about "them," and she starts to sing an eerie song about death.


title: The Kill Order

text: Mark and Alec take Lana and Trina to find the mysterious attackers' base. The group passes through an abandoned village where they meet a five-year-old girl, Deedee, who they take with them. She tells them that just like their own settlement, her village was attacked months earlier. The people turned crazy and left her behind. She shows the group a puncture mark that alarms Alec, who tells the group that Deedee must be infected. They decide to take her with them anyway since if she had no symptoms months after she had been infected by the virus, she was obviously immune to it.


title: The Kill Order

text: Traveling to find the attackers' base, Mark and Alec leave the group for a while to investigate a loud noise. They encounter a cult of infected people that believes that since Deedee is immune to the virus, unlike them, she must be some sort of demon. Mark and Alec manage to escape from the cult but find that a forest fire has been started and that Trina, Lana, and Deedee are gone from their campsite. Believing that the three girls in their party must have escaped and gone ahead of them to the attackers' base, Mark and Alec continue on to the site.


title: The Kill Order

text: They arrive at the base and sneak into what appears to be the site of the Post-Flares Coalition (PFC). They eavesdrop on a conversation and realize that the disease is widely known as "the Flare" and caused by a virus that shuts down the thinking part of people's brains. They also learn that the girls were given back to the infected cult. They are caught eavesdropping but manage to escape and steal a Berg. Mark and Alec find weapons inside the Berg; the "transvices" are guns that evaporate people's molecules. They recharge one to use so that they can battle the infected. Mark realizes that the Flare has started to affect his mind.


title: The Kill Order

text: Their journey in the Berg takes them near Asheville, where they find Lana suffering badly from torture by the infected. To end her suffering, Alec must kill her with the transvice. They find Trina and Deedee at an old house, but Mark realizes that Trina also has the Flare and has forgotten him. They are attacked by the infected but manage to escape to the Berg. As Mark starts to lose his sanity, he recognizes that Deedee is truly immune to the virus and should be sent to the safety of the PFC base in Alaska. Mark plans on delivering Deedee by using a teleporter, called a "flat trans", inside a PFC base in the safe part of Asheville. As they travel, they find that Alec is also dying from the Flare.


title: The Kill Order

text: Mark and Trina manage to bring Deedee to the flat trans and send her through it to safety at the Alaska PFC base. Mark orders Alec to crash the Berg into the flat trans building to prevent the infected from escaping Asheville. Trina remembers Mark, and they kiss just as the Berg crashes, killing everyone in the base and destroying the flat trans.


title: The Kill Order

text: In the book's epilogue, two years later, authorities from WICKED take a little boy, Stephen, away from his mother, because he is immune to the virus. They rename him Thomas. In the second epilogue, Deedee is revealed to be Teresa from the original trilogy, who sees the infected as worthy of saving due to her experience with Mark, Trina, and Alec, who tried to save her and the world in spite of suffering from the infection. When she first meets Thomas, on the other hand, Thomas tells her that he was grateful to escape his infected parents.


title: The Kill Order

text: Critical reception for "The Kill Order" was mostly positive. Publishers Weekly and KidzWorld both gave positive reviews for the book, with Publishers Weekly noting that fans of the main "Maze Runner" series would enjoy it.


title: The Kill Order

text: On September 27, 2016, a sequel to "The Kill Order" was released, titled "The Fever Code"; taking place between the events of "The Kill Order" and "The Maze Runner".


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: How the West Was Won is an American Western television series that starred James Arness, Eva Marie Saint, Fionnula Flanagan, Bruce Boxleitner, and Richard Kiley. Loosely based on the 1962 Cinerama film of the same name, it began with a two-hour television film, "The Macahans", in 1976, followed by a mini-series in 1977, and a regular series in 1978 and 1979.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: The show was a great success in Europe, apparently finding a larger and more lasting audience there than in the United States. It has been rebroadcast many times on various European networks, e.g. in France, Germany, Italy, Norway and Sweden, and has built a cult following. It was released on DVD in Europe in November 2009.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: Zebulon Macahan is a well-known mountain man and scout working for the U.S. Army in the Indian Territories. The pilot movie shows Zeb not having seen his family for ten years and with the Civil War approaching, deciding to visit them in Manassas, Virginia. As war comes too close to home, Zeb's sister-in-law, Kate, convinces her husband, Zeb's brother Tim, to move their two sons, Seth and Jed (renamed Luke and Josh in the remaining episodes) and two daughters (Jessie and Laura) out west.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: There the family learns that the first battle of the war is likely to occur at Bull Run, near Zeb and Tim's parents' home. Tim returns to Virginia while the family winters in the Indian Territories. Zeb learns that a friend has been murdered by Dutton, who escaped from an Army Guardhouse he was in for murdering innocent Indians. Knowing that Dutton swore vengeance on him and fearing for his family, Zeb attempts to intercept Dutton before he can reach the Macahan homestead. Luke heads east to look for his father and grandparents but gets home, only to find his grandparents were killed by artillery fire that struck their home during the First Battle of Bull Run. He learns that his father was conscripted into a unit of the Union Army heading for Tennessee to the Battle of Shiloh. Luke is also conscripted at Shiloh but is wounded and taken to a field aid station, where he finds his mortally-wounded father dying. Luke tells his superiors that he will no longer serve and is about to be shot as a deserter when shelling nearly kills his entire platoon. Escaping on foot, he reaches Missouri, finding the abandoned horse of a dead soldier and rides the horse until a local sheriff, Martin Stillman, and his men find Luke, accusing him of horse thievery. Luke tries to explain that he is a former Union soldier who found the horse but Stillman and his men, being Confederate sympathizers, try to lynch him. Luke escapes, severely wounding Stillman's arm in the process.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: Meanwhile, Zeb tracks down and kills Dutton. Luke arrives at the family homestead near the Platte River in western Nebraska and tells his mother Kate not only about Tim's death, but also that he is now an Army deserter as well as an outlaw in Missouri and must leave and be on the run. The pilot episode ends with Luke riding off. The series continues when after a period of relative quiet, a bounty hunter named Captain Grey, an Army Provost Marshal pursuing Union soldiers accused of desertion, arrives at the homestead to arrest Luke. Zeb slashes Grey's arm with a knife and Grey swears he will return. Grey continues to pursue Luke but the war ends and the government grants amnesty to all alleged deserters. Grey resigns his Army commission but keeps tracking Luke due to the reward on him in Missouri over the incident with the sheriff. Grey breaks into the Macahan house and mother Kate fatally shoots him. The first season ends with the family leaving the homestead to travel west to Oregon, which was their original intention.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: The second season starts with Kate having died in a barn fire. Her sister, a wealthy widow named Molly Culhane, arrives from Chicago to reunite with her only remaining family. Stillman, the former Missouri sheriff, is now a wealthy businessman with a crippled arm and is obsessed with revenge against Luke, but is killed by Zeb in a gunfight. By this time, Luke has gained a reputation as a skilled gunfighter and is continually fleeing pursuit, having not been cleared of the Missouri charges, even at the series finale. The remainder of the series involves Zeb and the family building their ranch in the Grand Tetons area of Wyoming.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: In first season, Tim's sons have different names than in the rest of the series. Bruce Boxleitner's character was renamed "Luke", and William Kirby Cullen's character renamed "Josh".


