title: Yenisey

text: Imperial Russia placed river steamers on the massive river in an attempt to free up communication with land-locked Siberia. One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which took the future Tsar Nicholas II on his voyage to Siberia, and later conveyed Vladimir Lenin to prison.


title: Yenisey

text: Engineers attempted to place river steamers in regular service on the river during the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The boats were needed to bring in the rails, engines and supplies. Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail in 1893. However, the sea and river route proved very difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river. Both the Ob and Yenisey mouths feed into very long inlets, several hundred kilometres in length, which are shallow, ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation. After the completion of the railway, river traffic reduced only to local service as the Arctic route and long river proved much too indirect a route.


title: Yenisey

text: The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisey's entire length, including its violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in September 2001. Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this team. Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition, and a documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.


title: Yenisey

text: Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the banks of the Yenisey since ancient times, and this region is the location of the Yeniseian language family. The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins, Baikots and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries.


title: Yenisey

text: Some of the earliest known evidence of Turkic origins was found in the Yenisey Valley in the form of stelae, stone monoliths and memorial tablets dating from between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, along with some documents that were found in China's Xinjiang region. The written evidence gathered from these sources tells of battles fought between the Turks and the Chinese and other legends. There are also examples of Uyghur poetry, though most have survived only in Chinese translation.


title: Yenisey

text: Wheat from the Yenisey was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era.


title: Yenisey

text: Russians first reached the upper Yenisey in 1605, travelling from the Ob, up the Ket, portaging and then down the Yenisey as far as the Sym.


title: Yenisey

text: During World War II, Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia along a line that followed the Yenisey to the border of China and then along the border of China and the Soviet Union.


title: Yenisey

text: Studies have shown that the Yenisey suffers from contamination caused by radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb-grade plutonium in the secret city of Krasnoyarsk-26, now known as Zheleznogorsk.


title: Alan Osmond

text: Alan Ralph Osmond (born June 22, 1949) is an American former singer and musician. He is best known for being a member of the family musical group The Osmonds, who were discovered in 1961 by Jay Emerson Williams, Andy Williams's father, at a performance at Disneyland which was being filmed for the Disneyland After Dark episode of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color. At the time, Alan (age 12) and his brothers were performing as the Osmond Brothers Boys' Quartet.


title: Alan Osmond

text: Osmond was born in Ogden, Utah, the son of Olive May (née Davis; 1925–2004) and George Virl Osmond (1917–2007). He was the oldest of the seven siblings who could sing, as the two oldest brothers, Virl and Tom, are hearing impaired. During much of the Osmonds' career, Alan, being the oldest of the group, was the band's behind-the-scenes leader, playing piano and guitar, co-writing many of their songs, co-producing most of their recordings and arranging the dance choreography (he nevertheless seldom sang anything more than backing vocals, in contrast to his younger brothers). He mostly stopped performing with the group after 2007, and what he has professed to be his final performance with them was October 13, 2018, at Neal Blaisdell Arena in Honolulu.


title: Alan Osmond

text: Four of the Osmonds (Alan, Wayne, Merrill and Jay) were cast over a seven-year period on NBC's "The Andy Williams Show". They also appeared in nine episodes of the 1963–1964 ABC western television series, "The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters", with Alan in the role of young Micah Kissel. The series starred then 12-year-old Kurt Russell on a wagon train headed to the American West.


title: Alan Osmond

text: After a brief courtship with singer Karen Carpenter, Osmond married Suzanne Pinegar on July 16, 1974. He and Suzanne have eight sons, who perform as the Osmond Brothers Second Generation: Michael Alan (born 1975); Nathan George (born 1977); Douglas Kenneth (born 1978); David Levi (born 1979); Scott Merrill (born 1981); Jonathon Pinegar (born 1983); Alexander Thomas (born 1988); and Tyler James (born 1990). Alan, like all the Osmonds, is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; seven of his sons have served LDS missions, while the youngest son Tyler did not serve.


title: Alan Osmond

text: In 1980, Alan Osmond, along with his brother Merrill Osmond, created Stadium of Fire, which has become one of the largest Independence Day celebrations in the United States.


title: Alan Osmond

text: In 1987, Osmond was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, a demyelinating disease which affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. His son, David Osmond, lead singer of the group Osmonds 2nd Generation, who was also diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 2005, participated in the eighth season of "American Idol" on January 28, 2009, with a pass to Hollywood. However, due to laryngitis, he was not able to make it past Hollywood week. David also substitutes for his uncle Donny in stage shows with his aunt Marie, and his song "We Are One" was used as the theme song to the "Glenn Beck Radio Program" from 2016 to 2017; he also hosted a brief revival of "Wonderama" in 2017.


title: Alan Osmond

text: In 2000, Alan Osmond received the Dorothy Corwin Spirit of Life Award from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. In his acceptance speech, he stated that he had done some time in the military reserve and that he had taken karate lessons from Chuck Norris, both of which reinforced the "you can do it" attitude that he learned from his father. His motto is, "I may have MS, but MS does NOT have me!" He currently runs the OneHeart Foundation which Alan and his wife founded, also works as a motivational speaker.


title: Alan Osmond

text: Alan enlisted in the California Army National Guard in the late 1960s. He served at Fort Ord in northern California as a 144th artillery unit clerk.


title: Tamzin Malleson

text: She originally played Alison Dangerfield in Series 3 and 4 of the BBC drama "Dangerfield", before going on to play one of the starring roles (Penny Neville) in the Channel 4 comedy "Teachers" for three of the programme's four series, and she starred in one of ITV's Poirot adaptations, "Evil Under The Sun." She has appeared in "The Bill", and in the detective show "A Touch of Frost", and starred in the BBC medical drama "Bodies".


title: Tamzin Malleson

text: Malleson played the role of Kate Wilding, the pathologist in the series "Midsomer Murders", from the middle of series 14 to the end of series 17.


title: Tamzin Malleson

text: Malleson is in a relationship with actor Keith Allen (who starred alongside her in "Bodies"), and the couple have a daughter, Teddie Malleson-Allen (born in April, 2006). They live near Stroud, Gloucestershire. In 2017, Allen and Malleson opened a diner in Stroud, built with the diner set of ‘’’’ in which Allen had appeared.


title: Greeble

text: A greeble ( ), or "nurnies", is a part harvested from plastic modeling kits to be applied to an original model as a detail element. The practice of using parts in this manner is called "kitbashing".


title: Greeble

text: The term "greeblies" was first used by effects artists at Industrial Light & Magic in the 1970s to refer to small details added to models.


title: Greeble

text: According to model designer and fabricator Adam Savage, George Lucas, Industrial Light & Magic's founder, coined the term "Greeble".


title: Greeble

text: Ron Thornton is widely believed to have coined the term "nurnies" referring to CGI technical detail that his company Foundation Imaging produced for the "Babylon 5" series, while the model-making team of "" referred to them as "wiggets".


title: Greeble

text: Greebles are also used to enhance interior sets. In "Star Trek", corridor walls were decorated with objects such as pieces of pipe, which extended out from walls, usually with several fittings and a label implying it was an important part of the ship's infrastructure. In the movie "Alien", the interior of the ship "Nostromo" was thoroughly greebled. Art director Roger Christian said, "Let's have a go at it. So we recruited some dressing prop people, got a hold of several tons of scrap, and went to work on the Nostromo's bridge... encrusting the set with pipes and wires and switches and tubing... then we painted it military green and began stenciling labels on everything."


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: Bleach (also known onscreen as Bleach: The Soul Reaper Agent Arc) is a 2018 Japanese action fantasy film produced by Warner Bros., based on the manga series of the same name by Tite Kubo, and directed by Shinsuke Sato. The film stars Sota Fukushi as the main protagonist, Ichigo Kurosaki. It was released in Japan on July 20, 2018. The film had its American premiere on July 28, 2018 at the New York Japan Cuts Festival in New York City. The film was released on Netflix on September 14, 2018.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: Ichigo Kurosaki is a fifteen-year-old high school student who lives in Karakura Town with his father, Isshin, and younger twin sisters, Karin and Yuzu. He also has the ability to see ghosts, a talent that attracts the attention of a katana-wielding young woman in a black kimono. She introduces herself as Rukia Kuchiki while explaining to Ichigo that she is a Soul Reaper, a psychopomp who guides the departed to the Soul Society and purify those who remained among the living and transformed into monstrous beings called Hollows. At that time, a Hollow that Rukia was hunting named Fishbone D attacks Ichigo's home after sensing his high spiritual energy. Rukia is wounded in the attempt to protect the Kurosaki family and forced to transfer her powers into a desperate Ichigo so he can defeat the Hollow as a Soul Reaper. After discovering Rukia has enrolled in his class the following day, Ichigo learns that she has lost her power and he must serve as her substitute until he amassed enough Reiyoku energy from defeating Hollows to transfer Rukia's powers back to her.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: Meanwhile, Soul Reaper captain Byakuya Kuchiki, Rukia's older brother, sends his lieutenant Renji Abarai to retrieve her. A brief altercation between Ichigo and Renji occurs before the latter is driven off by arrows fired by Ichigo's classmate Uryū Ishida. Uryū reveals himself to be of a tribe of spiritually aware humans called Quincies, who were nearly wiped out by the Soul Reapers as they obliterate Hollows rather than purify them. Uryū declares himself an enemy of all Soul Reapers as he challenges Ichigo to a Hollow hunting competition, having deliberately summoned the monsters to Karakura Town.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: While Ichigo and Rukia are fighting a Hollow, Hexapodus, they are confronted by Renji and Byakuya. After Renji defeats Ichigo, Byakuya scolds Rukia for having broken the Soul Society's laws by giving Ichigo her powers while giving her an ultimatum: either extract her Reiryoku from Ichigo or return to the Soul Society to be trialed and punished accordingly. As the former choice would result in Ichigo's death since he had not amassed the ideal amount for his survival, Rukia resigns herself for punishment. But Ichigo stops her at the last minute and makes a deal with Byakuya, to purify the infamous Hollow Grand Fisher to gain enough Reiryoku for a non-fatal transfer.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: As Ichigo vigorously training for the confrontation catches the interest of his classmates Yasutora Sado and Orihime Inoue, he learns that Grand Fisher was the being who killed his mother Masaki when he was a child. While visiting Masaki's grave, Karin and Yuzu are attacked by Grand Fisher. Ichigo is able to free his sisters before taking Grand Fisher on in a highly destructive fight and defeating him with Uryū's support, only for the two to be ambushed and Uryū injured by Renji, who with Byakuya decided to renege on their deal. Though Ichigo manages to overpower Renji, Byakuya steps in and defeats Ichigo with overwhelming pace. Rukia intervenes, convincing Byakuya to spare Ichigo as she extracts her Reiryoku while parting ways with him. The next day, due to the Soul Society's influence, everyone in Karakura Town has forgotten Rukia and everyone thinks the damage to the town from the battle with Grand Fisher was caused by a tornado. However, Ichigo sees a note Rukia had left in his book and seemingly regains his memories.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: In 2008, Tite Kubo stated that he wished to make "Bleach" an experience that can be found only by reading manga, dismissing ideas of creating any live-action film adaptations of the series. When the film adaptation was announced, however, Kubo decided to be involved with its production to ensure its faithfulness to the manga and anime, so that both old and new fans may enjoy it. He also stated that his only concern was the color of Ichigo's hair, which in the manga and anime is a bright shade of orange. He said, "If that color is in the live-action movie, it'd be strange, so I wonder what they're going to do!" Regarding what fans could expect in the live-action adaptation, Sota Fukushi, who portrayed Ichigo, stated that the film would feature "the monstrous Hollows, otherworldly Soul Society, and destructive Zanpakuto sword-fighting techniques".


