title: Control (management)

text: The activator unit responds to the information received from the comparator and initiates corrective action. If the system is a machine-to-machine system, the corrective inputs (decision rules) are designed into the network. When the control relates to a man-to-machine or man-to-man system, however, the individual(s) in charge must evaluate (1) the accuracy of the feedback information, (2) the significance of the variation, and (3) what corrective inputs will restore the system to a reasonable degree of stability. Once the decision has been made to direct new inputs into the system, the actual process may be relatively easy. A small amount of energy can change the operation of jet airplanes, automatic steel mills, and hydroelectric power plants. The pilot presses a button, and the landing gear of the airplane goes up or down; the operator of a steel mill pushes a lever, and a ribbon of white-hot steel races through the plant; a worker at a control board directs the flow of electrical energy throughout a regional network of stations and substations. It takes but a small amount of control energy to release or stop large quantities of input.


title: Control (management)

text: The comparator may be located far from the operating system, although at least some of the elements must be in close proximity to operations. For example, the measurement (the sensory element) is usually at the point of operations. The measurement information can be transmitted to a distant point for comparison with the standard (comparator), and when deviations occur, the correcting input can be released from the distant point. However, the input (activator) will be located at the operating system. This ability to control from afar means that aircraft can be flown by remote control, dangerous manufacturing processes can be operated from a safe distance, and national organizations can be directed from centralized headquarters in Dublin, Ireland.


title: Control (management)

text: Standards are the criteria against which actual performance will be measured. Standards are set in both quantitative and qualitative terms.


title: Control (management)

text: Performance is measured in an objective and reliable manner. It should be checked in the same unit in which the standards are set.


title: Control (management)

text: This step involves comparing the actual performance with standards laid down in order to find the deviations. For example, performance of a salesman in terms of unit sold in a week can be easily measured against the standard output for the week.


title: Control (management)

text: Managers must determine why standards were not met. This step also involves determining whether more control is necessary or if the standard should be changed.


title: Control (management)

text: After the reasons for deviations have been determined, managers can then develop solutions for issues with meeting the standards and make changes to processes or behaviors.


title: Control (management)

text: A street-lighting system controlled by a timing device is an example of an open-loop system. At a certain time each evening, a mechanical device closes the circuit and energy flows through the electric lines to light the lamps. Note, however, that the timing mechanism is an independent unit and is not measuring the objective function of the lighting system. If the lights should be needed on a dark, stormy day the timing device would not recognize this need and therefore would not activate energy inputs. Corrective properties may sometimes be built into the controller (for example, to modify the time the lights are turned on as the days grow shorter or longer), but this would not close the loop. In another instance, the sensing, comparison, or adjustment may be made through action taken by an individual who is not part of the system. For example, the lights may be turned on by someone who happens to pass by and recognizes the need for additional light.


title: Control (management)

text: If control is exercised as a result of the operation rather than because of outside or predetermined arrangements, it is a closed-loop system. A home thermostat is an example of a control device in a closed-loop system. When the room temperature drops below the desired point, the control mechanism closes the circuit to start the furnace and the temperature rises. The furnace is deactivated as the temperature reaches the preselected level. The significant difference between this type of system and an open-loop system is that the control device is an element of the system it serves and measures the performance of the system. In other words, all four control elements are integral to the specific system.


title: Control (management)

text: An essential part of a closed-loop system is feedback; that is, the output of the system is measured continually through the item controlled, and the input is modified to reduce any difference or error toward zero. Many of the patterns of information flow in organizations are found to have the nature of closed loops, which use feedback. The reason for such a condition is apparent when one recognizes that any system, if it is to achieve a predetermined goal, must have available to it at all times an indication of its degree of attainment. In general, every goal-seeking system employs feedback.


title: Control (management)

text: The elements of control are easy to identify in machine systems. For example, the characteristic to be controlled might be some variable like speed or temperature, and the sensing device could be a speedometer or a thermometer. An expectation of precision exists because the characteristic is quantifiable and the standard and the normal variation to be expected can be described in exact terms. In automatic machine systems, inputs of information are used in a process of continual adjustment to achieve output specifications. When even a small variation from the standard occurs, the correction process begins. The automatic system is highly structured, designed to accept certain kinds of input and produce specific output, and programmed to regulate the transformation of inputs within a narrow range of variation.


title: Control (management)

text: For an illustration of mechanical control: as the load on a steam engine increases and the engine starts to slow down, the regulator reacts by opening a valve that releases additional inputs of steam energy. This new input returns the engine to the desired number of revolutions per minute. This type of mechanical control is crude in comparison to the more sophisticated electronic control systems in everyday use. Consider the complex missile-guidance systems that measure the actual course according to predetermined mathematical calculations and make almost instantaneous corrections to direct the missile to its target.


title: Control (management)

text: Machine systems can be complex because of the sophisticated technology, whereas control of people is complex because the elements of control are difficult to determine. In human control systems, the relationship between objectives and associated characteristics is often vague; the measurement of the characteristic may be extremely subjective; the expected standard is difficult to define; and the amount of new inputs required is impossible to quantify. To illustrate, let us refer once more to a formalized social system in which deviant behavior is controlled through a process of observed violation of the existing law (sensing), court hearings and trials (comparison with standard), incarceration when the accused is found guilty (correction), and release from custody after rehabilitation of the individual has occurred.


title: Control (management)

text: The speed limit established for freeway driving is one standard of performance that is quantifiable, but even in this instance, the degree of permissible variation and the amount of the actual variation are often a subject of disagreement between the patrolman and the suspected violator. The complexity of society is


title: Control (management)

text: reflected in many laws and regulations, which establish the general standards for economic, political, and social operations. A citizen may not know or understand the law and consequently would not know whether or not he was guilty of a violation.


title: Control (management)

text: Most organized systems are some combination of man and machine; some elements of control may be performed by machine whereas others are accomplished by man. In addition, some standards may be precisely structured whereas others may be little more than general guidelines with wide variations expected in output. Man must act as the controller when measurement is subjective and judgment is required. Machines such as computers are incapable of making exceptions from the specified control criteria regardless of how much a particular case might warrant special consideration. A pilot acts in conjunction with computers and automatic pilots to fly large jets. In the event of unexpected weather changes, or possible collision with another plane, he must intercede and assume direct control.


title: Control (management)

text: The concept of organizational control is implicit in the bureaucratic theory of Max Weber. Associated with this theory are such concepts as "span of control", "closeness of supervision", and "hierarchical authority". Weber's view tends to include all levels or types of organizational control as being the same. More recently, writers have tended to differentiate the control process between that which emphasizes the nature of the organizational or systems design and that which deals with daily operations. To illustrate the difference, we "evaluate" the performance of a system to see how effective and efficient the design proved to be or to discover why it failed. In contrast, we operate and "control" the system with respect to the daily inputs of material, information, and energy. In both instances, the elements of feedback are present, but organizational control tends to review and evaluate the nature and arrangement of components in the system, whereas operational control tends to adjust the daily inputs.


title: Control (management)

text: The direction for organizational control comes from the goals and strategic plans of the organization. General plans are translated into specific performance measures such as share of the market, earnings, return on investment, and budgets. The process of organizational control is to review and evaluate the performance of the system against these established norms. Rewards for meeting or exceeding standards may range from special recognition to salary increases or promotions. On the other hand, a failure to meet expectations may signal the need to reorganize or redesign.


title: Control (management)

text: In organizational control, the approach used in the program of review and evaluation depends on the reason for the evaluation — "that is, is it because the system is not effective (accomplishing its objectives)? Is the system failing to achieve an expected standard of efficiency? Is the evaluation being conducted because of a breakdown or failure in operations? Is it merely a periodic audit-and-review process?"


title: Control (management)

text: When a system has failed or is in great difficulty, special diagnostic techniques may be required to isolate the trouble areas and to identify the causes of the difficulty. It is appropriate to investigate areas that have been troublesome before or areas where some measure of performance can be quickly identified. For example, if an organization's output backlog builds rapidly, it is logical to check first to see if the problem is due to such readily obtainable measures as increased demand or to a drop in available man hours. When a more detailed analysis is necessary, a systematic procedure should be followed.


title: Control (management)

text: In contrast to organizational control, operational control serves to regulate the day-to-day output relative to schedules, specifications, and costs. "Is the output of product or service the proper quality and is it available as scheduled? Are inventories of raw materials, goods-in-process, and finished products being purchased and produced in the desired quantities? Are the costs associated with the transformation process in line with cost estimates? Is the information needed in the transformation process available in the right form and at the right time? Is the energy resource being utilized efficiently?"


title: Control (management)

text: The most difficult task of management concerns monitoring the behavior of individuals, comparing performance to some standard, and providing rewards or punishment as indicated. Sometimes this control over people relates entirely to their output. For example, a manager might not be concerned with the behavior of a salesman as long as sales were as high as expected. In other instances, close supervision of the salesman might be appropriate if achieving customer satisfaction were one of the sales organization's main objectives.


title: Control (management)

text: The larger the unit, the more likely that the control characteristic will be related to some output goal. It also follows that if it is difficult or impossible to identify the actual output of individuals, it is better to measure the performance of the entire group. This means that individuals' levels of motivation and the measurement of their performance become subjective judgments made by the supervisor. Controlling output also suggests the difficulty of controlling individuals' performance and relating this to the total system's objectives.