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: Guest stars included Ricardo Montalban as Satangkai, a chief of the Sioux Nation, Ron Hayes as Sheriff Pinter, Med Flory (three episodes as a sheriff), Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr., Harry Lauter as Sheriff Charlie Benton, Gregg Palmer as Loman, Tom Simcox as Marshal Logan, Read Morgan as Morton in "The Slavers", and John M. Pickard as Colonel Caine, James Stephens as C. L. Bradley (the pilot and two episodes), and Jim Turner (three episodes). Actors Richard Basehart, Ken Curtis, Michael Conrad, Christopher Lee and Jack Elam also guest starred.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: "How the West was Won" has been released in Scandinavia as "Familjen Macahan"(Sweden)" and Familien Macahan"(Norway)("Macahan Family") in 5 boxes:


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: The series was remastered and released in 2012, also in 5 boxes (Box 1 – August 31; Boxes 2-5 - September 25), as well as a complete box November 21, 2012.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: Warner Home Video has released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1; season 1 was released on July 9, 2013, followed by season 2 on July 15, 2014. The third and final season was released by Warner Archive as an MOD DVD on April 19, 2016.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: A more accurate list of the 14 episodes from season 2 can be found inside the Season 2 DVD case released in July 2014. This new DVD episode list fixes errors found in most web sites.


title: How the West Was Won (TV series)

text: In January 1978, a nearly 400-page "epic length" paperback novelization of a number of early episodes, written by Lou Cameron, was published by Ballantine Books. A prolific and versatile paperback scribe whose credits include winning a Western Writers of America Spur Award for his novel "The Spirit Horses", Cameron's novelization adapted teleplays and screen stories by Calvin Clements, Colley Cibber, Howard Fast, William Kelley, John Mantley, Katharyn Michaelian, Jack Miller and Earl W. Wallace. The novel, sharing the title of the series, is not to be confused with the identically titled 1962 feature film which was itself adapted into a novel by Louis L'Amour.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Textus Receptus (Latin: "received text") refers to all printed editions of the Greek New Testament from Erasmus' "Novum Instrumentum omne" (1516) to the 1633 Elzevir edition. It was the most commonly used text type for Protestant denominations.


title: Textus Receptus

text: The "Textus Receptus" constituted the translation-base for the original German Luther Bible, the translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale, the King James Version, the Spanish Reina-Valera translation, the Czech Bible of Kralice, and most Reformation-era New Testament translations throughout Western and Central Europe. The text originated with the first printed Greek New Testament, published in 1516, a work undertaken in Basel by the Dutch Catholic scholar, priest and monk Desiderius Erasmus.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Erasmus had been working for years on two projects: a collation of Greek texts and a fresh Latin New Testament. In 1512, he began his work on the Latin New Testament. He collected all the Vulgate manuscripts that he could find to create a critical edition. Then, he polished the Latin, declaring, "It is only fair that Paul should address the Romans in somewhat better Latin." In the earlier phases of the project, he never mentioned a Greek text: "My mind is so excited at the thought of emending Jerome’s text, with notes, that I seem to myself inspired by some god. I have already almost finished emending him by collating a large number of ancient manuscripts, and this I am doing at enormous personal expense."


title: Textus Receptus

text: While his intentions for publishing a fresh Latin translation are clear, it is less clear why he included the Greek text. Some speculate that he intended on producing a critical Greek text or that he wanted to beat the Complutensian Polyglot into print, but there is no evidence to support these speculations. Rather, his motivation may have been simpler: he included the Greek text to prove the superiority of his Latin version. He wrote, "There remains the New Testament translated by me, with the Greek facing, and notes on it by me." He further demonstrated the reason for the inclusion of the Greek text when defending his work: "But one thing the facts cry out, and it can be clear, as they say, even to a blind man, that often through the translator's clumsiness or inattention the Greek has been wrongly rendered; often the true and genuine reading has been corrupted by ignorant scribes, which we see happen every day, or altered by scribes who are half-taught and half-asleep." Erasmus' new work was published by Froben of Basel in 1516, becoming the first published Greek New Testament, the "Novum Instrumentum omne, diligenter ab Erasmo Rot. Recognitum et Emendatum". He used manuscripts: 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 7, 817.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Typographical errors, attributed to the rush to complete the work, abounded in the published text. Erasmus also lacked a complete copy of the Book of Revelation and translated the last six verses back into Greek from the Latin Vulgate to finish his edition. Erasmus adjusted the text in many places to correspond with readings found in the Vulgate or as quoted in the Church Fathers; consequently, although the Textus Receptus is classified by scholars as a late Byzantine text, it differs in nearly 2,000 readings from the standard form of that text-type, as represented by the "Majority Text" of Hodges and Farstad (Wallace, 1989). The edition was a sell-out commercial success and was reprinted in 1519, with most but not all of the typographical errors corrected.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Erasmus had been studying Greek New Testament manuscripts for many years, in the Netherlands, France, England and Switzerland, noting their many variants, but had only six Greek manuscripts immediately accessible to him in Basel. They all dated from the 12th Century or later, and only one came from outside the mainstream Byzantine tradition. Consequently, most modern scholars consider his text to be of dubious quality.


title: Textus Receptus

text: With the third edition of Erasmus' Greek text (1522) the Comma Johanneum was included because "Erasmus chose to avoid any occasion for slander rather than persisting in philological accuracy" even though he remained "convinced that it did not belong to the original text of l John." Popular demand for Greek New Testaments led to a flurry of further authorized and unauthorized editions in the early sixteenth century, almost all of which were based on Erasmus' work and incorporated his particular readings but typically also making a number of minor changes of their own.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Robert Estienne, known as Stephanus (1503–1559), a printer from Paris, edited the Greek New Testament four times, in 1546, 1549, 1550 and 1551, the last in Geneva. The edition of 1551 contains the Latin translation of Erasmus and the Vulgate.


title: Textus Receptus

text: The origin of the term "Textus Receptus" comes from the publisher's preface to the 1633 edition produced by Bonaventure and his nephew Abraham Elzevir who were partners in a printing business at Leiden. The preface reads, "Textum ergo habes, nunc ab omnibus receptum: in quo nihil immutatum aut corruptum damus" ("so you hold the text, now received by all, in which (is) nothing corrupt"). The two words "textum" and "receptum" were modified from the accusative to the nominative case to render "textus receptus". Over time, that term has been retroactively applied to Erasmus' editions, as his work served as the basis of the others.


title: Textus Receptus

text: John Mill (1645–1707) collated textual variants from 82 Greek manuscripts. In his "Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS" (Oxford 1707) he reprinted the unchanged text of the "Editio Regia", but in the index he enumerated 30,000 textual variants.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Shortly after Mill published his edition, Daniel Whitby (1638–1725) attacked his work by asserting that the text of the New Testament had never been corrupted and thus equated autographs with the Textus Receptus. He considered the 30,000 variants in Mill's edition a danger to Holy Scripture and called for defending the Textus Receptus against these variants.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687–1752) edited in 1725 "Prodromus Novi Testamenti Graeci Rectè Cautèque Adornandi" and in 1734 "Novum Testamentum Graecum". Bengel divided manuscripts into families and subfamilies and favoured the principle of "lectio difficilior potior" ("the more difficult reading is the stronger").


