title: Accidental Love

text: Capitol Films went bankrupt in 2010 and the property was purchased in 2014 by independent distributor Millennium Entertainment for an undisclosed sum. Retitled "Accidental Love", a cut was assembled under producer Kia Jam, a former executive with Capitol, who said, "People are expecting to see a broken film, and it's not. We tried very much to be respectful of the creative forces behind it." With the film set to be released, Russell negotiated with the Directors Guild of America to remove his name from the film; he is credited for his roles as director and co-writer as "Stephen Greene," an alternative to the former official pseudonym, Alan Smithee, used by directors wishing to disown a film.


title: Accidental Love

text: In March 2011, an unfinished cut of the film was screened in Los Angeles. The film was released on VOD on February 10, 2015. The film was released in a limited release on March 20, 2015, bringing in a low gross of $4,500. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on April 28, 2015.


title: Accidental Love

text: Following a home video release by Mongrel Media in Canada, A.A. Dowd, film critic with "The A.V. Club", accused the company of quoting his review out of context, making a negative film review look like a positive one. In response to the accusation, Mongrel Media issued an apology and claimed they would remove the quote from further prints of the DVD.


title: Accidental Love

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 8% based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's consensus states: "Cobbling together an unfinished satire on the healthcare system and contorting it into a dopey romance, "Accidental Love" is a cynical repurposing of unrealized potential." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 20 out of 100, based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Accidental Love

text: A.A. Dowd of "The A.V. Club" wrote: "To be fair to whoever refashioned "Accidental Love" from the abandoned scraps of "Nailed", there’s little reason to believe that the ideal, untroubled version of the material would have been a comedic masterstroke."


title: Accidental Love

text: Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote: "The satire is broad and forced and unfunny, there’s no cadence to the setups and visual punch lines, and the likable cast is hopelessly lost. Some disasters should remain forgotten."


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Joseph Anthony Campanella (November 21, 1924 – May 16, 2018) was an American character actor. He appeared in more than 200 television and film roles from the early 1950s to 2009. Campanella was best remembered for his roles as Joe Turino on "Guiding Light" from 1959 to 1962, Lew Wickersham on the detective series "Mannix" from 1967 to 1968, Brian Darrell on the legal drama "" from 1969 to 1972, Harper Deveraux on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives" from 1987 to 1992, "Science International" from 1976 to 1979, and his recurring role as Jonathan Young on "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 1996 to 2005.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: He narrated the "Discover" science series on the Disney Channel from 1992 until 1994. Campanella voiced the character of Dr. Curt Connors/The Lizard on "Spider-Man: The Animated Series" (1994–1997).


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella was nominated for a Daytime and Primetime Emmy Award and a Tony Award throughout his career.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella was born in Manhattan, New York City to Sicilian immigrants Philip and Mary O. Campanella. His father was a pianist and his mother was a homemaker and dressmaker. He was the younger brother of actor Frank Campanella (1919–2006) and had another brother named Philip. The family lived in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. He and his brothers grew up speaking Italian before learning English. The Campanella family was staunchly Catholic.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella served in the United States Navy during World War II as a landing craft commander. At 18, he was one of the youngest commanders in the Navy, serving from 1944 to 1946. He later graduated from Manhattan College in 1948, and attended Columbia University, where he studied drama. Before starting his acting career, he worked as a radio sportscaster in Lewistown, Pennsylvania.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella appeared in such television shows as "Combat!", "Decoy", "The Eleventh Hour", "The Doctors", "The Fugitive", "", " Marcus Welby, M.D.", "Gunsmoke," "The Big Valley", "Alias Smith and Jones", "A Man Called Ironside" (pilot), "The Untouchables," " Police Story," "The Road West", "The Invaders", "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "Rockford Files", "The Golden Girls", "Mama's Family" , "Lois & Clark" And "Baywatch.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella had a recurring role from 1959 to 1962 as a criminal named Joe Turino on the long-running CBS daytime drama "Guiding Light". He had a recurring role as Dr. Ted Steffen on the medical drama "The Doctors and the Nurses" from 1964 to 1965. One of his most popular roles was as Lew Wickersham in season 1 (1967–1968) of the television series "Mannix", serving as the head of the detective agency Joe Mannix (Mike Connors) worked for. He was let go from his role after the first season due to a reworking of the program's concept. He appeared as attorney Brian Darrell from 1969 to 1972 in "". In 1973, he played an old flame of Mary Richards (Mary Tyler Moore) on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show," the twenty-second episode of season 3, titled "Remembrance of Things Past". He played Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Captain Monty Ballard in the crime drama TV movie "Sky Hei$t" in 1975.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella played Ann Romano's (Bonnie Franklin) ex-husband, Ed Cooper, in eight episodes of "One Day at a Time" (1975–1984) and Barbara Stanwyck's love interest in the first season (1985–1986) of Aaron Spelling's short-lived "Dynasty" spinoff, "The Colbys". He appeared in a second-season episode of "The Golden Girls" as a detective. He had a prominent role as Harper Deveraux on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives" from 1987 to 1988, had a recurring role as a doctor in "Beauty and the Beast" (1989–1990), a recurring role as Jimmy Everett on "General Hospital" from 1991 to 1992, and a recurring role on "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 1996 to 2005.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella hosted the Canadian educational program "Science International" between 1976 and 1979, which aired on Nickelodeon as "What Will They Think Of Next?" He also appeared in the independent comedy, "For Heaven's Sake".


title: Joseph Campanella

text: On Broadway, Campanella was featured in three productions during the 1960s. His first, "The Captains and the Kings", opened in January 1962 and lasted only seven performances. In February 1962, he was cast in "A Gift of Time" with film stars Henry Fonda and Olivia de Havilland. It was written and directed by Garson Kanin, and he received a Tony nomination as Best Featured Actor in a Play. His last Broadway performance was in the musical "Hot Spot" in 1963, which starred Judy Holliday. The show was not well received and delayed its opening four times, resulting in a run of 58 previews and 43 regular performances.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: For a time Campanella provided the voice-over for BMW commercials in the United States, intoning, "BMW — the ultimate driving machine". For several years beginning in the 1970s, He was a spokesman for NAPA Auto Parts.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella voiced the character of Dr. Curt Connors/The Lizard on "Spider-Man: The Animated Series" (1994–1997). He narrated the "Discover" science series on the Disney Channel from 1992 to 1994. His final film roles were that of Donald Meeks in "For Heaven's Sake" (2008) and in "Lost Dream" (2009) as Emil.


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Throughout his career, Campanella was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his work in "A Gift of Time" in 1962. In 1968, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role as Wickersham in "Mannix". In 1989, Campanella was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role as Deveraux in "Days of Our Lives".


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella met his wife, Kathryn Jill Bartholomew, a singer and dancer, in 1963 while he was playing the leading man in "Hot Spot" on Broadway. They married on May 30, 1964, and had seven sons: Philip (b. 1965), Robert Yale (b. 1966), Joseph Anthony Jr. (b. 1967), Dominic Peter (b. 1969), Anthony F. (b. 1974), John Mario (b. 1977), and Andrew Michael (b. 1979).


title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella died at the age of 93 on May 16, 2018, at his home in Sherman Oaks, California of complications from Parkinson's disease.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985), is a civil case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that, under the Fourth Amendment, when a law enforcement officer is pursuing a fleeing suspect, the officer may not use deadly force to prevent escape unless "the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others."


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: It was found that the use of deadly force to prevent escape is an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment, in the absence of probable cause that the fleeing suspect posed a physical danger.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: At about 10:45 p.m. on October 3, 1974, Memphis police officers Leslie Wright and Elton Hymon were dispatched to answer a burglary call. Officer Hymon went behind the house as his partner radioed back to the station. Hymon witnessed someone running across the yard. The fleeing suspect, Edward Garner, stopped at a chain-link fence. Using his flashlight, Hymon could see Garner's face and hands, and was reasonably sure that Garner was unarmed. The police testified that they believed Garner was 17 or 18 years old; Garner was in fact 15 years old. After Hymon ordered Garner to halt, Garner began to climb the fence. Believing that Garner would certainly flee if he made it over the fence, Hymon shot him. The bullet struck Garner in the back of the head, and he died shortly after an ambulance took him to a nearby hospital. Ten dollars and a purse taken from the burglarized house were found on his person.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: Hymon acted according to a Tennessee state statute and official Memphis Police Department policy authorizing deadly force against a fleeing suspect. The statute provided that "if, after notice of the intention to arrest the defendant, he either flee or forcibly resist, the officer may use all the necessary means to effect the arrest."


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: Garner's father then brought suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee under the Civil Rights Act of 1871, , naming the City of Memphis, its mayor, the Memphis Police Department, its director, and Officer Hymon as defendants. The District Court found the statute, and Hymon's actions, to be constitutional. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed. The Court of Appeals held that the killing of a fleeing suspect is a "seizure" for the purposes of the Fourth Amendment, and is therefore constitutional only when it is reasonable. The Court then found that based on the facts in this case, the Tennessee statute failed to properly limit the use of deadly force by reference to the seriousness of the felony.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: Justice White wrote for the majority, first agreeing with the Sixth Circuit's determination that apprehension by use of deadly force is a seizure, then framing the legal issue as whether the totality of the circumstances justified the seizure. In order to determine the constitutionality of a seizure, White reasoned, the court must weigh the nature of the intrusion of the suspect's Fourth Amendment rights against the government interests which justified the intrusion.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: The use of deadly force against a subject is the most intrusive type of seizure possible, because it deprives the suspect of his life, and White held that the state failed to present evidence that its interest in shooting unarmed fleeing suspects outweighs the suspect's interest in his own survival.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: White examined the common law rule on this matter and its rationale. At common law, it was perfectly legitimate for law enforcement personnel to kill a fleeing felon. At the time when this rule was first created, most felonies were punishable by death, and the difference between felonies and misdemeanors was relatively large. In modern American law, neither of these circumstances existed. Furthermore, the common law rule developed at a time before modern firearms, and most law enforcement officers did not carry handguns. The context in which the common law rule evolved was no longer valid. White further noted that many jurisdictions had already done away with it, and that current research has shown that the use of deadly force contributes little to the deterrence of crime or the protection of the public.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: On the basis of the facts found by the district court, Hymon had no reason to believe that Garner was armed or dangerous. The Court ordered the case remanded for a determination on the liability of the other defendants.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: In her dissent, Justice O'Connor highlighted the fact that police officers must often make swift, spur-of-the-moment decisions while on patrol, and argued that the robbery, and assault that happen in the home are related to the already serious crime of burglary. The Tennessee statute represents the state legislature's judgment that such crimes may require the use of deadly force in order to protect the public against those who commit such crimes. She also disagreed that a suspect's interest in his own life necessarily allows the right to flee from the scene of a crime when pursued, thereby escaping due process, although the majority did not find nor articulate any "right to flee".