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: The 10th issue of the 2018 "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine released the visual for Rukia Kuchiki, revealing that Hana Sugisaki would portray the character. In March 2018, the film's official Twitter account revealed that Uryū Ishida, Renji Abarai and Byakuya Kuchiki would be portrayed by Ryo Yoshizawa, Taichi Saotome and Miyavi respectively. In May 2018, the film's official Twitter account revealed an additional cast that included Erina Mano, Yu Koyanagi, Seiichi Tanabe, Yōsuke Eguchi and Masami Nagasawa, portraying Orihime Inoue, Yasutora "Chad" Sado, Kisuke Urahara, Isshin Kurosaki and Masaki Kurosaki respectively.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: On October 7, 2018, Johnny Yong Bosch, voice actor for the anime revealed that there was an English dub produced for the film, and that he would be reprising his role as Ichigo Kurosaki.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: The film's score was written by composer Yutaka Yamada. The film also features songs by Alexandros, "Mosquito Bite" and "Milk". The soundtrack was distributed by Crown Tokuma Music Distribution on July 25, 2018.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: After months of speculation from fans and critics, paired with months of silence from Warner Bros. Japan, a teaser trailer was released online on July 6, 2017, also revealing a poster for the movie in the process. On January 1, 2018, to hype the movie's release in Summer of 2018, to commemorate the beginning of the new year and to thank the support of the fans of the anime and movie project, a short message was shared via the movie's official Twitter account.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: On February 5, 2018, it was revealed that the movie would premiere on July 20, 2018 in Japan. A teaser trailer was released on February 21, 2018 which was praised for its faithful adaptation of the series' first chapter. In April 2018, the first official trailer was released, which also revealed the film's theme song by Alexandros, titled "Mosquito Bite". In June 2018, Warner Bros. Japan released the final trailer for the film, which confirmed that the film's main antagonist is the Hollow Grand Fisher.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: , "Bleach" has grossed ¥448,895,200 () in Japan. The filmed opened at #4 on its opening weekend and grossed ¥135 million from Friday to Sunday. On the second weekend, it fell into #5 and grossed an additional ¥64,199,600. In the third weekend, "Bleach" dropped off the top 10 and earned ¥23,459,400. Overseas, the film grossed $482,325 in China.


title: Bleach (2018 film)

text: According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, of critics have given the film a positive review based on reviews, with an average rating of . Justine Smith for "SciFiNow" gave it a positive review with a consensus that "While clearly made for a dedicated fanbase, unlike some more recent anime live-action adaptations, one of the greatest assets of "Bleach" is how cohesively it outlines its mythology for the uninitiated." Additionally, Mark Schilling reviewed the film for "The Japan Times" and gave it a 3 star rating. He concluded that the film faithfully follows the mythology of the source material for the dedicated fans, but also simplifies it for casual viewers to understand.


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: Solomon Robert Guggenheim (February 2, 1861 – November 3, 1949) was an American businessman and art collector. He is best known for establishing the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City.


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: Guggenheim was born into a wealthy mining family, and he founded the Yukon Gold Company in Alaska, among other business interests. He began collecting art in the 1890s, and he retired from his business after World War I to pursue art collecting. He eventually focused on modern art under the guidance of artist Baroness Hilla von Rebay, creating an important collection by the 1930s and opened his first museum in 1939.


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: Guggenheim was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, son of Meyer and Barbara Guggenheim and brother of Simon, Benjamin, Daniel, and five other siblings. He was of Swiss and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: Following studies in Switzerland at the Concordia Institute in Zürich, he returned to the United States to work in the family mining business, later founding the Yukon Gold Company in Alaska. In 1891, he turned around the Compañia de la Gran Fundición Nacional Mexicana. He married Irene Rothschild, daughter of Victor Henry Rothschild, in 1895. His children were Eleanor May (1896–1992; later Lady Castle Stewart after her marriage to Arthur Stuart, 7th Earl Castle Stewart), Gertrude (1898–1966) and Barbara Guggenheim (1904–1985).


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: He began collecting works of the old masters in the 1890s. He retired from his business in 1919 to devote more time to art collecting and in 1926, met Baroness Hilla von Rebay. In 1930, they visited Wassily Kandinsky’s studio in Dessau, Germany, and Guggenheim began to purchase Kandinsky's work. The same year, Guggenheim began to display the collection to the public at his apartment in the Plaza Hotel in New York City. Guggenheim's purchases continued with the works of Rudolf Bauer, Marc Chagall, Fernand Léger, and László Moholy-Nagy.


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: In 1937, Guggenheim established the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation to foster the appreciation of modern art, and in 1939, he and his art advisor, Baroness Rebay, opened a venue for the display of his collection, the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, at 24 East 54th Street. Under Rebay's guidance, Guggenheim sought to include in the collection the most important examples of non-objective art available at the time, such as Kandinsky's "Composition 8" (1923), Léger's "Contrast of Forms" (1913) and Robert Delaunay's "Simultaneous Windows" (2nd Motif, 1st Part)" (1912).


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: By the early 1940s, the museum had accumulated such a large collection of avant-garde paintings that the need for a permanent building to house the art collection had become apparent. In 1943, Guggenheim and Rebay commissioned architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design a new museum building. In 1948, the collection was greatly expanded through the purchase of art dealer Karl Nierendorf's estate of some 730 objects, notably German expressionist paintings. By that time, the museum's collection included a broad spectrum of expressionist and surrealist works, including paintings by Paul Klee, Oskar Kokoschka and Joan Miró.


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: Guggenheim died in 1949 on Long Island, New York, and the museum was renamed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1952. The museum opened in New York City on October 21, 1959.


title: Solomon R. Guggenheim

text: In addition to the New York Museum, the Guggenheim Foundation operates, among other things, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Spain and the Peggy Guggenheim Collection in Venice, which was established by Guggenheim's niece, Peggy Guggenheim.


title: California Child Actor's Bill

text: The California Child Actor's Bill (also known as Coogan Act or Coogan Bill) is a law applicable to child performers, designed to safeguard a portion of their earnings for when they reach the age of majority, and protect them from exploitation and abuse.


title: California Child Actor's Bill

text: The original Bill was passed in 1939 by the State of California in response to the plight of who earned millions of dollars as a successful child actor only to discover, upon reaching adulthood, that his mother and stepfather had spent almost all of his money. Since then, it has been revised a few times, most recently on December 7, 2019. As it stands, money earned and accumulated under a contract under the code remains the sole legal property of the minor child.


title: California Child Actor's Bill

text: The current version of the law is codified in sections 6750–53 of the California Family Code and section 1700.37 of the California Labor Code. The law provides that any of the parties may petition a court to approve an entertainment contract, and if the court does so, somewhat different rules apply. Most important, the child cannot escape its responsibilities under the contract by disaffirming them, which a child normally has the power to do.


title: California Child Actor's Bill

text: Later revisions extended the scope of minors' entertainment contracts that the court can approve to include contracts according to which a minor renders services as an "actor, actress, dancer, musician, comedian, singer, or other performer or entertainer, or as a writer, director, producer, production executive, choreographer, composer, conductor, or designer." Under the current law, the court may also approve contracts that involve the transfer of intellectual property.


