title: Electrical cable

text: In the 19th century and early 20th century, electrical cable was often insulated using cloth, rubber or paper. Plastic materials are generally used today, except for high-reliability power cables. The first thermoplastic used was gutta-percha (a natural latex) which was found useful for underwater cables in the 19th century. The first, and still very common, man-made plastic used for cable insulation was polyethylene. This was invented in 1930, but not available outside military use until after World War 2 during which a telegraph cable using it was laid across the English Channel to support troops following D-Day.


title: Electrical cable

text: Cables can be securely fastened and organized, such as by using trunking, cable trays, cable ties or cable lacing. Continuous-flex or flexible cables used in moving applications within cable carriers can be secured using strain relief devices or cable ties.


title: Electrical cable

text: At high frequencies, current tends to run along the surface of the conductor. This is known as the skin effect.


title: Electrical cable

text: Any current-carrying conductor, including a cable, radiates an electromagnetic field. Likewise, any conductor or cable will pick up energy from any existing electromagnetic field around it. These effects are often undesirable, in the first case amounting to unwanted transmission of energy which may adversely affect nearby equipment or other parts of the same piece of equipment; and in the second case, unwanted pickup of noise which may mask the desired signal being carried by the cable, or, if the cable is carrying power supply or control voltages, pollute them to such an extent as to cause equipment malfunction.


title: Electrical cable

text: The first solution to these problems is to keep cable lengths in buildings short since pick up and transmission are essentially proportional to the length of the cable. The second solution is to route cables away from trouble. Beyond this, there are particular cable designs that minimize electromagnetic pickup and transmission. Three of the principal design techniques are shielding, coaxial geometry, and twisted-pair geometry.


title: Electrical cable

text: Shielding makes use of the electrical principle of the Faraday cage. The cable is encased for its entire length in foil or wire mesh. All wires running inside this shielding layer will be to a large extent decoupled from external "electrical" fields, particularly if the shield is connected to a point of constant voltage, such as earth or ground. Simple shielding of this type is not greatly effective against low-frequency "magnetic" fields, however - such as magnetic "hum" from a nearby power transformer. A grounded shield on cables operating at 2.5 kV or more gathers leakage current and capacitive current, protecting people from electric shock and equalizing stress on the cable insulation.


title: Electrical cable

text: Coaxial design helps to further reduce low-frequency magnetic transmission and pickup. In this design the foil or mesh shield has a circular cross section and the inner conductor is exactly at its center. This causes the voltages induced by a magnetic field between the shield and the core conductor to consist of two nearly equal magnitudes which cancel each other.


title: Electrical cable

text: A twisted pair has two wires of a cable twisted around each other. This can be demonstrated by putting one end of a pair of wires in a hand drill and turning while maintaining moderate tension on the line. Where the interfering signal has a wavelength that is long compared to the pitch of the twisted pair, alternate lengths of wires develop opposing voltages, tending to cancel the effect of the interference.


title: Electrical cable

text: Electrical cable jacket material is usually constructed of flexible plastic which will burn. The fire hazard of grouped cables can be significant. Cables jacketing materials can be formulated can prevent fire spread . Alternately, fire spread amongst combustible cables can be prevented by the application of fire retardant coatings directly on the cable exterior, or the fire threat can be isolated by the installation of boxes constructed of noncombustible materials around the bulk cable installation.


title: Electrical cable

text: CENELEC HD 361 is a ratified standard published by CENELEC, which relates to wire and cable marking type, whose goal is to harmonize cables. Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN, VDE) has released a similar standard (DIN VDE 0292).


title: Electrical cable

text: Hybrid optical and electrical cables can be used in wireless outdoor fiber-to-the-antenna (FTTA) applications. In these cables, the optical fibers carry information, and the electrical conductors are used to transmit power. These cables can be placed in several environments to serve antennas mounted on poles, towers or other structures. Local safety regulations may apply.


title: Oobah Butler

text: Oobah Butler is an English author and filmmaker. He is best known for creating The Shed at Dulwich, a fictional restaurant which became the top-rated venue in London on TripAdvisor in 2017, despite having never served a dish. In April 2019, Butler's debut book "How to Bullsh*t Your Way To Number 1" was published and became an "LA Times" bestseller. In 2021, he became co-host of "".