title: Textus Receptus

text: Johann Jakob Wettstein's apparatus was fuller than that of any previous editor. He introduced the practice of indicating the ancient manuscripts by capital Roman letters and the later manuscripts by Arabic numerals. He published in Basel "Prolegomena ad Novi Testamenti Graeci" (1731).


title: Textus Receptus

text: J. J. Griesbach (1745–1812) combined the principles of Bengel and Wettstein. He enlarged the Apparatus by considering more citations from the Fathers, and various versions, such as the Gothic, the Armenian, and the Philoxenian. Griesbach distinguished a Western, an Alexandrian, and a Byzantine Recension. Christian Frederick Matthaei (1744–1811) was a Griesbach opponent.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) was the first who broke with the Textus Receptus. His object was to restore the text to the form in which it had been read in the Ancient Church in about AD 380. He used the oldest known Greek and Latin manuscripts.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Westcott and Hort published "The New Testament in the Original Greek" in 1881 in which they rejected what they considered to be the dated and inadequate Textus Receptus. Their text is based mainly on Codex Vaticanus in the Gospels.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Frederick von Nolan, a 19th-century historian and Greek and Latin scholar, spent 28 years attempting to trace the Textus Receptus to apostolic origins. He was an ardent advocate of the supremacy of the Textus Receptus over all other editions of the Greek New Testament, and he argued that the first editors of the printed Greek New Testament intentionally selected those texts because of their superiority and disregarded other texts, which represented other text-types because of their inferiority.


title: Textus Receptus

text: It is not to be conceived that the original editors of the [Greek] New Testament were wholly destitute of plan in selecting those manuscripts, out of which they were to form the text of their printed editions. In the sequel it will appear, that they were not altogether ignorant of two classes of manuscripts; one of which contains the text which we have adopted from them; and the other that text which has been adopted by M. Griesbach.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Nor let it be conceived in disparagement of the great undertaking of Erasmus, that he was merely fortuitously right. Had he barely undertaken to perpetuate the tradition on which he received the sacred text he would have done as much as could be required of him, and more than sufficient to put to shame the puny efforts of those who have vainly labored to improve upon his design. [...] With respect to Manuscripts, it is indisputable that he was acquainted with every variety which is known to us, having distributed them into two principal classes, one of which corresponds with the Complutensian edition, the other with the Vatican manuscript. And he has specified the positive grounds on which he received the one and rejected the other.


title: Textus Receptus

text: The Textus Receptus was defended by John William Burgon in his "The Revision Revised" (1881) and also by Edward Miller in "A Guide to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament" (1886). Burgon supported his arguments with the opinion that the Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Ephraemi were older than the Sinaiticus and the Vaticanus; and also that the Peshitta translation into Syriac (which supports the Byzantine Text) originated in the 2nd century. Miller's arguments in favour of readings in the Textus Receptus were of the same kind. However, both Burgon and Miller believed that although the Textus Receptus was to be preferred to the Alexandrian Text, it still required to be corrected in certain readings against the manuscript tradition of the Byzantine text. In that judgement, they are criticised by Edward F. Hills, who argues that the principle that God provides truth through scriptural revelation also must imply that God must ensure a preserved transmission of the correct revealed text, continuing into the Reformation era of biblical translation and printing. For Hills, the task of biblical scholarship is to identify the particular line of preserved transmission through which God is acting; a line that he sees in the specific succession of manuscript copying, textual correction and printing, which culminated in the Textus Receptus and the King James Bible. Hills argues that the principle of providentially-preserved transmission guarantees that the printed Textus Receptus must be the closest text to the Greek autographs and so he rejects readings in the Byzantine Majority Text where they are not maintained in the Textus Receptus. He goes so far as to conclude that Erasmus must have been providentially guided when he introduced Latin Vulgate readings into his Greek text; and even argues for the authenticity of the Comma Johanneum.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Hence the true text is found not only in the text of the majority of the New Testament manuscripts but more especially in the Textus Receptus and in faithful translations of the Textus Receptus, such as the King James Version. In short, the Textus Receptus represents the God-guided revision of the majority text.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Hills was the first textual critic to defend the Textus Receptus. Although others have defended it per se, they are not acknowledged textual critics (such as Theodore Letis and David Hocking) or their works are not on a scholarly level (such as Terence H. Brown and D. A. Waite).


title: Textus Receptus

text: The "Textus Receptus" was mainly established on a basis of manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type, also called 'Majority text', and usually is identified with it by its followers. However, in addition, over many years, Erasmus had extensively annotated New Testament citations in early Fathers, such as Augustine and Ambrose, whose biblical quotations more frequently conformed to the Western text-type; and he drew extensively on these citations (and also on the Vulgate) in support of his choice of Greek readings.


title: Textus Receptus

text: F. H. A. Scrivener (1813–1891) remarked that at Matt. 22:28; 23:25; 27:52; , 4, 19, 20; Mark 7:18, 19, 26; 10:1; 12:22; 15:46; Luke 1:16, 61; 2:43; 9:1, 15; 11:49; John 1:28; 10:8; 13:20, Erasmus followed the readings of Minuscule 1 (Caesarean text-type). Scrivener showed that some texts were incorporated from the Vulgate (for example, Acts 9:6). Daniel B. Wallace enumerated that in 1,838 places (1,005 are translatable) the "Textus Receptus" differs from the Byzantine text-type.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Minuscule 1, Erasmus's only text source for the Book of Revelation, is a manuscript of the Andreas commentary and not a continuous text manuscript. It was not always easy for Erasmus to distinguish this manuscript's commentary text from its biblical source text. The Andreas text is recognised as related to the Byzantine text in Revelation; but most textual critics nevertheless consider it to be a distinct text-type.


title: Textus Receptus

text: Dean Burgon, a great influential supporter of the "Textus Receptus," declared that it needs correction. He suggested 150 corrections in its Gospel of Matthew alone.


title: The Martians (scientists)

text: "The Martians" () is a term used to refer to a group of prominent Hungarian scientists (mostly, but not exclusively, physicists and mathematicians) of Jewish descent who emigrated from Europe to the United States in the early half of the 20th century.


title: The Martians (scientists)

text: Leo Szilard, who jokingly suggested that Hungary was a front for aliens from Mars, used this term. In an answer to the question of why there is no evidence of intelligent life beyond Earth despite the high probability of it existing, Szilárd responded: "They are already here among us they just call themselves Hungarians." This account is featured in György Marx's book "The Voice of the Martians."


title: The Martians (scientists)

text: Paul Erdős, Paul Halmos, Theodore von Kármán, John G. Kemeny, John von Neumann, George Pólya, Leó Szilárd, Edward Teller, and Eugene Wigner are included in "The Martians" group.


title: The Martians (scientists)

text: When the question was put to Edward Teller who was particularly proud of his monogram, "E.T." (abbreviation of "extraterrestrial") he looked worried, and said: "Von Kármán must have been talking."


title: The Martians (scientists)

text: According to György Marx, the extraterrestrial origin of the Hungarian scientists is proved by the fact that the names of Leó Szilárd, John von Neumann, and Theodore von Kármán cannot be found on the map of Budapest, but craters can be found on the Moon bearing their names:


title: The Martians (scientists)

text: During and after World War II, many Central European scientists immigrated to the United States, mostly Jewish refugees fleeing from Nazism or Communism. Several were from Budapest, and were instrumental in American scientific progress (e.g., developing the atomic bomb).


title: Climate of Delhi

text: The climate of Delhi is an overlap between monsoon-influenced humid subtropical (Köppen climate classification "Cwa") and semi-arid (Köppen climate classification "BSh"), with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi's version of a humid subtropical climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities such as São Paulo, New Orleans and Brisbane in that the city features dust storms (something more commonly seen in a desert climate) and wildfire haze (something seen in a tropical climate during the dry season) due to its semi-arid climate.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Summer starts in early April and peaks in late May or early June, with average temperatures near although occasional heat waves can result in highs close to on some days and therefore higher apparent temperature. The monsoon starts in late June and lasts until mid-September, with about of rain. The average temperatures are around , although they can vary from around on rainy days to during dry spells. The monsoons recede in late September, and the post-monsoon season continues till late October, with average temperatures sliding from .


