title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: The film was popular at the box office and was the 12th most popular film in the United States and Canada in 1969 and the highest-grossing foreign-language film in the United States and Canada of all-time with a gross of $20,238,100. It was number one at the US box office for two weeks in November 1969. One reason it did so well was that it became popular among film stars to be seen going to the film. News of Johnny Carson seeing the film legitimized going to see it despite any misgivings about possible pornographic content. Jacqueline Onassis went to see the movie, judo-felling an awaiting news photographer, Mel Finkelstein, alerted by the theatre manager, while leaving the theatre during the showing.


title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: Initial reception to Curious Yellow was divided. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" referred to it as a "Good, serious movie about a society in transition," and Norman Mailer said he felt "like a better man" after having seen it. Conversely, Rex Reed described the film as "about as good for you as drinking furniture polish" and Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" lambasted it as "a dog... a real dog" and "stupid and slow and uninteresting.". Rex Reed said the movie was "vile and disgusting" and Sjöman was "a very sick Swede with an overwhelming ego and a fondness for photographing pubic hair", but Norman Mailer described it as "one of the most important pictures I have ever seen in my life".


title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: In recent years, Yellow has received some reappraisal, thanks in part to Gary Giddins, who authored the 2003 essay accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD release, and a review by Nathan Southern on the All Movie Guide website. Southern assesses the picture as "a droll and sophisticated comedy about the emotional, political, social, and sexual liberation of a young woman... a real original that has suffered from public incomprehension since its release and is crying out for reassessment and rediscovery.".


title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: As of August 2015, "I Am Curious (Yellow)" received a 52% rating based on 25 reviews, 13 "fresh" and 12 "rotten" on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.


title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: Nyman won the award for Best Actress at the 5th Guldbagge Awards for her role in this film and "I Am Curious (Blue)".


title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: Various television series have episodes with similar titles, such as "Get Smart" series finale "I Am Curiously Yellow"; "Moonlighting" ("I Am Curious, Maddie"); "The Simpsons" ("I Am Furious (Yellow)"); "That Girl" ("I Am Curious Lemon"); "Ed, Edd n Eddy" ("I Am Curious Ed"); and "The Partridge Family" ("I Am Curious...Partridge").


title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: In the "Mad Men" seventh season episode "The Strategy", Don Draper references having just seen this movie in a theatre.


title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: Episode 285 of "This American Life" featured a story called "I Am Curious, Jello," which followed up on the censorship trial between Los Angeles prosecutor Michael Guarino and Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra two decades after the case was thrown out of court.


title: I Am Curious (Yellow)

text: American car manufacturer Plymouth introduced a special order color for 1971. "Curious Yellow" is a vibrant greenish yellow, one of their "High-Impact" colors.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: The Soviet designation Project 1241 "Molniya" () are a class of Russian missile corvettes (large missile cutters in Soviet classification). They have the NATO reporting name Tarantul (not to be confused with the , whose official Soviet name is also Project 205P "Tarantul"). These ships were designed to replace the Project 205M "Tsunami" missile cutter (NATO: ).


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: In the late 1970s, the Soviets realised the need for a larger, more seaworthy craft with better gun armament and higher positioned air search radars. The need for these improvements was underscored by the First Gulf War, when 12 Iraqi Osa-I-class missile boats were destroyed or damaged by short ranged Sea Skua anti-ship missiles. They were attacked by British Lynx helicopters, but the Osa crews did not notice them because they flew below their radar horizon. In the Tarantul class, both the single main gun and the two Gatling-type guns are used for air defence, together with a comprehensive electronic warfare suite. The boats are built by the Petrovsky yard (St. Petersburg), Rybinsk and Ulis yard (Vladivostok). A version of these ships for coastal anti-submarine warfare and patrol was developed as the or Project 1241.2. The Indian Navy paid approximately $30 million each to license-produce Tarantul-I in the early 1990s. With over 30 sales on the export market the Tarantul has been a relative success for the Russian shipbuilding industry.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: The naming convention for NATO reporting name Tarantul was a special case here. NATO called the first version of the class as Tarantul-II, given that they had a better sensor suite/equipment than the ships of the following class Tarantul-I, which was produced exclusively for export.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: First version, based on the Pauk-class hull, though with a significantly increased weight. Equipped with four SS-N-2 'Styx' anti-ship missiles (either the range P-15 'Termit' missile or the later P-20 variant with range) and the associated 'Plank Shave' radar targeting system ( range in active mode of surveillance, range in passive mode, with an added air surveillance capability). One AK–176 76.2 mm main gun and two AK-630 30 mm six-barreled Gatling guns, the latter CIWS system supported by the 'Bass Tilt' targeting radar. Furthermore, there is a Fasta-N SA-N-5 quadruple MANPAD launcher and two PK-16 decoy launchers.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: Propulsion is a COGOG system (COmbined Gas Or Gas) consisting of two M70 at high power gas turbines with a combined output for full power and two cruise gas turbines type M75 with a combined output of . Top speed is .


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: Between 1979 and 1984, 13 ships of the type were built. Another ship, R-55, was rebuilt after its completion as a test vessel for the 'Kortik' short-range defense system for Project 1241.7.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: To clarify, by NATO's definition, Project 1241.RE (NATO: Tarantul-I) was an export version of Project 1241.1 (NATO: Tarantul-II).


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: This class of ships could be distinguished by the lack of fire control radar on the roof of the bridge. Instead, the fire control radar, X-band "Garpun-Bal" (NATO: "Plank Shave"), built for the anti-ship missiles, was installed on the top of the mast. Other equipment included a small navigation radar type "Kivach-2" on the bridge roof (or MR-312 "Pechera-1" on the ships of Poland), and the gun-fire control radar MR-123 Vympel (NATO: "Bass Tilt") at the foot of the mast. Two PK-16 decoy launchers were also installed. The model of the missiles in the KT-138 launch containers were P-20 (NATO: SS-N-2B), basically they were P-15 updated with the new guidance system but with the original 40 km range.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: Between 1977 and 1979, 22 ships of this class were produced exclusively for export. Only one of these ships, R-26, was retained by the Soviet Navy for training purposes. India bought five of these ships as s, and would later produce eight ships of the same class domestically. Vietnam also bought four Project 1241.RE ships from various sources over the years.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: Retaining the main armament and basic hull form of the 1241.RE (NATO: Tarantul-I) class, 1241.1M (NATO: Tarantul-III) received important upgrades. Apart from a modest but useful internal redesign, the Tarantul-III had a new type of propulsion—a CODAG (COmbined Diesel And Gas) system. Two M-70 gas turbines (rated at 12,000 hp each) and two M510 (rated at 4,000 hp each) diesel engines were used, being a big improvement over the earlier COGOG system both in terms of serviceability (the two cruise diesels being almost something of a Soviet 'classic'), fuel efficiency and, most importantly, service life expectancy compared to the older NK-12Ms. The maximum speed reached .


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: The superstructures were redesigned and the angled mast of the previous projects has been replaced by a narrow, straight lattice. The sensor position remained almost the same as the Project 1241.1. The "Pechera" navigation radar was off the roof of the bridge, with the MR-123 "Vympel" fire control radar installed. Two jamming system (NATO: "Wine Glass") were installed on both sides at the foot of the mast. The reason for this was the installation of four SS-N-22 'Sunburn' supersonic ship-to-ship missiles with a range of at least 100 km. The associated radar system is the L-band 'Band Stand' radar, with a 120 km active and passive range and the capability to track 15 different targets. The missiles can also receive third party guidance through the 'Light Bulb' uplink (from other ships, helicopters or long range patrol aircraft). Cannon armament is retained, as were the PK-16 launchers, although Soviet Navy ships benefited from the improved SA-N-8 quadruple MANPAD launcher. At least one ship had an SA-N-11 Kashtan gun and missile CIWS installed instead of the AK-630s.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: The Tarantul-III, built from 1987 on, received an improved ECM (Electronic countermeasures) suite, consisting of two 'Half Hat' and two 'Foot Ball' jamming systems, coupled to four improved PK-10 decoy launchers. At least 24 of these ships were built for the Soviet Navy before production ended in 1992.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: Between 1985 and 2001, 34 ships of this class were built. After the construction of first batch of 11 ships, the anti-ship missiles were changed from the P-80 "Moskit" to the more modern model P-270 "Moskit-M", therefore the following 23 boats had a new ID: Project 1241.1MR.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: The guided missile corvette "R-60" was further modernized in 2005, having the two AK-630M CIWS removed, and replaced with "Palash" CIWS.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: Project 1242.1 and project 1241.8 "Molniya" ("Lightning") are further developments of the Tarantul family of ships. The two projects has been modified and rearmed with modern missile systems like the Uran-E and are more capable ships than the Tarantul types. The ships are built by the Russian Vympel Shipyard. Russia received at least one boat for trials in the 1990s and in 1999 Vietnam ordered two vessels. Vietnam is currently the main user of the Molniya class, with two Russian made ships and six locally built ships. Vietnam started its own production line of 1241.8 Molniya ships with the assistance of Almaz Central Design Bureau in Russia. The first two locally built ships were delivered in July 2014, two more in June 2015, and the last two in October 2017. The Vietnamese ships are armed with a AK-176 76 mm gun, 16 Uran-E anti-ship missiles, four Igla-M air-defence missiles and two AK-630 close-in-weapon systems. The Vietnamese ships are also larger at in length and a maximum displacement of 563 tons. They have a range of with 44 crew members on board. The Indian Navy ordered four further modified 1241.8 Tarantuls, this order was later reduced to two. These last two ships of the "Veer" class are armed with 16 SS-N-25 'Switchblade' / URAN E missiles, a OTO Melara 76 mm gun instead of the AK-176, and MR 352 Positiv-E (NATO: Cross Dome) radar. In 2009 Libya ordered three ships, however, the civil war in 2011 put a stop to any acquisitions. Shortly afterwards Turkmenistan acquired three Type 1241.8 vessels, possibly those that had been ordered by Libya but not delivered.


title: Tarantul-class corvette

text: The Russian Navy received two upgraded "Molniya"-class missile boats in early 2019; they were initially built for a foreign customer, but the contract was cancelled, so the Russian Navy acquired them. The boats replaced the Moskit with eight Kh-35U anti-ship missiles and MANPADS launcher with the Pantsir-M gun/missile system. They also had a modern radar phased antenna array. One boat was expected to operate in the Black Sea and the other in the Caspian Sea.