title: Control (management)

text: The perfect plan could be outlined if every possible variation of input could be anticipated and if the system would operate as predicted. This kind of planning is neither realistic, economical, nor feasible for most business systems. If it were feasible, planning requirements would be so complex that the system would be out of date before it could be operated. Therefore, we design control into systems. This requires more thought in the systems design but allows more flexibility of operations and makes it possible to operate a system using unpredictable components and undetermined input. Still, the design and effective operation of control are not without problems.


title: Control (management)

text: The objective of operational control is to ensure that variations in daily output are maintained within prescribed limits.


title: Control (management)

text: It is one thing to design a system that contains all of the elements of control, and quite another to make it operate true to the best objectives of design. Operating "in control" or "with plan" does not guarantee optimum performance. For example, the plan may not make the best use of the inputs of materials, energy, or information — in other words, the system may not be designed to operate efficiently. Some of the more typical problems relating to control include the difficulty of measurement, the problem of timing information flow, and the setting of proper standards.


title: Control (management)

text: When objectives are not limited to quantitative output, the measurement of system effectiveness is difficult to make and subsequently perplexing to evaluate. Many of the characteristics pertaining to output do not lend themselves to quantitative measurement. This is true particularly when inputs of human energy cannot be related directly to output. The same situation applies to machines and other equipment associated with human involvement, when output is not in specific units. In evaluating man-machine or human-oriented systems, psychological and sociological factors obviously do not easily translate into quantifiable terms. "For example, how does mental fatigue affect the quality or quantity of output? And, if it does, is mental fatigue a function of the lack of a challenging assignment or the fear of a potential injury? "


title: Control (management)

text: Subjective inputs may be transferred into numerical data, but there is always the danger of an incorrect appraisal and transfer, and the danger that the analyst may assume undue confidence in such data after they have been quantified. Let us suppose, for example, that the decisions made by an executive are rated from 1 to 10, 10 being the perfect decision. After determining the ranking for each decision, adding these, and dividing by the total number of decisions made, the average ranking would indicate a particular executive's score in his decision-making role. On the basis of this score, judgments — which could be quite erroneous — might be made about his decision-making effectiveness. One executive with a ranking of 6.75 might be considered more effective than another who had a ranking of 6.25, and yet the two managers may have made decisions under different circumstances and conditions. External factors over which neither executive had any control may have influenced the difference in "effectiveness".


title: Control (management)

text: Quantifying human behavior, despite its extreme difficulty, subjectivity, and imprecision in relation to measuring physical characteristics is the most prevalent and important measurement made in large systems. The behavior of individuals ultimately dictates the success or failure of every man-made system.


title: Control (management)

text: Another problem of control relates to the improper timing of information introduced into the feedback channel. Improper timing can occur in both computerized and human control systems, either by mistakes in measurement or in judgment. The more rapid the system's response to an error signal, the more likely it is that the system could overadjust; yet the need for prompt action is important because any delay in providing corrective input could also be crucial. A system generating feedback inconsistent with current need will tend to fluctuate and will not adjust in the desired manner.


title: Control (management)

text: The most serious problem in information flow arises when the delay in feedback is exactly one-half cycle, for then the corrective action is superimposed on a variation from norm which, at that moment, is in the same direction as that of the correction. This causes the system to overcorrect, and then if the reverse adjustment is made out of cycle, to correct too much in the other direction, and so on until the system fluctuates ("oscillates") out of control. This phenomenon is illustrated in Figure 1. “Oscillation and Feedback”. If, at Point A, the trend below standard is recognized and new inputs are added, but not until Point B, the system will overreact and go beyond the allowable limits. Again, if this is recognized at Point C, but inputs are not withdrawn until Point D, it will cause the system to drop below the lower limit of allowable variation.


title: Control (management)

text: One solution to this problem rests in anticipation, which involves measuring not only the change but also the rate of change. The correction is outlined as a factor of the type and rate of the error. The difficulty also might be overcome by reducing the time lag between the measurement of the output and the adjustment to input. If a trend can be indicated, a time lead can be introduced to compensate for the time lag, bringing about consistency between the need for correction and the type and magnitude of the indicated action. It is usually more effective for an organization to maintain continuous measurement of its performance and to make small adjustments in operations constantly (this assumes a highly sensitive control system). Information feedback, consequently, should be timely and correct to be effective. That is, the information should provide an accurate indication of the status of the system.


title: Control (management)

text: Setting the proper standards or control limits is a problem in many systems. Parents are confronted with this dilemma in expressing what they expect of their children, and business managers face the same issue in establishing standards that will be acceptable to employees. Some theorists have proposed that workers be allowed to set their own standards, on the assumption that when people establish their own goals, they are more apt to accept and achieve them.


title: Control (management)

text: Standards should be as precise as possible and communicated to all persons concerned. Moreover, communication alone is not sufficient; understanding is necessary. In human systems, standards tend to be poorly defined and the allowable range of deviation from standard also indefinite. For example, how many hours each day should a professor be expected to be available for student consultation? Or, what kind of behavior should be expected by students in the classroom? Discretion and personal judgment play a large part in such systems, to determine whether corrective action should be taken.


title: Control (management)

text: Perhaps the most difficult problem in human systems is the unresponsiveness of individuals to indicated correction. This may take the form of opposition and subversion to control, or it may be related to the lack of defined responsibility or authority to take action. Leadership and positive motivation then become vital ingredients in achieving the proper response to input requirements.


title: Control (management)

text: Most control problems relate to design; thus the solution to these problems must start at that point. Automatic control systems, provided that human intervention is possible to handle exceptions, offer the greatest promise. There is a danger, however, that we may measure characteristics that do not represent effective performance (as in the case of the speaker who requested that all of the people who could not hear what he was saying should raise their hands), or that improper information may be communicated.


title: Control (management)

text: Controlling loses its benefits when standards and norms cannot be explained in volume statistics. Human behaviour, job satisfaction, and employees' morale are some of the factors that are not well managed by quantitative measurement. Control lose some of its usefulness when it is not possible to define a situation in terms of number. This makes measuring performance and comparing it to benchmarks a difficult task. It is not an easy task to set principles for human work and set standards for competence and how to maintain one's level of satisfaction. In such cases, it depends on the decision of the manager. This is especially true of job satisfaction, employee behaviour and morale. For example, the task of measuring the quality of behaviour of employees is qualitative in nature. It cannot be measured directly. In order to measure the behaviour of employees, absenteeism, conflict frequency, turnover etc. can be taken into account. If all these measures have a high proportion, it can be said that the behaviour of the employees in the institution is not great. It is clear that it is not possible to set criteria for all projects and suitable models are not completely accurate.


title: Control (management)

text: Any project operating in another state of the country under a government system cannot stop development. In addition, no company can manage the availability of technology, the latest acquisition of information technology and high competition in the market, etc. There are some issues that are not under the control of a management or organization. As such, the company cannot control external factors such as government policy, technological change, competition and anything that is not under the control of the company and makes things unmanageable. Policies need to be put in place through planning to ensure staff re-energizes improvements. It is incorrect to say that the manager by completing the management process may warn the organization. The manager can control internal factors (e.g. human power, infrastructure, infrastructure, etc.) but cannot control external factors (e.g. political, social change, competition, etc.),


title: Control (management)

text: When a manager is used to manage his or her subordinates, some of his or her colleagues may refuse and report as directed by the manager or company. This usually happens because you are in control of the rules with or without discussion. For example, users in this field may resist when the GPS or control area of a control system is tracking their location. They see it as a restriction on their freedom. Employees are restricted or restricted in their freedom. Opponents of coping with this challenge are not under the control of the company in some respects. For example, workers may complain while in kept under surveillance with the help of CCTV. Employees can resist using the camera for monitoring them. An employer may force employees but they cannot force them to work based on rules and regulations. The business environment is constantly changing. A new regulatory framework must be used to reverse this change. However, users are opposed to these systems. For example, if large company employees have CCTV (Close Circuit TV) to control their work, they will challenge this process.


title: Control (management)

text: Create an effective and cost-effective management system because organizations need to have different management levels. Some company executives are more valuable than the company. Or it is the duty of their practice to declare the cost of managing a higher order than their own business. Controlling is expensive because it involves a lot of money, time and effort. Systemic regulation is expensive because it affects more stressful movements. This involve a lot of money, time and effort, which means it is very expensive. It is also important to call other employees who add to their value. Small businesses cannot set up cheap systems. To determine the performance of all employees or employees in an organization, proper equipment is required to send reports to management. In order to improve management for the company with effective controlling, it is necessary to spend a lot of money. Small organizations cannot afford these. Therefore, it is useful only for large companies and costly for small and expensive organizations.


title: Control (management)

text: However, legal aid covers a number of effective procedures if employee have complaints; if employee becomes upset by overcontrolling he might get irritated and moves to another company. In the current situation, managers often keep their employees under control several times to monitor their behaviour on the ground. This can be a hands-on example, especially in the case of new members and facilitates a variety of organizational changes. With too much control, employees feel their freedom is being violated. They do not want to work for the organization who do not let them work according to their preferences. That is why they go to other companies that do give them freedom. It takes a lot of time and effort to manage the system.