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Winter starts in November and peaks in January, with average temperatures around . Although daytime temperatures are warm, Delhi's proximity to the Himalayas results in cold waves leading to lower apparent temperature due to wind chill. Delhi is notorious for its heavy fogs and haze during the winter season. In December, reduced visibility leads to disruption of road, air and rail traffic. Winter ends by the first week of March.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Delhi lies in the landlocked Northern Plains of the Indian Subcontinent. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it to experience both weather extremes. Delhi has 5 distinct seasons, viz. Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winter and Spring. Broadly speaking, Delhi has long and scorching summers- sub-divided into dry summer and humid monsoon seasons, short and mildly cold winters, and two bouts of pleasant transition seasons. Two most important wind patterns influencing Delhi's climate are the Western Disturbance and the South-West Winds.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Summer begins in early April and continues till the middle of June, with the heat peaking in late May and early June. It is characterized by extreme heat, low humidity, very hot winds and thunderstorms. Delhi's proximity to the Thar Desert results in hot, dry continental winds, called loo, at times blowing all across from the West Asian mainland, making the days feel hotter. These winds, blowing over from vast land stretches, are very hot and dry. Since the Western Disturbance depression moves eastward (and is the reason for cyclonic occurrences in Eastern Coastal areas) by this time of the year, there is no moisture-laden wind to increase humidity. The air therefore remains dry or very dry during day. For most of its summer season, Delhi has a semi-arid climate. Coming from Spring, the city witnesses a spurt in day temperature around early April, whereas nights still remain pleasant. By the latter part of April or during early May, maximum temperatures exceed while the ambience remains very dry. Night temperatures cross the mark towards the latter part of April. May is Delhi's hottest month during which temperatures may reach or higher. This month is characterized by frequent thunderstorms. Dust storms are another feature of Delhi's summer, and can be severe and destructive when accompanied by strong winds, particularly under cumulonimbus formation. These are caused due to fine dust brought along by the hot winds arriving from the desert. They make the surroundings appear pale yellow, bring temperatures slightly down and are usually followed by thunderstorms. Post mid-June, temperatures start falling slowly, while humidity shows a gradual rise.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: A visual characteristic of summer in Delhi is the summer bloom, particularly the blooming Bougainvillea, Amaltas, Gulmohar, Shireesh and Jacaranda trees, which look spectacular when fully flowering during peak summer in May.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Monsoon winds arrive in Delhi by either the end of June or the first week of July. The arrival of moisture laden South-Western winds, traveling from the Arabian Sea marks the onset of the humid season in Delhi. This season is marked by high levels of humidity and high heat. Day temperatures drop below as humidity suddenly soars. July is marked by high heat and relatively less precipitation (as compared to August). This transition from scorching to sweltering heat between June and July makes the latter feel very uncomfortable. August is Delhi's wettest month. The heat is considerably reduced and it is relatively cooler for most part of the month. There is dense cloud formation in the sky and at least a week of distinct, heavy rainfall. By September, the amount and frequency of precipitation drops, though humidity remains high. Towards the end of September, moisture content in the air begins to fall and monsoon ends by early October. In India, the Rainy season as referred to as "Rituraani", meaning the Queen of Seasons.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: The end of monsoon marks the arrival of a transition season. Autumn arrives by early or mid October, and is marked by very dry ambiance, warm days and pleasant nights. Maximum temperatures drop below by late October and there is a gradual fall in average temperature. Minimum temperature drops below . During Autumn, the wind direction begins changing from South-Westerly to North-Westerly. In recent decades, Delhi has seen a hazardous increase in air pollution levels and haze in the months of October and November caused by stubble burning by farmers in the Indian states lying north of Delhi for fresh sowing at this time of the year, which is exacerbated by the usually almost still air around this time that causes the pollutants to hang in Delhi's air for many days. Around late autumn, the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable, and can often be more than , with minimum dropping to under and maximum still hovering slightly under . This season ends by early November.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Winter arrives in Delhi by early November. Minimum temperatures gradually enter single digits by this time of the year, while days are cool. Though usually not cold initially, December suddenly becomes cold in the latter half, as chilly north-western winds from the Himalayas begin sweeping the Northern Plains. These cold waves are caused by a depression created by Western Disturbance, which bring cloud cover and winter rains to the Plains, and add to snowfall in the North-Western Indian Subcontinent. By early January, when winter peaks in Delhi, the minimum temperatures plunge to the vicinity of , though very rarely entering the negative scale. Maximum temperatures, too may drop down into single digits and always stay under . When the minimum temperature ventures very close to the mark, Delhi witnesses frost. Snow is a practical impossibility for Delhi (and the rest of Northern Plains) due to very dry nature of its winter- the coldest conditions happen under clear skies when icy winds rush in from the Himalayas, and a cloud cover (which is necessary for causing snowfall) rather warms the city by trapping heat, thereby junking any possibility of snow. Delhi's winter is marked by very dense fog and haze, which dramatically reduce visibility and makes days colder by cutting off sunlight. In the opposite scenario, cold north-westerly winds from the upper reaches of Himalayas blowing across the city makes the days feel colder, despite any sunshine and the nights further cold. Post mid-January, average temperatures begin to rise very gradually, though the rise is almost contained by the cold north-western winds which result due to very heavy snowfall that occurs in the Himalayas during this part of the month. It may rain towards the end of January and the precipitation is usually accompanied by hail, resulting in slight increase in minimum temperatures due to cloud cover. Maximum temperatures again cross and days become pleasant.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: By mid-February or somewhat beyond, minimum temperatures cross the mark and days start getting warmer gradually, marking the end of winter.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Around the middle of February, Delhi's climate sees another transition, this time from Winter to Summer. The transition weather is known as Spring and is characterized by warm days, cool nights, dry ambiance and lively natural surroundings. The weather is pleasant and there is warm, brilliant sunshine during the day. For all its characteristics, in India it is referred to as "Rituraaj", meaning the King of Seasons. Spring rains are a characteristic of this season. These rains may be accompanied by hail and can be heavy. Average temperatures show a slow, gradual rise as the wind direction shift from North-West to South-West, thereby getting warmer. Around late spring/ early summer, the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable, and can often be more than , with maximum rising to mid 30s °C () and minimum in the mid 10s °C (). Spring ends by the latter half of March and the day temperatures exceed by then, marking the onset of the next summer.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Temperature records for Delhi exist for a period of a little over 100 years. The lowest ever temperature reading during this period is , recorded on 11 January 1967 at Met Delhi Palam. And, the highest ever temperature reading during the same period is recorded on 15 May 2022, at Met Delhi Mungeshpur.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Delhi has two weather monitoring stations, one at Safdarjung inside the main city and other at Palam on its outskirts near the Airport. The readings at Safdarjung station are taken as those for the city, whereas the readings at Palam station are taken as those for the Airport.