title: Sonia Sutcliffe

text: Sonia Szurma-Woodward (née Oksana Szurma; born 10 August 1950), known as Sonia Sutcliffe, is the former wife of the British serial killer Peter Sutcliffe.


title: Sonia Sutcliffe

text: Sonia married Peter William Sutcliffe on 10 August 1974, her 24th birthday, two years after she began treatment for schizophrenia. When she found out that she couldn't have children due to previous miscarriages she went back to studying to be a teacher.


title: Sonia Sutcliffe

text: Her relationship with her husband was later characterised by the writer Gordon Burn as domineering, with Sonia willing to slap him down "like a naughty schoolboy". When her husband was found guilty for the murder of multiple women in 1981, Sonia remained married to him and continued to live in their Bradford matrimonial home. They separated around 1989 and divorced in July 1994 on grounds of unreasonable behaviour. Barbara Jones, a journalist who had many conversations with Sonia, described her as "the most irritating, strangest and coldest person I've ever met. She's so incredibly prickly and demanding".


title: Sonia Sutcliffe

text: In May 1989, a libel action against the satirical magazine "Private Eye", brought by Sutcliffe, came to court. Her decision to sue was made shortly before the limitation on such actions, then six years, was due to expire. The case concerned a January 1981 article that detailed her attempts to make financial deals with newspapers and claimed that she was attempting to profit from her husband's crimes. "Private Eye" admitted at the time that it had made two errors in the article, but the plaintiff (Sutcliffe) rejected the offer of a correction.


title: Sonia Sutcliffe

text: At the end of the trial on 24 May, Sutcliffe was awarded record libel damages against the magazine of £600,000; £100,000 more than the previous highest amount. The editor, Ian Hislop, stated that "If that's justice, I'm a banana", and announced his immediate intention to appeal. A crowd-sourced fund named "Bananaballs" was successfully set up to pay for the appeal's legal costs and the damages were eventually reduced to £60,000. Two other newspapers Sutcliffe had sued, the "Daily Express" and the "Daily Star", settled with her out of court.


title: Sonia Sutcliffe

text: One other newspaper which formed part of her legal action, the "News of the World" did not settle. When the case came to court in December 1990, details emerged which demonstrated she had benefitted financially from her husband's crimes. In court, George Carman, the magazine's QC, described her as "dancing on the graves of her husband's victims". The jury found for the "News of the World", and she was ordered to pay both sides' legal costs.


title: Jerry Sags

text: Jerome Saganowich (born July 5, 1964) is an American professional wrestler best known by his wrestling name Jerry Sags. He is a member of the tag team The Nasty Boys with partner and long-term friend Brian Knobbs.


title: Jerry Sags

text: Sags was born May 7, 1964, in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He attended and graduated from Whitehall High School in Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. While at Whitehall High School, Sags met Brian Knobbs. The two became friends and went on to establish The Nasty Boys in 1986.


title: Jerry Sags

text: Sags started his American Wrestling Association career as a referee in 1985. In 1986, he and Brian Knobbs formed The Nasty Boys, a tag team that initially wrestled out of Memphis, Tennessee. The team until moved to Championship Wrestling from Florida, where they won the Tag Team Titles five times from 1988 through 1990. In 1990, they went to the NWA's Jim Crockett Promotions, which had been purchased by Ted Turner and would be renamed World Championship Wrestling before The Nasty Boys left a few months later. They feuded with Rick and Scott Steiner over the U.S. Tag Team Titles, but could not defeat them. In late 1990, they moved to the World Wrestling Federation, where they were managed by Jimmy Hart. They won the World Tag Team titles from The Hart Foundation before feuding with and losing the titles to the Legion of Doom. Knobbs and Sags then feuded with all of the WWF's top face tag teams, including The Rockers and The Bushwhackers. They turned face in the fall of 1992 to feud with Jimmy Hart's Money Inc. over the tag team titles, but were unable to recapture the gold.


title: Jerry Sags

text: They left the WWF for WCW in 1993 and were managed by Missy Hyatt, who helped lead them to world tag team titles. Hyatt later resigned as their manager, and they went on to feud with Harlem Heat, The Blue Bloods, and the team of Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck. In 1996, they were tricked by the nWo into thinking they were going to become members, but were attacked as soon as they received their shirts. Sags had been injured previously and retired as a result of the injury.


title: Jerry Sags

text: Sags later returned to wrestling in 2001 as a trainer and with Knobbs as The Nasty Boys to wrestle in the short-lived Xcitement Wrestling Federation. He retired again after the promotion folded in 2002. but returned with Knobbs to reform The Nasty Boys on June 16, 2007, at "Pro Wrestling Unplugged". On November 20, 2007, The Nasty Boys competed at the SmackDown! tapings from Tampa, Florida, wrestling in their first WWE match in years. The match was disastrous, and the team was accused of being unprofessionally stiff with their opponents, Dave Taylor and Drew McIntyre.


title: Jerry Sags

text: On January 4, 2010, The Nasty Boys made an appearance on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)'s "TNA Impact!", feuding with Team 3D. On the January 21 edition of "Impact!," the Nasty Boys competed in their first match for TNA, defeating the team of Eric Young and Kevin Nash. At Against All Odds, The Nasty Boys defeated Team 3D in a tag team match, when Jimmy Hart made his return to the company and interfered in the match on the Nasty Boys' behalf. On the February 25 edition of "Impact!", Team 3D defeated The Nasty Boys in a tables match with Jesse Neal interfering on Team 3D's behalf. The Nasty Boys and Hart continued their feud with Team 3D, defeating them and the returning Brother Runt, a replacement for Jesse Neal who The Nastys attacked prior to a six-man tag team match. After the match, Neal attacked the Nastys and helped Team 3D throw Sags through a table.


title: Jerry Sags

text: On March 29, 2010, The Nasty Boys were released by TNA following an incident at a TNA function attended by Spike TV executives.


title: Jerry Sags

text: Sags and his wife Laura have four children, daughters Chloe and Madison, and sons Seve and Jax. They reside in Treasure Island, Florida near Brian Knobbs and Hulk Hogan. Sags' sister-in-law was married to the late pro wrestler Dusty Rhodes.


title: Jerry Sags

text: In 2011, Sags appeared in an episode of "Man v. Food Nation" in the show's Tampa, Florida episode, where he won his challenge.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: Chicago Stadium was an indoor arena in Chicago, Illinois, that opened in 1929, closed in 1994 and was demolished in 1995. It was the home of the National Hockey League's Chicago Blackhawks and the National Basketball Association's Chicago Bulls.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: The Stadium hosted the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL from 1929 to 1994 and the Chicago Bulls of the NBA from 1967 to 1994. The arena was the site of the first NFL playoff game in 1932; the 1932, 1940, and 1944 Democratic National Conventions; and the 1932 and 1944 Republican National Conventions, as well as numerous concerts, rodeo competitions, boxing matches, political rallies, and plays.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: The Stadium was first proposed by Chicago sports promoter Paddy Harmon. Harmon wanted to bring an NHL team to Chicago, but he lost out to Col. Frederic McLaughlin. This team would soon be known as the Chicago Black Hawks (later 'Blackhawks'). Harmon then went on to at least try to get some control over the team by building a stadium for the Blackhawks to play in. He spent $2.5 million and borrowed more funds from friends, including James E. Norris, in order to build the stadium.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: Opened on March 28, 1929, at a cost of $9.5 million, Chicago Stadium was the largest indoor arena in the world at the time. Detroit's Olympia stadium, built two years earlier, was a model for the Chicago Stadium and had a capacity of over 15,000 people. It was also the first arena with an air conditioning system. However, the system was fairly rudimentary by modern standards, and was memorably given to filling the arena with fog during late-season basketball and hockey games.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: The Stadium sat 17,317 for hockey at the time of closure, though standing room pushed the "actual" attendance beyond that figure. The official attendance figures in the published game summaries were often given in round numbers, such as 18,500 or 20,000. The largest recorded crowd for an NHL game at the stadium was 20,069 for a playoff game between the Blackhawks and Minnesota North Stars on April 10, 1982.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: In addition to the close-quartered, triple-tiered, boxy layout of the building, much of the loud, ringing noise of the fans could be attributed to the fabled 3,663-pipe Barton organ, boasting the world's largest theater organ console with 6 manuals (keyboards) and over 800 stops, and played by Al Melgard. Melgard played for decades during hockey games there, earning the Stadium the moniker "The Madhouse on Madison".


title: Chicago Stadium

text: For years, it was also known as "The Loudest Arena in the NBA", due to its barn-shaped features. When the Stadium closed in 1994 the organ was removed and prepared to be installed in the 19th hole museum. Soon after the museum closed, sending the organ along with another theatre organ to a warehouse in Phoenix Arizona. In October 1996, a year after the stadium was razed, a propane tank explosion melted and destroyed both pipe organs, excluding the console.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: The organ is currently in the residence of Phil Maloof and is in good working condition with new pipes.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: In the Stanley Cup semifinals of 1971, when the Blackhawks scored a series-clinching empty-net goal in Game 7 against the New York Rangers, CBS announcer Dan Kelly reported, "I can feel our broadcast booth shaking! That's the kind of place Chicago Stadium is right now!" The dressing rooms at the Stadium were placed underneath the seats, and the cramped corridor that led to the ice, with its twenty-two steps, became the stuff of legend. Legend has it a German Shepherd wandered the bowels at night as "the security team."