title: Control (management)

text: Chenhall, R., 2003. Management control system design within its organizational context: Findings from contingency-based research and directions for the future, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(2-3), 127-168.


title: Lists of American universities and colleges

text: Below are links to lists of institutions of higher education in the United States (colleges and universities) by state, grouped by Census Region, as well as lists of institutions in United States insular areas and of American institutions located outside the United States and its territories.


text: The following list contains international institutions of higher education that are accredited or licensed in the United States. The list includes satellite campuses of universities headquartered within the United States.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The Newlywed Game is an American television game show that puts newly married couples against each other in a series of revealing question rounds to determine how well the spouses know or do not know each other. The program, originally created by Robert "Nick" Nicholson and E. Roger Muir (credited on-screen as Roger E. Muir) and produced by Chuck Barris, has appeared in many different versions since its 1966 debut. The show became famous for some of the arguments that couples had over incorrect answers in the form of mistaken predictions, and it even led to some divorces.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Many of "The Newlywed Game"s questions dealt with "making whoopee", the euphemism that producers used for sexual intercourse to circumvent network censorship. However, it became such a catchphrase of the show that its original host, Bob Eubanks, continued to use the phrase throughout the show's many runs, even in the 1980s and 1990s episodes and beyond, when he could easily have said "make love" or "have sex" during these periods without censorship.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Game Show Network's version of "The Newlywed Game" airs reruns throughout the week. Network Bounce TV has acquired the reruns from GSN.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: "The Newlywed Game" debuted on the ABC television network on July 11, 1966, scheduled at 2 p.m. (1 Central). On the day it debuted, CBS preempted its popular "Password" to cover a news conference held by then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, which was delayed a half-hour, with the network "vamping" until he spoke. ABC opted to wait until just as the press conference began, and as a result "The Newlywed Game" was able to get a slight head start in the head-to-head ratings battle with the long-running "Password." Over the next few months more and more viewers were tuning into "The Newlywed Game" and it became a hit, while "Password's" ratings began to fall and eventually led to the series' cancellation fourteen months later.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: However, NBC debuted "Days of Our Lives" in late 1965 at 2/1, a soap opera that initially struggled to climb in the ratings. But by the early 1970s, "Days" was winning the timeslot regularly (though not always) over "Newlywed" and CBS' "Guiding Light." Eventually, ABC determined that "Newlywed" had run its course on daytime and on December 20, 1974, the show concluded its initial run after nearly eight and a half years on the network. It was the longest-running game show in ABC daytime history until 1985, when "Family Feud" surpassed it, having run nine years at the time of its cancellation that year. "The Money Maze," a game hosted by Cincinnati TV personality Nick Clooney, father of famed actor George Clooney, replaced it on the ABC schedule, but lasted only six months.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: A syndicated version of the show began airing in 1977, with the same rules and set as the ABC original. Mostly successful, it nonetheless was canceled in 1980, not directly because of the show itself. In fall 1979, creator Chuck Barris had debuted something of a spin-off show, "3's a Crowd", in which a man, his wife and his secretary would compete. The controversy, driven by the implications of adultery that came with such a concept, ruined Barris's reputation and not only ended "3's a Crowd", but all three of Barris's other shows that were airing at the time: "The Newlywed Game", "The Dating Game" and "The Gong Show". This was because most local stations did not want anything to do with the controversy, fearing potential boycotts and loss of advertising that might result.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: A special week-long series for Valentine's Day aired on ABC in February 1984 and was the last time the show aired on a broadcast network. The set for the week of specials would later be used for Bob Eubanks' return to "The New Newlywed Game" in syndication a year later.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Up until the GSN series' premiere on October 12, 2009, all subsequent editions of "The Newlywed Game" were seen in syndication. A revival that aired from 1985 until 1989 was referred to as "The New Newlywed Game" for the first three and a half years of its run. The last and most recent syndicated "Newlywed Game" aired new episodes from 1996 until 1999, continued in reruns for an additional season, and was sold to stations as part of an hour-long block with a revival of "The Dating Game."


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Founding host Bob Eubanks was the master of ceremonies, or "emcee", who became most often associated with "The Newlywed Game." Just 28 years old at the time the show debuted in 1966, he was the youngest emcee to host a game show. Eubanks hosted the ABC and first syndicated series, then returned to host "The New Newlywed Game" in September 1985. Former Dating Game host Jim Lange hosted the aforementioned week of specials in 1984, as Eubanks was hosting "Dream House" on NBC at the time, making Lange the only person to host both "The Dating Game" and "The Newlywed Game."


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In December 1988, Eubanks stepped down as the host of the series and he was replaced with comedian Paul Rodriguez. The title of the series became "The Newlywed Game Starring Paul Rodriguez" and remained so for the remainder of the 1988–89 season, after which the series was cancelled after four seasons.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Gary Kroeger hosted the first season of the revival of "The Newlywed Game" in 1996, which was conducted under a much different format from the previous series. After a year of struggling ratings, Eubanks returned to host and the format was reinstated to the classic "Newlywed Game" format. He has also hosted several special episodes of the current "Newlywed Game," which has made Eubanks the only host to preside over an episode of the same series in six different decades.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The GSN edition was hosted by Carnie Wilson and narrated by Randy West from its debut on April 6, 2009 until the end of its third season on July 16, 2010, when Wilson elected not to return. As noted above, Eubanks hosted two special episodes of this version – one featured Wilson and her husband as well as her sister Wendy, her mother Marilyn, and their husbands; the second featured game show hosts Monty Hall, Peter Marshall, Wink Martindale and their wives. On August 18, 2010, it was announced that "The View" co-host Sherri Shepherd would take over as host for the fourth season of the show which premiered November 1, 2010. The fifth season premiered on April 18, 2011, with a new logo design, and with Shepherd serving as a narrator in addition to hosting. Shepherd continued taking on the role of host and narrator for the sixth season which premiered on October 25, 2012.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Scott Beach, who was Barris's first choice as host, was the announcer in the very early episodes of "The Newlywed Game." After Beach resigned, Barris's primary staff announcer, Johnny Jacobs, took over, continuing as the announcer for the series until the first syndicated version was canceled in 1980. Tony McClay, who was a frequent Jacobs substitute, took over from time to time on the syndicated "Newlywed Game." Rod Roddy was the announcer for the ABC specials. When "The New Newlywed Game" premiered in 1985, Bob Hilton was its announcer. He was replaced by Charlie O'Donnell, who Barris had signed away from Barry & Enright Productions, in early 1988. O'Donnell continued to announce through the end of the Paul Rodriguez-hosted season, then left Barris to return to his position at "Wheel of Fortune," which he held till his death.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Los Angeles radio DJ Ellen K provided the announcing for the first season of the 1996 revival, with John Cramer taking over upon Eubanks's return. For the first season of the 2009 revival Brad Aldous served as the announcer. Randy West took over for the next two seasons, and former host Gary Kroeger took over for West for the fourth season. As of the fifth season, host Shepherd doubled as announcer for the couple introductions and the voice-overs for the prize descriptions.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The theme music originally started off as a vocal song called "Summertime Guy". The song was written by Chuck Barris for singer Eddie Rambeau, who performed and released the song on a Swan label 45 rpm SP record. Minutes before the song was to be presented on "American Bandstand" in 1962, ABC informed Rambeau that he couldn't sing the song (because Chuck Barris was an ABC employee at the time), and he performed the B-side of the record instead.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Not wanting the song to go to waste, Barris commissioned Milton DeLugg a few years later to arrange an instrumental version of "Summertime Guy" for use as the first theme to "The Newlywed Game". The theme music was performed by the Trumpets Olé in a style similar to Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass, and was released as the last track on the LP album "The Trumpets Olé Play Instrumentals". To better fit the show's spirit, DeLugg preceded the pop song's melody with a sample of Mendelssohn's "Wedding March".