title: California Child Actor's Bill

text: This law requires a child actor's employer to set aside 15% of the earnings in a trust (often called a Coogan Account) and codifies issues such as schooling, work hours, and time off.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are triglycerides with two or three fatty acids having an aliphatic tail of 6–12 carbon atoms, i.e. medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). Rich food sources for commercial extraction of MCTs include palm kernel oil and coconut oil.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: They can also be produced by interesterification. Retail MCT powder is MCT oil embedded in starch and thus contains carbohydrates in addition to fats. It is manufactured by spray drying.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: With regard to MCFAs, apart from the above listed straight chain (unbranched chain) fatty acids, side chain (branched chain) fatty acids also exist.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis by "Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition" supported evidence that MCT decreases subsequent energy intake, but does not appear to affect appetite.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: Molecular weight analysis of milk from different species showed that while milk fats from all studied species were "primarily" composed of long-chain fatty acids (16 and 18 carbons long), approximately 10–20% of the fatty acids in milk from horses, cows, sheep, and goats were medium-chain fatty acids.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: Some studies have shown that MCTs can help in the process of excess calorie burning, thus weight loss. MCTs are also seen as promoting fat oxidation and reduced food intake. MCTs have been recommended by some endurance athletes and the bodybuilding community. While health benefits from MCTs seem to occur, a link to improved exercise performance is inconclusive. A number of studies back the use of MCT oil as a weight loss supplement, but these claims are not without conflict, as about an equal number found inconclusive results.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: MCTs can be used in solutions, liquid suspensions and lipid-based drug delivery systems for emulsions, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, creams, ointments, gels and foams as well as suppositories. MCTs are also suitable for use as solvent and liquid oily lubricant in soft gels. Brand names of pharma-grade MCT include Kollisolv MCT 70.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: MCTs passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system (longer fatty acids are absorbed into the lymphatic system) without requirement for modification like long-chain fatty acids or very-long-chain fatty acids. In addition, MCTs do not require bile salts for digestion. Patients who have malnutrition, malabsorption or particular fatty-acid metabolism disorders are treated with MCTs because MCTs do not require energy for absorption, use, or storage.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: Medium-chain triglycerides are generally considered a good biologically inert source of energy that the human body finds reasonably easy to metabolize. They have potentially beneficial attributes in protein metabolism, but may be contraindicated in some situations due to a reported tendency to induce ketogenesis and metabolic acidosis. However, there is other evidence demonstrating no risk of ketoacidosis or ketonemia with MCTs at levels associated with normal consumption, and that the moderately elevated blood ketones can be an effective treatment for epilepsy.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: Due to their ability to be absorbed rapidly by the body, medium-chain triglycerides have found use in the treatment of a variety of malabsorption ailments. MCT supplementation with a low-fat diet has been described as the cornerstone of treatment for Waldmann disease. MCTs are an ingredient in some specialised parenteral nutritional emulsions in some countries. Studies have also shown promising results for epilepsy through the use of ketogenic dieting.


title: Medium-chain triglyceride

text: MCTs are bland compared to other fats and do not generate off-notes (dissonant tastes) as quickly as LCTs. They are also more polar than LCTs. Because of these attributes, they are widely used as carrier oils or solvents for flavours and oral medicines and vitamins.


title: Joan Mir

text: Joan Mir Mayrata () (born 1 September 1997) is a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer riding for the Repsol Honda Team, who is best known for winning the 2020 MotoGP World Championship with Suzuki. He is the fourth Spanish rider to win the premier class title after Àlex Crivillé, Jorge Lorenzo and Marc Márquez, and the second Mallorcan after Lorenzo. Mir has also won the 2017 Moto3 World Championship title with Leopard Racing.


title: Joan Mir

text: Palma-born Mir competed for two seasons in the Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup in 2013 and 2014, finishing with three wins and six podiums as runner-up to Jorge Martín in 2014. Mir contested the CEV Moto3 Junior World Championship in 2015. Mir won four of the first six races, but faded towards the end of the season, and ultimately finished fourth in the championship.


title: Joan Mir

text: Mir made his Grand Prix début in 2015 with Leopard Racing at Phillip Island replacing the injured Hiroki Ono. Mir started 18th on the grid but failed to finish the race after an incident with John McPhee.


title: Joan Mir

text: In 2016 Mir competed full-time in the Moto3 World Championship with Leopard Racing, partnering Fabio Quartararo and Andrea Locatelli. He achieved his first Grand Prix pole position and victory in just his 11th start at the Austrian round. He achieved a further two podiums in San Marino and Valencia. Mir finished the championship in 5th position as rookie of the year, scoring 144 points.


title: Joan Mir

text: He remained for a second season in 2017 with Leopard Racing and dominated the class, taking 10 wins and 13 podiums from 18 races, only failing to score points at the Japanese round. His only pole position start of the season came at the Malaysian round. He finished 93 points ahead of his nearest rival, Romano Fenati, to win the Moto3 championship.


title: Joan Mir

text: In 2018, Mir moved up to Moto2 with Marc VDS Racing Team, after signing a three-year deal with the team. He finished 3rd in France and Italy, and finished 2nd in Germany and Australia, ending the season with four podiums and 155 points, 6th place in the rider's championship, and winning rookie of the year.


title: Joan Mir

text: In mid 2018, it was announced that Mir would end his contract with Marc VDS two years prematurely, in order to move up to the premier class with the Suzuki factory team on a two-year deal to replace the outgoing Andrea Iannone. He became just the second rider to be promoted to MotoGP after a lone season in Moto2, after Maverick Viñales. In his rookie season in 2019, he achieved consistent top-10 finishes but missed two rounds due to a pulmonary contusion suffered in a crash in testing at Brno. He was replaced by Suzuki test rider Sylvain Guintoli. Mir achieved a season-best finish of 5th place in Australia. He finished the season with 92 points, 12th in the overall standings, and as the second best rookie, behind former Moto3 Leopard Racing teammate Fabio Quartararo.


title: Joan Mir

text: Before the delayed start to the 2020 season, Suzuki announced that Mir had been signed for a further two years, ensuring his future with the team through at least 2022. Mir had a rough start to the season, crashing out of two of the first three rounds. However, he quickly found his rhythm and became a consistent podium finisher, achieving a podium spot in five of the next seven rounds (three 2nd places in Austria, Emilia-Romagna and Catalunya, and two 3rd-place finishes in San Marino and Aragon). Inconsistent finishes from his title rivals such as 3-time race winner Quartararo and Maverick Viñales meant that after 10 of 14 rounds, Mir led the championship standings despite not having won a race until that point.


title: Joan Mir

text: During the tenth round of the 2020 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, at the 2020 French motorcycle Grand Prix, Mir lost his balance on entering a left turn and slid on his side for about 50 metres before managing to use the momentum as he entered the gravel pit to seamlessly regain his footing and fluidly transfer his momentum into a running action. Mir was still able to come 11th and salvage 5 points.


title: Joan Mir

text: A further podium finish in Teruel and poor results from Quartararo, Viñales and Andrea Dovizioso saw Mir extend his championship advantage to 14 points over second-place Quartararo with three races remaining. At the European Grand Prix, staged at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo near Valencia, Mir took his maiden win, beating his teammate Álex Rins, who finished in second place. With Quartararo falling early in the race and only able to salvage 2 points, Mir took a commanding 37-point lead over both his rivals with only 2 rounds remaining. The following week at the Valencian Community Grand Prix at the same circuit, Mir finished in 7th place, while Rins managed only 4th and Quartararo crashed out, crowning Mir the 2020 MotoGP riders' champion. He became the first Suzuki rider to win the title since Kenny Roberts Jr. in 2000, the first non-Honda or non-Yamaha rider to win the title since Ducati rider Casey Stoner in 2007, as well as the first Moto3 world champion to win the premier class title.


title: Joan Mir

text: Mir started the 2021 season with back to back top ten performances in Qatar. Despite qualifying tenth during the first race and forgetting to engage his Suzuki's launch control at the start he managed to work his way up into second place on the last lap of the race before getting passed on the back straight by Ducati riders Johann Zarco and Francesco Bagnaia, leading to a 4th-place finish. In the second race the following week Mir qualified in the middle of the field and finished 7th behind teammate Rins, but the race was most notable for Mir's confrontation with factory Ducati rider, Jack Miller. The confrontation started when Mir attempted an overtake in which he had to pick up his bike mid corner, nearly forcing Miller off the track. Miller later collided with Mir heading down the back straight, and after the race Mir was highly critical of Miller and argued that the Australian's actions were intentional. Two weeks later in Portimao Mir started ninth and worked his way up to finish 3rd behind Fabio Quartararo and Bagnaia, earning Suzuki's first podium for the season. Mir achieved a 5th place at Jerez before a crash at Le Mans in wet conditions, and his second podium in 3rd place in Mugello. Catalunya saw Mir finish in 5th once again, but was promoted to 4th following Fabio Quartararo’s 5-second penalty for removing his chest protector and riding with his leathers open. Following a 9th place at Sachsenring, Mir finished 3rd in Assen, earning his third podium of the year, as the season went into the summer break. At the grid returned to race for the double round in Spielberg, Austria, Mir collected his fourth podium of the season with a 2nd-place finish behind rookie Ducati rider Jorge Martín, who took his maiden MotoGP victory. Mir would finish 3rd in Aragón, and replicated his best result of the season with a 2nd-place finish in Portimao, before closing off the year with a 4th-place finish in Valencia, the season ender race. He finished 3rd in the rider's championship with 208 points, 44 points behind Francesco Bagnaia in second, and 70 points behind World Champion Fabio Quartararo.


title: Joan Mir

text: Following Suzuki's departure from MotoGP, Mir signed with Repsol Honda for the 2023 season. He will partner six-time premier class champion Marc Márquez.


title: Profit margin

text: Profit margin is a measure of profitability. It is calculated by finding the profit as a percentage of the revenue.


title: Profit margin

text: There are 3 types of profit margins: gross profit margin, operating profit margin and net profit margin.


title: Profit margin

text: Profit margin is calculated with selling price (or revenue) taken as base times 100. It is the percentage of selling price that is turned into profit, whereas "profit percentage" or ""markup"" is the percentage of cost price that one gets as profit on top of cost price. While selling something one should know what percentage of profit one will get on a particular investment, so companies calculate profit percentage to find the ratio of profit to cost.


title: Profit margin

text: The profit margin is used mostly for internal comparison. It is difficult to accurately compare the net profit ratio for different entities. Individual businesses' operating and financing arrangements vary so much that different entities are bound to have different levels of expenditure, so that comparison of one with another can have little meaning. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of safety: higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss, or a negative margin.


title: Profit margin

text: Profit margin is an indicator of a company's pricing strategies and how well it controls costs. Differences in competitive strategy and product mix cause the profit margin to vary among different companies.


title: Profit margin

text: If the revenue is the same as the cost, profit percentage is 0%. The result above or below 100% can be calculated as the percentage of return on investment. In this example, the return on investment is a multiple of 1.5 of the investment, corresponding to a 150% gain.