title: Chicago Stadium

text: During the 1973 Stanley Cup Finals against Montreal, Blackhawks owner Bill Wirtz had the horn of his yacht (Kahlenberg Q-3) installed in the building, and had it sound after Blackhawks goals. This practice would, in the ensuing years, become commonplace in professional hockey.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: Nancy Faust, organist for 40 years at Chicago White Sox games, also played indoors at the Stadium, at courtside for Chicago Bulls home games from 1976 to 1984, and on the pipe organ for Chicago Blackhawks hockey there from 1985 to 1989. She was replaced at the keyboard in 1990 by Frank Pellico, who serves as Hawks organist to this day.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: It also became traditional for Blackhawk fans to cheer loudly throughout the singing of the national anthems, especially when sung by Chicago favorite Wayne Messmer. Denizens of the second balcony often added sparklers and flags to the occasion. Arguably, the most memorable of these was the singing before the 1991 NHL All-Star Game, which took place during the Gulf War. This tradition has continued at the United Center. Longtime PA announcer Harvey Wittenberg had a unique monotone style: "Blackhawk goal scored by #9, Bobby Hull, unassisted, at 6:13." The Chicago Stadium also provided a unique fan experience. On the west side of the building was the Players/Employee/VIP Visitors Parking Lot. It is also where Teams/Bands/Politicians/Performers would enter the building through the legendary Gate 3 1/2 (Appropriately placed between Gates 3 and 4 on the North and South Sides). Although protected by fencing, it was where fans could see the talent get out of their cars or teams exit their buses before going into the building. It was also a great autograph and informal "meet and greet" opportunity.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: In 1992, both the Blackhawks and the Bulls reached the finals in their respective leagues. The Blackhawks were swept in their finals by the Pittsburgh Penguins, losing at Chicago Stadium, while the Bulls won the second of their first of three straight NBA titles on their home floor against the Portland Trail Blazers. The next time the Bulls clinched the championship at home was in the newly built United Center in (when they did so against the Seattle SuperSonics), their second season at the new arena, and the Blackhawks would not reach the Stanley Cup Finals again until (in which they defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in six games), their 16th season in the new building, although they won their first championship since in Philadelphia. The Blackhawks last won the Stanley Cup at the Stadium in ; they did not win the Cup again at home until at the United Center.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: It was also the last NHL arena to retain the use of an analog dial-type large four-sided clock for timekeeping in professional hockey games. Boston Garden and the Detroit Olympia (as well as the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium in its pre-NHL days) had identical scoreboards but replaced them with digital timers in the mid-1960s, with Boston having their digital four-sided clock in use for the 1969–70 NHL season. After removing the balcony-edge game clocks at either end and at mid-ice zones of the Stadium, the replacement four-sided game clock suspended over center ice of the Stadium, built by Bulova as their "Sports Timer", was installed in Chicago in 1943. Each side of the clock had a large diameter 20-minute face in the center that kept the main game time for one period of ice hockey, with a set of shorter black-colored minute and longer red-colored sweep-second hands, and a pair of smaller, 5-minute capacity dual-concentric faces for penalty timekeeping, to the left and right of the primary 20-minute face — with each of the 5-minute penalty timers having its own single hand and each clock face, both the central main timer's dial and flanking penalty timer dials (when a penalty was counting down) illuminated from behind during gameplay. The "outer" face of each penalty timer had a single hand that avoided obscuration of the "inner" face and its own, "solid" single hand, through the use of metal rods forming the outer hand's "shaft", holding its hand's "pointer" head — the set of two concentric faces for each penalty timer dial could handle two penalties for each set, with an illuminated "2" on each penalty timer dial lighting up to display a minor penalty infraction. It was difficult to read how much time was left in a period of play on the main game timer's large face, as each minute of play was marked by a longer line on every third "seconds" increment on the central main dial, due to the minute hand's twenty-minute "full rotation" timing capacity for one period of ice hockey. The difficulty was compounded on the main central dial from the aforementioned minute and sweep-second hands being in constant motion during gameplay. The "Sports Timer's" only digital displays were for scoring and for penalized players' numbers, each digit comprising a six-high, four-wide incandescent light dot matrix display.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: That clock eventually was replaced by a four-sided scoreboard with a digital clock, first used on September 21, 1975, in Blackhawks preseason play, crafted by the Day Sign Company of Toronto, much like the one used at the end of the 1960s (and constructed by Day Sign Company) to replace the nearly identical Bulova Sports Timer game-timekeeping device in the Boston Garden, and then in 1985 by another, this one with a color electronic message board. That latter scoreboard was built by White Way Sign, which would build scoreboards for the United Center.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: The Stadium was also one of the last three NHL arenas (the others being Boston Garden and the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium) to have a shorter-than-regulation ice surface, as their construction predated the regulation. The distance was taken out of the neutral zone.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: After the Blackhawks and Bulls moved to the United Center, the Chicago Stadium was demolished in 1995. Its site is now a parking lot for the United Center across the street. CNN televised the demolition, showing devoted Blackhawks and Bulls fans crying as the wrecking ball hit the old building. The console of the Barton organ now resides in the Phil Maloof residence in Las Vegas, Nevada. Also, the center of the Chicago Bulls' floor resides in Michael Jordan's trophy room at his mansion in North Carolina.


title: Chicago Stadium

text: Two of the Stadium's main parking lots, which are still used for United Center parking, retain signs that read "People's Stadium Parking".


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: Jennifer Collene Rubin is an American actress, former model and currently working as a writer/producer/director. A competitive swimmer during her youth, Rubin was discovered by the Ford Modeling Agency and went on to model for Calvin Klein and became Ford International Model of the Year in 1984. She made her film debut as Taryn White in the 1987 horror film "" and has since starred in a variety of films including Andrew Fleming's "Bad Dreams" (1988), Marisa Silver's "Permanent Record" (1988), Oliver Stone's "The Doors" (1991), Alan Shapiro's "The Crush" (1993), Louis Venosta's "The Coriolis Effect" (1994), Christian Duguay's "Screamers" (1995), and the 2001 Dogme 95 inspired film "Reunion". Outside of film, Rubin has guest starred on a variety of television series such as "The Twilight Zone" (1987) and "Tales from the Crypt" (1992). In 2010, Rubin appeared as herself in the documentary "" and has since been also working as a writer, producer & director on her original screenplays.


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: Rubin was born on 3 April 1962. She was raised in Phoenix, Arizona. After graduating from high school, she attended the University of Arizona, where she entered a modeling competition on the university's campus. Rubin dropped out of college and relocated to New York City to pursue modeling full-time. After beginning her modeling career, Rubin was named the Ford International Model of the Year in 1984. She was the original model for Calvin Klein Obsession ads and also modeled in "Vogue".


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: Rubin's first acting role was as Taryn White in the 1987 fantasy horror film "". The film earned over $44 million at the American box office. Rubin later guest starred on an episode of the television series "The Twilight Zone" as Amy Hawkline. In 1988, Rubin starred in the horror film "Bad Dreams", the drama film "Permanent Record," and the coming of age film "Blueberry Hill". The following year, Rubin portrayed Claire in an episode of the television series "Miami Vice". In 1990, Rubin starred in the comedy film "Too Much Sun".


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: In 1991, she portrayed socialite Edie Sedgwick in Oliver Stone's biopic "The Doors". In preparing for the role, Rubin met with Bob Dylan, who had had a relationship with Sedgwick. The same year, Rubin starred in the crime drama "Delusion", and the television film "Drop Dead Gorgeous".


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: In 1992, Rubin starred in the drama "A Woman, Her Men, and Her Futon" and the television film "The Fear Inside". The same year, she guest starred on "Tales from the Crypt". In 1993, Rubin portrayed Amy Maddik in the thriller "The Crush" opposite Alicia Silverstone and Cary Elwes, and she starred in "Bitter Harvest" and the television film "Full Eclipse".


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: In 1994, Rubin was cast in the films "Saints and Sinners", "Gospel According to Harry", "Playmaker", "Red Scorpion 2", and "Stranger by Night". The same year, Rubin starred alongside Dana Ashbrook and Quentin Tarantino in the short film "The Coriolis Effect". In 1995, Rubin starred in the horror film "Screamers" and the drama film "".


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: Rubin has produced - and starred in - the film, "Road Kill" (1999), and appeared in popular TV series including "The Twilight Zone" (1985) and "Tales from the Crypt" (1992). Rubin starred as the main character Janice Starlin in "The Wasp Woman" (1995). In 1997, Rubin starred in the films "Twists of Terror" and "Plump Fiction" and guest starred on an episode of "The Outer Limits". In 1999, Rubin portrayed Tina in the film "Deal of a Lifetime."


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: In the 2000s, Rubin was cast in roles of Sara in Bel Air, Sharon Williams in "Falcon Down", Dorothy Smith in "Sanctimony", and Carla Nash in "Fatal Conflict". In 2001, Rubin portrayed Dr. Valdes in "Cruel Game", Jeanie in "Reunion", and Ione in "Amazons and Gladiators". The same year, she starred in the television film "Lawless: Beyond Justice". In 2006, Rubin starred in the television film "Dreamweaver". In 2009, Rubin starred in the film "". The following year, Rubin appeared in the documentary "".


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: In 2013, Rubin starred in the television film "Heebie Jeebies" and was cast as Dr. Paula Bellman in the 2014 film "Untold".


title: Jennifer Rubin (actress)

text: Rubin was in Chris Isaak's music video for "Somebody's Crying" (1995) and Bruce Hornsby's music video for "Harbor Lights" (1993).


title: QB1: Beyond the Lights

text: QB1: Beyond the Lights is a 2017 American documentary web television TV series directed by Peter Berg. Each season focuses on three high school senior quarterbacks from different backgrounds as they play their final season before moving on to NCAA Division I college football. It started out as a go90 series then was moved to Netflix but has subsequently been removed.


title: QB1: Beyond the Lights

text: The first season was released on February 13, 2017 on Netflix. Season 2 premiered on February 28, 2018, whilst Season 3 was released on August 16, 2019 most likely due to Spencer Rattler's suspension from his football team.


title: QB1: Beyond the Lights

text: In January, 2019, season 2 subject Justin Fields announced his intention to transfer from Georgia to Ohio State. Season 1 subject Tate Martell – then at Ohio State – tweeted, "Word of advice: don't swing and miss...especially not your second time." Even prior to this, on December 30, 2018, upon word that Fields was giving thought to transferring to Ohio State, Martell made it clear that he had no plans to depart, stating, "Why would I leave for someone who hasn’t put in a single second into this program? To just run away from somebody who hasn’t put a single second into workouts anything like that and doesn’t know what the program is all about, there’s not a chance. I will [be the starting quarterback]. I am 100 percent sure on that. I am not just going to walk away from something that I have put so much time into and there is not a chance that I won’t go out there and compete for that." Less than two weeks later, on January 10, Martell chose to enter the NCAA transfer portal, eventually moving to Miami (FL).