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The theme was re-recorded around 1973 by Frank Jaffe and Michael Stewart. Featured as the third track on the LP album "Chuck Barris Presents Themes from TV Game Shows", it was used on "The Newlywed Game" beginning with the syndicated version in 1977. Then, Milton DeLugg, who was by this time Barris' house musical director, created a new, updated theme based on the existing melody for "The New Newlywed Game" beginning with Jim Lange's 1984 series of specials, and then for the first several years of the Bob Eubanks-hosted revival.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: When Paul Rodriguez took over in 1988, the theme song was changed to the 1950s doo wop classic "Book of Love" by the Monotones, making this the only theme song of the show with lyrics. The Gary Kroeger version featured an entirely new theme; when Eubanks returned, a new recording of the classic theme was used for his first season (arranged by Steve Kaplan & Jim Latham), but dropped in favor of a new theme for the third season by Barry Coffing and John Blaylock.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The GSN version uses an updated looping version of the classic theme composed by Lewis Flinn. For Shepherd's second season, the show's logo, intro, and set was changed, dropping the classic theme.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Chuck Barris Productions produced all versions from 1966 to 1986, with the 1986–89 versions credited to Barris Productions. Columbia TriStar Television (CTT), who owns the Chuck Barris game show library, produced and distributed the 1996–1999 revivals. Embassy Row, a New York-based television production company, produces the Wilson and Shepherd-hosted version for CTT's successor Sony Pictures Television (who owns the formatting rights and, as of January 14, 2009, Embassy Row) and GSN.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: For the first round, the wives were taken off the stage while the husbands were asked how they thought their wives would answer three questions. The wives were then brought back on stage and were asked for their answers for the same three questions. Once the wife gave her answer, the husband revealed the answer that he previously gave, which was written on a blue card. A match for that question was worth 5 points for the couple.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The roles were reversed in the second round, where the husbands were taken off the stage and the wives were asked four questions before the husbands were brought back on stage to give their answers. The first three questions in this round were worth 10 points each, and the final question was worth 25 points; Eubanks referred to this as the "25-point bonus question". The maximum possible score for any couple was 70 points. The couple with the highest score at the end of the second round won a prize that was "chosen just for you". (Actually, the couples had requested a certain prize and competed with other couples that had requested the same prize.) By 1987, this practice was eliminated.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The grand prize was never a car or cash, but it could include just about anything else: appliances, furniture, home entertainment systems, a trailer or motorcycles, trips (complete with luggage and camera), etc. In the 1997 remake, the grand prize was always a trip, this time referred to as "a fabulous second honeymoon" instead of "a grand prize chosen just for you."


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Prior to taping the show, each couple was asked to predict the total points they would earn. In the event of a tie for first place, the tied couples reveal a card showing this predicted score. The winner went to whichever couple that had the closest guess without going over their actual total; otherwise, it went to the couple who had the closest guess, provided that all tied couples went over. An exact guess awarded a bonus prize to the winners.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: For the first half of the 1988–89 season, the series adopted a new scoring format where each correct answer paid cash. In the first half, four questions were played at $25 per right answer. The second half featured three questions and the first two paid off at $50 for a right answer. The third question saw the couples wager any or all of their money, with right answers adding the amount of the wager and wrong answers deducting it. The couple in the lead at the end of the game still won the grand prize, but any money that the other three couples won was theirs to keep. The maximum possible amount was $500.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: This scoring format was dropped, and the old one reinstated, when Paul Rodriguez took over as host in December 1988, although the number of couples competing was then reduced to three.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: When Gary Kroeger took over in Fall 1996 the show was overhauled with a new format. Like with the 1988–89 season of "The New Newlywed Game," three couples competed in a series of rounds.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Each spouse was shown a videotape of their mates who gave a statement mostly about their spouse. The tape was paused near the end which gave the spouse in control a chance predict how his/her mate completed the statement. Then the tape played again, and a correct answer earned 10 points. First the husbands' tapes were shown and the wives took a guess, and then it went the opposite direction.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: An alternate format had the wives asked a series of questions prior to the show. The wives buzzed in when they believe their husband could match and said, "He better know this." Matches earn 5 points and not matching cost 5 points.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Kroeger asked the couples a multiple-choice question in which one half of the couples had given answers in advance, and the other must guess what they chose. Each match again earns 10 points. First the wives predicted what their husbands said, then the process was reversed.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In this round before the show, either the wives or the husbands gave some very weird facts about themselves. Kroeger gave the facts to the other half of the couple, who were equipped with heart-shaped signs that say "That's My Wife/Man!" If they recognized that fact, all they had to do was to raise the sign and yell out "THAT'S MY WIFE/MAN!" Correct recognitions won 10 points for their team, but wrong ones lost 10 points for the team. Only the first person to raise the sign could win or lose. Seven facts were played.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In this final round of the game, Kroeger read a series of choices (ex: Candy or Potato Chips, Rocket Scientist or Space Cadet, Ketchup or Mustard, etc.) and the wives held cards with one of the choices on it. Then the husbands chose one of the two things that most applies to them. Each match earned points. There were seven questions, and each question was worth 10 points more than the previous question with the last question worth even more. So 310 points were possible for any couple who answer all seven questions correctly in this round.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The couple with the most points would win the game and the second honeymoon trip. If there was a tie, a tie-breaker question was played until only one couple correctly answered the question; that couple would then win. If two couples answered correctly or incorrectly, this tie-breaker was repeated with a new question. This also applied to all three couples who answered right or wrong, or two of the three couples in the tie-breaker who answered correctly.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: This format was mostly disliked by fans of the original show, so for the second season of this version, it reverted to its original format and theme, with original host Eubanks back at the helm.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The first season of the GSN version retained the classic format, but again only used three couples and the addition of a new endgame featuring a couple from a previous version, referred to as "Goldyweds".


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In Round 1, three questions were asked of the wives, and the husbands try to match the wives' responses for 5 points apiece. The roles were reversed for Round 2, with the first two questions worth 10 points. The third and final question, worth 20 points, was called the "eHarmony.com Dimension Question" and was based on one of the "29 dimensions" used by the site to match up couples. (In some episodes which had couples who had first met on eHarmony.com, no mention of eHarmony or a specific "dimension" was mentioned for this last question.) The maximum possible score for any couple for the first season was 55 points. The couple with the highest score won a second honeymoon vacation.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The winners then played a Bonus Round against the Goldyweds, who were a couple that had appeared on a previous version of the show; usually, this was one of the versions Eubanks had hosted. In this round, the wives were taken off-stage and asked 5 questions during the commercial break. The husbands took positions in the front of the stage as their wives sit on chairs in the back. The questions were worth increasing values from 1–5 points (for a maximum possible score of 15 points for either couple). The couple with the most points won a bonus prize, usually a piece of Sony technology.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In the show's second season, several changes were made in the gameplay. The game was still played with only three couples, but the husbands were first to give responses to three questions for the wives to guess at 5 points each. (Some episodes featured "Maybelline Beauty Questions", quizzing the husbands on their wives's beauty routines; or "Ladies' Home Journal 'Can This Marriage Be Saved?' Questions", which focused on some of the tougher aspects of married life as based on the magazine's trademark column.) Then the wives responded to four questions; the first three worth 10 points each (on occasion, the third was still a "eHarmony.com Dimension Question"), and the fourth being a two-response bonus question, with each part worth 15 points (couples received 15 points for getting one of the two responses right, or 30 points for both), making for a maximum score of 75 points per couple. As before, the highest-scoring couple won a second honeymoon trip, but no Goldywed Bonus Round was played. (The "Goldywed" concept lived on, however, in the form of occasional special shows featuring couples that appeared on one of the earlier versions.) In the sixth season, the fourth question returns to its original 25 point bonus question.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In the event of a tie during either the main game (in either season) or the endgame (in the first season), standard "Newlywed Game" "prediction" tiebreaker rules apply.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In the 2009–10 season, "The Newlywed Game" had the first same-sex married couples appear on the show. In episode two of the season, the first such couple was "Star Trek" actor George Takei and his husband, Brad Altman, playing in a special Celebrity Edition of the game, against "The Biggest Loser" couple Damien Gurganius and Nicole Brewer, and Christopher Knight and Adrienne Curry ("My Fair Brady"). Takei and Altman won the game and $10,000 for their charity, the Japanese American National Museum. The first non-celebrity same-sex couple, also winning their episode's grand prize package, would appear the following season (2010–11), which coincided with the third season's premiere episode, which aired on June 17, 2010.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: On April 18, 1998; a special titled "The Newlywed Game: A Silver Anniversary of Love and Laughter" aired on Game Show Network (GSN) hosted by Bob Eubanks and was announced by Gene Wood (though Wood was never credited) where it looks back at some of the couples who have appeared on the show during the 60's, 70's & 80's incarnations.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: On October 28, 2018; an episode of the series "Cover Story" airing on Game Show Network (GSN) titled "Cover Story: The Newlywed Game - Most Outrageous Answers" hosted by Trish Suhr, features the most outrageous and hilarious moments from the show that spans over many seasons.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Most episodes of the original ABC daytime version are lost, and many of those that do survive are said to have deteriorated. However, a handful have been shown on GSN, most notably the 1974 finale. The ABC nighttime version's status is also unknown for similar reasons, although a few of the evening shows have been shown on GSN's former block "Game Show Saturday Night". Most of the syndicated version exists, and has been rerun on GSN in the past.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In 2009, GSN premiered a new version of "The Newlywed Game". The first three seasons were hosted by Carnie Wilson, and since November 1, 2010 have been hosted by Sherri Shepherd. With these two hosts and a combined six seasons, this version has had 430 episodes, 260 with Shepherd and 170 with Wilson.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: On March 21, 2012, GSN announced that a sixth season of "The Newlywed Game" with Sherri Shepherd would air in the 2012–13 television season. The sixth season of The Newlywed Game premiered on GSN on October 25, 2012 at 8pm, airing four new episodes every Thursday night.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In October 2021, it was announced that classic episodes hosted by Eubanks would air on Buzzr beginning on November 15, making the series the first Sony-owned property to air on the network. As of February 2022, the network has aired episodes from the 1997-98 season.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: Hasbro produced three home editions of "The Newlywed Game" during its 1960s/70s run on ABC from 1967 and 1969. Prior to this, a special rarely seen red box edition was released in 1979 similar to the Hasbro editions, It even uses the same questions as well. However, the copyright is from "A Chuck Barris Production" instead of Hasbro. Pressman released a version based on the 1985 version in 1986. Currently, classic board games creator Endless Games, which specializes in board games based on several widely popular, long-running television game shows, including "The Price is Right" and "Million Dollar Password", distributes home versions of "The Newlywed Game", including three standard editions (the third titled "Classic" to differentiate itself from the current GSN version), a DVD edition, a "Quick Picks" travel-size edition, and a "Deluxe Edition" which combines the first standard edition game with the DVD edition.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: In 1971, Pocket Books published a beginners' cookbook entitled "The Newlywed Game Cook Book". It was compiled by Jody Cameron Malis and featured Bob Eubanks' picture on the cover.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: A video slot machine based on "The Newlywed Game" was released by IGT in 2004. It had an animated Jim Lange (who had previously hosted the ABC special in 1984) appearing in the game instead of Bob Eubanks.