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: Garner brought his suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which extends to citizens' protection from violations of their civil rights by "persons", including persons acting in their official capacity as officers of the states. Accordingly, the Court's holding under this Section sets a standard that state police departments must comply with. In practice, however, the Garner case has had less impact on state-level police practices than was originally anticipated. This is because Garner, and a subsequent case, "Graham v. Connor", established that the reasonableness of an officer's use of force, whether against a fleeing suspect or otherwise, is to be determined from the perspective of the officer under the circumstances that were apparent to them at the time. As the Graham court made clear, this deferential standard prevents most second-guessing of an officer's judgment about use of force. It may be that Garner's legacy is not so much one of changing the use of deadly force by police as it is of eliding use of force policies and practices by shifting them from the statutory to the customary.


title: Tennessee v. Garner

text: Tennenbaum shows a significant reduction (16%) in the number of police homicides committed before, and after the decision. This reduction was more significant in states which declared their laws regarding police use of deadly force to be unconstitutional after the Garner decision. The evidence suggests that the reduction is due not only to a reduction in shooting fleeing felons, but also to a general reduction in police shooting. These empirical findings prove, that despite suspicion about the ability of the Supreme Court to change police discretion, the Garner decision demonstrates that a decision can have a strong effect on police behavior.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons is an American rock band formed in Long Beach, California, in 2009. The band consists of Jay Buchanan (lead vocals), Scott Holiday (guitar), Dave Beste (bass guitar) and Michael Miley (drums). They are joined by keyboard player Todd Ögren when touring. They are signed to Atlantic Records via Dave Cobb's label Low Country Sound, an imprint of Elektra.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons formed in Long Beach, where Jay Buchanan and Michael Miley lived. Buchanan previously recorded as a solo artist and with his "Buchanan band". He independently released "All Understood" in 2004 and "True Love EP" in 2006. Rival Sons formed from the remnants of guitarist Scott Holiday's previous band. He had been active in a number of bands, including Human Lab, who were signed to Atlantic Records, but which he left and formed Black Summer Crush.


title: Rival Sons

text: In 2006 Holiday came across Buchanan while searching on MySpace for a singer. Drummer Michael Miley had previously worked with Buchanan (as well as having been in Veruca Salt and the Carson Daly TV show band) and he had met bassist Robin Everhart playing at a benefit concert at Isaac Hayes house for Hurricane Katrina in Long Beach. The union of Holiday, Buchanan, Everhart and Miley led to the formation of Rival Sons.


title: Rival Sons

text: As a singer-songwriter Buchanan was sceptical about joining a rock and roll band but after seeing the reception to the band's debut album "Before the Fire" (2009) produced by Dave Cobb, Buchanan committed to Rival Sons full-time. Jack Rivera of "The Huffington Post" declared them "A rock band to watch" in November 2009. Following this acclaim, they were invited to perform as a supporting act for AC/DC, Alice Cooper, Black Sabbath and Kid Rock shows. During this time, Rival Sons also performed on the race track during a televised show of the Indianapolis 500.


title: Rival Sons

text: After the success of "Before the Fire", the band recorded a self-titled EP (independently released) in 2010, which caught the attention of Earache Records founder Digby Pearson and the band was offered a record deal in November 2010. The signing led to the band immediately recording the album "Pressure & Time" on the Earache label in early 2011. Their self-titled EP was re-released digitally by Earache Records in February 2011, from which their debut European single, "Torture", was taken.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons played at Gene Simmons' "Aces & Angels" Super Bowl party on February 2, 2011, before making their European debut appearance at Camden Barfly on February 12, 2011, for the HMV Next Big Thing. The band Vintage Trouble supported their act and the show sold out in advance, which started a nearly unbroken string of European sell-out shows. In March 2011 a string of shows at Canadian Music Week, SXSW and the House of Blues was announced.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons released "Pressure & Time" in June 2011. It reached number one on Amazon's Hard Rock best sellers and nineteen on the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Rival Sons

text: Storm Thorgerson, who had worked with bands such as Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin and Genesis, created the cover art for the album voluntarily. Thorgerson liked Rival Sons, saying about the cover art:


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons played a string of Canadian dates in May 2011, as well as SXSW, Hangout festival and the Viper Room, before returning to Europe to play a series of European festivals such as Azkena, Sonisphere, Rock Werchter, Main Square, Putte Parken, and Bospop in July 2011. Then the band joined Judas Priest, Queensrÿche and Lady Starlight on tour in the UK.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons' track "Torture" was featured in the film "Real Steel" in October 2011 and the band, by personal request of Amy Lee, supported Evanescence in the US in October 2011, whom they would play with again in January 2012.


title: Rival Sons

text: While Rival Sons continued to tour extensively, in 2012 they featured on the Harald Schmidt Show and played an acoustic set at the annual Classic Rock awards at the Roundhouse in London. They were voted 'Best New Band' by listeners of Planet Rock Radio. In mid-2012, "Pressure & Time" was voted number two album of the year and the band named "Breakthrough Artist of the Year" by "Classic Rock Magazine".


title: Rival Sons

text: In February 2012 the band went into Honey Pye studios in Nashville, Tennessee, for twenty days to record their third full-length LP album "Head Down" with Dave Cobb and this time award-winning engineer Vance Powell (Jack White, The Raconteurs).


title: Rival Sons

text: During this time, the album "Pressure & Time" was reissued as a deluxe edition from which the last single "Face of Light" was taken. A video for the single was filmed in the UK's Peak District. The band then embarked on US and Canadian shows including Rock on the Range and Big Music Fest before a string of European summer festivals including Rock Am Ring, Sweden Rock, Ruisrock, Bukta, Graspop and Download. The band again also played European shows with Evanescence and Eagles of Death Metal as well as Black Stone Cherry.


title: Rival Sons

text: "Head Down" was released in September 2012 to critical acclaim. The album charted at number 31 in the UK album chart, number 5 in the UK indie chart, number 6 in Sweden, number 13 in Finland, number 14 in Norway, number 30 in Switzerland and number 38 in Germany. The debut single "Keep On Swinging" started a trend on Twitter, and the video was filmed in a church with snakes. The band then went on to complete another sold-out European tour and were featured on the cover of Classic Rock Magazine. They also the 'Breakthrough artist' award presented by Vic Reeves. In January 2013 the band released a second single from "Head Down" with a video for "Until The Sun Comes" directed by Simon Gesrel, known for his stop-motion work and his work with Michel Gondry (The White Stripes, Björk).


title: Rival Sons

text: In March 2013 the band recorded for "Billboard" The Beat and appeared on "Jimmy Kimmel Live". On March 7, 2013, Rival Sons left on a tour of Europe supported by The Balconies. In April they toured the UK supported by The Graveltones and Ulysses culminating in a sold-out show at Shepherd's Bush Empire. Rival Sons also played a station session in St. Pancras, London, for the second time to raise money for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons did a small Mid-West USA tour in May before returning to Europe in June to play more summer festivals including Download, Kivenlahti Rock, Bergenfest, Bravalla, Main Square and Open Air St. Gallen. The band also supported Kiss in Italy and Switzerland. During this time bassist Robin Everhart quit the band for 'personal reasons' stating "After years of intensive touring with Rival Sons, I have come to the conclusion that I am not a road-warrior and that the rock 'n' roll lifestyle' is not for me."


title: Rival Sons

text: In September 2013 Rival Sons supported Sammy Hagar across the US with new bassist Dave Beste, previously of Rocco DeLuca and the Burden. The band played Hard Rock Vegas in December and started the new year by headlining a street party in their hometown of Long Beach.


title: Rival Sons

text: In January 2014 Rival Sons returned to the studio in Nashville with Cobb to produce their fourth full-length LP album. Amidst great anticipation of their fan base, the critically acclaimed "Great Western Valkyrie" was released in June 2014. Even before the album's release Rival Sons began their 2014 European Tour opening for Aerosmith in Helsinki, Finland, and Stockholm, Sweden. The summer tour continued through Europe with club and festival dates in Germany at Rock Am Ring and Rock Im Park, then onto four sold-out shows in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Wight Festival 2014.


title: Rival Sons

text: They returned across the Atlantic to begin the USA 2014 summer tour with a sold-out show at 3rd and Lindsley in Nashville. The US tour included several festivals and two sold-out dates in New York City. Rival Sons travelled back and forth between US and Canadian dates mid-summer, before heading back to Northern Europe for four large festivals, ending the summer with a trip to South Africa to play the Oppikopi Festival.