title: Climate of Delhi

text: Located at 28°36′36″N latitude, Delhi lies in the sub-tropical belt of earth's North Temperate geographical region, a few latitudes north of the Tropic of Cancer. As such the rotation of earth has its effect on the city's day-length, which shortens during winters and lengthens during summers. Between the two solstices, Delhi's day-length changes by about 4 hours, offset by some 2 hours each at sunrise and sunset.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The Andaman Sea (historically also known as the Burma Sea) is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and west side of the Malay Peninsula, and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. Its southern end is at Breueh Island just north of Sumatra, with the Strait of Malacca further southeast.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Traditionally, the sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries and its coral reefs and islands are popular tourist destinations. The fishery and tourist infrastructure was severely damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The Andaman Sea, which extends over 92°E to 100°E and 4°N to 20°N, occupies a very significant position in the Indian Ocean, yet remained unexplored for long period of time. To the south of Myanmar, west of Thailand, and north of Indonesia, this sea is separated from Bay of Bengal by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and an associated chain of sea mounts along the Indo-Burmese plate boundary. The Strait of Malacca (between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra) forms the southern exit way of the basin, which is 3 km wide and 37 m deep.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Andaman or Burma Sea" as follows:


title: Andaman Sea

text: "On the Southwest." A line running from ""Oedjong Raja"" <nowiki>[</nowiki>""Ujung Raja" or "Point Raja""] () in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea.


title: Andaman Sea

text: "On the Northwest." The Eastern limit of the Bay of Bengal [A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma <nowiki>[</nowiki>Myanmar] through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E].


title: Andaman Sea

text: "On the Southeast." A line joining Lem Voalan (7°47'N) in Siam <nowiki>[</nowiki>Thailand], and Pedropunt (5°40'N) in Sumatra.


title: Andaman Sea

text: "Oedjong" means "cape" and "Lem" means "point in dutch language on maps of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia). Lem Voalan [Phromthep Cape] is the southern extremity of Goh Puket (Phuket Island).


title: Andaman Sea

text: The northern and eastern side of the basin is shallow, as the continental shelf off the coast of Myanmar and Thailand extends over 200 km (marked by 300 m isobath). About 45 percent of the basin area is shallower (less than 500 m depth), which is the direct consequence of the presence of the wider shelf. The continental slope which follows the eastern shelf is quite steep between 9°N and 14°N. Here, the perspective view of the submarine topography sectioned along 95°E exposes the abrupt rise in depth of sea by about 3,000 m within a short horizontal distance of a degree. Isobaths corresponding to 900 m and 2000 m are also shown in the figure to emphasize the steepness of the slope. Further, it may be noted that the deep ocean is also not free from sea mounts; hence only around 15 percent of the total area is deeper than 2,500 m.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The northern and eastern parts are shallower than due to the silt deposited by the Irrawaddy River. This major river flows into the sea from the north through Myanmar. The western and central areas are deep. Less than 5% of the sea is deeper than , and in a system of submarine valleys east of the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, the depth exceeds . The sea floor is covered with pebbles, gravel, and sand.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The western boundary of the Andaman Sea is marked by volcanic islands and sea mounts, with straits or passages of variable depths that control the entry and exit of water to the Bay of Bengal. There is a drastic change in water depth over a short distance of 200 km, as one moves from the Bay of Bengal (around 3,500 m deep) to the vicinity of islands (up to 1,000 m depth) and further into the Andaman Sea. Water is exchanged between the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal through the straits between the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Out of these, the most important straits (in terms of width and depth) are: Preparis Channel (PC), Ten Degree Channel (TDC), and Great Channel (GC). PC is the widest but shallowest (250 m) of the three and separates south Myanmar from north Andaman. TDC is 600 m deep and lies between Little Andaman and Car Nicobar. GC is 1,500 m deep and separates Great Nicobar from Banda Aceh.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Running in a rough north–south line on the seabed of the Andaman Sea is the boundary between two tectonic plates, the Burma Plate and the Sunda Plate. These plates (or microplates) are believed to have formerly been part of the larger Eurasian Plate, but were formed when transform fault activity intensified as the Indian Plate began its substantive collision with the Eurasian continent. As a result, a back-arc basin center was created, which began to form the marginal basin which would become the Andaman Sea, the current stages of which commenced approximately 3–4 million years ago (Ma).


title: Andaman Sea

text: The boundary between two major tectonic plates results in high seismic activity in the region (see List of earthquakes in Indonesia). Numerous earthquakes have been recorded, and at least six, in 1797, 1833, 1861, 2004, 2005, and 2007, had the magnitude of 8.4 or higher. On 26 December 2004, a large portion of the boundary between the Burma plate and the Indo-Australian plate slipped, causing the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. This megathrust earthquake had a magnitude of 9.3. Between of the boundary underwent thrust faulting and shifted by about , with the sea floor being uplifted several meters. This rise in the sea floor generated a massive tsunami with an estimated height of that killed approximately 280,000 people along the coast of the Indian Ocean. The initial quake was followed by a series of aftershocks along the arc of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The entire event severely damaged the fishing infrastructure.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Within the sea, to the east of the main Great Andaman island group, lies Barren Island, the only currently active volcano associated with the Indian subcontinent. This island-volcano is in diameter and rises above sea level. Its recent activity resumed in 1991 after a quiet period of almost 200 years. It is caused by the ongoing subduction of the India plate beneath the Andaman island arc, which forces magma to rise in this location of the Burma plate. The last eruption started on 13 May 2008 and still continues. The volcanic island of Narcondam, which lies further north, was also formed by this process. No records exist of its activity.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Collectively, the modern Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and Thanlwin (Salween) rivers deliver >600 Mt/yr of sediment to the sea. Most recent stuy show: 1) There is little modern sediment accumulating on the shelf immediately off the Ayeyarwady River mouths. In contrast, a major mud wedge with a distal depocenter, up to 60 m in thickness, has been deposited seaward in the Gulf of Martaban, extending to ~130 m water depth into the Martaban Depression. Further, 2) There is no evidence showing that modern sediment has accumulated or is transported into the Martaban Canyon; 3) There is a mud drape/blanket wrapping around the narrow western Myanmar Shelf in the eastern Bay of Bengal. The thickness of the mud deposit is up to 20 m nearshore and gradually thins to the slope at −300 m water depth, and likely escapes into the deep Andaman Trench; 4) The estimated total amount of Holocene sediments deposited offshore is ~1290 × 109 tons. If we assume this has mainly accumulated since the middle Holocene highstand (~6000 yr BP) like other major deltas, the historical annual mean depositional flux on the shelf would be 215 Mt/yr, which is equivalent to ~35% of the modern Ayeyarwady-Thanlwin rivers derived sediments; 5) Unlike other large river systems in Asia, such as the Yangtze and Mekong, this study indicates a bi-directional transport and depositional pattern controlled by the local currents that are influenced by tides, and seasonally varying monsoons winds and waves.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The climate of the Andaman Sea is determined by the monsoons of southeast Asia, as the prevailing winds reverse with the start of either season. The region experiences north-easterlies with an average windspeed of in the months of November-February. During these months, the western part of the domain experiences maximum wind intensity. It weakens by March–April and reverses to strong south-westerlies from May to September, with mean wind speeds touching in June, July and August, distributed near-uniformly over the entire basin. Wind speeds plummet by October and switch back to north-easterlies from November.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Air temperature is stable over the year at 26 °C in February and 27 °C in August. Precipitation is as high as 3,000 mm/year and mostly occurs in summer. Sea currents are south-easterly and easterly in winter and south-westerly and westerly in summer. The average surface water temperature is 26–28 °C in February and 29 °C in May. The water temperature is constant at 4.8 °C at the depths of 1,600 m and below. Salinity is 31.5–32.5‰ (parts per thousand) in summer and 30.0–33.0‰ in winter in the southern part. In the northern part, it decreases to 20–25‰ due to the inflow of fresh water from the Irrawaddy River. Tides are semidiurnal with an amplitude of up to .