title: Oobah Butler

text: Butler began writing for "Vice Magazine" in October 2015 after successfully pitching an article in which he challenged himself to be a more successful door-to-door salesman than one of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Over the next two years, he regularly contributed articles to "Vice" (including a story in which he created a "DIY sex robot" from household items and fruit) and eventually started making short films that were shared on the site's social media channels.


title: Oobah Butler

text: In April 2017, inspired by a belief he'd developed while being paid to write false positive reviews for restaurants on TripAdvisor years before, Butler came up with an idea to try and get a restaurant that doesn't exist verified on the travel website. After making a website for his fake restaurant, The Shed at Dulwich, which featured plates of food created using household products including shaving foam and dishwasher tablets, and buying a phone, it was officially accepted and listed on the site. From there, Butler spent six months asking friends to post fake reviews hoping to place the restaurant as high on TripAdvisor's list of 18,149 restaurants in London as possible.


title: Oobah Butler

text: On November 1, 2017, the Shed was the highest rated restaurant in London. It was open for one night on the 17th of the same month, serving ten guests thinly-disguised microwaveable meals based on various “moods”, at no charge.


title: Oobah Butler

text: Following the release of both his article and documentary, "How to Become TripAdvisor’s #1 Fake Restaurant", about the process, the story became a viral success. To date, "Vice" claims it has received 100 million views worldwide.


title: Oobah Butler

text: Butler found himself at the centre of a media storm, appearing on popular television stations around the world. The reactions to the story were diverse, with Singaporean parliament using it as a vehicle to inform new laws on fake news and "The Washington Post" referencing Butler as "the Donald Trump of TripAdvisor". After conducting many interviews, Butler became convinced that it didn't need to be him being interviewed, saying, "Whether it's the segment on Brazil's Globo TV, or the hour-long documentary on Japanese TV, every interviewer has asked me the same questions about the shed. It's not really "me" being interviewed; what I did has some recognition, but I don’t.”


title: Oobah Butler

text: From there he successfully sent different lookalikes of himself in his place to conduct interviews on "Breakfast Sunrise" in Australia, WION in India, NOVA television in Bulgaria and BBC Radio 2 with Vanessa Feltz (who was standing in for Jeremy Vine on his lunchtime show).


title: Oobah Butler

text: Butler documented the Shed at Dulwich in a video on Vice Magazine's YouTube channel, "How to Become TripAdvisor’s #1 Fake Restaurant". He also made a short video about the subsequent lookalike interviews, titled "I Sent Fakes of Myself to Be on TV Around the World".


title: Oobah Butler

text: In June 2018, Butler released a seven-minute film entitled "How I Faked My Way to The Top of Paris Fashion Week," in which he masqueraded as fictional fashion designer “Georgio Peviani.” It was well received, being viewed over 30 million times worldwide and being included in the official selection at the 2018 LA Fashion Film Festival.


title: Oobah Butler

text: In 2021, Butler is due to co-host the UK edition of MTV's "" alongside Julie Adenuga. In May 2022, a second series of Catfish UK was announced with YouTube personality Nella Rose joining Butler as a new co-host in place of Julie Adenuga.


title: Oobah Butler

text: In December 2018, he announced his debut book "How to Bullsh*t Your Way To Number 1" in an interview with Forbes. On the date of the book's release, Oobah said in an interview with Robin Young on NPR that the book was less about success and more about helping people to not be inhibited. The book reached first place in a US book chart, #1 Humor in USA TODAY for the week of April 29, 2019 and was #8 on the Los Angeles Times paperback non-fiction chart in July 2019.


title: Oobah Butler

text: Butler received three awards in 2018 - one from the British Society of Magazine Editors for "Best Content Idea 2018", "Video Project of the Year" from the British Media Awards, and another from the DRUM Agency for Content Creator of the Year 2018, which he sent a Norwegian stand-in to accept, and nobody realised. Butler also received a 2019 Webby Award, using an AI to write his acceptance speech at the ceremony at Cipriani in New York.


title: Andre Rush

text: Andre Rush is an American celebrity chef and military veteran. Rush worked in the White House as a Chef for four administrations. Rush, a retired Master Sergeant of the US Army, gained attention for his large biceps and muscular physique.


title: Andre Rush

text: Rush grew up in Columbus, Mississippi. He played football in the position of running back at Lee High School in Columbus. He holds a bachelor's degree in Business Management from Trident University International, an associate degree in Hotel Restaurant Management from Central Texas College and an associate degree from Culinary Stafford University.