title: Rival Sons

text: After a rest Rival Sons began the second leg of the US tour playing dates in California including The Fillmore in San Francisco and a sold-out show at the legendary The Troubadour. More Fall 2014 US Tour dates included shows in Arizona, Nebraska, Nevada, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland and New Jersey.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons had several live television performances in 2014, the first on Le Grand Journal (Canal+) then in October Late Night with David Letterman and Later… with Jools Holland. They performed live at the 2014 Classic Rock Magazine Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards. "Great Western Valkyrie" was released in late 2014. It was nominated for "Album of the Year" in 2014 by Classic Rock Magazine.


title: Rival Sons

text: In October 2015 they recorded their fifth LP album "Hollow Bones", again with music producer Cobb, in just three weeks. Rival Sons toured the United Kingdom from March to April 2015 as well as played the main stage at Download Festival in 2016. "Hollow Bones" was officially released July 2016.


title: Rival Sons

text: After the recording they toured with Deep Purple in their 2016 European tour. Throughout 2016 and into early 2017 they toured as main supporting act on the entirety of Black Sabbath's notable The End Tour.


title: Rival Sons

text: On February 27, 2018, it was officially announced that Rival Sons had signed on with Low Country Sound an imprint of Elektra run by Dave Cobb.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons released their sixth studio album "Feral Roots" on January 25, 2019, to critical acclaim. The album received nominations for two awards at the 2020 Grammy Awards, one for Best Rock Album and the other for Best Rock Performance for the song "Too Bad." It also won the 2019 Metal Storm Award for Best Hard Rock Album.


title: Rival Sons

text: On May 9, 2019, the band appeared on the Late Late Show with James Corden, performing "Too Bad". In Fall 2019, the band capitalized on the success of "Feral Roots" and embarked on a Co-Headline tour with Stone Temple Pilots across North America. On October 11, 2019, Rival Sons performed a stripped-down version of "Do Your Worst" at the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons' early albums, including "Pressure & Time", were written and recorded in the studio in an intense period of creativity. Speaking about the sophomore album that was written and recorded in 20 days, with producer Dave Cobb, guitarist Scott Holiday said, "This is just the simplest way to not cheat ourselves or the listener, rock and roll can't be over-thought, and if it is, it loses its immediacy and instinct...it needs to be a knife fight, not a knife dance."


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons have recorded regularly, releasing seven records in ten years. "Opting to keep the sound intact and very accurate as to deliver to the listener exactly what was happening in the room when we put it down" – Holiday, talking about the album "Great Western Valkyrie".


title: Rival Sons

text: The band has a long-standing, friendly and professional relationship with Grammy award-winning music producer Cobb, who has worked on all the band's albums and is often referred to as another member of the band. He is interested in simplicity in the recording and with the sound and vitality of real musicians in a room. Cobb encourages and captures the vocal punch of the band's mainman, Jay Buchanan. "He's unbelievable, a one-take guy — done. It's such a pleasure, because then you can get wild with things. You can experiment when it doesn't take long for the singer to do his thing."


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons recording process changed for their major label debut "Feral Roots", for the first time writing and recording over a process of months. Jay Buchanan stated that "You need to shift and constantly find new soil" within the creative process, taking eight months to write and record the Grammy nominated album instead of all their previous work which took less than six weeks.


title: Rival Sons

text: Rival Sons are often compared to sounds of the 1970s yet they cite Prince, D'Angelo and The Roots as influences alongside Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf. Jay has listed artists from Joni Mitchell to Sly and the Family Stone amongst his influences, often stating Van Morrison as one of his heroes. "I can't overstate his influence on me as a writer and vocalist" – Louder Sound.


title: Rival Sons

text: The band are often cited for the sartorial style as well as their musical style, with Scott Holiday known for working with tailor "Ray Brown" and the band often wearing boots by UK bootmaker Jeffery West. Scott Holiday is known for his slim-line tailored suits, moustache and sunglasses, Jay Buchanan's style is unpredictable including wearing flowers in his hair, flowing floral shirts and tight leather suits.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: Brum (), is a British children's television series about the adventures of a small, sentient vintage car. The series was originally narrated by Toyah Willcox, who also provided the voice for Brum and all the characters. The show aired for three series between 1991 and 2002 with two revived CGI series airing on YouTube in 2016. The show was first aired on BBC One on the children's block, Children's BBC (CBBC) and later on CBeebies.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: Set in Birmingham, England and produced by Ragdoll Productions, "Brum" was first broadcast in 1991 and the last live-action series was broadcast in 2002. It was initially directed, written and produced by Anne Wood and initially narrated by Toyah Willcox who also provided the voice for Brum and all the characters in story form. In series 3, all the characters including Brum were silent except for the car noises. The narrator provided commentary rather than the previous story form. A new CGI-animated series, aimed at young pre-school children, was produced in 2016.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: "Brum" is the story of a small, sentient replica car who ventures out into Big Town when his owner isn't looking and gets up to all manner of adventures. Each episode begins and ends in the same way, with Brum leaving the other cars in the motor museum when the owner's back is turned and heading out to explore Big Town, before eventually returning to his place. Each series has had its own background music. From series 1–2, the introduction music was the same, but in series 2, they used different instruments. From Series 3, the music became jazzy and a new title sequence was directed by Nigel P. Harris.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: The car can express himself in various mechanical ways including opening and closing his doors and bonnet, bobbing his suspension, and flashing and swivelling. The actors in "Brum" do not speak – mime and off-screen narration help propel the story. It was therefore easy to prepare episodes for airing in other countries, and the series has been broadcast in many parts of the world and in many languages.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: The stories are mostly set in the city of Birmingham, England, since in addition to its onomatopoeic nature of a car engine revving, Brum (as a contraction of "Brummagem") is a common colloquial name for Birmingham. Although later series make no direct mention of Birmingham, calling it simply Big Town, many of the city's streets and landmarks can be seen in each episode.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: The show was written by a range of writers. Anne Wood primarily wrote all the first series, while the second was written by Tom Poole, Dirk Campbell, Andrew Davenport and Morgan Hall. The last two series were written by Nigel P. Harris (5 Episodes) and the existing Ragdoll team.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: The car itself – a half-scale replica of a late-1920s Austin 7 Chummy convertible – was designed and built by Rex Garrod. It is now housed at the Cotswold Motoring Museum in Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire, which is also where the opening and closing sequences of the programme were filmed.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: The second series of the show was first broadcast on Children's BBC in October 1994 and consisted of thirteen episodes with the runtime of each episode being increased to 15 minutes. Toyah Wilcox reprised her role as the narrator.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: Most episodes of this series were later edited by the BBC in the late 90s cutting the length of the episodes down to 10 minutes to fit with the runtime of the first series. These were broadcast until 2001.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: The third series featured a brand new format, depicting Brum as a superhero car, where he stops thieves and even has his own song at the end of every episode ("Brum Gets Things Done"). There is no narrator in this series but instead, it has children commenting on what is happening. There were 40 episodes broadcast across 2001 and 2002 on CBBC One and CBeebies.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: During development of the third season, Ragdoll renewed Video Collection International's Home Video deal on June 12, 2001, for seven years, in addition to the BBC acquiring the broadcast rights to the season. On August 31, Ragdoll announced that the new season would premiere on September 3, with the first VHS/DVD release of the new series to coincide on October 8. On October 7, Ragdoll launched the show internationally at MIPCOM, where the Australian Broadcasting Corporation acquired the Australian broadcast rights for the series to air on ABC for Kids in December, and on the ABC Kids channel in Spring 2002. The show would premiere on ABC TV on March 11, 2002.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: On January 17, 2002, Ragdoll announced that the series would be one of the launching programs on the then-upcoming CBeebies channel in the United Kingdom. By MIPTV 2002 on April 15, Ragdoll pre-sold the series to KRO in the Netherlands to air on their Z@ppelin channel's Kindertijd strand. They also announced that after MIPCOM 2001, NRK in Norway, SVT in Sweden and Kids Central in Singapore had also acquired the rights to the series in their respective countries. On September 6, TV3 in New Zealand and RTE's Network 2 in Ireland acquired the broadcast rights, and premiered the series on September 7 and September 10, respectively.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: Discovery Communications later acquired the US-broadcast rights to the series and launched it on the Ready Set Learn block on The Learning Channel and Discovery Kids in February 2003. In March, Ragdoll announced RTV Family Entertainment as the German partner for the series, with RTV confirming they would broadcast the show on their Ravensburger TV block on Super RTL at the end of June.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: The show was first aired on BBC One on the children's block, Children's BBC (CBBC), as well as airing on satellite and pay television where it was screened on TCC and Living, and also aired in the USA on Discovery Kids, in Canada On YTV in Australia on ABC, Max, Nickelodeon, ABC Kids and ABC2, in Brunei on RTB, in India on Pogo, in Indonesia on ANTV, in Singapore on Kids Central, in South Africa on SABC 2 (with both an English dub and an Afrikaans dub) and CBeebies, in Kenya on KBC, in New Zealand on TV2 and TV3, in Namibia on NBC, in Zimbabwe on ZTV, in Japan on NHK, in Ireland on RTÉ, in Germany on BFBS and SSVC Television, in the Netherlands on Nederland 3, in Bangladesh on BTV, in Malaysia on TV3 and in the Emirates on Dubai 33.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: February 2016 saw the release of a rebooted "Brum", made by the current owners of the franchise DHX Media. The show is now takes place in a white-coloured setting instead of Big Town and features new friends for Brum. The first episode, "Brum's Car Wash Adventure", premiered on 4 March 2016 via the official Brum YouTube channel. A total of 25 CGI episodes were produced, with a second series currently airing.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: Another series, this time animated using Toon Boom Harmony Animation called "Brum & Friends" premiered on the channel in September 2017.


title: Brum (TV series)

text: A coin operated kiddie ride of Brum was made by Amutec Ltd. The first version contains the original Brum theme song, and the second and third versions contain the rebooted closing credits song aka "Brum Gets Things Done."