title: Andaman Sea

text: The effect of wind stress on the ocean surface can be explained by wind stress curl. The net divergence of water in the ocean mixed layer results in Ekman pumping. The contrast between the two seasons elicits a very strong negative pumping velocity of more than per day along the north coast of Indonesia from May to September (shown here, June). This may signify coastal downwelling in the summer. It is also observed that the region develops a weak but positive pumping velocity of less than per day at the mouth of GC in winter (here, December).


title: Andaman Sea

text: Generally, currents are found to be stronger in the south than any other part of the basin. An intense surface outflux through GC, of the order of 40 cm/s, occurs during summers and winters. While this flow is directed westwards in winter, it is southwards along the west coast of Indonesia in summer. On the other hand, the TDC has strong surface influx in summer, which weakens by October. This is followed by a sturdy outflux in winter, which wanes by the month of April. Although the surface flow through PC is generally inward during summer monsoon, the preceding and succeeding months experience outflow (strong outflow in October, but weak outflow in April). During April and October, when the effects of local winds are minimal, Andaman Sea experiences the intensification of meridional surface currents in the poleward direction along the continental slope on the eastern side of the basin. This is characteristic of the propagation of Kelvin Waves.


title: Andaman Sea

text: It is observed that the water level rises in the basin between April and November with the maximum rate of piling up of water during April and October (marked by the steep slope of the curve). The rise in sea surface height (SSH) is attributed to rainfall, fresh water influx from rivers, and inflow of water through the three major straits. The first two of these are quantifiable and are hence expressed in volumes of water for comparison. From this, the expected influx through the straits (= SSH anomaly – Rainfall – River Influx) could be deduced. A possible fourth factor, evaporative losses, is negligible in comparison. (Previous studies show that the annual mean freshwater gain (precipitation minus evaporation) of the Andaman Sea is 120 cm per year.) It is found that the SSH of the basin is primarily determined by the transport of water through the straits. The contributions from rainfall and rivers become substantial only during summer. Hence, a net inward flow occurs through the straits between April and November, followed by a net outward transport until March.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The basin has a very high rate of transport of water through the straits in April and October. This is a period of equatorial Wyrtki jets, which hit the coast of Sumatra and reflect back as Rossby waves and coastal Kelvin waves. These Kelvin waves are guided along the eastern boundary of Indian Ocean, and a part of this signal propagates into the Andaman Sea. The northern coast of Sumatra is the first to be affected. The 20 °C isotherm which deepens during the same period is suggestive of the downwelling nature of Kelvin waves. The waves further propagate along the eastern boundary of the Andaman Sea, which is confirmed by the differential deepening of the 20-degree isotherm along longitudes 94°E and 97°E (averaged over latitudes 8°N and 13°N). These longitudes are chosen so that one represents the western part of the basin (94°E) and the other along the steep continental slope on the eastern side of the basin (97°E). It is observed that both these longitudes experience deepening of the isotherms in April and October, but the effect is more pronounced at 97°E (isotherms deepen by 30m in April and 10m in October). This is a concrete signature of downwelling in the basin and is definitely not forced locally as the winds are weaker during this period. This confirms unequivocally that the sudden burst of water into the basin through the straits, the intensification of eastern boundary currents and the coincidental deepening of isotherms in April and October are the direct consequence of the propagation of downwelling Kelvin waves in the Andaman Sea, remotely forced by equatorial Wyrtki jets. The evolution of vorticity in the basin is suggestive of strong shear in the flow during different times of the year, and further indicates the presence of low frequency geophysical waves (such as westward propagating Rossby waves) and other transient eddies.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The coastal areas of the Andaman Sea are characterized by mangrove forests and seagrass meadows. Mangroves cover between more than of the Thai shores of Malay Peninsula whereas seagrass meadows occupy an area of . Mangroves are largely responsible for the high productivity of the coastal waters – their roots trap soil and sediment and provide shelter from predators and nursery for fish and small aquatic organisms. Their body protects the shore from the wind and waves, and their detritus are a part of the aquatic food chain. A significant part of the Thai mangrove forests in the Andaman Sea was removed during the extensive brackish water shrimp farming in 1980s. Mangroves were also significantly damaged by the 2004 tsunami. They were partly replanted after that, but their area is still gradually decreasing due to human activities.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Other important sources of nutrients in the Andaman Sea are seagrass and the mud bottoms of lagoons and coastal areas. They also create a habitat or temporal shelter for many burrowing and benthic organisms. Many aquatic species migrate from and to seagrass either daily or at certain stages of their life cycle. The human activities which damage seagrass beds include waste water discharge from coastal industry, shrimp farms and other forms of coastal development, as well as trawling and the use of push nets and dragnets. The 2004 tsunami affected 3.5% of seagrass areas along the Andaman Sea via siltation and sand sedimentation and 1.5% suffered total habitat loss.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The sea waters along the Malay Peninsula favor molluscan growth, and there are about 280 edible fish species belonging to 75 families. Of those, 232 species (69 families) are found in mangroves and 149 species (51 families) reside in seagrass; so 101 species are common to both habitats. The sea also hosts many vulnerable fauna species, including dugong ("Dugong dugon"), several dolphin species, such as Irrawaddy dolphin ("Orcaella brevirostris") and four species of sea turtles: critically endangered leatherback turtle ("Dermochelys coriacea") and hawksbill turtle (Eletmochelys imbricata) and threatened green turtle ("Chelonia mydas") and olive ridley turtle ("Lepidochelys olivacea"). There are only about 150 dugongs in the Andaman Sea, scattered between Ranong and Satun Provinces. These species are sensitive to the degradation of seagrass meadows.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Coral reefs are estimated to occupy 73,364 rai (117 km) in the Andaman Sea with only 6.4 percent in ideal condition.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Thailand alone harvested about 943,000 tonnes of fish in 2005 and about 710,000 tonnes in 2000. Of those 710,000 tonnes, 490,000 are accounted for by trawling (1,017 vessels), 184,000 by purse seine (415 vessels), and about 30,000 by gillnets. Of Thailand's total marine catch, 41 percent is caught in the Gulf of Thailand and 19 percent in the Andaman Sea. Forty percent is caught in waters outside Thailand's EEZ.