title: QB1: Beyond the Lights

text: Martell and Fields aren't the only subjects to play at the same school. In fact, three colleges have had multiple players from "QB1":


title: QB1: Beyond the Lights

text: Appearing in Season 1, Fromm has seen significant college football success. Fromm was the first to make a College Football Playoff game with Martell's Buckeyes also making a New Year’s Six game that season, the Cotton Bowl in December 2017 (but Martell not appearing) and Fromm starting at QB for Georgia in the 2018 Rose Bowl three days later. Fromm also started the CFP National Championship Game. He was taken with the 167th pick in the fifth round of the 2020 NFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills.


title: QB1: Beyond the Lights

text: Justin Fields is the first to merit Heisman Trophy consideration, finishing third in 2019. He was drafted 11th overall by the Chicago Bears in the 2021 NFL Draft.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: Esporte Clube Juventude, also known as Juventude, is a Brazilian football team in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. The club currently competes in the top tier of Brazilian football, the Série A, as well as in Campeonato Gaúcho Série A, the first level of the Rio Grande do Sul state football league. Major titles won by the club include the 1999 Copa do Brasil and the 1994 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. Juventude also competes in the top tier state league of Rio Grande do Sul, having won it once, in 1998. Their greatest rival is Caxias, with whom it contests the Caxias do Sul derby, also known as CaJu.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: Juventude was founded on June 29, 1913, by 35 youngsters from Caxias do Sul, descendants of Italian immigrants, being one of the first football clubs in that community. Antônio Chiaradia Neto was chosen as the club's first president.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: On July 20, 1913, Juventude played its first game, against Serrano, from the city of Carlos Barbosa, Rio Grande do Sul. The game ended 4–0 in favor of Juventude.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: On March 8, 1915, Juventude lost its first game ever. Fußball, from the nearby town of Montenegro, beat Juventude 4–1, ending a 23-game invincibility streak.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: On December 11, 1975, the first match against Caxias was played, which ended 1–0 to Juventude. The goal was scored by Da Silva. This match is known as the Ca-Ju derby.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: On December 4, 1994, Juventude won the second division of Campeonato Brasileiro, which was the first national title won by the club, gaining promotion to the first division.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: On June 27, 1999, Juventude won its most important national title, the Copa do Brasil, gaining the right to contest the Copa Libertadores in the following year.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: In 2000, Juventude played the Copa Libertadores for the first time, but the club was eliminated in the first stage.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: Finally in 2013 Juventude finished Série D as 2nd and promoted to Série C for 2014 season. They ascended again to the Série B in 2017.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: Juventude returned to the top division of Brazilian Football Série A after a 13-year absence by finishing 3rd in the 2020 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. In 2021, they finished in 16th in the tournament, ensuring they remain in Série A for the 2022 championship.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: Juventude's stadium is Estádio Alfredo Jaconi, inaugurated in 1975, with a maximum capacity of 23,519 people.


title: Esporte Clube Juventude

text: There is another anthem, which is an unofficial one, and was composed (both the lyrics and the music) by Paulo Gazola, and is called Hino da Volta do Ju, meaning "Anthem of Ju's Return".


title: Omani rial

text: The Omani rial (, ISO 4217 code OMR) is the currency of Oman. It is divided into 1000 "baisa" (also written "baiza", ).


title: Omani rial

text: From 1973 to 1986, the rial was pegged to the U.S. dollar at 1 Omani rial = US$2.895. The rate was changed in 1986 to 1 Omani rial = US$2.6008, which translates to approximately US$1 = 0.384497 rial. The Central Bank of Oman buys U.S. dollars at 0.384 Omani rial, and sells U.S. dollars at 0.386 Omani rial. It is the third-highest-valued currency unit in the world after the Kuwaiti dinar and the Bahraini dinar.


title: Omani rial

text: Until 1940, the Indian rupee and the Maria Theresa thaler (known locally as the rial due to its similar size to the Spanish eight-real coin) were the main currencies circulating in Muscat and Oman, as the state was then known, with Indian rupees circulating on the coast and thaler in the interior. Maria Theresa thaler were valued at 230 paisa, with 64 paisa = 1 rupee.


title: Omani rial

text: In 1940, coins were introduced for use in Dhofar, followed, in 1946, by coins for use in Oman. Both coinages were denominated in baisa (equivalent to the paisa), with 200 baisa = 1 rial. The Indian rupee and, from 1959, the Gulf rupee continued to circulate. On 6 June 1966, India devalued the Gulf rupee against the Indian rupee. Following the devaluation, several of the states still using the Gulf rupee adopted their own currencies. Oman continued to use the Gulf rupee until 1970, with the government backing the currency at its old peg to the pound, when it adopted the Saidi rial.


title: Omani rial

text: On 7 May 1970 the Saidi rial (named after the House of Al Said, not to be confused with Saudi riyal) was introduced as the currency of Oman to replace the Gulf rupee. It was equal to the British pound sterling and 1 Saidi rial = 21 Gulf rupees. The Saidi rial was subdivided into 1000 baisa. The Omani rial replaced the Saidi rial at par on 11 November 1972. At that time, the currency became pegged to the US dollar at 1 Omani rial = US$2.895, instead of the pound sterling, a rate that would continue until 1986, when it was devalued by about 9% to 1 Omani rial = US$2.6008. The currency name was altered due to the regime change in 1970 and the subsequent change of the country's name. Since 1975, new coins have been issued with the country's name given as Oman.


title: Omani rial

text: In 1940, coins were issued for use in Dhofar in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 baisa. rial coins were added in 1948, followed by 3 baisa in 1959. In 1946, 2, 5 and 20 baisa coins were introduced for use in Oman. These were followed, between 1959 and 1960, by 3 baisa, and 1 rial coins.


title: Omani rial

text: In 1970, a coinage for all of Muscat and Oman was introduced. Denominations were 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 baisa. In 1975, new coins were issued with the country's name given as Oman. and rial coins were introduced in 1980.


title: Omani rial

text: On 7 May 1970, the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman issued banknotes in denominations of 100 baisa, , , 1, 5 and 10 rial saidi. These were followed by notes for 100 baisa, , , 1, 5 and 10 Omani rials issued by the Oman Currency Board on 18 November 1972.


title: Omani rial

text: From 1977, the Central Bank of Oman has issued notes, with 20 and 50 rial notes introduced that, followed by 200 baisa notes in 1985.


title: Omani rial

text: A new series of notes was issued on 1 November 1995, and the 5-rial notes and higher were updated in 2000 with foil strips.


title: Omani rial

text: In 2010, new 5, 10, 20 and 50-rial notes were issued on the occasion of the 40th National Day. The 20-rial note is blue instead of green while the other notes are the same colour as previously.


title: Omani rial

text: After 30 July 2019, all banknotes issued before 1 November 1995 became invalid, as well as the 5 to 50 rial banknotes issued on that date without foil strips. The 5 to 50 rial banknotes of the 1995 series with foil strips, released into circulation from 2000, remain valid. Thus, as of 2020, banknotes in circulation are mainly the 2010 series of 5 to 50 rial, the 2015 1-rial note, and the 1995 series of 100 baisa and rial. The 1995 200-baisa note, the 1995 and 2005 1-rial notes, and the 2000 release of 5-50 rial notes are still accepted but not commonly seen. Coins in circulation are mainly 25 and 50 baisa, with 5 and 10 baisa used in shops whose pricing requires them.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: Sabrina: The Animated Series is an American animated television series based on the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch. It was produced by Savage Studios Ltd. and Hartbreak Films in association with DIC Productions, L.P., which was owned by Disney at the time. The show is also a spin-off of the 1996–2003 live-action series "Sabrina the Teenage Witch." The series ran on ABC (also owned by Disney) and UPN.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: Unlike previous incarnations, Sabrina Spellman in this series is depicted as a 12-year-old attending middle school. As in the original comic series, Sabrina lives with her paternal witch aunts, Hilda Spellman and Zelda Spellman and her loud-mouthed black cat Salem Saberhagen, all of whom advise Sabrina on the use of several magics. Most episodes center on the typical issues of middle school, along with those that emanated from Sabrina's inexperience with or misuse of several magic, witchcraft and extremely powerful and complex spells. Sabrina and her best friend Chloe would often use magic (often from the "Spooky Jar"; a cookie jar containing a genie-like being in the family's kitchen) for all types of perceived emergencies, ranging from trying to fit into skinny new clothes to turning Sabrina's crush Harvey into a superhero. By the end of each episode, her innate magical abilities would unintentionally backfire and Sabrina would learn that using magic usually is not the solution to her everyday issues.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: Sabrina had previously appeared in an animated format on "The Archie Show" (animated by Filmation), but the popularity of the live-action "Sabrina the Teenage Witch" sitcom formed part of the basis for this spin-off series. The series was developed by Savage Steve Holland and Kat Likkel and Holland served as showrunner and executive producer of the series. As such, the series reflected some of the irreverent style of humor seen in "Eek! The Cat." Celebrity voice cameos in this series included Mr. T, Long John Baldry and "Weird Al" Yankovic. Melissa Joan Hart, who starred as Sabrina in the live-action sitcom, served as producer of this series, but her younger sister, Emily Hart (who played the recurring character Amanda on the sitcom), voiced Sabrina. Melissa instead voiced Sabrina's two aunts, Hilda and Zelda, originally played on the live-action series by Beth Broderick and Caroline Rhea, respectively. Nick Bakay reprises his role as Salem from both the film and live-action series. The theme music is performed by the Irish girl group B*Witched.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: The series was announced to be in production in November 1998, where 65 episodes were commissioned by Disney to air on UPN's then-upcoming Disney block, and would also air on ABC. Disney's Buena Vista Television were announced as the distributor, while DIC Entertainment and Viacom Consumer Products would handle and share merchandising rights. In January 1999, Disney's international sales distributor Buena Vista International Television were confirmed as worldwide distributor of the series.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: The series first ran in syndication on UPN (on "Disney's One Too" weekday morning-afternoon and Sunday block) and ABC (on "Disney's One Saturday Morning" block) for one season, with 65 episodes produced. An additional season of episodes was initially ordered by ABC, but were never aired. The series remained on both blocks until 2002, when the series moved to both Disney Channel from September 3, 2002 to September 2, 2004, and Toon Disney from September 3, 2002 to September 5, 2004.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: The series was one of the launch programmes broadcast on the Syndicated DIC Kids Network E/I block, later being joined by the spinoff series "Sabrina's Secret Life."