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: Kuala Lumpur Tower, also known as KL Tower and KL421 is a 15-story, 420.7-meter-tall telecommunication tower in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is the world's 7th tallest tower, also, Malaysia and Southeast Asia's tallest tower. Its construction was completed on 1 March 1995. It features an antenna that increases its height to 420.7 metres (1,380 feet). The roof of the pod is at 335.7 metres (1,101 feet). The rest of the tower below has a stairwell and an elevator to reach the upper area, which also contains a revolving restaurant, providing diners with a panoramic view of the city.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: Races are held annually, where participants race up the stairs to the top. The tower also acts as the Islamic falak observatory to observe the crescent moon which marks the beginning of Muslim month of Ramadhan, Syawal, and Zulhijjah, to celebrate fasting month of Ramadhan, Hari Raya Aidilfitri and Aidiladha. The tower is the highest viewpoint in Kuala Lumpur that is open to the public.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: The official groundbreaking for the Kuala Lumpur Tower was overseen by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad on 1 October 1991. Construction of the tower was a three-phase process.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: The first phase was the widening of Jalan Bukit Nanas and the excavation of soil from the construction site. This phase was completed on 1 August 1992.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: On 1 July 1992, the second phase began with the construction of the foundation and basement of the tower. Approximately 50,000 cubic metres of concrete were continuously poured for 31 hours, thus setting a record in the Malaysian construction industry. The foundation work, requiring no piling, was completed on 1 April 1993.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: The third phase was the construction of the 'superstructure' which began in May 1994. The construction of the tower started with the erection of the tower shaft, then the tower head. As the finishing touches to the tower head were applied, the construction of the touristic building began.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: The main lobby of the upper ground floor is decorated with exquisite glass-clad domes that sparkle like giant diamonds. These domes were designed and arranged in the form of the Muqarnas by Iranian craftsmen from Isfahan.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: On 13 September 1994, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad performed the 'topping-out ceremony' where the antenna mast was installed, thus marking the final height of the tower, 421 metres above the ground. After installation of facilities and amenities, Menara Kuala Lumpur was opened to public on 23 July 1996, and it was the tallest structure in Malaysia at the time of its completion, and 3 years later, it was surpassed by Petronas Twin Towers as the tallest structure in the country.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: Menara Kuala Lumpur was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad on 1 October 1996 at 20:30 MST. Among the distinguished guests were the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Raja Permaisuri Agong Tuanku Najihah, the wives of the Sultan of Brunei, Queen Saleha and Princess Hajah Mariam Binti Abdul Aziz.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: Kuala Lumpur Tower, a member of the World Federation of Great Towers, is utilised by several organisations for various broadcasting purposes. Originally intended only for television broadcasting, radio antennas were included during the construction. The tower now broadcasts free-to-air terrestrial television stations that use the tower's antenna include:


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: Media telecommunications and broadcasting mast. Television stations which are transmitted from the tower includes private (commercial) station, NTV7 a subsidiary of Media Prima Berhad broadcasting through UHF obtained from an antenna by 200 metres.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: Malaysia currently employs both analogue broadcasting and all television broadcasting is to be analogue. Kuala Lumpur Tower is not a reliable broadcasting antenna for completely digital broadcasting because the tower is not tall enough to transmit the higher frequency waves needed to areas surrounded by forests or high-rise buildings. As an alternative, a new 421-metre-tall (1,381-foot). To make Kuala Lumpur Tower more appealing to one free-to-air terrestrial commercial broadcasting on Media Prima Berhad who plan to move their transmitting stations to the new tower have drafted a plan to extend its digital broadcasting antenna by 401 to 421 metres. To increase the height of the tower's antenna by 421 metres, the structure itself will have to be lengthened by 200 metres, which would cost approximately RM4 billion. In addition to covering this cost, the company would put RM3.5 billion into refurbishing the transmitting station, offering four times more area to each broadcaster. Current Kuala Lumpur aviation restrictions limit Kuala Lumpur Tower's height, but has stated that the company plans to discuss the matter with related ministries and agencies. If these plans are not realised, however, Kuala Lumpur Tower is expected to stop transmitting television waves with the exception of Media Prima Berhad, who will continue to broadcast through the tower. also pointed out the possibility of the tower depending on what the television broadcasters want or need.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: All services radio broadcast at 7 kW relay of Kuala Lumpur Tower based in Greater Kuala Lumpur (surrounding based in Kuala Lumpur)


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: All services television broadcast at 20 kW relay of Kuala Lumpur Tower based in Greater Kuala Lumpur (surrounding based in Kuala Lumpur)


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: The KL Tower is the seventh tallest telecommunication tower in the world (after Tokyo Skytree in Japan, the Canton Tower in China, CN Tower in Canada, the Ostankino Tower in Russia, the Oriental Pearl Tower in China, and the Milad Tower in Iran). Built to enhance the quality of telecommunication services and the clarity of broadcasting, KL Tower is a symbol of Kuala Lumpur.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: When constructing the KL Tower, the builders took special care to construct a retaining wall around a 100-year-old jelutong tree ("Dyera costulata"). The tower was moved at a cost of RM430,000 to avoid harming the monumental tree, which is found near the pedestrian mall.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: KL Tower is managed by Menara Kuala Lumpur Sdn. Bhd., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Telekom Malaysia Group.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: KL Tower was the first Pit Stop in "The Amazing Race Asia 1" and fielded a route marker on the final leg of the same season.


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: The Tower is located on Jalan Puncak, which branches off from Jalan P. Ramlee. Even though they're not very close, the closest rapid transit stations would be Bukit Nanas Monorail station and Dang Wangi LRT station. The tower also has outdoor parking for cars and bus (KL tower parking rate).


title: Kuala Lumpur Tower

text: Tourists visit KL Tower to have a 360-degree view of the city. The lift takes only 54 seconds going up to the observation deck and takes 52 seconds to come down.


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Smarta tradition (), also called Smartism, is a movement in Hinduism that developed and expanded with the Puranas genre of literature. It reflects a synthesis of four philosophical strands, namely Mimamsa, Advaita, Yoga, and theism. The Smarta tradition rejects theistic sectarianism, and is notable for the domestic worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equal – Ganesha, Shiva, Shakti, Vishnu and Surya. The Smarta tradition contrasted with the older Shrauta tradition, which was based on elaborate rituals and rites. There has been a considerable overlap in the ideas and practices of the Smarta tradition with other significant historic movements within Hinduism, namely Shaivism, Brahmanism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism.


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Smarta tradition developed during (early) Classical Period of Hinduism around the beginning of the Common Era, when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions. The Smarta tradition is aligned with Advaita Vedanta, and regards Adi Shankara as its founder or reformer. Shankara championed the ultimate reality is impersonal and "Nirguna" (attributeless) and any symbolic god serves the same equivalent purpose. Inspired by this belief, the Smarta tradition followers, along with the five Hindu gods, include a sixth impersonal god in their practice. The tradition has been called by William Jackson as "advaitin, monistic in its outlook".


title: Smarta tradition

text: The term Smarta also refers to Brahmins who specialise in the Smriti corpus of texts named the Grihya Sutras, in contrast to Shrauta Sutras. Smarta Brahmins, with their focus on the Smriti corpus, are contrasted from Srauta Brahmins, who specialise in the Sruti Corpus, that is, rituals and ceremonies that follow the Vedas.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Smarta (स्मार्त) is an adjective derived from Smriti (). The smriti are a specific body of Hindu texts usually attributed to an author, traditionally written down but constantly revised, in contrast to Srutis (The Vedic Literature) considered authorless, that were transmitted verbally across the generations and fixed.


title: Smarta tradition

text: In Smarta tradition context, the term "Smarta" means "Follower Of Smriti". Smarta is especially associated with a "Sect Founded By Shankaracharya", according to Monier Williams. Some families in South India who follow Shrauta strictly and do not accept any Vedanta systems. They even have a custom of the sacred thread being worn by women.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Both Alf Hiltebeitel and Flood locate the origins of the Smarta Tradition in the (early) Classical Period of Hinduism, particularly with the nondualist (Advaita) interpretation of Vedanta, when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Hiltebeitel situates the origins of the Smarta tradition in the ongoing interaction between the Vedic-Brahmanic tradition and non-Vedic traditions. According to him, a period of consolidation in the development of Hinduism took place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishad (c. 500 BCE) and the period of the rise of the Guptas (c. 320-467), which he calls the "Hindus synthesis", "Brahmanic synthesis", or "orthodox synthesis". It develops in interaction with other religions and peoples:


title: Smarta tradition

text: The "smriti" texts of the period between 200 BCE- 100 CE proclaim the authority of the Vedas, and "nonrejection of the Vedas comes to be one of the most important touchstones for defining Hinduism over and against the heterodoxies, which rejected the Vedas." The Smriti texts interpret the Vedas in a number of ways, which gave rise to six "darsanas" (orthodox schools) of Hindu philosophy. Of the six Hindu darsanas, the Mimamsa and the Vedanta "are rooted primarily in the Vedic "sruti" tradition and are sometimes called "smarta" schools in the sense that they develop "smarta" orthodox current of thoughts that are based, like "smriti", directly on "sruti"." They emphasize the Vedas with reason and other "pramanas", in contrast to "Haituka" schools which emphasize "hetu" (cause, reason) independent of the Vedas while accepting the authority of the Vedas. Of the two Smarta traditions, Mimamsa focussed on Vedic ritual traditions, while Vedanta focussed on Upanishadic knowledge tradition.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Around the start of the common era, and thereafter, a syncretism of "Haituka" schools (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya and Yoga), the "Smarta" schools (Mimamsa, Vedanta) with ancient theistic ideas (bhakti, tantric) gave rise to a growth in traditions such as Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism. The revived Smarta tradition attempted to integrate varied and conflicting devotional practices, with its ideas of nondual experience of Atman (self, soul) as Brahman. The rapprochement included the practice of "pancayatana-puja" (five shrine worship), wherein a Hindu could focus on any "saguna" deity of choice ("istadevata") such as Vishnu, Shiva, Durga, Surya and Ganesha as an interim step towards realizing the "nirguna" Brahman. The growth of this Smarta Tradition began in the Gupta period (4th–5th century CE), and likely was dominated by Dvija classes, in particular the Brahmins, of the early medieval Indian society. This Smarta tradition competed with other major traditions of Hinduism such as Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism. The ideas of Smarta were historically influential, creative with concepts such as of Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu deity) and Ardhanarishvara (half woman, half man deity), and many of the major scholars of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Bhakti movement came out of the Smarta tradition.