title: Andaman Sea

text: Production numbers are significantly smaller for Malaysia and are comparable, or higher, for Myanmar. Competition for fish resulted in numerous conflicts between Myanmar and Thailand. In 1998 and 1999, they resulted in fatalities on both sides and nearly escalated into a military conflict. In both cases, the Thai navy intervened when Burmese vessels tried to intercept Thai fishing boats in the contested sea areas, and Thai fighter aircraft were thought to be deployed by the National Security Council. Thai fishing boats were also frequently confronted by the Malaysian navy to the extent that the Thai government had to caution its own fishers against fishing without license in foreign waters.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The 2004 marine production in Thailand was composed of: pelagic fish 33 percent, demersal fish 18 percent, cephalopod 7.5 percent, crustaceans 4.5 percent, trash fish 30 percent and others 7 percent. Trash fish refers to non-edible species, edible species of low commercial value and juveniles, which are released to the sea. Pelagic fishes were distributed between anchovies ("Stolephorus" spp., 19 percent), Indo-Pacific mackerel ("Rastrelliger brachysoma", 18 percent), sardinellas ("Sardinellars" spp., 14 percent), scad (11 percent), longtail tuna ("Thunnus tonggol", 9 percent), eastern little tuna ("Euthynnus affinis", 6 percent), trevallies (6 percent), bigeye scad (5 percent), Indian mackerel ("Rastrelliger kanagurta", 4 percent), king mackerel ("Scomberomorus cavalla", 3 percent), torpedo scad ("Megalaspis cordyla ", 2 percent), wolf herrings (1 percent), and others (2 percent). Demersal fish production was dominated by purple-spotted bigeye ("Priacanthus tayenus"), threadfin bream ("Nemipterus hexodon"), brushtooth lizardfish ("Saurida undosquamis"), slender lizardfish ("Saurida elongata") and Jinga shrimp ("Metapenaeus affinis"). Most species are overfished since the 1970s–1990s, except for Spanish mackerel ("Scomberomorus commersoni"), carangidae and torpedo scad ("Meggalaspis" spp.). The overall overfishing rate was 333 percent for pelagic and 245 percent for demersal species in 1991. Cephalopods are divided into squid, cuttlefish and molluscs, where squid and cuttlefish in Thai waters consists of 10 families, 17 genera and over 30 species. The main mollusk species captured in the Andaman Sea are scallop, blood cockle ("Anadara granosa") and short-necked clam. Their collection requires bottom dredge gears, which damage the sea floor and the gears themselves and are becoming unpopular. So, the mollusk production has decreased from 27,374 tonnes in 1999 to 318 tonnes in 2004. While crustaceans composed only 4.5 percent of the total marine products in 2004 by volume, they accounted for 21 percent of the total value. They were dominated by banana prawn, tiger prawn, king prawn, school prawn, bay lobster ("Thenus orientalis"), mantis shrimp, swimming crabs and mud crabs. The total catch in 2004 was 51,607 tonnes for squid and cuttlefish and 36,071 tonnes for crustaceans.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The sea's mineral resources include tin deposits off the coasts of Malaysia and Thailand. Major ports are Port Blair in India; Dawei, Mawlamyine and Yangon in Myanmar; Ranong port in Thailand; George Town and Penang in Malaysia; and Belawan in Indonesia.


title: Andaman Sea

text: The Andaman Sea, particularly the western coast of the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and Myanmar are rich in coral reefs and offshore islands with spectacular topography. Despite having been damaged by the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, they remain popular tourist destinations. The nearby coast also has numerous marine national parks – 16 only in Thailand, and four of them are candidates for inclusion into UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


title: Evan Neal

text: Evan Neal (born September 19, 2000) is an American football offensive tackle for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama and was selected seventh overall by the Giants in the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Evan Neal

text: Neal was born on September 19, 2000, in Okeechobee, Florida. He originally attended Okeechobee High School before transferring to IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida. He played in the 2019 Under Armour All-America Game. A five-star recruit, Neal committed to play college football at the University of Alabama.


title: Evan Neal

text: Neal started all 13 games at left guard during his freshman year in 2019 before moving to right tackle in 2020. He was a starting member of the team that won the 2021 College Football Playoff National Championship. Following the 2021 season, Neal announced that he would forgo his senior year and enter the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Evan Neal

text: Neal's father, Eddie, played linebacker at Tulane while three uncles — Frankie Neal, Cleveland Gary, and Jimmie Jones — played in the NFL.


title: Evan Neal

text: Neal was drafted seventh overall by the New York Giants in the 2022 NFL Draft. In Week 8 against the Jacksonville Jaguars Neal injured his knee.


title: Western Dedicated Freight Corridor

text: The Western Dedicated Freight Corridor or Western DFC is a 1,506 km long, under-construction broad gauge freight corridor in India. It will connect Dadri in Uttar Pradesh (near Delhi) with Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. The corridor is being built by the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL), a public-sector unit (PSU) under the Ministry of Railways and would be electrified with double-line operation. The Western DFC entails a new single-line branch from Prithla in Palwal district to Tughlakabad in Delhi, running parallel to the existing New Delhi–Faridabad–Palwal railway line.


title: Western Dedicated Freight Corridor

text: The Western DFC is exclusively for transporting freight at higher speeds with increased load carrying capacity. The main freight commodities include fertilizers, food grains, salt, coal, iron, steel and cement. It uses Flash Butt Welded head-hardened (HH) 250 metre long rails with axle load capacity of 25t on tracks and 32.5t on bridges, compared to the existing 22.9t to 25t axle load used on Indian Railway tracks. The line will support freight trains reaching length, pulled by high-power WAG12 electric locomotives and running at speeds greater than . The tracks will be entirely grade-separated and have a generous loading gauge of width and maximum height allowing for the double-stacked shipping container on flatcars to be transported, in contrast to wellcars used in other countries for double-stack rail transport. This allows for single trains to have a 400-container capacity. Trains will have radio communications and GSM-based tracking – a first in the Indian railway sector.


title: Western Dedicated Freight Corridor

text: The Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (Eastern DFC) has a 46 km long branch line, that connects Khurja in Bulandshahr district on Eastern DFC with Dadri in Gautam Buddha Nagar district on the Western DFC. The Western DFC, along with the Delhi–Mumbai Expressway, will be a vital backbone of the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC). The Western DFC will cross the Delhi-Mumbai Expressway at 2 places in Haryana: Sancholi village (Gurgaon district) and Paroli village (Palwal district).


title: Western Dedicated Freight Corridor

text: The Government of India established the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) on 30 October 2006 to undertake construction of this project. India's first 2 DFCs, Western Dedicated Freight Corridor from Dadri in Uttar Pradesh to Navi Mumbai in Maharashtra and Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (Eastern DFC) from Ludhiana in Punjab to Dankuni in West Bengal, via Khurja are aimed at decongesting the railway network by moving 70% of India's goods train to these two corridors.


title: Western Dedicated Freight Corridor

text: The Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (Western DFC) will begin at Dadri in Uttar Pradesh (near Delhi) on a new stretch of railway line right of way between Dadri - Rewari and then will run parallel to existing railway lines via Narnaul, Sri Madhopur and Reengus (Sikar). The other important stations will be Phulera and Marwar Junction in Rajasthan, Palanpur, Amli Road (Sabarmati), Makarpura (Vadodara), Gothangam/ Kosad in Gujarat and Vasai Road in Maharashtra before it terminates at JNPT (Nhava Sheva Port) in Maharashtra's Raigad district.