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: During the 2006-07 television season, the series returned as part of CBS' new "KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS" and was briefly part of the "KEWLopolis" cartoon lineup. On September 19, 2009, the series returned to CBS, this time as part of the network's "Cookie Jar TV" cartoon lineup, until 2010, being replaced with "Sabrina's Secret Life".


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: Reruns of the series were aired on the "This Is for Kids" block on the TV channel This from fall 2012 to October 2013.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: From 2017 to 2020, reruns of the series started airing on the Starz channel, Starz Kids & Family and the series is also available to stream on Starz's streaming service. As of 2021, the series is also available to stream on Pluto TV's After School Cartoons channel.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: In Canada, the series aired on Teletoon from late-1999 to mid-2005. The series also aired on many Disney Channel networks internationally.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: Beginning in 2004, many broadcasters who already aired the series began to air it as part of a package with "Sabrina's Secret Life" titled "Totally Sabrina." The package was pre-sold to TF1 in France, RTÉ in Ireland, Mediaset in Italy, ORF in Austria, Alter Channel in Greece, FORTA in Spain, SBT in Brazil, Teletoon in Canada, Super RTL in Germany, Noga Communications in Israel and Saran in Turkey, in addition to Disney Channel and Toon Disney networks in the United Kingdom, Asia, Taiwan, Australia, France, Latin America, Brazil, the Middle East and Spain.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: In February 2001, DIC announced the formation of their home video subsidiary DIC Home Entertainment, and that "Sabrina: The Animated Series" would be one of the shows from their catalogue released through the division.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: In the Philippines, Viva Video and Cookie Jar Entertainment released a few DVD sets in the countries.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: In the United Kingdom, budget distributor Prism Leisure and Fremantle Home Entertainment released "Sabrina in Love" and "Salem's World" on DVD which had the same 2 episodes as the US VHS releases respectively, but including an additional episode. An exclusive UK DVD titled "Witchy Girls" was also released in the same year, also containing 3 episodes.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: Common Sense Media gave the series a three out of five stars and said, "Parents need to know that this tween cartoon -- a spin-off of the live-action sitcom Sabrina, the Teenage Witch -- features similar lighthearted witch humor. Storylines focus on the trials and tribulations of being a tween: friendships, school assignments, and dealing with increasing responsibility. Many of the characters set positive examples of what it means to be a good friend."


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: An 11-inch Sabrina fashion doll was released by the company Bambola. Several other small plastic toys, including a few figurines and a Polly Pocket-esque Sabrina doll were sold in stores while the series was in production.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: On August 17, 2000, Simon & Schuster Interactive's Knowledge Adventure and Havas Interactive officially announced the video game "Sabrina The Animated Series: Magical Adventure" for the Microsoft Windows and Macintosh computer systems. It was released in October 2000, and followed by "Sabrina The Animated Series: Zapped!" for the Game Boy Color system, released on November 22, 2000,


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: On September 4, 2001, it was announced that Simon & Schuster Interactive had acquired the rights to the series, under license from Viacom Consumer Products based on the video game license. They subsequently released "Sabrina The Animated Series: Spooked!" (which contains the first levels for Game Boy Color platform). It was released on November 6, 2001.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: In November 2000, following their separation and re-independence from Disney, DIC Entertainment announced they would produce a spin-off based on Salem the Cat, simply titled "Salem". The series was planned to have 52 half-hour episodes, each budgeted at $275,000 to $325,000, and would air in the Fall of 2001, with DIC holding all worldwide distribution rights. The series never saw the light the day after its initial announcement, meaning it likely never got off the drawing board.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: The series would have focused on Salem's attempts to become a warlock again by proceeding to do enough good deeds, but lets his attitude and wit get the better of him.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: A TV movie, titled "Sabrina: Friends Forever" aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on October 13, 2002 as part of the Nickelodeon Sunday Movie Toons series of television movies. The movie was later pre-sold internationally to various Disney Channel networks, among others.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: The movie centers on Sabrina going to Witch Academy to become full witch, but is unsure if she will be accepted due to being half-witch, until she meets Nicole, a girl who is also half-witch like she is.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: A sequel series, titled "Sabrina's Secret Life" was co-produced with DIC's French subsidiary Les Studios Tex and broadcaster TF1, and premiered on DIC's syndicated television block DIC Kids Network in November 2003 before being pre-sold internationally.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: The series centers on a 14-year-old Sabrina attending High School and also attending special witch classes with rival Cassandra, who unlike Sabrina, is a full-witch.


title: Sabrina: The Animated Series

text: While "Sabrina: The Animated Series" was airing, Archie Comics printed a comic spin-off for the show. The first issue was dated January 2000 (meaning it was on-sale in late 1999), and it lasted for 37 issues. In order to tie the plot in with their "Sabrina" series, it was stated in the first issue that Repulsa the Goblin Gueen had sent Sabrina back in time to relive her pre-teen years, so that she would be out of the way while Repulsa attempted to conquer Enchantra's realm. In issue 38, the Repulsa plot was resolved, and the comic book returned to chronicling the teenage Sabrina in the next issue.


title: Q1 (building)

text: Q1 Tower (an abbreviation of Queensland Number One) is a supertall skyscraper in Queensland, Australia. The residential tower on the Gold Coast was the world's tallest residential building from 2005 to 2011. As of September 2022, it is the 14th tallest residential tower in the world, the tallest building in Australia, the second tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere, and the third-tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere, behind the Autograph Tower in Jakarta, Indonesia, and the Sky Tower in Auckland, New Zealand. The Q1 officially opened in November 2005.


title: Q1 (building)

text: The landmark building was recognised as one of Queensland's icons during the state's 150th-birthday celebrations.


title: Q1 (building)

text: At and with a roof height of , Q1 qualifies as the world's 14th tallest all-residential building when measured to the top of its structural point (spire), but is ranked lower behind buildings including Melbourne's Australia 108 (roof height of ) and the Eureka Tower (roof height of ) when measured to its roof height and highest inhabitable floor. However, according to the ranking system developed by the U.S.-based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, the main criterion by which buildings are ranked is the height of the top of the spire, qualifying Q1 as the taller.


title: Q1 (building)

text: When the Q1 was completed, it overtook the 21st Century Tower in Dubai, United Arab Emirates to become the world's tallest residential tower. When measured to its structural point, it dwarfs the Gold Coast skyline, with the closest buildings to Q1's height being the North Tower of Circle on Cavill and the Soul building.


title: Q1 (building)

text: Q1 Tower was designed by SDG & The Buchan Group, and its form was inspired by the Sydney 2000 Olympic torch and the Sydney Opera House. The name was given in honour of members of Australia’s Olympic sculling team of the 1920s – Q1.


title: Q1 (building)

text: The concept was based on studies of wind, movement and tension, in which a series of ribbons wrap concentrically around the tower’s exterior and hover above the entry plaza area, providing cover and shade. The tension in the movement and free form are expressed by the gradual twisting of the aluminium-clad ribbons as they move around the building. The result is an open-air galleria-like shopping precinct under the glazed ribbon structure and a curved retail façade to the street edges.


title: Q1 (building)

text: The project was developed by The Sunland Group and built by Sunland Constructions. The building was the Silver Award winner of the 2005 Emporis Skyscraper Award, coming in second to Turning Torso in Sweden.


title: Q1 (building)

text: Q1 was completed towards the end of 2005. Its main point of difference to other high-rise buildings in Surfers Paradise is its glass-enclosed sleek look. Q1's lift lobby is separated into two high-speed lift groups. Four high-speed lifts service levels B2 to level 42. Three separate high-speed lifts service levels 43 to the penthouse on level 74.


title: Q1 (building)

text: The building is supported by 26 piles, each in diameter, that extend into the ground passing through up to of solid rock. Q1 contains one-, two- and three-bedroom units. Building facilities include two lagoon swimming pools, a lap pool, gymnasium, small theatre, a ballroom and a spa centre.


title: Q1 (building)

text: An application to construct a walkway around the outside of level 78 was lodged with the Gold Coast City Council in mid-2010.


title: Q1 (building)

text: In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Q1 was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "structure and engineering feat".


title: Q1 (building)

text: SkyPoint, formerly known as QDeck, is an observation deck at levels 77 and 78. It is Australia's only beachside observation deck and has room for 400 people. It is above the Surfers Paradise beach, giving the public a 360-degree view of Brisbane to the north, the Gold Coast hinterland to the west, Byron Bay, New South Wales, to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the east. The express elevator to the observation deck travels the 77 floors in 43 seconds.


title: Q1 (building)

text: In 2009, reports of disrepair and poor building conditions emerged. Peeling paint which has revealed rusty steel inside and outside, as well as shattered glass panels are amongst the visible concerns. The Building Services Authority has confirmed it has received complaints in relation to the building. The north stairwell was assessed as defective due to the stairwell pressurisation system not meeting the minimum air-flow requirements during a fire emergency. The Building Services Authority asked Q1's builders to rectify the problem in July 2010.


title: Q1 (building)

text: Q1 has been used as a fireworks launch site during New Year's Eve celebrations. The building is one of the most popular destinations for students celebrating schoolies week, despite the body corporate committee treasurer's claims that most of the building's unit owners were opposed to their stay.


title: Q1 (building)

text: On 28 March 2007, two BASE jumpers made an early morning and illegal jump from a northern side apartment. The skydivers pleaded guilty in the Southport Magistrates' Court and were fined A$750 without a conviction being recorded.


title: Q1 (building)

text: Q1 has been holding an annual Stair Climb event for a number of years. It is uncertain whether this will be held in 2020.


title: Binary relation

text: In mathematics, a binary relation associates elements of one set, called the "domain", with elements of another set, called the "codomain". A binary relation over sets and is a new set of ordered pairs consisting of elements in and in . It is a generalization of the more widely understood idea of a unary function, but with fewer restrictions. It encodes the common concept of relation: an element is "related" to an element , if and only if the pair belongs to the set of ordered pairs that defines the "binary relation". A binary relation is the most studied special case of an -ary relation over sets , which is a subset of the Cartesian product formula_1


title: Binary relation

text: An example of a binary relation is the "divides" relation over the set of prime numbers formula_2 and the set of integers formula_3, in which each prime is related to each integer that is a multiple of , but not to an integer that is not a multiple of . In this relation, for instance, the prime number 2 is related to numbers such as −4, 0, 6, 10, but not to 1 or 9, just as the prime number 3 is related to 0, 6, and 9, but not to 4 or 13.