title: Smarta tradition

text: According to Hiltebeitel, "the consolidation of Hinduism takes place under the sign of "bhakti"." It is the "Bhagavadgita" that seals this achievement. The result is a universal achievement that may be called "smarta". It views Shiva and Vishnu as "complementary in their functions but ontologically identical".


title: Smarta tradition

text: According to Flood, the Smarta tradition originated with the development of the Puranas. The Puranic corpus is a complex body of materials that advance the views of various competing cults. Flood connects the rise of the written Purana historically with the rise of devotional cults centring upon a particular deity in the Gupta era.


title: Smarta tradition

text: After the end of the Gupta Empire and the collapse of the Harsha Empire, power became decentralised in India. Several larger kingdoms emerged, with "countless vasal states". The kingdoms were ruled via a feudal system. Smaller kingdoms were dependent on the protection of the larger kingdoms. With the breakdown of the Gupta empire, gifts of virgin waste-land were heaped on brahmanas, to ensure profitable agrarian exploitation of land owned by the kings, but also to provide status to the new ruling classes. Brahmanas spread further over India, interacting with local clans with different religions and ideologies.


title: Smarta tradition

text: The early medieval Puranas were composed to disseminate religious mainstream ideology among the pre-literate tribal societies undergoing acculturation. The Brahmanas used the Puranas to incorporate those clans into the agrarian society and its accompanying religion and ideology. Local chiefs and peasants were absorbed into the castesystem, which was used to keep "control over the new "kshatriyas" and "shudras".


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Brahmanism of the Dharmashastras and the "smritis" underwent a radical transformation at the hands of the Purana composers, resulting in the rise of Puranic Hinduism, "which like a colossus striding across the religious firmament soon came to overshadow all existing religions". Puranic Hinduism was a "multiplex belief-system which grew and expanded as it absorbed and synthesized polaristic ideas and cultic traditions". It was distinguished from its Vedic Smarta roots by its popular base, its theological and sectarian pluralism, its Tantric veneer, and the central place of "bhakti".


title: Smarta tradition

text: Many local religions and traditions were assimilated into puranic Hinduism. Vishnu and Shiva emerged as the main deities, together with Sakti/Deva, subsuming local cults, popular totem symbols and creation myths. Rama and Krsna became the focus of a strong "bhakti" tradition, which found expression particularly in the "Bhagavata Purana". The Krsna tradition subsumed numerous Naga, yaksa and hill and tree based cults. Siva absorbed local cults by the suffixing of "Isa" or "Isvara" to the name of the local deity, for example Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, Chandesvara.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Traditionally, Sri Adi Shankaracharya (8th century) is regarded as the greatest teacher and reformer of the Smarta tradition. According to Hiltebeitel, Adi Shankaracharya established the nondualist interpretation of the Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived "smarta" tradition:


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Sringeri Sharada monastery founded by Jagatguru Sri Adi Shankaracharya in Karnataka is still the centre of the Smarta sect.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Medieval era scholars such as Vedanta Desika and Vallabhacharya recognized Smarta as competing with Vaishnavism and other traditions. According to Jeffrey Timm, for example, in verse 10 of the "Tattvarthadipanibandha", Vallabhacharya states that, "Mutually contradictory conclusions are non-contradictory when they are considered from their respective contexts, like Vaishnava, Smarta, etc."


title: Smarta tradition

text: According to Murray Milner Jr., a professor of Sociology, the Smarta tradition refers to "Hindus who tend toward Brahmanical orthodoxy in both thought and behavior". Smartas are usually committed to a "relatively unified Hinduism" and they reject extreme forms of sectarian isolationism, reminiscent of the European discourse about the church and Christian sects. The tradition, states Milner, has roots that emerged sometime between 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE, likely in response to the growth of Jainism and Buddhism. It reflected a Hindu synthesis of four philosophical strands: Mimamsa, Advaita, Yoga and theism.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Smarta tradition emerged initially as a synthesis movement to unify Hinduism into a nonsectarian form based on the Vedic heritage. It accepted "varnasrama-dharma", states Bruce Sullivan, which reflected an acceptance of "Varna" (caste/class) and "ashrama" (four stages of human life) as a form of social and religious duty. In the later second half of the 1st millennium, Adi Shankara reformed and brought ideas to the movement in the form of the Advaita Vedanta philosophy. According to Upinder Singh, the Smarta tradition's religious practice emerged as a transformation of Brahmanism and can be described as Hinduism. Smarta as a tradition emphasized all gods as equal and different ways of perceiving the all-pervasive metaphysical impersonal Brahman.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Vaitheespara notes the adherence of the Smarta Brahmans to "the pan-Indian Sanskrit-brahmanical tradition":


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Smartas evolved a kind of worship which is known as Panchayatana puja. In this Puja, one or more of the five Hindu Deities (Surya, Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Adi Shakti) are the objects of veneration. The five symbols of the major Gods are placed on a round open metal dish called Panchayatana, the symbol of the deity preferred by the worshiper being in the center. A similar arrangement is also seen in the medieval temples, in which the central shrine housing the principal Deity is surrounded by four smaller shrines containing the figures of the other deities. Some of the Smartas of South India add a sixth god Kartikeya (See Shanmata). According to Basham, any upper-class Hindus still prefer the way of the Smartas to Saiva and Vaisnava forms of worship".


title: Smarta tradition

text: Panchayatana puja is a practice that became popular in medieval India, and has been attributed to Adi Shankara. However, archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the Gupta Empire period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from Ajmer) has been dated to belong to the Kushan Empire era (pre-300 CE). The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear. According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE embed the "pancayatana" architecture very commonly, from Odisha to Karnataka to Kashmir; and the temples containing fusion deities such as Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu) are set in Panchayatana worship style.


title: Smarta tradition

text: According to Smartism, supreme reality, Brahman, transcends all of the various forms of personal deity. The Smartas follow an orthodox Hindu philosophy, which means they accept the Vedas, and the ontological concepts of Atman and Brahman therein.


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Smarta Tradition accepts two concepts of Brahman, which are the "saguna Brahman" – the Brahman with attributes, and "nirguna Brahman" – the Brahman without attributes. The "nirguna Brahman" is the unchanging Reality, however, the "saguna Brahman" is posited as a means to realizing this "nirguna Brahman". The concept of the "saguna Brahman" is considered in this tradition to be a useful symbolism and means for those who are still on their spiritual journey, but the saguna concept is abandoned by the fully enlightened once he or she realizes the identity of their own soul with that of the "nirguna Brahman". A Smarta may choose any "saguna" deity ("istadevata") such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, Surya, Ganesha or any other, and this is viewed in Smarta Tradition as an interim step towards realizing the "nirguna" Brahman and its equivalence to one's own Atman.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Smartas follow the Hindu scriptures. These include the "shruti" (Vedas), but most markedly the "smriti" literature, which incorporated shramanic and Buddhist influences of the period from about 200 BCE to about 300 CE and the emerging "bhakti" tradition into the Brahmanical fold. According to Larson,


title: Smarta tradition

text: The identity of "Atman" and "Brahman", and their unchanging, eternal nature, are the basic truths in this tradition. The emphasis in Vedic texts here is the "jnana-kanda" (knowledge, philosophical speculations) in the Upanishadic part of the Vedas, not its "karma-kanda" (ritual injunctions). Along with the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita and Brahma Sutras are the central texts of the Advaita Vedanta tradition, providing the truths about the identity of "Atman" and "Brahman" and their changeless nature.


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Brahmasutra is considered as the "Nyaya Prasthana" (canonical base for reasoning). The Bhagavad Gita is considered as the "Smriti Prasthana". The text relies on other "Smritis", such as the Vedangas, Itihasa, Dharmasastras, Puranas and others. Some of this "smriti" literature incorporated shramanic and Buddhist influences of the period from about 200 BC to about AD 300 and the emerging "bhakti" tradition into the Brahmanical fold.