title: Profit margin

text: Profit margin in an economy reflects the profitability of any business and enables relative comparisons between small and large businesses. It is a standard measure to evaluate the potential and capacity of a business in generating profits. These margins help business determine their pricing strategies for goods and services. The pricing is influenced by the cost of their products and the expected profit margin. pricing errors which create cash flow challenges can be detected using profit margin concept and prevent potential challenges and losses in an entity.


title: Profit margin

text: Profit Margin is also used by businesses and companies to study the seasonal patterns and changes in the performance and further detect operational challenges. For example, a negative or zero profit margin indicates that the sales of a business does not suffice or it is failing to manage its expenses. This encourages business owners to identify the areas which inhibit growth such as inventory accumulation, under-utilized resources or high cost of production.


title: Profit margin

text: Profit Margins are important whilst seeking credit and is often used as collateral. They are important to investors who base their predictions on many factors, one of which is the profit margin. It is used to compare between companies and influences the decision of investment in a particular venture. To attract investors, a high profit margin is preferred while comparing with similar businesses.


title: Jeevan (actor)

text: Omkar Nath Dhar (24 October 1915 – 10 June 1987), better known by his stage name Jeevan, was an Indian actor. He played the role of Narad Muni in mythological films of the 1950s a total of 49 times. Later, he played the villain in popular Bollywood films of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. His son Kiran Kumar (born Deepak Dhar) is also a film and television actor.


title: Jeevan (actor)

text: Jeevan was born into an aristocratic Kashmiri Pandit family. His grandfather, a nobleman, served as the Governor of the Gilgit Agency. His mother died during childbirth and he lost his father when he was just three years old.


title: Jeevan (actor)

text: From an early age, Jeevan wanted to be an actor as films had always fascinated him. Since his grandfather was the Governor, their family was considered among the nobility. As a son of such a family, joining films would not have been accepted as films were considered taboo, so Jeevan ran away from home at the age of 18 and came to Bombay with only Rs. 26 in his pocket.


title: Jeevan (actor)

text: After a brief period of struggle, he eventually landed himself a job in the studios of Mohan Sinha (Vidya Sinha's grandfather). His job was to stick silver paper on the reflectors. It was here while working as a reflector boy that he landed a lead role in the movie "Fashionable India", which was being made by Mohan Sinha.


title: Jeevan (actor)

text: It is said that he has played Narad Muni in more than 60 films and theater shows of different languages. He became notable otherwise for his roles in "Romantic India" in 1935, "Afasana" in 1946 and "Station Master" in 1942. Jeevan appeared in several Dev Anand films from 1946 to 1978 and in Manmohan Desai movies such as "Amar Akbar Anthony" and "Dharam Veer" as villains. He also starred in the Punjabi film "Teri Meri Ek Jindri". His last movie was "Insaaf Ki Manzil", released in 1986, produced by Ram Nandan Prasad and Directed by Braj Bhushan. He died on 10 June 1987 at the age of 71.


title: On the 6

text: On the 6 is the debut studio album by American singer and actress Jennifer Lopez. It was released on June 1, 1999, by the Work Group. Lopez worked with several producers on the album, including Rodney Jerkins, Cory Rooney, Dan Shea and her boyfriend at the time, rapper and record producer Sean "Puffy" Combs. A Spanish edition of the album was released on November 24, 1999. This version of the album shuffles the track list, omits "Feelin' So Good" as well as the English version of "Waiting For Tonight", while including an all-new Spanish track ("Es Amor"), in addition to Spanish versions of "Open Off My Love" ("El Deseo De Tu Amor"), "Promise Me You'll Try" ("Amar es Para Siempre") and "Waiting For Tonight" ("Una Noche Mas") - the latter of which also appeared on the album's original release as a bonus track. The remainder of the tracks on this edition appear as they did on the album's original release.


title: On the 6

text: Critics greeted Lopez's musical debut with a generally positive response. "On the 6" was praised for its conservative, though dynamic, musical style and combination of Latin with pop and R&B. Critics commented on Lopez's vocal ability and many generally gave good remarks for her versatility and somewhat "seductive" and "sultry" singing, however, some critics found the vocals quite underwhelming. The album was successful on the charts, reaching the top ten or top twenty in the United States and several other countries around the world. "On the 6" went on to sell three million copies in the US, being certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and an additional three million copies worldwide.


title: On the 6

text: The album produced five singles, three of which hit the main US Hot 100 chart. "If You Had My Love" peaked at #1 in the US, while "Waiting for Tonight" peaked at #8. "No Me Ames", a ballad with Lopez's then-future husband, now ex-husband, Marc Anthony, did not reach the U.S. Hot 100 chart, but was a hit on "Billboard"s Latin chart, while "Feelin' So Good" hit #51 on the Hot 100, and peaked at #1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. A fifth and final single, "Let's Get Loud" did not chart on the Hot 100, but became a major hit in several other countries. At the time of the album's release, several other Latin recording artists (including Ricky Martin, Shakira and Marc Anthony) were achieving success on the mainstream Billboard Top 200 album chart and the Hot 100 singles chart; this was termed a Latin "explosion".


title: On the 6

text: Since her childhood, Lopez's Puerto Rican parents stressed the importance of a good work ethic and the ability to speak English. They encouraged their three daughters to put on performances at home, singing and dancing in front of each other and their friends so they would stay out of trouble. During her final year of high school, Lopez learned about a casting call for several teenage girls for small film roles. She auditioned and was cast in "My Little Girl" (1986), a low-budget film co-written and directed by Connie Kaiserman. After filming her role, Lopez knew that she wanted to become a "famous movie star". She told her parents, but they told her it was a "really stupid" idea and "no Latinos did that". Her disagreement with them led Lopez to move out of her family home and into a Manhattan apartment. During this period, Lopez performed in regional productions of several musicals before being hired for the chorus in a musical which toured Europe for five months. She was unhappy with the role, since she was the only member of the chorus not to have a solo. She got a job on the Japanese show "Synchronicity" as a dancer, singer and choreographer. Lopez then obtained her first high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on the television comedy program "In Living Color". She moved to Los Angeles with then-boyfriend David Cruz to film the series, and remained a cast member until 1993 (when she decided to pursue a full-time acting career).


title: On the 6

text: After a series of co-starring film roles, Lopez received her big break in 1996 when she was cast in the title role of "Selena", a biographical film about American singer-songwriter Selena Quintanilla-Pérez. In the film Selena's voice is used for the musical sequences, but Lopez would sing the lyrics instead of lip syncing. When asked in an interview if "Selena" inspired her to launch a music career, Lopez said "I really, really became inspired, because I started my career in musical theater on stage. So doing the movie just reminded me of how much I missed singing, dancing, and the like..." After filming "Selena", Lopez was "really feeling [her] Latin roots" and recorded a demo record in Spanish. Lopez' manager sent the song ("Vivir Sin Ti") to Sony Music Entertainment's Work Group, which was interested in signing Lopez. Tommy Mottola, the head of the label, suggested that she sing in English and she began recording "On the 6". Lopez was aware that she received her recording contract on her looks and reputation, and wanted to prove that she had musical talent. Before her first album, critics wondered why she would take the risk of launching a musical career: "If the album was a flop, not only would it embarrass Lopez but it might even damage her career."


title: On the 6

text: For "On the 6", Mottola and Lopez met with several producers, but producer and writer Cory Rooney later recalled that when he met Lopez, they "immediately hit it off". He played piano and sang "Talk About Us" for them, which Mottola and Lopez liked; she recorded it the next day, and worked closely with Rooney on the rest of the album. Other contributors to "On the 6" included then-boyfriend Sean "Puffy" Combs, future husband Marc Anthony, Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, Poke & Tone and the husband-and-wife team of Emilio and Gloria Estefan. Grammy Award-winning singer and vocal producer Betty Wright, known for her hit "Clean Up Woman" (1971), worked closely with Lopez on the album and provided her with "plenty of inspiration". Lopez said Wright had "an amazing spirit": "She was in [the studio] with me, day in and day out, helping me. I'm a young singer, you know? A young studio singer. I may have sang all my life, and I may have sang on stage and stuff like that, but it's different to record in the studio. And you need somebody who really can guide you through that."


title: On the 6

text: One day, whilst working on "On the 6", Jennifer Lopez "happened to be" recording at the same recording studio where American recording artist Marc Anthony was recording. Anthony, who had become intrigued by Lopez after seeing her in "Selena" (1997), came into her studio and asked her to appear in the music video for his song "No Me Conoces". She agreed, but only if he recorded a song with her, to which he in turn agreed. Lopez recalled the events on her "" video album by stating: "So at that time I called Tommy [Mottola] and I'm like 'Look, so Marc Anthony said he would do a song and I really don't want to do a duet with just anybody, I want to do a duet with him. So can you force him to sign something, so he has to do a record with me? If I do this video!'" The two first shot the video and then began working on the song.


title: On the 6

text: "Let's Get Loud" was originally written for Gloria Estefan, but she felt as if the song was too similar to her previous recordings. She then passed the song to Lopez, stating that she would have "more fun with it" and would put "a new spin" on it.


title: On the 6

text: Lopez felt that recording her first album was "worlds apart" from being a film actress in Hollywood: "The movie business is so structured with time frames and such. But the music business is so loose, you can come in whenever you want". She hoped "On the 6" would appeal to people like her: "English is my first language. I grew up here. I was born here, I didn't have a career in Spanish first. I think it [the album] appeals definitely to my generation of people, we grew up in America but had Latin parents or parents of different ethnicity." She wanted the album to reflect both sides of her, regarding Hispanic people as her "core audience".


title: On the 6

text: "On the 6" primarily consists of R&B and Latin music, which Lopez called eclectic Latin soul. Although she described herself as bilingual and the record has Latin influences, Lopez chose to sing in English. "The Los Angeles Times" described the album as not only Latin soul, but "state-of-the-art dance pop". Lopez said, "The whole vibe of the album is R&B and Latin music. It has both those influences...It still has a pop feel to it, but I definitely wanted to mix the two because I feel that [is] very much who I am, growing up in the Bronx, being of Latin descent". The album incorporates different parts of Lopez's life and upbringing and marked the beginning of her musical exploration of love, a theme she continued in future albums.