title: Western Dedicated Freight Corridor

text: The DFCCIL has divided the construction work of the Western DFC into 5 section for contracting purposes.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: Arbour is a former cheerleader for the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association. While studying at Humber College, she started her cheerleading career and led the Humber Hype dance team which won two national championships.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: As an actress, she appeared in "Howie Do It", and "Silent But Deadly". Arbour's single "Bang Bang" was released on April 30, 2013. On June 18, 2015, her single and music video to "Fun Revolution" was released and was the first Periscope music video to debut. In April 2015, Arbour was nominated as a finalist for "Best Comedian" for the Shorty Awards, won by Hannibal Buress. Arbour released a single and self-directed music video to “Show Me How You Werk” on December 4, 2017.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: She has worked as a choreographer for professional cheerleading teams, award shows, and recording artists including Omi's "Cheerleader" performance in 2015 Much Music Video Awards, 2013 Much Music Video Awards and CFL Argos Cheerleaders.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: Arbour has been the host of a number of major events and tours including Style New York Fashion Week at Madison Square Garden, Virgin Mobile "National Fearless Day" with Richard Branson, City Fest Toronto and LG National Texting Championships 2008–2009. She also worked for brands on their marketing campaigns including Virgin Mobile, Axe and Molson Canadian's "Guy Code Campaign". Arbour was featured in Adweek magazine in April 2017 for her work in an advertisement of PMD's Lip Plumping Device.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: In September 2015, Arbour became the subject of controversy when she posted a viral video on her YouTube channel titled "Dear Fat People". Critics argued that the video endorses fat shaming. The video was temporarily unavailable on YouTube, over claims that it violated the YouTube terms of service, but was later restored.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: Arbour was the subject of both public and celebrity criticism, with plus-size model Ashley Graham labelling her comments as "disgusting".


title: Nicole Arbour

text: Soon after the video was released, Canadian director Pat Mills stated publicly that he had considered hiring Arbour as a choreographer for his then-upcoming film "Don't Talk to Irene" after meeting with her, but that he then saw "Dear Fat People" and it "made me never want to see her again". This was reported as Arbour having been "fired" from the film, but in fact no job offer had been extended.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: On September 16, 2015, Arbour appeared on "The View" to defend the "Dear Fat People" video, stating that "that video wasn’t made to offend people...it's just satire," that she wasn't targeting those with medical conditions, and that the video wasn't supposed to be taken seriously. "Time" magazine stated, "Arbour doesn't see her comments as bullying, but rather an intense form of truth-telling". Arbour was quoted in the "Time" article saying:


title: Nicole Arbour

text: I find seeing someone's head being blown off offensive ... I find children starving in a country with more than enough food offensive. I find women's bodies being mutilated for religious purposes, that is offensive to me. But words and satire I don't find offensive.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: Arbour has put out other similarly named satirical videos, including "Dear Black People", "Dear Feminists", "Dear Sluts" and "Dear Refugees".


title: Nicole Arbour

text: On January 11, 2016, YouTube personality Matthew Santoro posted "My Abuse Story", a video in which he claimed he had been in a physically and emotionally abusive relationship. In the video, he did not name who his abuser was but people eventually figured out that he was referring to Arbour. The video was originally set to private after Santoro ended the relationship but was accidentally made public. Santoro claimed he was manipulated into isolating himself from his friends and family because of Arbour's jealousy, and was later even slapped in the face by Arbour. Arbour denied the allegations in a YouTube video. Santoro has since removed his original video.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: Arbour said she once identified with the Liberal Party of Canada, but in 2020 said she no longer did.


title: Nicole Arbour

text: In a YouTube video in 2018 Arbour said that some people overreact when dealing with racial and gender issues, and that less focus should be spent on the institution of slavery which ended in the 19th century, and more focus should be spent on current issues stemming from it such as the racial wealth gap, marijuana legalization, police reform, and reforming the way media covers crime and arrests. Several of her social media posts received widespread criticism in 2018 for their perceived cultural appropriation and lack of empathy.


title: Kadamba dynasty

text: The Kadambas (345–540 CE) were an ancient royal family of Karnataka, India, that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. The kingdom was founded by Mayurasharma in c. 345, and at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions. An indication of their imperial ambitions is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers, and the marital relations they kept with other kingdoms and empires, such as the Vakatakas and Guptas of northern India. Mayurasharma defeated the armies of the Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with the help of some native tribes and claimed sovereignty. The Kadamba power reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma.


title: Kadamba dynasty

text: The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynasty and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with autonomy. From the mid-6th century the dynasty continued to rule as a vassal of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties. Notable among these are the Kadambas of Goa, the Kadambas of Halasi and the Kadambas of Hangal. During the pre-Kadamba era the ruling families that controlled the Karnataka region, the Mauryas and later the Satavahanas, were not natives of the region and therefore the nucleus of power resided outside present-day Karnataka. The Kadambas were the first indigenous dynasty to use Kannada, the language of the soil, at an administrative level. In the History of Karnataka, this era serves as a broad-based historical starting point in the study of the development of the region as an enduring geo-political entity and Kannada as an important regional language.


title: Kadamba dynasty

text: There are several legends regarding the origin of the Kadambas. According to one such legend the originator of this dynasty was a three-eyed four-armed warrior called Trilochana Kadamba (the father of Mayurasharma) who emerged from the sweat of the god Shiva under a Kadamba tree. Another legend tries to simplify it by claiming Mayurasharma himself was born to Shiva and Bhudevi (goddess of the earth). Other legends tie them without any substance to the Nagas, and the Nandas of northern India. An inscription of c.1189 claims that Kadamba Rudra, the founder of the kingdom, was born in a forest of Kadamba trees. As he had "peacock feather"-like reflections on his limbs, he was called Mayuravarman. From the Talagunda inscription, one more legend informs that the founding king of the dynasty, Mayurasharma was anointed by "the six-faced god of war Skanda".


title: Kadamba dynasty

text: Historians are divided on the issue of the geographical origin of the Kadambas, whether they were of local origin or earlier immigrants from northern India. The social order (caste) of the Kadamba family is also an issue of debate, whether the founders of the kingdom belonged to the Brahmin caste as described by the Talagunda inscription, or of local tribal origin. Historians Chopra et al. claim the Kadambas were none other than the Kadambu tribe who were in conflict with the Chera kingdom (of modern Kerala) during the Sangam era. The Kadambus find mention in the Sangam literature as totemic worshipers of the Kadambu tree and the Hindu god Subramanya. According to R.N. Nandi, since the inscription states the family got its name by tending to the totem tree that bore the beautiful Kadamba flowers, it is an indication of their tribal origin. However the historians Sastri and Kamath claim the family belonged to the Brahmin caste, believed in the Vedas and performed Vedic sacrifices. According to the Talagunda and the Gudnapur inscriptions, they belonged to the "Manavya Gotra" and were "Haritiputrās" ("descendants of "Hariti" lineage"), which connected them to the native Chutus of Banavasi, a vassal of the Satavahana empire and the Chalukyas who succeeded them. According to Rao and Minahan, being native Kannadigas, the Kadambas promptly gave administrative and political importance to their language Kannada after coming to power.