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Smarta Tradition includes temples and monasteries. More Smarta temples are found in West and South India, than in North India.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Adi Shankara is one of the leading scholars of the Smarta Tradition, and he founded some of the most famous monasteries in Hinduism. These have hosted the under four Maṭhas, with the headquarters at Dwarka in the West, Jagannatha Puri in the East, Sringeri in the South and Badrinath in the North. Each math was headed by one of his disciples, called Shankaracharya, who each independently continued the Advaita Vedanta Sampradaya. The ten Shankara-linked Advaita monastic orders are distributed as follows: Bharati, Puri and Saraswati at Sringeri, Aranya and Vana at Puri, Tirtha and Ashrama at Dwarka, and Giri, Parvata and Sagara at Badrinath.


title: Smarta tradition

text: The mathas which Shankara built exist until today, and continue the teachings and influence of Shankara.


title: Smarta tradition

text: The table below gives an overview of the four largest Advaita Mathas founded by Adi Shankara, and their details. However, evidence suggests that Shankara established more "mathas" locally for Vedanta studies and its propagation, states Hartmut Scharfe, such as the "four mathas in the city of Trichur alone, that were headed by Trotaka, Sureshvara, Hastamalaka and Padmapada".


title: Smarta tradition

text: The Sringeri Sharada monastery founded by Jagatguru Sri Adi Shankaracharya in Karnataka is the centre of the Smarta sect.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Smarta Brahmins specialize in the Smriti corpus of texts, are differentiated from Srauta Brahmins who specialize in the Sruti corpus of texts such as the Brahmanas layer embedded inside the Vedas. Smarta Brahmins are also differentiated from Brahmins who specialize in the Agamic (Tantra) literature such as the Adi Shaiva Brahmins, Sri Vaishnava Brahmins and Shaiva Kashmiri Pandits. However, these identities are not clearly defined, and active groups such as "Agamic Smarta Saiva Brahmins" have thrived.


title: Smarta tradition

text: In a more general sense, all Brahmins who do not come from small communities of orthodox Vedic sects are considered Smarta Brahmins. Many orthodox Vedic sects have also turned to temple worship and management, which is considered a Smarta and Agamic tradition. Sri Vaishnava Brahmins sought to combine the Smarta tradition, Alvar Bhakti, and the Pancharatra traditions. Kashmiri Pandits combine Smarta and Agamic tradition.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Visvakarmas are artisans found in South India, such as in the state of Karnataka. They are known for their traditional expertise and skills as blacksmiths, carpenters, coppersmiths, sculptors, and goldsmiths. Smarta Visvakarmas are vegetarian artisans who follow the Smarta tradition. They contrast with Vaishnava Visvakarmas who follow the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism and some of whom may consume non-vegetarian food. The re-marriage of widows is a tradition found among the Smarta Visvakarmas, but has been atypical among Vaishnava Visvakarma.


title: Smarta tradition

text: According to Brouwer, examples of Smarta Visvakarmas include Niligundapanta (traditionally blacksmiths and carpenters), Konnurpanta (all five artisan trades) and Madipattar (goldsmiths). The Smarta & Vaishnava Visvakarmas claim to be Brahmins but were never considered to be Brahmins by other castes.


title: Smarta tradition

text: Vaitheespara notes the adherence of the Smarta Brahmans to "the pan-Indian Sanskrit-brahmanical tradition" and their influence on pan-Indian nationalism:


title: Smarta tradition

text: Examples of sects that follow the Smarta tradition and Advaita Vedanta, with Shankaracharya as the primary reformer:


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: The first season of "Riverdale" premiered on The CW on January 26, 2017 and concluded on May 11, 2017, with a total of 13 episodes. The series is based on the characters from the Archie Comics, created by Maurice Coyne, Louis Silberkleit, and John L. Goldwater, and was created by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: The principal cast included the core four characters of the series Archie Andrews (KJ Apa), Betty Cooper (Lili Reinhart), Veronica Lodge (Camila Mendes), and Jughead Jones (Cole Sprouse), who also serves as the series narrator. Other cast members included Veronica's mother Hermione Lodge (Marisol Nichols), fellow students Cheryl Blossom (Madelaine Petsch) and Josie McCoy (Ashleigh Murray), Betty's mother Alice Cooper (Mädchen Amick), and Archie's father Fred Andrews (Luke Perry).


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: The first season focuses on the town of Riverdale in the aftermath of the death of Jason Blossom (Trevor Stines), who supposedly drowned the summer before school started.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: Originally in development at Fox, it was announced in 2014 that Warner Bros TV would be producing the series through Berlanti Productions as Robert Aguirre-Sacasa, Greg Berlanti (creator of "Supergirl" and "Arrow"), and Sarah Schechter, and Jon Goldwater, the CEO of Archie Comics as executive producers. In July 2015, it was announced that "Riverdale" had moved to The CW and that Aguirre-Sacasa would be writing the pilot episode. On January 29, 2016, The CW officially ordered a pilot and on May 16, 2016 it was picked up for series. In November 2016, it was announced the first episode would air on January 26, 2017.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: Robert Aguirre-Sacasa stated that the show was not directly inspired by the comics reboot that occurred in 2015, as the show had already been pitched to Fox at that point. He also stated he was aware that the show needed to be more accessible for a modern audience, unlike the original comics. He stated that the show would follow a serialized, neo-noir format. At San Diego Comic Con 2016, Aguirre-Sacasa explained that the first season would follow what happened to Jason Blossom, a teen who died the summer before school started and stated that the murder solving would not be dragged out. Talking about the darker themes of the show, he states he was inspired by coming of ages films such as "Stand By Me" and "River's Edge". He said that he thought, "What would a coming of age story be like, if David Lynch made it, or if Stephen King wrote it?" In January 2017, it was revealed that the show would not be making Jughead asexual, which was revealed in February 2016, stating that the first season was aiming to be an origin story for the 75 years of history. Actor Cole Sprouse stated in an interview that he would like it to be explored in future seasons.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: On February 9, 2016 the first casting announcements were made with Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse being announced to be playing Betty Cooper and Jughead Jones respectively. On February 24, 2016 Madelaine Petsch was announced to be playing Cheryl Blossom and Luke Perry of "Beverly Hills, 90210" would be playing Fred Andrews, the father of Archie Andrews. That same day it was announced that Ashleigh Murray and KJ Apa would be playing Josie McCoy and Archie Andrews respectively. Apa was one of the last to audition for Archie and got the role after months of searching for an actor. Two days later, it was announced that newcomer Camila Mendes would star as Veronica Lodge. In March 2016, it was announced that her mother, Hermione Lodge, would be played by Marisol Nichols and Betty's mother, Alice Cooper, would be played by Mädchen Amick.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: In March 2016, it was announced that Ross Butler, Daniel Young, and Cody Kearsley would be joining the show in recurring roles as Reggie Mantle, Dilton Doiley, and Moose Mason respectively. That same month it was announced that Casey Cott would star as Kevin Keller, the first openly gay character in the Archie universe. In August 2016, Robin Givens was cast as the mother of Josie McCoy and mayor of Riverdale, while in December 2016 it was announced that Molly Ringwald would appear in a recurring role as Mary Andrews, the mother of Archie Andrews.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: Filming for the pilot lasted from March 14 to 31, 2016 in Vancouver, British Columbia. Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7, 2016, in Vancouver and wrapped on December 12, 2016.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: Riverdale features a number of musical performances throughout the first season, blending a mix of covers and original songs. Songs that are performed in the episode are released as digital singles after the episode airs. WaterTower Music released a digital compilation for songs from the first season on May 12, 2017. The score for the season, composed by Blake Neely, was released on a physical CD by La-La Land Records, and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music, on July 18, 2017.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: The season began airing on The CW on January 26, 2017 and ended on May 11 of the same year. In late 2016, it was revealed that Netflix in the United Kingdom acquired the rights to air "Riverdale" less than 24 hours after the episodes premiered.


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an approval rating of 88% based on 62 reviews, and an average rating of 7.22/10. The site's critics consensus reads: ""Riverdale" offers an amusingly self-aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews."


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: Speaking positive of the show, Ellen Gray of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" compared the show to "Twin Peaks" and "Dawson's Creek", and praised the adaptation of the characters. Jeff Jenson of "Entertainment Weekly" similarly praised the show, stating that Berlanti and Aguirre-Sacasa "built a sturdy, appealing foundation", as well as paying homage to pop culture and "[spitting] on them too." Writing for "The Washington Post", Hank Stuever commented on the show's departure from its source material, stating that it's watchable but "entertainment value comes at a steep price, cashing out Archie’s underlying innocence to depict the corrupted community he calls home." Despite the difference from the source material, he praised the show and noted that it "can be terrific once you let go and let Archie grow up his own way" Liz Shannon Miller of "IndieWire" criticized several stereotypes the show portrayed (such as Kevin being the 'gay best friend'), however commended the show for being "100 percent committed to creating its own little world" and praised the "strong visual choices".


title: Riverdale (season 1)

text: More critical of the series, Ira Madison of MTV News criticized the narration, referring to it as "overwritten and dire" and thought the relationships had "no lasting impact." As well, he disliked the lack of an "outsize metaphor that brings home a point in each episode." Daniel D'Addario of "Time" also criticized the adaptation from the source material, the voice overs by Cole Sprouse and the many cultural references the show makes. Allison Keene of "Collider" said the series "isn’t as nearly as quirky as its early stylistic flourishes would like to suggest", referring to the series as campy and overwritten. She criticized the inclusion of the murder plot lines, stating the show "missed [an] opportunity to tell a strong, high school-set story".


title: Biological anthropology

text: Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct hominin ancestors, and related non-human primates, particularly from an evolutionary perspective. This subfield of anthropology systematically studies human beings from a biological perspective.


title: Biological anthropology

text: As a subfield of anthropology, biological anthropology itself is further divided into several branches. All branches are united in their common orientation and/or application of evolutionary theory to understanding human biology and behavior.


title: Biological anthropology

text: Biological Anthropology looks different today than it did even twenty years ago. The name is even relatively new, having been 'physical anthropology' for over a century, with some practitioners still applying that term. Biological anthropologists look back to the work of Charles Darwin as a major foundation for what they do today. However, if one traces the intellectual genealogy back to physical anthropology's beginnings—before the discovery of much of what we now know as the hominin fossil record—then the focus shifts to human biological variation. Some editors, see below, have rooted the field even deeper than formal science.


title: Biological anthropology

text: Attempts to study and classify human beings as living organisms date back to ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher Plato ( 428– 347 BC) placed humans on the "scala naturae", which included all things, from inanimate objects at the bottom to deities at the top. This became the main system through which scholars thought about nature for the next roughly 2,000 years. Plato's student Aristotle ( 384–322 BC) observed in his "History of Animals" that human beings are the only animals to walk upright and argued, in line with his teleological view of nature, that humans have buttocks and no tails in order to give them a cushy place to sit when they are tired of standing. He explained regional variations in human features as the result of different climates. He also wrote about physiognomy, an idea derived from writings in the Hippocratic Corpus. Scientific physical anthropology began in the 17th to 18th centuries with the study of racial classification (Georgius Hornius, François Bernier, Carl Linnaeus, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach).