title: On the 6

text: "If You Had My Love" is a slow-paced mid-tempo pop and R&B song in B♭ minor, with piano and guitar instrumentation. On the track Lopez establishes a number of "ground rules" for her admirer before giving herself to him: "Now if I gave you me, this is how it's got to be/ First of all I won't take you cheatin' on me/ Tell me who can I trust if I can't trust in you/ And I refuse to let you play me for a fool". "Let's Get Loud" is a "fiery, soulful" salsa dance song originally written for Gloria Estefan, who gave it to Lopez (who, she felt, would have more fun with it). Lopez asserts her Latin heritage in the song, which opens with the "sassy" declaration ""Ya Jen llego, presente!"" ("Jen has arrived!"). "Feelin' So Good", a mid-tempo hip-hop song featuring Big Pun and Fat Joe, samples Strafe's "Set It Off". Lopez sings about feeling so good and declares that "Nothing in this world could turn me around", as Big Pun shouts "Jenny, you da bomb!" "Waiting for Tonight" is a dance song highlighting the album's "upbeat side" with a distinctive Latin feel. Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk said the song has a "rich groove", while "Entertainment Weekly"s David Browne described it as "club-hopping".


title: On the 6

text: Lyrically, several soft ballads on the record have Lopez portraying a woman who is heartbroken. "No Me Ames" is sung by Lopez and Marc Anthony, who became her third husband several years after the album's release. The ballad (which Lopez didn't want to sound "too Latin") is described as "smoldering". A tropical version of "No Me Ames" was included; Heather Phares of AllMusic said that the remix "emphasizes Lopez's distinctive heritage". "Open Off My Love" is one of the album's upbeat songs and is inspired by R&B Latin; the arrangement includes horns, keyboards and percussion. It contains a sample of Grupo Africando's song "Yay Boy" and has several sexual innuendoes, with lyrics such as "When I touch, you get hot" and "Touch you in that place you like/ You'll be open off my love". "Should Have Never" is one of the album's "smooth" ballads, in which Lopez sings about regret. About writing "Should've Never", Lopez said "I would listen to it and listen to it, and then I was like, "I have an idea of what I want to write about: when you're with somebody, and somebody else comes into your life, and even though you love this person, somebody else is there...". The song concludes with a "Spanish moan". "On the 6" features several other ballads, including "Too Late" and the "flamenco-flavored", bittersweet "Could This Be Love". Lopez shows her vulnerable side on "Talk About Us" and "Promise Me You'll Try".


title: On the 6

text: "If You Had My Love" (Lopez' debut single) was released as the lead single from "On the 6" on May 4, 1999. Produced by Rodney Jerkins, LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jenkins III and Cory Rooney, the single was an instant hit (reaching number one in the United States). It was also an international success, reaching number one in Australia, New Zealand, Finland and other countries; it reached the top ten in over ten countries. Reflecting on the song's success in the United States, Lopez said "Still I think about that and still it's like wow, my first record I ever did went to No. 1. It's just an overwhelming feeling... This is a very special thing." A music video for the song, directed by Paul Hunter, caused a stir for its theme of voyeurism and became a fixture on the music video channel MTV. It was well received by critics, with "Entertainment Weekly" grading it A-minus. "No Me Ames" (with Marc Anthony) was the album's second single. Though it appeared as a B-side single to "If You Had My Love", both songs were promoted to radio ("If You Had My Love" to English-language stations and "No Me Ames" to Spanish-language stations) and "No Me Ames" reached #1 on "Billboard"s Hot Latin Songs chart.


title: On the 6

text: "Waiting for Tonight", the album's third single, was released on September 7, 1999. Its music video consisted of a New Year's Eve party-theme, relative to the upcoming new millennium that was approaching. The song would become Lopez's second US top ten hit. As the year 2000 approached, it rose on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at #8. On January 25, 2000 the single "Feelin' So Good", featuring rappers Big Punisher (Big Pun) and Fat Joe, was released as the album's fourth single. Big Punisher failed to appear on "Saturday Night Live", where Lopez and Fat Joe performed the song around the time of its release; it was later announced on MTV that Big Pun had died of a heart attack related to his weight. Lopez later issued a statement regarding his death: "He was a source of pride for the Latin community, a great artist and a great person. We will miss him terribly". "Feelin' So Good" cracked the Hot 100, peaking at #51, and its music video received heavy rotation on MTV. The video featured Lopez and her girlfriends headed out for a night on the town at a local club, where they run into Fat Joe and Big Pun, both of whom are vying for Lopez's affection. In June 2000, the album's fifth and final single, "Let's Get Loud", was released. Although not a US hit, "Let's Get Loud" did become a hit in several international markets.


title: On the 6

text: The album's title refers to the 6 subway service in New York City, which Lopez used to ride to and from work in Manhattan as well as her home in the Bronx during her early career.


title: On the 6

text: On the day of the album's release, Lopez appeared at the Virgin Megastore in New York City and signed copies of the CD for fans. On June 4, Lopez appeared at the Wherehouse Entertainment Store at the Beverly Connection in Los Angeles, California to publicize the album. According to Yahoo! Music, "She will be making a grand red-carpet entrance and signing autographs for the crowd expected for the event".


title: On the 6

text: On July 9, Lopez and Ricky Martin appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" to discuss the "Latin explosion" in the Anglo music market. The next day, she performed at the closing ceremony of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup at the Rose Bowl. On August 12, Lopez was a presenter at the Teen Choice Awards. A week later, BET aired a documentary entitled "24 Hours With Jennifer Lopez – From Fly Girl to Major Star". August 23 saw Lopez on MTV's "Making the Video" (episode 108), where cameras followed her while she filmed the video for "Waiting for Tonight". That October MTV aired a documentary about the entertainer, which retraced her "steps into the spotlight as one of show business's hottest stars" by returning "to her pre-headline days during her childhood in the Bronx, where her dream to perform was first ignited at age five as a ballet and flamenco student". On December 8, 1999, Lopez first performed "Waiting for Tonight" at the Billboard Music Awards at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, where she opened the show.


title: On the 6

text: On December 27, 1999 Lopez and then-boyfriend, rapper and producer Sean Combs (who co-produced "On the 6"), were arrested with two others in connection with a shooting outside the Times Square Club in New York. They were charged with criminal possession of a weapon and stolen property. Lopez was soon exonerated; her attorney released a statement that "Jennifer Lopez does not own a firearm nor does she condone the use of firearms", while Combs' publicist said that Lopez "had absolutely, positively nothing to do with this shooting". However, Combs was indicted by a Manhattan grand jury. The controversy was expected to dent "On the 6"s promotion, but a spokeswoman for Lopez said that was unlikely; the shooting had attracted attention primarily in New York. With the release of "Feelin' So Good" as a single, Lopez dove back into another sea of promotion with several TV interviews at the beginning of 2000. On February 23 Lopez wore a plunging, exotic Green Versace jungle dress to the 42nd Grammy Awards, which overshadowed the shooting and became one of the best-known red-carpet dresses in history. At the 13th Annual Kids' Choice Awards, which aired on April 15, 2000, Lopez performed "Feelin' So Good". On May 2, she again performed "Feelin' So Good" and "Waiting for Tonight" on "Saturday Night Live". That November a video album entitled "" was released by SMV Enterprises, the home-media division of Sony Corporation's music-and-entertainment label Sony Music Entertainment. The album provides a documentary-style look at the launch of Lopez's music career with a mixture of interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, music videos and live performances.


title: On the 6

text: "On the 6" received positive reviews from contemporary music critics. Elysa Gardner of "The Los Angeles Times" gave the album a positive review, praising its blend of "urban and Latin textures and grooves with shiny pop savvy" and Lopez' vocals, which she described "as seductively emotive as her work on screen". "NME" noted, "Millionaire movie star Jennifer Lopez sidles into the music biz and her sultry purr singlehandedly eradicates all public need for the likes of (Whitney) Houston, (Celine) Dion and the rest of the world's favourite shag-anthem divas...Mariah Carey's ongoing quest for cool has just been dealt a severe blow." "Rolling Stone"s Rob Sheffield gave the album three out of five stars, complimenting Lopez's conservative attitude to her music: "The happy surprise of "On the 6" is that she knows what she's doing. Instead of strained vocal pyrotechnics, Lopez sticks to the understated R&B murmur of a round-the-way superstar who doesn't need to belt because she knows you're already paying attention." Sheffield described Lopez as a "song-and-dance woman", who "makes a little va-va and a whole lot of voom go a long way."


title: On the 6

text: AllMusic's Heather Phares was also positive, writing that the album "showcases the actress' sultry, versatile voice in a number of settings." However, "Newsday" said that "the slick packaging and production are better than Lopez' personal sound". David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a mixed review, dissatisfied with Lopez' vocals despite the album's rich production: "As soon as Lopez opens her mouth, though, all this advance work falls by the wayside. On record, the husky-voiced voluptuousness that has become Lopez's trademark in films like "Out of Sight" simply vanishes." Browne felt that while her voice was "thinner" than expected, it was not "embarrassing, but sadly ordinary." Overall, he felt that despite "all of the wads of money spent on fledging" her music career, Lopez comes across as "a little more than a mild Spice Girl". Robert Christgau called "Let's Get Loud" the best song on the album, making it a "choice cut". Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk described "On the 6" as a "confident singing debut" because although he did not think Lopez's vocals are "terribly noteworthy", they have a "smooth" and "warm, sensual quality": "The more up-tempo songs have a greater kick than before, with beats that sound deep and dynamic, while ballads are presented with greater clarity and a more open, airy sound."