title: The Newlywed Game

text: The show's original theme music has been released several times on LP and CD, most notably as part of the GSN-approved "Classic TV Game Show Themes" CD from Varèse Sarabande.


title: Cherry Magic! Thirty Years of Virginity Can Make You a Wizard?!

text: A live-action television drama adaptation began airing on October 9, 2020, as part of TV Tokyo's programming block, which enjoyed high ratings during its broadcast. A sequel to the television drama was later released as a live-action film on April 8, 2022.


text: Having never had sex in his life, after Kiyoshi Adachi reaches his 30th birthday he becomes a "": he develops an ability to hear the thoughts of other people by touching them. One day, he discovers that his popular co-worker, Yuichi Kurosawa, is in love with him. While dealing with the awkwardness of being able to hear Kurosawa's rather forthright feelings towards him, Adachi comes to terms with how much Kurosawa values him and starts to develop reciprocal feelings of his own.


text: "Cherry Magic! Thirty Years of Virginity Can Make You a Wizard?!" is written and illustrated by Yuu Toyota, who originally posted it on her Twitter and Pixiv accounts. It is serialized digitally on "Gangan Pixiv" since September 1, 2018. The chapters were later released in eleven bound volumes by Square Enix.


text: A drama CD adaptation was released on October 23, 2019, starring Atsushi Abe as Adachi, Takuya Satō as Kurosawa, Kazuyuki Okitsu as Tsuge, and Kōhei Amasaki as Minato. The drama CD is narrated by Kentarō Tone.


text: At Anime Expo 2019, Square Enix announced that they were distributing the series in English in 2020 as their first boys' love series.


text: A live-action television series adaptation was announced in September 2020 and began airing on October 9, 2020. The series stars Eiji Akaso as Adachi and Keita Machida as Kurosawa. Additional cast members include Kodai Asaka, Yutaro, Takuya Kusakawa, Ryo Sato, and Suzunosuke. It is directed by Hiroki Kazama and written by . The television series aired weekly on TV Tokyo at 1 AM as part of their programming block and is also distributed through Tsutaya's online streaming service. The opening theme song is "Ubugoe" by Omoinotake and the ending theme is "Good Love Your Love" by Deep Squad. On December 24, Tsutaya is releasing two exclusive episodes through their streaming service.


text: In December 2020, Crunchyroll announced that they had licensed the show in English for distribution outside of Asia.


text: A live-action film adaptation was released in theaters nationwide in Japan on April 8, 2022. The film is a sequel to the live-action television series, with the cast returning to reprise their roles. The film's theme song is "Shinon" by Omoinotake, with the insert song "Gimme Gimme" performed by Deep Squad.


text: The film debuted at #6 on its opening weekend. Yuu Toyota, the author of the original manga, donated a portion of the adaptation rights fee to Marriage for All Japan, an organization advocating for same-sex marriage in Japan.


text: In November 2022, a Thai television drama adaptation was green-lit. It will be directed by Nattapong Mongkolsawat and star Tawan Vihokratana and Thitipoom Techaapaikhun.


text: Rebecca Silverman from "Anime News Network" complimented the story, humor, and romance, but mentioned that the plot could get too "convoluted" and was too tame for its mature rating. Faye Hopper from "Anime News Network" stated that while the romance was "cute", there were some concerns over humor regarding Kurosawa's explicit fantasies about Adachi. Volume 2 was the 7th best-selling manga on its week of release at Tsutaya.


text: In a weekly survey for the Drama Satisfaction Ranking, the live-action television drama adaptation received 27/100 points for its first episode, 63/100 points for the second episode, and 79/100 points for the third episode. By the fourth episode, it received 86/100 points, making it the second highest ranked television series for the week. The seventh and eighth episodes both scored 87/100 points while the ninth episode scored 89/100, with all three being the highest ranked in their respective weeks. The tenth episode scored 90/100 points and was the highest ranked in its week. In Taiwan, the television drama was the highest viewed show on for six consecutive weeks.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Sputnik 2 (, , "Satellite 2"), or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 (PS-2, , "Simplest Satellite 2") was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a Soviet space dog named Laika. Laika died on the fourth orbit due to overheating caused by an air conditioning malfunction.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Launched by the Soviet Union, Sputnik 2 was a cone-shaped capsule with a base diameter of that weighed around , though it was not designed to separate from the rocket core that brought it to orbit, bringing the total mass in orbit to . It contained several compartments for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, a regeneration and temperature-control system for the cabin, and scientific instruments. A separate sealed cabin contained the dog Laika.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Engineering and biological data were transmitted using the Tral D telemetry system, transmitting data to Earth for a 15-minute period during each orbit. Two photometers were on board for measuring solar radiation (ultraviolet and x-ray emissions) and cosmic rays. A 100 line television camera provided images of Laika.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Sputnik 2 was launched into space only 32 days after its predecessor Sputnik 1. Due to the huge success of Sputnik 1, Nikita Khrushchev ordered Sergej Pawlowitsch Korolev van Berija back to work creating a Sputnik 2 that needed to be ready for space for the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution.


title: Sputnik 2

text: The plan for Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 was initiated and presented by Korolev, and was approved in January 1957. At that time, it was not clear that the Soviets' main satellite plan (which would eventually become Sputnik 3) would be able to get to space because of the ongoing issues with the R-7 ICBM, which would be needed to launch a satellite of that size. "Korolev proposed substituting two 'simple satellites' for the IGY satellite". The choice to launch these two instead of waiting for the more advanced Sputnik 3 to be finished was largely motivated by the desire to launch a satellite to orbit before the US.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Sputnik 2, known to Korolev's design bureau as "Prosteyshiy Sputnik-2", meaning "Simple Satellite 2", was launched into a orbit with a period of 103.7 minutes on a modified ICBM R-7, similar to the one used to launch Sputnik 1.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Sputnik 2's launch vehicle had several modifications for the mission. These included modifying the launch trajectory to use propellant more efficiently and removing some flight control components to reduce weight. In addition, the core stage would be burned to propellant depletion instead of cutting off at a preset time. The telemetry system at engine cutoff would be switched from monitoring the booster's parameters to those of the capsule. It was also designed to only transmit data for ten minutes at a time every 90 minutes, so as to prevent battery power from being used up sending data while the spacecraft was out of range of Soviet tracking stations. The interstage section between the booster and capsule was highly polished and equipped with thermal blankets so as to reflect off sunlight and keep the latter cool; also, several deployable reflectors were mounted on the core stage. A braking nozzle was added to the core stage to prevent it from tumbling in orbit; this would work by venting excess helium gas from the propellant tank pressurization system. Several RD-107 engines were test-fired, with the best-performing units being selected for use on Sputnik 2's booster. The launch vehicle arrived at Baikonur on 22 October, along with various parts of the capsule. On 1 November, the booster was erected on LC-1.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Ten dogs were considered for the mission, with the final selection being narrowed down to three, Laika being the flight animal, Albina the backup, and Mushka used to test equipment.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Liftoff took place at about 17:30 Moscow time on 3 November. Booster performance was nominal and the command to terminate core stage thrust was issued at T+297 seconds, just as onboard sensors detected LOX depletion. The booster and capsule entered a orbit at a 65° inclination.


title: Sputnik 2

text: During the first two orbits, it proved difficult to reliably track Sputnik 2's flight path, but ground controllers were able to intercept theodolite data from an American tracking station in Perth, Australia. Data showed that Laika's heart rate and breathing spiked rapidly during ascent, but she otherwise reached orbit largely unscathed. Official Soviet press releases stated that Laika survived a week in orbit, but information released in the post-Soviet era indicated that she died only a few hours into the mission. Other sources suggested it had been four days before the dog succumbed to overheating and carbon dioxide buildup.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Telemetry data indicated that Laika's vital signs were normal for the first three orbits, but during the fourth orbit, the cabin temperature rose to followed by movements of the dog. Data received on the second day showed no signs of breathing, heart rate, or blood pressure, but the cardio sensor was still registering a heart beat. By the morning of 6 November, there were no signs of life in the capsule. On 10 November, the batteries in the spacecraft ran out and all data transmission ceased, after 150 separate telemetry sessions. Sputnik 2 reentered the atmosphere on 14 April 1958 after 162 days in space and about 2500 orbits. Reentry was sighted from the east coast of the United States and surviving debris impacted in the Amazon region of South America.