title: Biological anthropology

text: The first prominent physical anthropologist, the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840) of Göttingen, amassed a large collection of human skulls ("Decas craniorum", published during 1790–1828), from which he argued for the division of humankind into five major races (termed Caucasian, Mongolian, Aethiopian, Malayan and American). In the 19th century, French physical anthropologists, led by Paul Broca (1824-1880), focused on craniometry while the German tradition, led by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), emphasized the influence of environment and disease upon the human body.


title: Biological anthropology

text: In the 1830s and 1840s, physical anthropology was prominent in the debate about slavery, with the scientific, monogenist works of the British abolitionist James Cowles Prichard (1786–1848) opposing those of the American polygenist Samuel George Morton (1799–1851).


title: Biological anthropology

text: In the late 19th century, German-American anthropologist Franz Boas (1858-1942) strongly impacted biological anthropology by emphasizing the influence of culture and experience on the human form. His research showed that head shape was malleable to environmental and nutritional factors rather than a stable "racial" trait. However, scientific racism still persisted in biological anthropology, with prominent figures such as Earnest Hooton and Aleš Hrdlička promoting theories of racial superiority and a European origin of modern humans.


title: Biological anthropology

text: In 1951 Sherwood Washburn, a former student of Hooton, introduced a "new physical anthropology." He changed the focus from racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human evolution, moving away from classification towards evolutionary process. Anthropology expanded to include paleoanthropology and primatology. The 20th century also saw the modern synthesis in biology: the reconciling of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's research on heredity. Advances in the understanding of the molecular structure of DNA and the development of chronological dating methods opened doors to understanding human variation, both past and present, more accurately and in much greater detail.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: Raymond Loewy ( , ; November 5, 1893 – July 14, 1986) was a French-born American industrial designer who achieved fame for the magnitude of his design efforts across a variety of industries. He was recognized for this by "Time" magazine and featured on its cover on October 31, 1949.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: He spent most of his professional career in the United States, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1938. Among his designs were the Shell, Exxon, TWA and the former BP logos, the Greyhound Scenicruiser bus, Coca-Cola vending machines and bottle redesign, the Lucky Strike package, Coldspot refrigerators, the Studebaker Avanti and Champion, and the Air Force One livery. He was engaged by equipment manufacturer International Harvester to overhaul its entire product line, and his team also assisted competitor Allis-Chalmers. He undertook numerous railroad designs, including the Pennsylvania Railroad GG1, S-1, and T1 locomotives, the color scheme and Eagle motif for the first streamliners of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and a number of lesser known color scheme and car interior designs for other railroads. His career spanned seven decades.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: The press referred to Loewy as "The Man Who Shaped America", "The Father of Streamlining" and "The Father of Industrial Design".


title: Raymond Loewy

text: Loewy was born in Paris in 1893, the son of Maximilian Loewy, a Jewish journalist from Austria, and a French mother, Marie Labalme. Loewy distinguished himself early with the design of a successful model aircraft, which won the Gordon Bennett Cup for model airplanes in 1908. By the following year, he had commercial sales of the plane, named the "Ayrel".


title: Raymond Loewy

text: He graduated in 1910 from the University of Paris. He continued his studies in advanced engineering at Ecole Duvignau de Lanneau in Paris, but stopped his studies early to serve in World War I, eventually graduating after the war in 1918.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: Loewy served in the French army during World War I (1914–1918), attaining the rank of captain. He was wounded in combat and received the Croix de guerre. After the war he moved to New York, where he arrived in September 1919.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: In Loewy's early years in the United States, he lived in New York and found work as a window designer for department stores, including Macy's, Wanamaker's and Saks in addition to working as a fashion illustrator for "Vogue" and "Harper's Bazaar". In 1929, he received his first industrial-design commission to contemporize the appearance of a duplicating machine by Gestetner. Further commissions followed, including work for Westinghouse, the Hupp Motor Company (the Hupmobile styling), and styling the Coldspot refrigerator for Sears-Roebuck. It was this product that established his reputation as an industrial designer. He opened a London office in the mid-1930s that continues to operate.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: In 1937, Loewy established a relationship with the Pennsylvania Railroad, and his most notable designs for the firm involved some of their passenger locomotives. He designed a streamlined shroud for K4s Pacific #3768 to haul the newly redesigned 1938 Broadway Limited. He followed by styling the experimental S1 locomotive, as well as the T1 class. In 1940, he designed a simplified version of the streamlined shroud for another four K4s. In 1942, he designed the streamlined shroud for the experimental duplex engine Q1 which was his last work of streamlining PRR's steam engine.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: In 1946, at the Pennsylvania Railroad's request, he restyled Baldwin's diesels with a distinctive "sharknose" reminiscent of the T1. He also designed the experimental steam turbine engine V1 "Triplex" for PRR which was never built. While he did not design the famous GG1 electric locomotive, he improved its appearance with welded rather than riveted construction, and he added a pinstripe paint scheme to highlight its smooth contours.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: In addition to locomotive design, Loewy's studios provided many designs for the Pennsylvania Railroad, including stations, passenger-car interiors, and advertising materials. By 1949, Loewy employed 143 designers, architects, and draftsmen. His business partners were A. Baker Barnhart, William Snaith, and John Breen.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: Loewy had a long and fruitful relationship with American car maker Studebaker. Studebaker first retained Loewy and Associates and Helen Dryden as design consultants in 1936 and in 1939 Loewy began work with the principal designer Virgil Exner. Their designs first began appearing with the late-1930s Studebakers. Loewy also designed a new logo to replace the "turning wheel" that had been the Studebaker trademark since 1912.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: During World War II, American government restrictions on in-house design departments at Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler prevented official work on civilian automobiles. Because Loewy's firm was independent of the fourth-largest automobile producer in America, no such restrictions applied. This permitted Studebaker to launch the first all-new postwar automobile in 1947, two years ahead of the "Big Three." His team developed an advanced design featuring flush-front fenders and clean rearward lines. The Loewy staff, headed by Exner, also created the Starlight body, which featured a rear-window system that wrapped 180° around the rear seat.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: In addition to the iconic bullet-nosed Studebakers of 1950 and 1951, the team created the 1953 Studebaker line, highlighted by the Starliner and Starlight coupes. (Publicly credited to Loewy, they were actually the work of Robert Bourke.)


title: Raymond Loewy

text: The Starlight has consistently ranked as one of the best-designed cars of the 1950s in lists compiled since by "Collectible Automobile", "Car and Driver", and "Motor Trend". The '53 Starliner, recognized today as "one of the most beautiful cars ever made", was radical in appearance, as radical in its way as the 1934 Airflow. However, it was beset by production problems.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: To brand the new line, Loewy also contemporized Studebaker's logo again by applying the "Lazy S" element. His final commission of the 1950s for Studebaker was the transformation of the Starlight and Starliner coupes into the Hawk series for the 1956 model year.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: In the spring of 1961, Studebaker's new president, Sherwood Egbert, recalled Loewy to design the Avanti. Egbert hired him to help energize Studebaker's soon-to-be-released line of 1963 passenger cars to attract younger buyers.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: Despite the short 40-day schedule allowed to produce a finished design and scale model, Loewy agreed to take the job. He recruited a team consisting of experienced designers, including former Loewy employees John Ebstein; Bob Andrews; and Tom Kellogg, a young student from the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. The team worked in a house leased for the purpose in Palm Springs, California. (Loewy also had a home in Palm Springs that he designed himself.) Each team member had a role. Andrews and Kellogg handled sketching, Ebstein oversaw the project, and Loewy was the creative director and offered advice.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: Raymond Loewy worked for NASA from 1967 to 1973 as a Habitability Consultant for design of the Skylab space station, launched in 1973. One of NASA's goals in hiring him was to improve the psychology, safety, and comfort of manned spacecraft. Due to long duration confinement in limited interior space in micro-g with almost non-existing variability in environment, the comfort and well-being of the crew through the use of aesthetics played high importance. Loewy suggested a number of improvements to the layout, such as the implementation of a wardroom, where the crew could eat and work together, the wardroom window, the dining table and the color design, among others. A key feature of Raymond Loewy's design for the sleep compartments was that the floor plan for each of the three was different to create a sense of individual identity for each compartment. Elements of the crew quarters included sleep restraints, storage lockers, privacy partitions, lighting, a light baffle, privacy curtains, mirrors, towel holders and a communication box. The table was designed by Loewy in order to avoid creating hierarchical positions for crew members during long missions. Food was eaten using forks, knives and spoons, which were held in place on the table by magnets. Liquids were drunk from squeezable plastic containers.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: The International Harvester company was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery and construction equipment. In 1935 it engaged Loewy to overhaul the product line, from the company's logo to operator ergonomics. The first new machine to reflect Loewy's design aesthetic, a crawler tractor known as the International TD-18, was launched in 1938.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: For the 1958 model year, Loewy was engaged to style the Canadian Cockshutt Plow Company's new line of agricultural tractors in the squared-off style that was becoming popular.The Cockshutt 540, 550, 560 and 570 models were all styled by Loewy.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: Raymond Loewy's designers influenced the design of Allis-Chalmers crawler tractors. The tractors were described as having stylish panelwork with curvaceous lines.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: Loewy's first marriage was to Jean Thomson, which ended in divorce. Jean Thomson remained employed by the Loewy firm after the marriage ended.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: He died in his Monte Carlo residence on July 14, 1986. He was raised a Roman Catholic and was buried in the cemetery of a Catholic church in Rochefort-en-Yvelines, a village located 40 km south-west of Paris, where he owned a rural home named La Cense. He was survived by his wife Viola (née Erickson), and their daughter Laurence.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: In 1992, Viola and Laurence Loewy, with the support of British American Tobacco, established the Raymond Loewy Foundation in Hamburg, Germany. The foundation was established to preserve the memory of Raymond Loewy and promote the discipline of industrial design. An annual award of €50,000 is granted to outstanding designers, in recognition of their lifetime achievements. Notable grantees include Karl Lagerfeld, Philippe Starck and Dieter Rams.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: In 1998, Loewy's daughter, Laurence, established Loewy Design in Atlanta, Georgia, to manage her father's continued interests in the United States. In 2006, the Loewy Gallery, opened in Roanoke, Virginia, through the supportive efforts of the O. Winston Link Museum, the local business community, art patrons, Laurence Loewy, David Hagerman, and Ross Stansfield. Laurence died of natural causes October 15, 2008, and is survived by her husband David Hagerman. Hagerman is the representative for the Estate of Raymond Loewy, which remains dedicated to reintroducing Loewy's design philosophy of MAYA, or "most advanced, yet acceptable", to a new generation, through design exhibitions, publications, and documentaries. In October 2017, the documentary, Raymond Loewy: designer of American dreams, originally conceived by Laurence Loewy, premiered to Paris audiences. The film has aired on the French Arte channel.