title: On the 6

text: "On the 6" was a commercial success, which surprised critics as it was considered a big risk for Lopez. For the week ending June 19, 1999 it debuted at number eight on the "Billboard" 200, selling 112,000 units during the same week "If You Had My Love" spent its second week at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The next week the album dropped to number 12, although its lead single remained atop the Hot 100. Its third week saw the album remain at this position. According to Nielsen SoundScan, "On the 6" sold almost 400,000 copies during its first four weeks. Throughout July the album performed steadily, remaining in the "Billboard" 200's top twenty. By August 21 the album had spent ten weeks on the top twenty, while "If You Had My Love" had been in the top ten of the Hot 100 for twelve weeks. By October, "On the 6" had sold 1.6 million copies in the United States. After a one-year run on the chart the album fell off by the week of June 3, 2000 after charting at number 173. It re-entered two weeks later at number 179, before dropping to number 186 and falling off the chart the following week. Overall, "On the 6" experienced a 53-week run on the "Billboard" 200. The album also peaked at number eight on "Billboard"s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over three million units. By October 2010 "Billboard"s Gary Trust reported that the album had sold 2.81 million copies in the United States, making it Lopez's second-bestseller overall. To date "On the 6" has sold a total of 2.9 million copies, according to Nielsen Music/MRC Data.


title: On the 6

text: The album also enjoyed international success, reaching the top ten in a number of countries. In Germany, "On the 6" entered the charts on July 19, 1999 at number eight; after two weeks, it peaked at number three. It was certified gold in that country by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) for sales exceeding 250,000 units. The album also peaked at number three (and was certified gold) in Switzerland, where it sold 15,000 copies. In Canada "On the 6" peaked at number five, and was certified five times for shipments of over a half-million copies. In Belgium, the album reached number ten in Flanders and number six in Wallonia. "On the 6" entered the Dutch album chart at number 55 for the week of July 10, 1999. Nearly a month later, on August 7, it peaked at number six. The album spent a total of 82 weeks charting in the Netherlands, and was certified platinum for sales of 60,000 copies. "On the 6" was moderately successful in Australia, where it debuted (and peaked) at number 11 on July 18, 1999. In 2002 it was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling 70,000 copies. "On the 6" peaked at number 14 in the United Kingdom, and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for sales of over 300,000 copies. The album entered the French album chart at number 24 on July 3, 1999, peaking at number 15 two weeks later. It spent a total of 38 weeks on the chart, and was awarded a double-gold certification by the "Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique" for sales of 210,000 copies. "On the 6" had sold 2 million copies worldwide by November 26, 1999; and 5 million by June 2000. By February 2001, the album had sold over 8 million copies worldwide.


title: On the 6

text: Lopez and fellow recording artists Ricky Martin, Enrique Iglesias, and Marc Anthony have been credited with popularizing pop music by Hispanic artists during the year 1999. At the time, it was noted that Latin musicians were "creating a stir" in American entertainment. According to "The Dallas Morning News", a Latin pop crossover "explosion" and "ethnic boom" was occurring. Brian Haack of The Recording Academy wrote that it was Lopez's performance in "Selena" that positioned her as "the breakout female star to help propel the Latin pop movement". Since she is of Latin descent and crossed over to the mainstream music market, Lopez is considered "crossover royalty". Mark Guarino of the "Daily Herald" said of Lopez and her fellow Latin artists, "judging from their records, their cultural identity was identified as cultural baggage by their record companies and those suitcases were shucked en route to stardom".


title: On the 6

text: Lopez and Anthony noted that they wanted the "Latin invasion" and "hype" to die down so they could be viewed as normal artists and "regular people". Anthony asserted that their music "is not Latin music" (although it has Latin influences), but "it isn't representative of what Latin music is": "To stand out because you're Puerto Rican or because you're Latin is really weird." Lopez said, "I don't think Latino is a phase [or] like it's this year's hot thing. Being that you're talking about people, I don't feel that way, really." The "Hartford Courant" said, "All have conquered mainstream pop charts by toning down the spice of their native salsa and especially by singing in English". Later, Lopez noted: "It's funny that they create a 'movement' thing because three people come out with an album at the same time, or whatever it was. Yes, I'm Latin. Yes, I made an English pop album because I grew up here in the United States. I don't know...It didn't bother me in any way. I didn't think of it as a negative thing, but I also didn't think it was fair to do it because it makes it seem like people are a fad—or a culture is a fad." This "Latin explosion" was showcased in a 2015 HBO documentary titled "The Latin Explosion", produced by Mottola; it included a sit-down interview with Lopez among other Latin recording artists.


title: On the 6

text: Six months after the release of "On the 6" Lopez had successfully transformed from a movie star into a pop star, joining an "elite circle of actors to venture successfully into the music arena". She became the latest of a small number of stars to achieve this, following Martika and Vanessa Williams (who crossed over during the late 1980s and early 1990s). The provocative music video for the album's lead single ("If You Had My Love") was a hit on MTV channels worldwide, with Lopez popular in a field previously dominated by Madonna and Janet Jackson. "Waiting for Tonight" and its music video created a musical craze in association with the new year, and was a celebratory anthem for the new millennium. In 2013, Andrew Barker of "Variety" described the single as her "breakout club hit", observing that it "seemed to anticipate the rise of Euro-centric dance pop a decade before EDM became a buzz term" and noting that when DJ culture became a trend Lopez turned away (instead released the Spanish-language "Como Ama una Mujer" in 2007).


title: On the 6

text: Since the release of "On the 6", Lopez has been widely regarded as a triple-threat performer: the most-influential entertainer of Hispanic descent in the United States and a pop culture icon. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Making the transition from hot actor to singing star is a risky proposition—anyone remember Philip Michael Thomas' musical moment? But Lopez is going about it in a most agreeable way: with a light heart and even lighter feet." "Entertainment Weekly", which gave the album a mixed review, said "In the year 2020, this album will be part of someone's doctoral thesis on the dangers of crossover". Lopez has used her film and music career to build a successful empire. In April 2011 CNN wrote, "From Fly Girl on "In Living Color" to judge on "American Idol", she has taken her talent beyond the triple threat of being a dancer, singer and actress and now helms an empire that includes fragrances, a production company, lucrative endorsements and a place once again atop the charts, having sold tens of millions of records over the years". Lopez has sold 75 million records after "On the 6", and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2013 for her contribution to the music industry.


title: Urban exploration

text: Urban exploration (often shortened as UE, urbex and sometimes known as roof and tunnel hacking) is the exploration of manmade structures, usually abandoned ruins or hidden components of the manmade environment. Photography and historical interest/documentation are heavily featured in the hobby and it sometimes involves trespassing onto private property. Urban exploration is also called draining (a specific form of urban exploration where storm drains or sewers are explored), urban spelunking, urban rock climbing, urban caving, building hacking, or mousing.


title: Urban exploration

text: The activity presents various risks, including both physical danger and, if done illegally and/or without permission, the possibility of arrest and punishment. Some activities associated with urban exploration violate local or regional laws and certain broadly interpreted anti-terrorism laws, or can be considered trespassing or invasion of privacy.


title: Urban exploration

text: Ventures into abandoned structures are perhaps the most common example of urban exploration. Many sites are entered first by locals and may have graffiti or other kinds of vandalism, while others are better preserved. Although targets of exploration vary from one country to another, high-profile abandonments include amusement parks, grain elevators, factories, power plants, missile silos, fallout shelters, hospitals, asylums, prisons, schools, poor houses, and sanatoriums.


title: Urban exploration

text: In Japan, abandoned infrastructure is known as (literally "ruins"), and the term is synonymous with the practice of urban exploration. are particularly common in Japan because of its rapid industrialization (e.g., Hashima Island), damage during World War II, the 1980s real estate bubble, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.


title: Urban exploration

text: Many explorers find decay of uninhabited space profoundly beautiful, and some are also proficient freelance photographers who document what they see, such as those who document the infrastructure of the former USSR.


title: Urban exploration

text: Abandoned sites are also popular among historians, preservationists, architects, archaeologists, industrial archaeologists, and ghost hunters.


title: Urban exploration

text: Another aspect of urban exploration is the practice of exploring active or "in use" buildings, which includes gaining access to secured or "member-only" areas, mechanical rooms, roofs, elevator rooms, abandoned floors, and other normally unseen parts of working buildings. The term "infiltration" is often associated with the exploration of active structures. People entering restricted areas may be committing trespass, and civil prosecution may result.


title: Urban exploration

text: Catacombs such as those found in Paris, Rome, Odessa, and Naples have been investigated by urban explorers. Some consider the Mines of Paris, comprising many of the tunnels that are not open to public tourism, including the catacombs, the "Holy Grail" due to their extensive nature and history. Explorers of these spaces are known as cataphiles.


title: Urban exploration

text: Entry into storm drains, or "draining", is another common form of urban exploration. Groups devoted to the task have arisen, such as the Cave Clan in Australia. Draining has a specialized set of guidelines, the foremost of which is "When it rains, no drains!", because the dangers of becoming entrapped, washed away, or killed increase dramatically during heavy rainfall.


title: Urban exploration

text: A small subset of explorers enter sanitary sewers. Sometimes they are the only connection to caves or other subterranean features. Sewers are among the most dangerous locations to explore owing to risk of poisoning by buildups of toxic gas (commonly methane, hydrogen sulfide, or carbon dioxide). Sewers can contain viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms. Protective equipment is recommended for people who enter sewers.


title: Urban exploration

text: Exploring active and abandoned subway and railway tunnels, bores, and stations is often considered trespassing and can result in civil prosecution, due to security concerns. As a result, this type of exploration is rarely publicized. An exception to this is the abandoned subway of Rochester, New York, the only American city with an abandoned subway system that was once operational. The Cincinnati subway is also abandoned, but was never completed. London has a number of stations on the London Underground network that have been closed over the years, with Aldwych tube station a popular location for explorers.


title: Urban exploration

text: Universities, and other large institutions such as hospitals, often distribute hazardous superheated steam for heating or cooling buildings from a central heating plant. These pipes are generally run through utility tunnels, which are often intended to be accessible solely for the purposes of maintenance. Nevertheless, many of these steam tunnels, especially those on college campuses, have a tradition of exploration by students. This practice was once called "vadding" at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but students there now call it roof and tunnel hacking.