title: Binary relation

text: Binary relations are used in many branches of mathematics to model a wide variety of concepts. These include, among others:


title: Binary relation

text: A function may be defined as a special kind of binary relation. Binary relations are also heavily used in computer science.


title: Binary relation

text: A binary relation over sets and is an element of the power set of formula_4 Since the latter set is ordered by inclusion (⊆), each relation has a place in the lattice of subsets of formula_4 A binary relation is called a homogeneous relation when "X" = "Y". A binary relation is also called a heterogeneous relation when it is not necessary that "X" = "Y".


title: Binary relation

text: Since relations are sets, they can be manipulated using set operations, including union, intersection, and complementation, and satisfying the laws of an algebra of sets. Beyond that, operations like the converse of a relation and the composition of relations are available, satisfying the laws of a calculus of relations, for which there are textbooks by Ernst Schröder, Clarence Lewis, and Gunther Schmidt. A deeper analysis of relations involves decomposing them into subsets called , and placing them in a complete lattice.


title: Binary relation

text: In some systems of axiomatic set theory, relations are extended to classes, which are generalizations of sets. This extension is needed for, among other things, modeling the concepts of "is an element of" or "is a subset of" in set theory, without running into logical inconsistencies such as Russell's paradox.


title: Binary relation

text: The terms , dyadic relation and two-place relation are synonyms for binary relation, though some authors use the term "binary relation" for any subset of a Cartesian product formula_6 without reference to and , and reserve the term "correspondence" for a binary relation with reference to and .


title: Binary relation

text: Given sets "X" and "Y", the Cartesian product formula_6 is defined as formula_8 and its elements are called ordered pairs.


title: Binary relation

text: A "R" over sets "X" and "Y" is a subset of formula_4 The set "X" is called the or of "R", and the set "Y" the or of "R". In order to specify the choices of the sets "X" and "Y", some authors define a or as an ordered triple , where "G" is a subset of formula_6 called the of the binary relation. The statement formula_11 reads ""x" is "R"-related to "y"" and is denoted by "xRy". The or of "R" is the set of all "x" such that "xRy" for at least one "y". The "codomain of definition", , or of "R" is the set of all "y" such that "xRy" for at least one "x". The of "R" is the union of its domain of definition and its codomain of definition.


title: Binary relation

text: When formula_12 a binary relation is called a (or ). To emphasize the fact that "X" and "Y" are allowed to be different, a binary relation is also called a heterogeneous relation.


title: Binary relation

text: In a binary relation, the order of the elements is important; if formula_13 then "yRx" can be true or false independently of "xRy". For example, 3 divides 9, but 9 does not divide 3.


title: Binary relation

text: 1) The following example shows that the choice of codomain is important. Suppose there are four objects formula_14 and four people formula_15 A possible relation on "A" and "B" is the relation "is owned by", given by formula_16 That is, John owns the ball, Mary owns the doll, and Venus owns the car. Nobody owns the cup and Ian owns nothing; see the 1st example. As a set, "R" does not involve Ian, and therefore "R" could have been viewed as a subset of formula_17 i.e. a relation over "A" and formula_18 see the 2nd example. While the 2nd example relation is surjective (see below), the 1st is not.


title: Binary relation

text: 2) Let "A" = {Indian, Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific}, the oceans of the globe, and "B" = { NA, SA, AF, EU, AS, AU, AA }, the continents. Let "aRb" represent that ocean "a" borders continent "b". Then the logical matrix for this relation is:


title: Binary relation

text: The connectivity of the planet Earth can be viewed through "R R" and "R" "R", the former being a formula_20 relation on "A", which is the universal relation (formula_21 or a logical matrix of all ones). This universal relation reflects the fact that every ocean is separated from the others by at most one continent. On the other hand, "R" "R" is a relation on formula_22 which "fails" to be universal because at least two oceans must be traversed to voyage from Europe to Australia.


title: Binary relation

text: 3) Visualization of relations leans on graph theory: For relations on a set (homogeneous relations), a directed graph illustrates a relation and a graph a symmetric relation. For heterogeneous relations a hypergraph has edges possibly with more than two nodes, and can be illustrated by a bipartite graph.


title: Binary relation

text: Just as the clique is integral to relations on a set, so bicliques are used to describe heterogeneous relations; indeed, they are the "concepts" that generate a lattice associated with a relation.


title: Binary relation

text: 4) Hyperbolic orthogonality: Time and space are different categories, and temporal properties are separate from spatial properties. The idea of is simple in absolute time and space since each time "t" determines a simultaneous hyperplane in that cosmology. Herman Minkowski changed that when he articulated the notion of , which exists when spatial events are "normal" to a time characterized by a velocity. He used an indefinite inner product, and specified that a time vector is normal to a space vector when that product is zero. The indefinite inner product in a composition algebra is given by


title: Binary relation

text: As a relation between some temporal events and some spatial events, hyperbolic orthogonality (as found in split-complex numbers) is a heterogeneous relation.


title: Binary relation

text: 5) A geometric configuration can be considered a relation between its points and its lines. The relation is expressed as incidence. Finite and infinite projective and affine planes are included. Jakob Steiner pioneered the cataloguing of configurations with the Steiner systems formula_24 which have an n-element set "S" and a set of k-element subsets called blocks, such that a subset with "t" elements lies in just one block. These incidence structures have been generalized with block designs. The incidence matrix used in these geometrical contexts corresponds to the logical matrix used generally with binary relations.


title: Binary relation

text: Uniqueness and totality properties (only definable if the domain "X" and codomain "Y" are specified):


title: Binary relation

text: If "R" and "S" are binary relations over sets "X" and "Y" then formula_33 is the of "R" and "S" over "X" and "Y".


title: Binary relation

text: The identity element is the empty relation. For example, formula_34 is the union of < and =, and formula_35 is the union of > and =.


title: Binary relation

text: If "R" and "S" are binary relations over sets "X" and "Y" then formula_36 is the of "R" and "S" over "X" and "Y".


title: Binary relation

text: The identity element is the universal relation. For example, the relation "is divisible by 6" is the intersection of the relations "is divisible by 3" and "is divisible by 2".


title: Binary relation

text: If "R" is a binary relation over sets "X" and "Y", and "S" is a binary relation over sets "Y" and "Z" then formula_37 (also denoted by ) is the of "R" and "S" over "X" and "Z".


title: Binary relation

text: The identity element is the identity relation. The order of "R" and "S" in the notation formula_38 used here agrees with the standard notational order for composition of functions. For example, the composition (is parent of)formula_39(is mother of) yields (is maternal grandparent of), while the composition (is mother of)formula_39(is parent of) yields (is grandmother of). For the former case, if "x" is the parent of "y" and "y" is the mother of "z", then "x" is the maternal grandparent of "z".


title: Binary relation

text: For example, = is the converse of itself, as is formula_42 and formula_43 and formula_44 are each other's converse, as are formula_34 and formula_46 A binary relation is equal to its converse if and only if it is symmetric.


title: Binary relation

text: If "R" is a binary relation over sets "X" and "Y" then formula_47 (also denoted by or ) is the of "R" over "X" and "Y".


title: Binary relation

text: For example, formula_48 and formula_49 are each other's complement, as are formula_50 and formula_51 formula_52 and formula_53 and formula_54 and formula_55 and, for total orders, also < and formula_56 and > and formula_57


title: Binary relation

text: If "R" is a binary homogeneous relation over a set "X" and "S" is a subset of "X" then formula_61 is the of "R" to "S" over "X".


title: Binary relation

text: If "R" is a binary relation over sets "X" and "Y" and if "S" is a subset of "X" then formula_62 is the of "R" to "S" over "X" and "Y".


title: Binary relation

text: If "R" is a binary relation over sets "X" and "Y" and if "S" is a subset of "Y" then formula_63 is the of "R" to "S" over "X" and "Y".


title: Binary relation

text: If a relation is reflexive, irreflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, asymmetric, transitive, total, trichotomous, a partial order, total order, strict weak order, total preorder (weak order), or an equivalence relation, then so too are its restrictions.


title: Binary relation

text: However, the transitive closure of a restriction is a subset of the restriction of the transitive closure, i.e., in general not equal. For example, restricting the relation ""x" is parent of "y"" to females yields the relation ""x" is mother of the woman "y""; its transitive closure doesn't relate a woman with her paternal grandmother. On the other hand, the transitive closure of "is parent of" is "is ancestor of"; its restriction to females does relate a woman with her paternal grandmother.


title: Binary relation

text: Also, the various concepts of completeness (not to be confused with being "total") do not carry over to restrictions. For example, over the real numbers a property of the relation formula_34 is that every non-empty subset formula_65 with an upper bound in formula_66 has a least upper bound (also called supremum) in formula_67 However, for the rational numbers this supremum is not necessarily rational, so the same property does not hold on the restriction of the relation formula_34 to the rational numbers.


title: Binary relation

text: A binary relation "R" over sets "X" and "Y" is said to be a relation "S" over "X" and "Y", written formula_69 if "R" is a subset of "S", that is, for all formula_28 and formula_27 if "xRy", then "xSy". If "R" is contained in "S" and "S" is contained in "R", then "R" and "S" are called written "R" = "S". If "R" is contained in "S" but "S" is not contained in "R", then "R" is said to be than "S", written formula_72 For example, on the rational numbers, the relation formula_44 is smaller than formula_56 and equal to the composition formula_75


title: Binary relation

text: Binary relations over sets "X" and "Y" can be represented algebraically by logical matrices indexed by "X" and "Y" with entries in the Boolean semiring (addition corresponds to OR and multiplication to AND) where matrix addition corresponds to union of relations, matrix multiplication corresponds to composition of relations (of a relation over "X" and "Y" and a relation over "Y" and "Z"), the Hadamard product corresponds to intersection of relations, the zero matrix corresponds to the empty relation, and the matrix of ones corresponds to the universal relation. Homogeneous relations (when ) form a matrix semiring (indeed, a matrix semialgebra over the Boolean semiring) where the identity matrix corresponds to the identity relation.