title: Sputnik 2

text: The flight sparked considerable ethical debate about cruelty to animals, as Laika had been launched with the full knowledge that she could not be recovered and may have suffered a quite unpleasant death from panic and overheating, and some Soviet space program officials reportedly felt sorry about her. An anonymously-written poem criticizing the mission and the Soviet state was circulated in Moscow.


title: Sputnik 2

text: The R-7 was also known by its GURVO designation 8K71, as well as the T-3, M-104, and Type A. The R-7 modified for the PS-2 satellite launch was designated 8k71PS. Unlike Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2 was not designed to detach from the R-7 sustainer core, since Sputnik 1's core stage had demonstrated an acceptable orbital lifespan. This allowed the core's Tral D telemetry system to be used to transmit data, but would lead to speculation that Sputnik 2 had failed to separate. After Sputnik 2 reached orbit, the interior temperature rapidly climbed to over , and Laika survived for only a few hours instead of the planned ten days.


title: Sputnik 2

text: The first living creature (larger than a microbe) to orbit the Earth (though not the first to reach space) was a female mongrel originally named "Kudryavka" (Little Curly), but later renamed "Laika" ("Barker"). Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier. NASA refers to Laika as a "part-Samoyed terrier". Laika was selected from ten candidates at the Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, because of her even temperament. She weighed about .


title: Sputnik 2

text: The pressurized cabin on Sputnik 2 was padded and allowed enough room for Laika to lie down or stand. An air regeneration system provided oxygen; food and water were dispensed in a gelatinized form. Laika was chained in place and fitted with a harness, a bag to collect waste, and electrodes to monitor vital signs.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Early telemetry indicated Laika was agitated but alive and well, although the cabin temperature had already reached by the third orbit. Biometric telemetry failed sometime after the fourth orbit. It was initially claimed that Laika had survived in orbit for a week; decades later, Russian sources revealed that Laika likely had survived only a few hours in orbit before dying from overheating.


title: Sputnik 2

text: The mission provided scientists with the first data on the behavior of a living organism in the space environment. Although the time between Sputniks 1 and 2 was only 32 days, the plan to launch a dog was planned more than a year in advance. The Soviets already had significant experience launching dogs in high altitude rockets, and they used that experience when ordered to quickly get Sputnik 2 into space.


title: Sputnik 2

text: The time after Sputnik 2 was tense for the Americans and exciting for the Soviets. The day after Sputnik 2 went into orbit the Gaither committee met with President Eisenhower to brief him on the current situation. The committee, like much of the U.S., seemed to be in a panic, afraid that they were falling so far behind the Soviets technologically that it would put them in danger of a strike using nuclear weapons.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Unlike most of the U.S., President Eisenhower kept calm through the time afterward just as he did after Sputnik 1 was launched. According to one of the president's aides, “The president's burning concern was to keep the country from going hog-wild and from embarking on foolish, costly schemes.” By this, he was referring to the push from the Gaither committee and others to invest in creating nuclear fallout shelters.


title: Sputnik 2

text: In the U.S.S.R., just six days after the launch of Sputnik 2, on the 40th anniversary of the October revolution, Khrushchev boasted in a speech “Now our first Sputnik is not lonely in its space travels.”


title: Sputnik 2

text: The Van Allen radiation belt could have received the name "Vernov Belt" after S. N. Vernov from Moscow State University. Sputnik 2 detected the Earth's outer radiation belt in the far northern latitudes, but researchers did not immediately realize the significance of the elevated radiation because Sputnik 2 passed through the Van Allen belt too far out of range of the Soviet tracking stations.


title: Sputnik 2

text: In Australia, Professor Harry Messel intercepted the signals. Other stations in Australia and South America had also been in range and intercepted the signals. However, the Soviets would not release the code that would allow the stations in Australia and South America to read the signals, and without the code, the stations would not cooperate and send the data to the Soviets.


title: Sputnik 2

text: The disagreement cost the Soviets the opportunity to claim one of the most significant findings of the space race at that time, and only after the launch (1 February 1958) of the U.S. satellite Explorer 1 did James Van Allen demonstrate the existence of the radiation belts.


title: Sputnik 2

text: In 1958, with Sputnik 3, they began to cooperate, and they confirmed the findings of the U.S. satellites Explorer 1, 3, and 4.


title: Sputnik 2

text: Sputnik 2 reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 14 April 1958, at approximately 0200 hrs, on a line that stretched from New York to the Amazon. Its track was plotted by British ships and 3 "Moon Watch Observations", from New York. It was said to be glowing and did not develop a tail until it was at latitudes south of 20° North. Estimates put the average length of the tail at about . The satellite burned up in the atmosphere.


title: Sputnik 2

text: A USSR-built engineering model of the R-7 Sputnik 8K71PS (Sputnik II) is located at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas, USA.


title: Ato Essandoh

text: Essandoh was born in Schenectady, New York to Ghanaian parents and graduated from New Rochelle High School in 1990. He received a B.S. in chemical engineering from Cornell University. He first joined theater when he was dared to do so by a girlfriend. He studied acting under James Price at The Acting Studio - New York in New York City. He is also a playwright, and authored "Black Thang" which is published in the anthology "Plays and Playwrights 2003". Essandoh is the co-founder of The Defiant Ones writing and performance group.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The extensive system of uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces was inherited from the Soviet Armed Forces and modified across the years.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Traditionally, the military uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces have been subdivided into parade, service dress, and field uniform roles, each with summer and winter variations, largely based on rank, season, and gender differences.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The specific items, rules, regulations, and duties of the uniforms which are used in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are determined by Ministry of Defence and ultimately by the Minister of Defence. The current effective order which governs this is:


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The wearing of uniforms is subject to regulations applying not only to those serving in the Armed Forces, but also to pupils of the Suvorov military and Nakhimov naval academies, members of the reserve who have been discharged from active service, and ex-servicemen and women who still have the right to wear a military uniform.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In terms of their design, the uniforms currently worn by the Russian Federation Armed Forces' servicemen are, to a greater or lesser degree, a development of those worn by the Armed Forces of the former Soviet Union and in turn the Russian Empire.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Uniforms tend be most distinguishable by branch of service, largely due to colour differences. Other noteworthy subdivisions are based on rank, season, gender, and role. Independent troops use the uniforms from one of these three services with varying modifications, with the Strategic Rocket Forces using Army uniforms and the Airborne Forces using Aerospace Forces uniforms. The customary basic colours of black, green, and blue as worn by those serving in, respectively, the Russian Navy, Russian Army, and Russian Aerospace Forces reflect those traditionally worn in earlier periods.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In terms of division by rank, major distinctions tend to emerge between generals, officers, and enlisted personnel. It is worth noting that warrant officers are categorised with other officers rather than enlisted personnel with regards to uniforms. Variations of uniforms by rank have changed throughout history. Current prominent current distinctions include the type of uniforms, with only generals and officers receiving parade and service dress uniforms, ceremonial insignia, and ceremonial accoutrements. A noteworthy exception to this general rule is in military bandsmen who receive parade uniforms and use the ceremonial insignia and accoutrements of officers during solemn occasions.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: There are a number of distinctive uniform designs today that were used in both the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire. For example, belts, aiguillettes, and shoulder straps of ceremonial detachments and honour guard units in solemn occasions, such as parades, state and military holidays, meetings of heads of state, meeting of government delegations, usage in solemn ceremonies, and usage in military honours ceremonies tend to reflect previous periods. Additionally, the army and aerospace cockade acts as a synthesis of that from both periods, with a five-pointed gold star on top of orange and black ovals, and surrounded by dihedral ray edging and occasionally a wreath. The five-pointed star became a Russian military symbol as a result of its importation from socialist heraldry during the Red Army period. The black and orange ovals are directly an importation of the Russian Empire's cockade. The rays are from the Soviet cockade, however, were occasionally part of Imperial uniforms. Finally, the ceremonial wreathing of the cockade is a direct inclusion from Soviet tradition.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Similar to most navies, the Russian Navy has a separate set of dress uniforms for different seasons. The dominant colours are navy blue (used, for example, in the sailor suit and naval working dress suit), white (used during summer) or black (used by officers in normal dress and other ranks in the office uniform). Worn under the sailor suit for enlisted personnel is traditionally the telnyashka.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Naval infantry have uniforms elements that differ from the rest of the navy. For example, their only uniform colour is black. Additionally, officers have a different style service dress uniform which is reminiscent of the Soviet period uniform, personnel of all ranks often wear telnyashka instead of just enlisted personnel, and they have black berets with a red flag and anchor (in a similar pattern to the flag of the Soviet Union).


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Similar to other armies, the Russian Ground Forces makes use of a number of colours for its uniforms depending on the degree of formality. The role of each colour has changed considerably during different times. For a brief view, current colours used commonly include aqua (often dubbed wave-green, sea-wave, and formerly czar green), steel-grey, and olive (which is used to describe two markedly different shades of green).