title: Urban exploration

text: Some steam tunnels have dirt floors, poor lighting and temperatures above . Others have concrete floors, bright light, and more moderate temperatures. Most steam tunnels have large intake fans to bring in fresh air and push the hot air out the back, and these may start without warning. Most active steam tunnels do not contain airborne asbestos, but proper breathing protection may be required for other respiratory hazards. Experienced explorers are very cautious inside active utility tunnels since pipes can spew boiling hot water or steam from leaky valves or pressure relief blow offs. Often there are puddles of muddy water on the floor, making slips and falls a special concern near hot pipes.


title: Urban exploration

text: Steam tunnels have generally been secured more heavily in recent years, due to their frequent use for carrying communications network backbone cables, increased safety and liability concerns, and perceived risk of use in terrorist activities.


title: Urban exploration

text: The rise in urban exploration's popularity can be attributed to increased media attention. Recent television shows such as "Urban Explorers" on the Discovery Channel, "MTV's Fear", and the "Ghost Hunting" exploits of The Atlantic Paranormal Society have packaged the hobby for a popular audience. The fictional film "After..." (2006), a hallucinatory thriller set in Moscow's underground subways, features urban explorers caught up in extreme situations. Talks and exhibits on urban exploration have appeared at the fifth and sixth Hackers on Planet Earth Conference, complementing numerous newspaper articles and interviews.


title: Urban exploration

text: Another source of popular information is "Cities of the Underworld", a documentary series that ran for three seasons on the History Channel starting in 2007. This series roamed around the world, showing little-known underground structures in remote locales, as well as right under the feet of densely packed city-dwellers. Websites for professional and hobby explorers have developed to share tips and locations.


title: Urban exploration

text: With the rise in the hobby's popularity, there has been increasing discussion of whether the extra attention has been beneficial.


title: Urban exploration

text: The activity's growing popularity has resulted in increased attention not just from explorers but also from vandals and law enforcement. The illicit aspects of urban exploring, which may include trespassing and breaking and entering, have had critical attention in mainstream newspapers.


title: Urban exploration

text: In Australia, lawyers for the Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales shut down the Sydney Cave Clan's website after they raised concerns that the portal could "risk human safety and threaten the security of its infrastructure". Another website belonging to the Bangor Explorers Guild was criticized by the Maine State Police for encouraging behavior that "could get someone hurt or killed". Toronto Police, called for an "end" to rooftop photography in 2016, citing similar concerns about the possibility of death or injury.The Toronto Transit Commission has used the Internet to crimp subway tunnel explorations, going as far as to send investigators to various explorers' homes.


title: Urban exploration

text: Jeff Chapman, who authored "Infiltration", writes that genuine urban explorers "never vandalize, steal or damage anything". The thrill comes from "discovery and a few nice pictures". Some explorers also request permission for entry in advance.


title: Urban exploration

text: Storm drains are not designed with human access as their primary use and can be subject to flash flooding and bad air.


title: Urban exploration

text: Many abandoned structures have hazards such as unstable structures, unsafe floors, broken glass, stray voltage, entrapment hazards, or unknown chemicals and other harmful substances (most notably asbestos). Other risks include freely roaming guard dogs and hostile squatters. Some abandoned locations may be heavily guarded by motion detectors and active security patrols, while others are more easily accessible and carry less risk of discovery.


title: Urban exploration

text: Rooftopping and skywalking are the ascent of rooftops, cranes, antennas, smokestacks, etc., usually illegally, to get an adrenaline rush and take selfie photos or videos. Rooftopping is different from skywalking as the latter is mostly about taking panoramic photographs of the scene below, and safety is more important than the thrill. Rooftopping has been especially popular in Russia.Buildering has a similar goal as rooftopping and skywalking (to reach the roof), but involves climbing the building from the outside rather than infiltrating from the inside.


title: Urban exploration

text: The location-based games "Ingress" and the following "Pokémon Go" based on the former have urban exploration elements. While some are concerned with keeping certain sites secret from the public at large, mainly to prevent vandalism, several apps dedicated to urban exploration exist.


title: Kkangpae

text: Kkangpae (Korean: 깡패) is a romanization of the Korean for a 'gangster', 'thug', 'punk' or 'hoodlum', usually referring to members of unorganized street gangs. This is as opposed to mafiosos or members of organized crime gangs, which are known as geondal (Korean: 건달), or jopok (Korean: 조폭 / Hanja: 組暴 ; Abbreviation of 조직폭력배 / 組織暴力輩).


title: Kkangpae

text: Criminal gangs have featured in South Korean popular culture, including films and television, over the past decades.


title: Kkangpae

text: The Korean mafia may have been established in the 19th century, towards the end of the Joseon dynasty, with the rise of commerce and the emergence of investment from European colonial powers. At this time, pre-existing street gangs, which were largely lower-class but operated by wealthy merchants, gained greater influence. The modern history of Korean criminal organizations can be divided into four periods: the Colonial era, the political mobs of the 1950s and early 1960s under president Syngman Rhee, the Civil War period under the military rule of Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan, and the present era.


title: Kkangpae

text: During the 35 years of when Korea was under Imperial Japanese rule, some Koreans were subjected to forced labor and sex slavery. This intensified during World War II when the Empire of Japan spread its empire throughout Manchuria, and parts of China. During this period, Koreans fled to mainland Japan and formed mobs to overcome discrimination and crime. The most infamous "mobster" during this period was Kim Du-han, the son of a famous Korean independence fighter and insurgent leader Kim Chwa-chin, a freedom fighter against Colonial rule. After his mother and father were killed, Kim grew up as a beggar and became involved with a local gang named "Jumok" ("fist"). He rose through the ranks and became infamous for fighting groups against the Japanese mobs, or yakuza.


title: Kkangpae

text: The colonial branch of the Imperial Japanese yakuza was then under the control of Hayashi, an ethnic Korean who defected to the Japanese and joined the yakuza. The rival mob to Hayashi's yakuza was controlled by Koo Majok, but the Korean mafia was always short of money and many local mob bosses were disloyal to Koo and formed separated mobs, notably Shin Majak and Shang Kal ("twin knives"). Koo Majok finally tried to solidify his control over the Korean mobs by knocking out Ssang Kal and taking over his territory, but it caused a backlash. Kim Du-han, originally a member of Ssang Kal, rebelled against Koo Majok. Kim killed both Shin Majok and Koo Majok, and unified all the Korean mobs under his command at the age of 18. After solidifying his rule by beating the revolting groups, Kim made his move against the yakuza, starting the famous trial war between Kkangpae and yakuza, which became symbolic of the resistance by Koreans against Japanese. Kim Du-han was a major figure of the movement against the colonial rule and later became a politician in Syngman Rhee's Liberal Party.


title: Kkangpae

text: During the 1950s, two separate Seoul-based groups, the Myung-dong and the Chong-ro, operated to protect Korean merchants from Japanese criminals who were often protected by officials. The 1960s, however, saw a shutdown of nearly all gang activity as those groups were considered a problem by the regime.


title: Kkangpae

text: It was not until the early 1970s that the modern Korean gangs began to emerge. Hierarchical structures began forming during this time, as well as the use of weapons such as knives and iron bars which culminated in more violent attacks. The 1980s was a flourishing period for gangsters, as they were able to infiltrate businesses and set up connections with in-house government and entertainment officials, as well as making ties with other global crime rings.


title: Kkangpae

text: The early 1990s saw another periodic crackdown with Article 114 of Korean Criminal Law dictating that not only were organized gangs illegal, but those who joined or formed groups could also be charged. This new law forced many into hiding or fleeing, while many others were arrested, and even those who finished their time were often put under surveillance if they were deemed career criminals. However, Korea's rapid globalization has it made it hard for law enforcement to completely stamp out organized crime, which continues to be a problem in the present day.


title: Kkangpae

text: Gang members have been linked to crimes ranging from sex trafficking to drug smuggling, burglary, kidnapping for ransom and extortion. A survey in 2007 showed that 109 inmates jailed for organized criminal activities were all involved in extortion, mostly victimizing/running bars, nightclubs, and game rooms. Gangsters have also been used as hired muscle and strongmen for businesses, such as in the case of Kim Seung-youn, "a conglomerate owner who hired gangsters to abduct and beat up employees of bar". Assaults have become more common in recent years as seen in 2009, when out of 621 gang members, 35% were arrested for assault while extortion took second at 29%, and illegal gambling (11%) and loan sharking (7%) made up the rest. The number of gang members and affiliates jump in years of economic strain, as in the economic slump of 2009, when officials saw a 60% increase in new gang formations and activities. In 2011, police initiated a crackdown on gangs and affiliated members, rounding up 127 individuals within the first week of the "war against organized crime".


title: Kkangpae

text: South Korean mafiosi often have tattoos of the "pa" (English: "mob") they are in. When confronted by other mobs, they show their tattoos to help identify themselves. The tattoo can also be used as a warning to the general public. As a result, tattoos are often considered taboo in South Korean society. The mafia boss in Korea is called "hyungnim".


title: Kkangpae

text: The stereotypical image of the quintessential South Korean mafioso is one with a "gakdoogi" hairstyle, which consists of the sides of the head shaved, with hair remaining on top, a big build, dark, black clothing, tacky suits, black-painted luxury cars, prominent tattoos, and regional accents or dialects (Korean: "Saturi"). Contrary to popular belief, Seoul is not a known hotbed of South Korean mob presence. The most prominent organizations of the South Korean mafia operate in the Jeolla region, in cities such as Gwangju and Mokpo, with other South Korean mafiosi known to be operating in Busan and Incheon.