title: Binary relation

text: Certain mathematical "relations", such as "equal to", "subset of", and "member of", cannot be understood to be binary relations as defined above, because their domains and codomains cannot be taken to be sets in the usual systems of axiomatic set theory. For example, to model the general concept of "equality" as a binary relation formula_76 take the domain and codomain to be the "class of all sets", which is not a set in the usual set theory.


title: Binary relation

text: In most mathematical contexts, references to the relations of equality, membership and subset are harmless because they can be understood implicitly to be restricted to some set in the context. The usual work-around to this problem is to select a "large enough" set "A", that contains all the objects of interest, and work with the restriction = instead of =. Similarly, the "subset of" relation formula_50 needs to be restricted to have domain and codomain P("A") (the power set of a specific set "A"): the resulting set relation can be denoted by formula_78 Also, the "member of" relation needs to be restricted to have domain "A" and codomain P("A") to obtain a binary relation formula_79 that is a set. Bertrand Russell has shown that assuming formula_54 to be defined over all sets leads to a contradiction in naive set theory, see "Russell's paradox".


title: Binary relation

text: Another solution to this problem is to use a set theory with proper classes, such as NBG or Morse–Kelley set theory, and allow the domain and codomain (and so the graph) to be proper classes: in such a theory, equality, membership, and subset are binary relations without special comment. (A minor modification needs to be made to the concept of the ordered triple , as normally a proper class cannot be a member of an ordered tuple; or of course one can identify the binary relation with its graph in this context.) With this definition one can for instance define a binary relation over every set and its power set.


title: Binary relation

text: A homogeneous relation over a set "X" is a binary relation over "X" and itself, i.e. it is a subset of the Cartesian product formula_81 It is also simply called a (binary) relation over "X".


title: Binary relation

text: A homogeneous relation "R" over a set "X" may be identified with a directed simple graph permitting loops, where "X" is the vertex set and "R" is the edge set (there is an edge from a vertex "x" to a vertex "y" if and only if ).


title: Binary relation

text: The set of all homogeneous relations formula_82 over a set "X" is the power set formula_83 which is a Boolean algebra augmented with the involution of mapping of a relation to its converse relation. Considering composition of relations as a binary operation on formula_82, it forms a semigroup with involution.


title: Binary relation

text: A is a relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. A is a relation that is irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. A is a relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, transitive and connected. A is a relation that is irreflexive, antisymmetric, transitive and connected.


title: Binary relation

text: For example, ""x" divides "y"" is a partial, but not a total order on natural numbers formula_105 ""x" < "y"" is a strict total order on formula_105 and ""x" is parallel to "y"" is an equivalence relation on the set of all lines in the Euclidean plane.


title: Binary relation

text: All operations defined in the section Operations on binary relations also apply to homogeneous relations.


title: Binary relation

text: In mathematics, a heterogeneous relation is a binary relation, a subset of a Cartesian product formula_107 where "A" and "B" are possibly distinct sets. The prefix "hetero" is from the Greek ἕτερος ("heteros", "other, another, different").


title: Binary relation

text: A heterogeneous relation has been called a rectangular relation, suggesting that it does not have the square-symmetry of a homogeneous relation on a set where formula_108 Commenting on the development of binary relations beyond homogeneous relations, researchers wrote, "...a variant of the theory has evolved that treats relations from the very beginning as or , i.e. as relations where the normal case is that they are relations between different sets."


title: Binary relation

text: Developments in algebraic logic have facilitated usage of binary relations. The calculus of relations includes the algebra of sets, extended by composition of relations and the use of converse relations. The inclusion formula_69 meaning that "aRb" implies "aSb", sets the scene in a lattice of relations. But since formula_110 the inclusion symbol is superfluous. Nevertheless, composition of relations and manipulation of the operators according to Schröder rules, provides a calculus to work in the power set of formula_111


title: Binary relation

text: In contrast to homogeneous relations, the composition of relations operation is only a partial function. The necessity of matching range to domain of composed relations has led to the suggestion that the study of heterogeneous relations is a chapter of category theory as in the category of sets, except that the morphisms of this category are relations. The of the category Rel are sets, and the relation-morphisms compose as required in a category.


title: Binary relation

text: A concept "C" ⊂ "R" satisfies two properties: (1) The logical matrix of "C" is the outer product of logical vectors


title: Binary relation

text: For a given relation formula_113 the set of concepts, enlarged by their joins and meets, forms an "induced lattice of concepts", with inclusion formula_114 forming a preorder.


title: Binary relation

text: The MacNeille completion theorem (1937) (that any partial order may be embedded in a complete lattice) is cited in a 2013 survey article "Decomposition of relations on concept lattices". The decomposition is


title: Binary relation

text: Particular cases are considered below: "E" total order corresponds to Ferrers type, and "E" identity corresponds to difunctional, a generalization of equivalence relation on a set.


title: Binary relation

text: Relations may be ranked by the Schein rank which counts the number of concepts necessary to cover a relation. Structural analysis of relations with concepts provides an approach for data mining.


title: Binary relation

text: The idea of a difunctional relation is to partition objects by distinguishing attributes, as a generalization of the concept of an equivalence relation. One way this can be done is with an intervening set formula_121 of indicators. The partitioning relation formula_122 is a composition of relations using relations formula_123 Jacques Riguet named these relations difunctional since the composition "F G" involves univalent relations, commonly called "partial functions".


title: Binary relation

text: In automata theory, the term rectangular relation has also been used to denote a difunctional relation. This terminology recalls the fact that, when represented as a logical matrix, the columns and rows of a difunctional relation can be arranged as a block matrix with rectangular blocks of ones on the (asymmetric) main diagonal. More formally, a relation formula_125 on formula_6 is difunctional if and only if it can be written as the union of Cartesian products formula_127, where the formula_128 are a partition of a subset of formula_129 and the formula_130 likewise a partition of a subset of formula_131.


title: Binary relation

text: Using the notation {"y": "xRy"} = "xR", a difunctional relation can also be characterized as a relation "R" such that wherever "x""R" and "x""R" have a non-empty intersection, then these two sets coincide; formally formula_132 implies formula_133


title: Binary relation

text: In 1997 researchers found "utility of binary decomposition based on difunctional dependencies in database management." Furthermore, difunctional relations are fundamental in the study of bisimulations.


title: Binary relation

text: In 1951 Jacques Riguet adopted the ordering of a partition of an integer, called a Ferrers diagram, to extend ordering to binary relations in general.


title: Binary relation

text: The corresponding logical matrix of a general binary relation has rows which finish with a sequence of ones. Thus the dots of a Ferrer's diagram are changed to ones and aligned on the right in the matrix.


title: Binary relation

text: Suppose "B" is the power set of "A", the set of all subsets of "A". Then a relation "g" is a contact relation if it satisfies three properties:


title: Binary relation

text: The set membership relation, ε = "is an element of", satisfies these properties so ε is a contact relation. The notion of a general contact relation was introduced by Georg Aumann in 1970.


title: Binary relation

text: Every relation "R" generates a preorder formula_141 which is the left residual. In terms of converse and complements, formula_142 Forming the diagonal of formula_143, the corresponding row of formula_144 and column of formula_145 will be of opposite logical values, so the diagonal is all zeros. Then


title: Binary relation

text: To show transitivity, one requires that formula_148 Recall that formula_149 is the largest relation such that formula_150 Then


title: Binary relation

text: The inclusion relation Ω on the power set of "U" can be obtained in this way from the membership relation formula_54 on subsets of "U":


title: Binary relation

text: When "R" is a partial identity relation, difunctional, or a block diagonal relation, then fringe("R") = "R". Otherwise the fringe operator selects a boundary sub-relation described in terms of its logical matrix: fringe("R") is the side diagonal if "R" is an upper right triangular linear order or strict order. Fringe("R") is the block fringe if R is irreflexive (formula_159) or upper right block triangular. Fringe("R") is a sequence of boundary rectangles when "R" is of Ferrers type.


title: Binary relation

text: Given two sets "A" and "B", the set of binary relations between them formula_160 can be equipped with a ternary operation formula_161 where "b" denotes the converse relation of "b". In 1953 Viktor Wagner used properties of this ternary operation to define semiheaps, heaps, and generalized heaps. The contrast of heterogeneous and homogeneous relations is highlighted by these definitions:


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: To Be or Not to Be is a 1942 American comedy film directed by Ernst Lubitsch and starring Carole Lombard, Jack Benny, Robert Stack, Felix Bressart, Lionel Atwill, Stanley Ridges and Sig Ruman. The plot concerns a troupe of actors in Nazi-occupied Warsaw who use their abilities at disguise and acting to fool the occupying troops. It was adapted by Lubitsch (uncredited) and Edwin Justus Mayer from the story by Melchior Lengyel. The film was released one month after actress Carole Lombard was killed in an airplane crash. In 1996, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: The title is a reference to the famous "To be, or not to be" soliloquy in William Shakespeare's "Hamlet".


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: The well-known stars of a Warsaw theater company, including "ham" Josef Tura and wife Maria, are rehearsing "Gestapo", a satirical play. That night, when the company performs "Hamlet", with Josef in the title role, one actor, Bronski, commiserates with colleague Greenberg about being spear carriers. Greenberg, implied to be Jewish, reveals he's always dreamed of playing Shylock in "The" "Merchant of Venice".