title: Raymond Loewy

text: On November 5, 2013, Loewy was honored with a Google Doodle depicting a streamlined locomotive bearing a resemblance to the K4s Pacific#3768 shroud design, using the wheels of the train to form the word "Google".


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" was directed by Tetsuya Nomura and Tomohiro Hasegawa. Nomura decided to develop a game for the Nintendo DS, and once a system had been chosen, decided upon Roxas as the protagonist. The development team wanted to use gameplay similar to previous "Kingdom Hearts" games but could not due to the insufficient number of buttons the DS had. "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" received generally positive response, with praise for the gameplay and graphics but criticisms of its storyline and controls. A soundtrack, various light novels, and a manga series based on the game were released in Japan.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: The game was dedicated to Wayne Allwine, the longtime English voice of Mickey Mouse. He died on May 18, 2009, 12 days before the game's release in Japan. This is also the final game to feature his performance as Mickey, though his performance was archived and reused in remastered ports of older games released after his death.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: "358/2 Days" features the combination of action role-playing game/hack and slash style of the previous games in the series. To accomplish this, the game makes minimal use of the system's touch screen functionality, and it is possible to play and complete the game without using it at all. The game includes single player and multiplayer modes of play. The single player mode is story-based, the player controls Roxas, who is accompanied by other Organization XIII members on daily missions to Disney worlds from the previous games. The two modes are linked in that character growth is shared between them.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: "358/2 Days" features a new gameplay mechanic known as the panel system which involves the customization of the character's levels, items, equipment, and abilities. For example, certain magic spells cannot be used if their corresponding panels aren't equipped, but can be used consecutively if multiple are attached. Some panels also occupy multiple slots, but can be combined with other panels to form new or stronger abilities.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: Limit Breaks, which previously featured in Square's "Final Fantasy" series, can be activated during a battle once the character's health drops below a certain level, indicated by a yellow health bar. Each character has their own unique abilities during Limit Breaks which allow a temporary boost to their normal abilities, whether it be increasing the attack strength or allowing multiple enemies to be attacked at once. The second stage of a Limit Break known as Final Limit is normally a different or powered-up version of the first and begins at the point where the white line (starting at the high end of the yellow portion of the HP bar) meets top dead center.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: This is the first "Kingdom Hearts" game to feature cooperative multiplayer. The multiplayer gameplay is separate from the single player story and is mission-based, including cooperative and competitive player battles. Up to four players can play as one of the fourteen members of Organization XIII, with each member having different weapons, skills, and stats. Sora, Donald, Goofy, King Mickey, and Riku are featured as secret characters in the multiplayer who are unlockable while playing through the main story. "358/2 Days" multiplayer also features a chat system for communication between players, but differs from PictoChat in that everyone can draw on the same screen. To prevent players missing out on multiplayer content, the games were developed so that the missions could be completed without the need to connect with other players, instead utilising AI-controlled partners.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" begins concurrently with the events of the original game and "Chain of Memories". Like the other games in the series, the player progresses through a collection of various worlds, based on various locales from the Disney animated features canon: Agrabah from "Aladdin"; the Beast's Castle from "Beauty and the Beast"; Olympus Coliseum from "Hercules"; Halloween Town from "The Nightmare Before Christmas"; Wonderland from "Alice in Wonderland"; and Never Land from "Peter Pan" (featuring a string of islands new to the series rather than Captain Hook's pirate ship and Big Ben from the first game). The game also features worlds created specifically for the series by Square Enix. The most prominent world is The World That Never Was, which first appeared in the secret ending of "Kingdom Hearts" and serves as the game's main hub, followed by Twilight Town, a frequently-explored locale. Castle Oblivion and Destiny Islands also appear in cutscenes.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: The game revolves around Roxas, who was first featured at the beginning of "Kingdom Hearts II". Roxas is the Nobody of Sora, the series' protagonist, born when Sora's body vanished as he briefly lost his heart and became a Heartless. Like Sora, Roxas has the power to wield the Keyblade, a weapon normally used for battling darkness. At the start of the game, Roxas joins Organization XIII, a group of powerful Nobodies who serve as the antagonists of "" and "Kingdom Hearts II". The other members of Organization XIII play a prominent role, particularly Axel, Roxas's best friend who debuted in "Chain of Memories" and Saix, Organization's second-in-command and Axel's friend who tasks other Organization members with missions. The game also introduces a new member: Xion, a girl resembling Kairi who, like Roxas, can wield the Keyblade.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: Other characters who are featured include Naminé, a girl with the power to manipulate memories; DiZ, an enigmatic man wrapped in bandages; Riku, Sora's best friend; and King Mickey, Riku's ally and ruler of Disney Castle. Sora is featured prominently in the plot, along with his allies Donald Duck and Goofy, though they appear infrequently in the form of several flashbacks and memory-induced scenarios. Also appearing are Pete, a persistent villain who first appears in "Kingdom Hearts II", and Hayner, Pence, and Olette, a trio of friends living in Twilight Town who also debuted in "Kingdom Hearts II". As with the other games in the series, each Disney world features several characters who appear in the films their worlds are based on; on the other hand, no "Final Fantasy" characters are featured apart from a Moogle managing a shop for the Organization.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: The newly born Roxas is discovered in Twilight Town by Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, who recruits him as their thirteenth member. Unlike other Nobodies, Roxas lacks memories of his original self and develops a personality of his own as time passes. Roxas is sent on daily missions to other worlds to destroy vast quantities of Heartless and release stolen hearts with his Keyblade, which furthers the Organization's goal of creating Kingdom Hearts and becoming complete beings. Roxas is tutored by fellow member Axel, with whom he becomes close friends. After Axel and several other members are reassigned to Castle Oblivion, Roxas partners with Xion, a fourteenth member inducted shortly after Roxas. Roxas and Xion bond over their similarities, including Xion's ability to wield a Keyblade and inability to recall her human life. Some time later, Roxas falls into a coma caused by the alteration of Sora's memories, and does not revive until several weeks later, when Axel returns from Castle Oblivion as the only survivor of the group.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: Over time, Xion develops a friendship with Roxas and Axel, eating sea-salt ice cream with them after missions at the Twilight Town clock tower. Xion soon falls into a coma after failing to eliminate Riku; like Roxas, she has visions of Sora after waking. In time, Xion questions her own existence, distancing herself from Roxas and Axel to learn more about herself. She eventually discovers that she is an artificial replica created as a fail-safe for Roxas, and that she has been inadvertently absorbing Sora's memories, preventing them from being completely restored. Xion is torn between staying with her friends and merging with Sora as per Riku's advice, but ultimately chooses to escape from the Organization after she begins siphoning Roxas' strength. Axel allows Xion to escape, but loses Roxas' trust. Upon learning Xion's identity from Xemnas, Roxas begins to question his own identity and defects from the Organization in search of answers, leaving Axel dejected.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: At Twilight Town, Xion attacks Roxas, having been altered by Xemnas to perform her initial purpose of absorbing Roxas and becoming a perfect copy of Sora. Upon being defeated, Xion's body dissipates while her heart merges with Sora's, causing all memory of her existence to gradually vanish. Returning to the World That Never Was to stop Xemnas' plan as per Xion's last request, Roxas encounters Riku, who attempts to capture him for DiZ and resume Sora's memory restoration process, which has completely halted. When Roxas overpowers him, Riku releases the darkness suppressed within his own heart, giving him the power necessary to subdue Roxas, but also giving him the physical form of Xehanort's Heartless, Ansem, who resides in his heart. DiZ inserts Roxas into a virtual simulation of Twilight Town without any of his memories of the Organization so that Roxas may eventually merge with Sora.


title: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: "358/2 Days" was developed by h.a.n.d., with Square Enix employees overseeing the process. The game was directed by Tetsuya Nomura and co-directed by Tomohiro Hasegawa. In 2007, Nomura mentioned he wanted to do a spin-off "Kingdom Hearts" game on a mobile platform and wanted the game to play slightly different from the other titles already in the series. "358/2 Days" was announced alongside "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep" and "Kingdom Hearts coded" at the Tokyo Game Show on September 20, 2007, where a trailer was shown in a photo-prohibited theater. New trailers were shown and a playable demo was available at the 2008 Jump Festa in December 2007 and the DKΣ3713 Private party in August 2008. Both single player and multiplayer demos were featured. Xion was also shown in the new trailer and in the multiplayer demo.