title: Kkangpae

text: There are many named local gangs and organized crime affiliates in South Korea. They often operate small, local businesses to earn extra money, however, their usual source of income comes from protection fees, in which they take over a certain neighborhood designated as their "territory" (Korean: 구역), demanding that all businesses in the neighborhood make a monthly payment to the gang leaders in exchange for not damaging their business. Some of the most proeminent criminal syndicates are:


title: Kkangpae

text: Films romanticizing "kkangpae" have featured in South Korean cinema since the 1970s, but gained a foothold in the market in the early 1990s. Such films emphasized traits like loyalty, decency, and morality against a backdrop of violence and corruption. The popularity of films like "Friend" (2001), "A Bittersweet Life" (2005), "New World" (2013) popularized the image of the identifiable and ‘honorable’ gangster.


title: Kkangpae

text: The rise in gang-centered content in film and television has been linked to changes in the public perception of "kkangpae", particularly in teens and younger audiences. Some have linked this to the increase in school-yard gangs known as "iljinhoe", which may take cues from such movies in the form of intimidation and mental or physical abuse. Youths may look up to "kkangpae" characters for their strength and intelligence outside of the restrictive classroom setting.


title: Kkangpae

text: Korean gang culture is also quite prominent in TV shows. Some notorious fictional Korean gangs that feature prominently in TV series include:


title: Haenyeo

text: Jeju's diving tradition dates back to 434 AD. Originally, diving was an exclusively male profession, with the exception of women who worked alongside their husbands. The first mention of female divers in literature does not come until the 17th century, when a monograph of Jeju geography describes them as (literally "diving women").


title: Haenyeo

text: By the 18th century, female divers, at this point commonly referred to as , outnumbered male divers. Several possible explanations exist for this shift. For instance, in the 17th century, a significant number of men died at sea due to war or deep-sea fishing accidents, meaning that diving became the work of women. Another explanation is that women tend to have more subcutaneous fat and a higher shivering threshold than men, making them better suited to work in cold waters. An 18th century document records that taxes of dried abalone were imposed on ordinary people, forcing many women to dive in cold waters while pregnant.


title: Haenyeo

text: As sea diving became a female-dominated industry, many of the subsequently replaced their husbands as the primary laborer. This trend was especially prominent after the Japanese colonized Korea in 1910 and diving became much more lucrative. Up until this point, much of what the harvested was given to the Joseon government as tribute. When the Japanese took over, however, they abolished this tradition, allowing to sell their catch at market and make a profit. Additionally, Japanese and Korean merchants hired to work for them in Japan and on the Korean mainland as wage-laborers, increasing their financial situations greatly. On Yeonpyeong-ri, an island near Incheon where many worked, their wages, on average, constituted 40 to 48 percent of a typical family's total income. The prominent place of in Jeju's economy and in their individual family units continued long after Japanese colonization. In the early 1960s, for example, harvests accounted for 60% of Jeju's fisheries revenue, and 40% of husbands remained unemployed.


title: Haenyeo

text: Because so many families relied on the for the majority of their income, a semi-matriarchal society developed on Jeju with the at the head of the household. On the tiny islets off the coast of Jeju, such as Mara Island, where sea-diving was the sole source of income, this reversal of traditional gender roles was fully realized; men would look after the children and go shopping while the women would bring in money for the family. Other manifestations of Jeju's unique society include men paying a dowry to the family of the bride (a reversal of the custom on the Korean mainland) and families celebrating the birth of girls over the birth of boys.


title: Haenyeo

text: While certain elements of a matriarchal society surfaced in Jeju, they were not enough to completely overcome the predominance of Confucianism. As a result, beyond the domestic sphere, little else about Jeju society was different from what existed on the Korean mainland. For example, men filled all political leadership roles and were the only ones who could perform ancestor-worship ceremonies and inherit property and the familial line. Furthermore, during the era of colonial rule, remained peasants, never moving up the chain to become small-business owners or managers of seafood manufacturing plants. Even in the home, most remained the primary caregiver and handled at least half of the domestic chores.


title: Haenyeo

text: Today, are celebrated as one of Jeju's most valued treasures. The Korean government shows its appreciation for the unique contributions of the to Jeju's culture by subsidizing their gear and granting them exclusive rights to sell fresh seafood. Furthermore, in March 2014, the government requested the UNESCO to add to its Intangible Cultural Heritage list. were inscribed in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List from 2016 and enlisted as South Korean Intangible Cultural Property from 2017.


title: Haenyeo

text: Like many other historical cultural practices, the sea-diving industry has fallen victim to industrialisation. Beginning in the 1960s, the Korean government sought ways to jumpstart the country's economy in every province. Because Jeju was not a practical place to build factories, the Korean government decided to turn it into an exporter of mandarin oranges. By 1969, a majority of rural workers had joined this new industry. Additionally, about 2% of all land in Jeju was dedicated to farming mandarin oranges. In the 1970s, the government launched another program to bolster Jeju's tourism industry. By 1978, tourism had surpassed agriculture as the island's largest industry.


title: Haenyeo

text: All of this change had a significant impact on numbers. Given alternatives to back-breaking labor in miserable conditions, women abandoned the sea-diving industry in droves. In the five years between 1965 and 1970, numbers dropped from 23,081 to 14,143. Even more damning to the way of life, education opportunities and attractive positions in emerging industries have deterred younger girls from becoming . In 1970, 31% of were 30 years old or younger, 55% were between 30 and 49 years old and only 14% were 50 or older. , however, 98% of were over the age of 50.


title: Haenyeo

text: Traditionally, girls started training as when they were 11 years old. Beginning in shallow water, trainees worked their way up to more challenging depths. After about seven years of training, a girl was considered a "full-fledged" . Today, the oldest are over 80 years old, and have been diving for more than 66 years.


title: Haenyeo

text: All together, the tools of a consist of a wetsuit, diving mask, fins, gloves, chest weights (to assist diving) an L-shaped weeding hoe, and a net attached to a flotation device. The stash their catch in these nets until they are done for the day.


title: Haenyeo

text: How long the spend in the water depends on the season. Before wetsuits were available and all they wore were cotton swimsuits, could stay in the water for only up to an hour at a time during the winter months. After an hour, they got out of the water and sat by the fire for 3–4 hours to dry off. After this break, they would jump back into the water for another hour. During the summer months, however, they stayed in the water for up to 3 hours at a time before a break. With the introduction of wetsuits, found they could stay in the water for five to six hours at a time, even during the winter.


title: Haenyeo

text: With each dive, plunge up to deep and can hold their breath for over three minutes. Their harvests consist of abalone, conch, octopus, sea urchins, sea squirt, brown alga, top shell, a variety of sargassum, oysters and sea slugs, etc. The divers must contend with dangers such as jellyfish, poor weather and sharks.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Rainbow Gatherings are temporary, loosely knit communities of people, who congregate in remote forests around the world for one or more weeks at a time with the stated intention of living a shared ideology of peace, harmony, freedom, and respect. In the original invitation, spread throughout the United States in 1971, the "Rainbow Family Tribe" referred to themselves as "brothers & sisters, children of God", "Families of life on Earth", "Friends of Nature & of all People" and "Children of Humankind". All races, nations, politicians, etc. were invited in the desire that there could be peace among all people. The goal was to create what they believed was a more satisfying culture — free from consumerism, capitalism, and mass media — one that would be non-hierarchical, that would further world peace, and serve as a model for reforms to mainstream society. However, the values actually exhibited by the group have at times varied quite a bit from this ideal, with recent decades showing increasing levels of crime at the events, and some organizers stating the core principles have been modified, and become more mainstream, in an effort to attract more people.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Influenced by 1960s counterculture and the non-commercial rock festivals of the early 1970s, Rainbow is a "revitalization movement" with many philosophies and practices that have roots in the historic utopian traditions of the mid–19th century. The first Rainbow Gathering was held in Colorado, U.S. in 1972 and was attended by more than 20,000 people. In the 1980s, gatherings started to form outside of North America as autonomous, but connected events around the world.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Media coverage of Rainbow Gatherings has been unfavorable since the 1980s, when journalists started to describe Rainbow Family members in terms such as "aging hippies", "grown-up flower children", or "middle-aged white folks". In the 2000s, the media focus shifted to the increase in crime in the local communities closest to Gatherings, ranging from petty crimes like retail theft to violent assaults and serious traffic charges, such as driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Despite the movement's environmentalist and pacifist aspirations, Gatherings, which are typically held in national forests and other ecologically sensitive areas, are portrayed by media as having a deleterious impact on the local environment and participants have thus developed a reputation for excessive drug and alcohol use, in addition to disruptive and criminal activity. This has resulted in increased police presence at Gatherings and a poor reception from community members and business owners in nearby towns. Cultural appropriation and misrepresentation of Native American traditions and beliefs have also given the Gathering a poor reception from nearby reservations. In the U.S., these issues are also contributing factors to the decline in attendance at regional and national Gatherings.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Rainbow Gatherings and the Rainbow Family of Living Light (usually abbreviated to "Rainbow Family") claim to express utopian impulses, bohemianism, hipster and hippie culture. The gatherings have roots clearly traceable to the counterculture of the 1960s.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: Rainbow Gatherings have their own jargon, which helps to create a sense of community and express their thoughts on society and social justice. In particular, mainstream society is commonly referred to and viewed as "Babylon", a term from the Christian New Testament connoting the participants' widely held belief that modern lifestyles and systems of government are unhealthy, unsustainable, exploitative and out of harmony with the natural systems of the planet.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: The original Rainbow Gathering was in 1972, and since then gatherings have been held annually in the United States from July 1 through 7 every year on National Forest land. Throughout the year, regional and international gatherings are held in the United States and in many other places around the world.


title: Rainbow Gathering

text: The first Rainbow Gathering of the Tribes, a four-day event in Colorado in the United States in July 1972, was organized by youth counterculture "tribes" based in Northern California and the Pacific Northwest. Twenty thousand people faced police roadblocks, threatened civil disobedience, and were allowed onto National Forest land. This was intended to be a one-time event; however, a second gathering in Wyoming the following year materialized, at which point an annual event was declared. The length of the gatherings has since expanded beyond the original four-day span, as have the number and frequency of the gatherings.