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The aqua "wave-green" colour serves as the colour of the parade uniform of officers and army bands. The wave-green colour draws its origins from the 19th and early 20th century Imperial Russian era uniforms in which it was known as "czar green". Following an absence during the early Soviet period, it was restored to all parade uniforms of marshals and generals starting with the 1945 Moscow Victory Parade. Subsequently, the wave-green coloured parade uniforms were introduced to all commissioned and warrant army officers in 1969. In 1994, the colour was abolished once again with the establishment of the distinct uniforms for Russia. This color was once officially again restored to all officer and warrant officer ranks of the Ground Forces in 2010 after usage at the Moscow Victory Day Parade since 2008, thus restoring continuity with previous uniforms.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Grey colour is a colour also used for ceremonial purposes. Formerly the staple colour of officer and other ceremonial winter uniform items such as greatcoats under both the Soviet and Imperial periods, it now only serves in this role for honour guards. The "gala" walking-out parade tunics of generals is also in this colour.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: There are two distinctive colours called olive in the Russian Armed Forces. The first colour to be called this was used for the universal service dress and parade uniform for all ranks between 1994 and 2008. This replaced the similar but nevertheless different khaki colour used by a number of Soviet uniforms. Following the 2008 uniform reforms, this colour was retained for service dress, enlisted parade uniform usage. Since the introduction of the office uniform in 2012, the second colour to be called olive is a noticeably different bright shade of green. Infantry berets introduced during this period noticeably remained in the 1994 shade of olive. The 1994 shade of olive is additionally still used for general and officer service dress, however, the service dress uniform itself is seldom used today.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The uniforms of the Aerospace Forces and Airborne Forces of the Russian Federation and Soviet Union are traditionally blue. The Air Force command staff wore a blue uniform in the 1920s and 1930s (with interruptions). Pre-war and early Second World War pilots also wore blue. Later in the war, the tunic colouring was reverted to khaki for all ranks, however, the universal breeches colouring of blue applied in parade dress (this also applied the Ground Forces until the M69 uniforms were introduced). From 1955-1957, there was a short-lived revival of the blue tunic colouring for Air Force officers. In 1969 there was a full blue revival for officer parade dress. Apart from this, officer and soldier uniforms were khaki coloured. The 1994 uniforms kept blue as the primary service and parade dress colour, however, this quickly fell out of use in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Blue was once again revived as part of the 2008 uniform reforms to a position similar to the 1969 role, with the exception being that Air Force officers and generals wear a blue service dress instead of olive (which had replaced khaki in the Russian Federation). This exception does not apply to Space Forces or Airborne Forces officers and generals, who continue to wear olive. The 2012-introduced office uniform is blue for all Air Force and Airborne Forces personnel and olive for all Space Forces personnel.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Throughout the existence of the Russian Federation, the Airborne Forces have continued to use the telnyashka and sky-blue beret from the Soviet period as a mark of distinction from the rest of the Aerospace Forces uniform set.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In the place of crown eagles, Air Force pilots and Honour Guard units have pilot brevets. This is in contrast to the Soviet period in which all officers, regardless of rank, had brevets.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Typically, uniforms are divided into the following categories, each with summer and winter variations:


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Issued to and typically worn by the servicemen of the 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, this uniform is also worn by troops of other regiments depending on the nature of the occasion. The colours of the uniform are wave-green for the Army, blue for the Aerospace Forces, and black or white for the Navy.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The standard ceremonial honour guard uniform consists of a peaked cap, a standing-collar tunic with a plastron, breeches, and jackboots (swapped with dress pants and shoes for the Navy honour guard). Hot weather seasonal variations include the replacement of the closed-collar tunic with a white shirt-jacket and a black tie. Demi-season ceremonial dress adds a standing-collar greatcoat (grey for army, blue for Air Force, and black for navy). During winter, the greatcoat has an astrakhan collar-lining and the peaked hat is replaced with an astrakhan ushanka.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Typically only assigned to officers (including warrant officers) and service personnel of military bands of the Armed Forces. The colours of the uniform are wave-green for the Ground Forces (except Spetsnaz units), blue for the Aerospace Forces and Spetsnaz units, and black or white for the Navy (depending on the season in which the uniform is used).


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The peaked caps for parade uniforms feature coloured headbands largely based upon the Soviet uniform regulations. Below are the variations for these as well as other uniform colour variations:


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Other notable variations of this type of uniform are included in the cockade, type of footwear, and type of tunic.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The wreathed cockade or the ordinary oval cockade are the most common variants, with the former being standard issue for army bandsmen and the latter being the standard issue for officers. The more formal wreathed cockade is also used by officers on special ceremonial occasions like the Moscow Victory Day Parade and maintains continuity through wreath design with the style used by all air force and navy pilots throughout the existence of the Soviet Union, the USSR Army Officers from 1958-1969, and the enlisted troops from 1969-1994 (though the latter had a red star instead of an oval within the wreath). Additionally, there is a special wide-wreath cockade design specifically assigned to members of the Alexandrov Ensemble which bears resemblance to the parade cockade used by the officer corps between 1969 and 1994.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Dress shoes are the standard footwear for officers and army bandsmen in both walking-out and in formation variations. For the Ground Forces Officers in formation, this replaced sapogi following the abolition of the Soviet-era uniforms in 1994. Nonetheless, jackboots have returned use for the Ground Forces parade uniform on special ceremonial occasions including the aforementioned Moscow Victory Day Parade from 2019 onwards. Regarding tunic variations, the standard tunic is a standing-collar design, though a special double-breasted open-collar variant is used by the Alexandrov Ensemble and a double-breasted steel-grey open-collar variant is an open for generals.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Medals are worn unless the steel-grey tunic for generals is worn (in which case medal ribbons are displayed) or the unregulated Alexandrov Ensemble tunic is worn (in which case it is left empty).


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Officially "Casual Uniform Option 1", this uniform is a standard-issue uniform for officers (including warrant officers) equivalent to service dress. The colours of the uniform are olive green for the Army, Airborne Forces, Spetsnaz Units, and Space Forces, blue for the other Aerospace Forces sub branches, and black or white (season determinant) for the Navy.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The kit formerly served the everyday, dress, and parade roles for enlisted servicemen until its abolition for these purposes in 2015 due to cost cutting measures. Since then, it is only assigned to officers and warrant officers. Additionally, it served as the sole everyday uniform for officers until being progressively supplanted by the Office Uniform from 2012 to 2015. It is now "de facto" used for more formal occasions relative to the cheaper Office Uniform though no regulation officially stipulates which is to be used per occasion. "De jure", both are equal casual service dress options for officers.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Modelled on the everyday office uniform of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, this kit serves as the regular everyday uniform for both officers and enlisted servicemen. It noticeably features no coloured hat band or shoulder boards between branch distinctions which are common in higher-tier uniforms.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: With the exception of sporadic issuing of the ceremonial, parade, and dress uniforms to non-warrant officer enlisted servicemen for niche purposes, the office uniform kit is also used for the vast majority of ceremonial purposes by non-warrant officer enlisted servicemen. However, significant variations not covered by the official uniform code exist when used for ceremonial purposes including:


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: These ceremonial variations, with the exception of the headdress and footwear differences, carry over from the now-in-abeyance dress uniform kit which was used for this role.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The VKPO (in English translation the abbreviation stands for "All weather Set of Field Uniforms") field uniform acts as the primary field/combat uniform which is assigned to all troops who operate in the field.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the uniforms of the Russian Federation have undergone a number of changes, including major reforms in 1994, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2015, and 2018.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: On 21 December 1991, the CIS member countries agreed to maintain a unified command of the Armed Forces until they were reformed.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: On 11 February 1992, following Commander-in-Chief of the CIS Armed Forces Order No. 50 "On temporary changes in the military uniform for the period 1992–1995", a description was given of "temporary changes" in uniforms. For marshals and generals, a ceremonial cap was introduced, modelled on the everyday, parade uniform-dress uniform, according to the pattern of the everyday jacket, but with ceremonial shoulder boards, dressed-out trousers without boots, with edges along the line. It also authorized officer's model caps in the summer everyday form. In May 1992 the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were established.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The hats worn by marshals, generals and colonels were abolished, replaced by astrakhan hat-earflaps of grey color from the fur of "tsigeyki" (colonels). The edges of the ceremonial uniforms of officers, ensigns, servicemen of the extended service and women servicemen, as well as armor-type arm plates for the latter three categories were abolished. A cockade was introduced for officers, warrant officers, and servicemen of super-long service for everyday and dress uniforms.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Berets for military servicemen and caps for ceremonial dress uniforms of military servicemen were replaced by officer-type pilots. The woollen jackets of marshals, generals, officers, ensigns and servicemen of extra-long-term services replaced button fasteners with zippers, and sewn side pockets closed with zippers.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Marshals, officers, ensigns and servicemen of extra-long service lost their ceremonial belts as well as the leather shoulder strap.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Conscripts and cadets adopted a woollen uniform fitted with sewn epaulets of the same material in place of the parade-out uniform and closed everyday jacket.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The letters "" were removed from shoulder straps of service members of urgent service, while the metal letter "" on shoulder straps of field jackets and everyday cadets was added. Buttonholes were removed from collars of service members and cadets, while the golden emblems on cotton tunics were fastened to collar corners.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The same document introduced changes in generals' uniforms, compared with the 1988 Soviet Army. Sewing on ceremonial caps and uniforms became similar to every day and disappeared from the cuffs (along with the sutured edge on collar and cuffs). Trousers were set to the grey front-and-back tunic, with cuffs, but without "lamphas", in the tone of the tunic. The cap had a grey crown and colored band.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Since 1994 the field uniform had the special, but unofficial sleeve insignias: the branch of service or the military unit.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In 1994, President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree that abolished the Soviet-era uniform and changed military dress for the first time since 1969.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: The 1994 uniform reforms included a new army and air force cockade which had connection to both the Imperial era, through the orange and black St George ovals, and Soviet-era, through the retention of a star. Heraldically, the cockade was not a symbol of the Russian Federation, but rather the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. Thus, it is denoted with departmental, not the national, affiliation of the serviceman.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In 2005, the double-headed eagle was removed from the officer caps. Astrakan hats and collars were additionally returned to generals and colonels.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In 2006, the cockade was changed to remove the gold star, returning fully to the Imperial design, with plans to roll it out across all troops. This was to be short-lived however, as the 2008 reforms of Valentin Yudashkin returned to the 1994 cockade design.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In 2007, Anatoly Serdyukov was appointed as the Minister of Defence. On 19 May 2007, Serdyukov revealed the need for the development of a new uniform. Days later, fashion designer Valentin Yudashkin was announced to be the designer of the project. The set of uniforms were unveiled in January 2008. The project resulted in a total overhaul, including a new parade uniform, everyday uniform, and field uniform for all branches of service. Additionally changed was the ceremonial honour guard uniform. New EMR camouflage pattern was created.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: Combining traditions of both the Soviet and Imperial periods, the reformed uniforms incorporated elements of both periods.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: For parade uniforms, there was a general return to the style of the Cold War era M69 Soviet parade uniforms, noteworthy exceptions being the lack of jackboots, breeches, gorget patches, cuff piping, and cockade wreathing. Additionally, there were fewer tunic buttons relative to the M69 uniforms (for generals there were four instead of six and for officers three instead of four), and cockade wreathing. Relative to the M94 uniforms the new parade uniforms replaced, there was a return to the sea-wave colour for army officers and blue for aerospace forces officers, a return of peaked cap band colouring, a removal of cockade wreathing, a removal of breast pockets, and a return of double-breasted tunics for generals. Ceremonial winter greatcoats returned to being grey.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In November 2012, Sergey Shoygu was appointed the Defence Minister of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. Following his appointment, a number of changes were instituted.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: This included the introduction of an entirely distinct "office uniform" in 2013 as a new everyday uniform for officers (of which the prior everyday uniform was a mostly interchangeable with the dress uniform). The office uniform is blue for the Air Force, green for the Ground Forces, and black for the Navy. It includes a zipper jacket, t-shirt, a cap (typically worn by enlisted troops) or peaked cap without the coloured band (typically worn by officers), and the option of wearing combat boots or dress shoes. For the cold seasons, a branch-corresponding coloured jacket was introduced with a snap-on hood with fur lining incorporated.


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In 2015, the rules surrounding wearing military uniforms were officially changed. This noticeably included the abolition of parade and dress uniform kit for conscripts and all ranks below that of warrant officer. The office uniform was rolled out to all ranks in 2016 and now serves in the parade and dress roles (with various modifications) for all ranks below that of warrant officer in addition to its everyday capacity. Other changes also included: the removal of the traditional greatcoat for the parade and dress uniforms for all ranks except the honour guards, changing of officer parade/dress tunics to M69 Soviet-style notched lapels instead of peaked lapels, and the return of the M69 Soviet-style button layout for dress and parade uniforms (four buttons for officers and six for generals.)


title: Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces

text: In the 2017 Moscow Victory Day Parade, officers wore a standing-collar tunic which replaced the previous open-collar tunic. The tunic resembles that which was used in the latter years of World War II by the Soviet Union for ceremonial purposes. The officer corps buttonholes as used by both the Soviet officers during this period and Imperial Russia were added onto the tunics. Generals have the standard ceremonial insignia instead of this design. The colour of the Navy ceremonial uniform was also officially changed to pure white, instead of the off-white/cream used before for the summer version of the ceremonial open-collar uniform. Following a trial, the new tunic design was rolled out beginning in 2018 to all ranks down to and including warrant officer as the standard parade tunic. In the 2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade, the massed bands included musicians of all ranks had noticeably begun using this uniform (similar to the British practice of military bands wearing full dress uniform during parades). Only the Alexandrov Ensemble continues to use an unregulated open-collar wave-green design instead of the closed-collar variant.


title: Australian police ranks

text: Australian police ranks and insignia are loosely based on the ranks of the United Kingdom police forces and differ between state and territory forces. Ranks listed here descend in seniority from left to right.


title: Gay-for-pay

text: Gay-for-pay describes male or female actors, pornographic stars, or sex workers who identify as heterosexual but who are paid to act or perform as homosexual professionally. The term has also applied to other professions and even companies trying to appeal to a gay demographic. The stigma of being gay or labeled as such has steadily eroded since the Stonewall riots began the modern American gay rights movement in 1969. Through the 1990s, mainstream movie and television actors have been more willing to portray homosexuality, as the threat of any backlash against their careers has lessened and society's acceptance of gay and lesbian people has increased.


title: Gay-for-pay

text: In the gay pornography industry, that uses amateurs as well as professional actors, the term "gay-for-pay" refers to actors who identify as straight but who engage in same-sex sexual activities for money or sexual gain. Some actors who are actually gay or bisexual will be marketed as straight to appeal to the "allure of the unattainable," because straight men (or those newly coming out) are virgins to sex with other men; scholar Camille Paglia declared that "Seduction of straight studs is a highly erotic motif in gay porn" and anthropologist William Leap has similarly written, "as in most gay male settings, the young, the muscular, and the unfamiliar are more sought."


title: Gay-for-pay

text: Because some gay men consider heterosexual men to be objects of fantasy, some gay porn producers have almost certainly described some actors as heterosexual to increase sales and publicity for their product. Moreover, many gay or bisexual men who star in gay porn films may wish to be identified publicly as heterosexual for personal or professional reasons.


title: Gay-for-pay

text: Some straight actors have started acting in gay porn only to be accused of being gay while others' first step was to strictly do solo masturbation or muscle exhibition scenes. The higher pay scale and profile within a production often leads to group scenes where a straight actor only "tops." A "top" actor will often be sought as a bottom and the debut is often treated as a notable event or even its own release.


title: Gay-for-pay

text: In the sex worker industry, the term may also be applied to straight people of either gender (including "male escorts") who have sexual contact or scenes with a client or another sex worker of the same gender. Although sexual contact is often involved, sex scenes or solo scenes (like masturbating to climax) or even a BDSM scene for the client's stimulation can take place. Sexual arousal without direct sexual contact may also occur in such niche trade as muscle worship. As in porn work, a gay identity is not necessary to make money from gay clients and consumers.


title: Gay-for-pay

text: Go-go dancing originated in the 1960s and was eventually appropriated by burlesque and striptease establishments, which in turn became known as "go-go bars" but many gay clubs had male go-go dancers (called "go-go boys") during the period 1965–1968. After that, few gay clubs had go-go dancers until a resurgence in the late 1980s when go-go dancing again became fashionable (and has remained so ever since). "Go-go dancers" that perform at night clubs, special parties, circuit parties or rave dances in colorful bright costumes (which may include battery operated lights), with fire sticks, or with a snake can also be called "performance art dancers" or "box dancers". Large circuit parties and gay clubs often have very attractive go-go boys of all sexualities who will allow patrons to touch and rub them but only for tips. This is typical in Thai venues, such as in Sunee Plaza, Pattaya. Some criticize the practice of employing straight dancers to perform erotically for gay audiences when gay performers are available.


title: Gay-for-pay

text: The gay community has expressed concerns about the use of straight actors to play gay characters, a practice also nicknamed "gay for pay" in the acting industry. This occurs in films and shows such as "Call Me By Your Name" (straight actors Armie Hammer and Timothée Chalamet), "Brokeback Mountain" (Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal), "Modern Family" (starring Eric Stonestreet), "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" (starring Andre Braugher), "Will & Grace" (starring Eric McCormack), "Philadelphia" (starring Tom Hanks), "Capote" (starring Philip Seymour Hoffman) and "Milk" (with Sean Penn playing the role of the real-life gay rights activist-political leader Harvey Milk).


title: Gay-for-pay

text: In film and TV, "pinkface" is the use of straight actors to play LGB roles or characters. Anna King of "Time Out" likens "pinkface" to blackface. The LGB community raised concerns about the film "Brüno", in which a straight actor (Sacha Baron Cohen) plays the role of a gay man to "...mak[e] fun of the queer community." Dennis Lim states that the depictions of gays in mainstream film typically include the "gay joke" (in which LGB people are depicted to create humor); depicting gay men pejoratively as a "daisy, a fairy, a nonce, a pansy, a swish" or showing lesbian woman as "butch"; and to create a homosexual panic that plays on heterosexual people's fears of experiencing sexual advances from LGB people (the "most notorious of all gay-panic movies, William Friedkin's "Cruising" (1980)", links gay men to homicide). Pinkface differs from straightwashing, the erasing of gay characters and themes in film and TV stories.