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: Maria receives an admiring letter from Lieutenant Stanislav Sobinski; she invites him to visit her in her dressing room that night when Josef begins his "To be or not to be..." speech. Soon, the government issues orders to cancel "Gestapo" in order to avoid worsening relations with Germany. The following night, Sobinski again walks out during "To be..." to meet Maria, infuriating Josef. Sobinski confesses his love to Maria, assuming that she'll leave her husband, and the stage, to be with him. Before Maria can correct him, news breaks out that Germany has invaded Poland. Sobinski leaves to join the Polish division of the Royal Air Force (RAF), and the actors hide as Warsaw is bombed.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: Sobinski and his fellows meet the Polish resistance leader Professor Siletsky. Siletsky will return to Warsaw soon, and the men give him messages for their loved ones. However, Sobinski becomes suspicious when Siletsky doesn't know of Maria Tura. The Allies realize that Siletsky knows the identity of Polish airmen's relatives, against whom reprisals can be taken should he tell the Nazis. Sobinski flies back to warn Maria; however, Siletsky has Maria brought to him by German soldiers and passes on Sobinski's message to her. He invites Maria to dinner, hoping to recruit her as a Nazi spy. Just before she arrives home, Josef returns and finds Sobinski in his bed. Maria and Sobinski try to figure out what to do about Siletsky, while Josef tries to understand his wife's relationship with the pilot. Josef proclaims he'll kill Siletsky.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: A company member in Gestapo disguise summons Siletsky to "Gestapo headquarters", the theatre. Josef pretends to be Gestapo Colonel Ehrhardt. Siletsky reveals Sobinski's message for Maria, and that "To be or not to be" signals their rendezvous. A surprised Josef uncontrollably reveals himself. Siletsky pulls a gun on him and tries to escape, but is shot and killed, on the theatre's stage, by Sobinski. Josef disguises himself as Siletsky, destroying his extra copy of the information and confronting Maria about her relationship with Sobinski. He meets Ehrhardt's adjutant, Captain Schultz, and is taken to meet him. Josef successfully passes himself off, and names recently executed prisoners as the leaders of the resistance.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: Later, Maria meets with Ehrhardt, who informs her that they found Siletsky's corpse in the theatre. Josef, unaware of this, telephones Ehrhardt still masquerading as Siletsky. Ehrhardt decides to expose him as an impostor by leaving him in a room where he finds Siletsky's body. Josef, who has an extra fake beard, shaves off Siletsky's beard and applies the fake beard, and then goads Ehrhardt into pulling it off, convincing him Josef is the real Siletsky. Unaware of Josef's successful scheme, several actors disguised as Gestapo arrive at Maria's request, yank off Josef's fake beard, and pretend to drag him out. Everyone is safe but now cannot leave Poland on the plane Ehrhardt had arranged for Siletsky.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: The Germans stage a show to honor the visiting Hitler. The actors slip into the theater dressed as Germans and hide until Hitler and his entourage take their seats. As the Germans sing the "Deutschlandlied", Greenberg suddenly appears and rushes Hitler's box, causing enough distraction to exchange the actors for the real Germans. Acting as the head of Hitler's guard, Josef demands to know what Greenberg wants, giving the actor his chance to deliver Shylock's speech, ending with "if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?!" Josef orders Greenberg to be "taken away"; all the actors march out, get in Hitler's cars and drive away.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: At her apartment, Maria waits for the company, as they all intend to leave, but Ehrhardt arrives. Bronski enters costumed as Hitler, then walks out speechless, shocked at seeing Ehrhardt trying to seduce Maria—which makes Erhardt believe she's Hitler's mistress. Maria flees; Ehrhardt shoots himself out of shame.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: The actors take off on Hitler's plane. Sobinski flies to Scotland, where the press interviews the actors. Asked what reward Josef would like for saving the underground movement, Maria asserts that he wants to play Hamlet. While performing, Josef is gratified to see Sobinski sitting quietly in the audience at the critical moment of his soliloquy. But as he proceeds, the audience is distracted as a handsome young officer gets up and heads noisily backstage.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: Lubitsch had never considered anyone other than Jack Benny for the lead role in the film. He had even written the character with Benny in mind. Benny, thrilled that a director of Lubitsch's caliber had been thinking of him while writing it, accepted the role immediately. Benny was in a predicament as, strangely enough, his success in the film version of "Charley's Aunt" (1941) did not interest anyone in hiring the actor for their films.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: For Benny's costar, the studio and Lubitsch decided on Miriam Hopkins, whose career had been faltering in recent years. The role was designed as a comeback for the veteran actress, but Hopkins and Benny did not get along well, and Hopkins left the production.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: Lubitsch was left without a leading lady until Carole Lombard, hearing his predicament, asked to be considered. Lombard had never worked with the director and yearned to have an opportunity. Lubitsch agreed and Lombard was cast. The film also provided Lombard with an opportunity to work with friend Robert Stack, whom she had known since he was a teenager. The film was shot at United Artists, which allowed Lombard to say that she had worked at every major studio in Hollywood.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: "To Be or Not To Be," now regarded as one of the great films of Lubitsch's, Benny's and Lombard's careers, initially was not well received by the public, many of whom could not understand the notion of making fun out of such a real threat as the Nazis. According to Jack Benny's unfinished memoir, published in 1991, his own father walked out of the theater early in the film, disgusted that his son was in a Nazi uniform, and vowed not to set foot in the theater again. Benny convinced him otherwise, and his father ended up loving the film, and saw it 46 times.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: The same could not be said for all critics. While they generally praised Lombard, some scorned Benny and Lubitsch and found the film to be in bad taste. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote that it was "hard to imagine how any one can take, without batting an eye, a shattering air raid upon Warsaw right after a sequence of farce or the spectacle of Mr. Benny playing a comedy scene with a Gestapo corpse. Mr. Lubitsch had an odd sense of humor—and a tangled script—when he made this film." "The Philadelphia Inquirer" agreed, calling the film "a callous, tasteless effort to find fun in the bombing of Warsaw." Some critics were especially offended by Colonel Ehrhardt's line: "Oh, yes I saw him [Tura] in 'Hamlet' once. What he did to Shakespeare we are now doing to Poland."


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: However, other reviews were positive. "Variety" called it one of Lubitsch's "best productions in [a] number of years...a solid piece of entertainment." "Harrison's Reports" called it "An absorbing comedy-drama of war time, expertly directed and acted. The action holds one in tense suspense at all times, and comedy of dialogue as well as of acting keeps one laughing almost constantly." John Mosher of "The New Yorker" also praised the film, writing "That comedy could be planted in Warsaw at the time of its fall, of its conquest by the Nazis, and not seem too incongruous to be endured is a Lubitsch triumph."


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: In 1943, the critic Mildred Martin reviewed another of Lubitsch's films in "The Philadelphia Inquirer" and referred derogatively to his German birth and his comedy about Nazis in Poland. Lubitsch responded by publishing an open letter to the newspaper in which he wrote, What I have satirized in this picture are the Nazis and their ridiculous ideology. I have also satirized the attitude of actors who always remain actors regardless of how dangerous the situation might be, which I believe is a true observation. It can be argued if the tragedy of Poland realistically portrayed as in "To Be or Not to Be" can be merged with satire. I believe it can be and so do the audience which I observed during a screening of "To Be or Not to Be"; but this is a matter of debate and everyone is entitled to his point of view, but it is certainly a far cry from the Berlin-born director who finds fun in the bombing of Warsaw.


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: In recent times the film has become recognized as a comedy classic. "To Be or Not To Be" has a 96% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 8.7/10, based on 47 reviews, with the consensus: "A complex and timely satire with as much darkness as slapstick, Ernst Lubitsch's To Be or Not To Be delicately balances humor and ethics." Slovenian cultural critic and philosopher, Slavoj Žižek named it his favourite comedy, in an interview in 2015, where he remarked "It is madness, you can not do a better comedy I think".


title: To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)

text: "To Be or Not to Be" was nominated for one Academy Award: the Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture.


title: Meat pie

text: A meat pie is a pie with a filling of meat and often with other savory ingredients. They are found in cuisines worldwide.


title: Meat pie

text: Meat pies are usually baked, fried, or deep fried to brown them and develop the flavour through the Maillard reaction. Many varieties have a flaky crust.


title: Meat pie

text: The origins of the meat pie have been traced back to the Neolithic period, around 9500 BC. Versions of what are now known as pies were featured on ancient Egyptian tomb walls, and in ancient Greek and Roman texts.


title: Meat pie

text: The ancient Egyptians' diet featured basic pies made from oat, wheat, rye, and barley, filled with honey and baked over hot coals. The Greeks used a flour-water paste resembling pie pastry, and filled it with meat. These pies were usually fried or cooked under coals. The Romans adopted the Greek creations, using a variety of meats, oysters, mussels, lampreys, and fish as filling and a mixture of flour, oil, and water for the crust. This 'pastry' cover was not meant to be eaten and was discarded.


title: Meat pie

text: In Northern Europe, cooks made pastry with lard and butter to make a stiff dough that could hold an upright pie. These medieval pastry dishes were called "coffins/coffyns", that is, a basket or box, and were:


title: Meat pie

text: Some historians suggest the tough, almost inedible, crust was given to the servants while the lords and ladies of the house ate the contents.


title: Meat pie

text: This pastry became a common dish in medieval times, and by the 14th century, came to be called a "pye" or "pie". Between 1387 and 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote, in "The Canterbury Tales", of a cook who "koude rooste, and sethe, and broille, and frye / Máken mortreux, and wel bake a pye". The etymology of the word is unknown, but may be related to the magpie (also called "pie"), perhaps because both were spotted, or because the bird collects miscellaneous articles, and almost anything can be wrapped in pastry and cooked.


title: Meat pie

text: The French and Italians specialized in redefining the pastry of the pie, making it flakier and tastier by new methods of adding butter, rolling, and folding the dough. In 1440, the Paris pastry guild was recognized and started to expand their product—and so something like the modern day crust began to be used.


title: Meat pie

text: Colonizers spread meat pies across the globe. The crust of the pie helped preserve food during the winter. Pies were not popular in the United States until the 1800s, and today most pies in the United States are meatless and sweet, except for pot pie. In Canada, on the other hand, both English and French meat pie traditions have persisted, notably the iconic tourtière of French Canada.


title: Meat pie

text: The Nigerian meat pie is similar to the Jamaican beef patty. It can be baked or fried, and the filling can be almost anything from minced beef, with potatoes and carrots (the most widely used) to just onions and tomatoes.


title: Meat pie

text: Latin American meat empanadas may be pies or more often pasties; different pastry shells and fillings are used, and they may be baked or fried. Empanadas usually contain much onion and green or red pepper, in combination with meat or fish. Empanada dough takes many forms, from those made with cornmeal to puff pastry. Ground beef with olives, fried egg, pulled pork, diced steak, even cheese and salami are used in Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Puerto Rico and Peru for example.


title: Meat pie

text: The Australian version of Irish steak and Guinness pie has a filling of round steak with Guinness Stout Beer, bacon, and onions. It is served with potato chips and vegetables and is popular in Irish pubs. In Australia, the meat pie is a common convenience food often found in petrol stations, pubs, restaurants, bakeries, supermarkets and convenience stores.