title: Andre Rush

text: Rush enlisted as active duty in the US Army in 1993. He has been deployed several times, and has served as a trainer in hand-to-hand combat and food service. In 1997, he began to cook at the White House. He has served the presidential administrations of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. He worked at the White House part-time while simultaneously working at The Pentagon. He was in the gym of the Pentagon when it was hit during the September 11, 2001 attacks, and chose to enlist in combat duties afterwards.


title: Andre Rush

text: In June 2018, Rush received fame when he was photographed by CNN reporter Kate Bennett and Wall Street Journal reporter Vivian Salama preparing a Ramadan meal for a White House dinner. The photo of him cooking on the White House lawn during the annual White House Iftar dinner circulated on Twitter, and subsequently went viral. Later that year, Rush signed a deal to produce a television show entitled "Chef in the City". He has since left his job as a White House chef.


title: Andre Rush

text: In 2020, Rush attended the opening of a Salvation Army in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, whereupon they gave him a celebration of service award.


title: Andre Rush

text: Rush was a member of the U.S. Army Culinary Arts Team. In addition to cooking, Rush's other pursuits include ice carving, motivational speaking and life coaching.


title: Andre Rush

text: Rush is known for his physique and large 24 inch biceps that gave him notoriety on social media. As a high school senior he reportedly could bench press while weighing just . In 2010, he was reported to be able to bench press . Rush states he does 2,222 pushups daily as part of the 22 pushup challenge, with the goal to raise awareness for the roughly 22 veterans who die by suicide every day.


title: Andre Rush

text: In 2021, "Men's Health" published an article featuring Rush's daily routine, which included him eating eight meals a day and up to 10,000 calories and only sleeping for 2 hours every night. Some of his claims were received with skepticism by the professional bodybuilding community.


title: Jabari Smith

text: Jabari Montsho Smith Sr. (born February 12, 1977) is an American former professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He last played with Pioneros de Quintana Roo in Mexico.


title: Jabari Smith

text: After a college career at Louisiana State University, he was selected by the Sacramento Kings in the second round of the 2000 NBA draft. He has played for the Kings, the Philadelphia 76ers and the New Jersey Nets over a span of 5 years, for a total of 108 games and averages of 3 points and 1.6 rebounds per game. His final NBA game was played in Game 4 of the 2005 Eastern Conference First Round on May 1, 2005 against the Miami Heat. In that game, Smith only played for 44 seconds (substituting at the very end of the 4th quarter for Vince Carter) and recorded no stats. The Nets would lose the game and get swept by Miami. In that first round series, Smith played in 3 games for a total of 3 minutes.


title: Jabari Smith

text: His son, Jabari Smith Jr., is an NBA player for the Houston Rockets. He played in college for the Auburn Tigers basketball team.


title: Army of Two

text: Army of Two is a third-person shooter video game series developed by EA Montreal. The first game in the series, "Army of Two", was released on March 6, 2008 for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles. Focusing on cooperative strategies, "Army of Two"s main feature is the necessity to use coordinated teamwork to accomplish the game's goals. While the game is meant to be played with another human as a partner, a "Partner Artificial Intelligence" (PAI) is also included and programmed to follow the player's strategies. Dependence on a partner (whether human or PAI) is so pronounced that most objectives are impossible to complete without it. A sequel, "", was released in January 2010 in North America and Europe. The third game in the series, "", was released on March 26, 2013 by Electronic Arts for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.


title: Army of Two

text: "Army of Two: Dirty Money", written by John Ney Rieber and illustrated by Brandon McKinney, is a 2008 graphic novel which follows Rios and Salem through some of their earliest missions together working as private military contractors. The plot follows the corruption of the company they work for them. Rios and Salem work together as an "army of two", trying to stay alive and uncover the conspiracy within the company that employs them.


title: Army of Two

text: A six-issue miniseries called "Army of Two: Across the Border" was released in January 2010 by IDW Publishing and coincided with the release of the sequel game "", with events taking place between the first and the second game.


title: Army of Two

text: In 2008, there was a report that Universal Pictures had picked up the film rights to the game, citing Universal's desire to "fast-track the project to begin production in 2009" and hiring Michael Mann to write the script and direct. Nothing came of it and the project is cancelled.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: Edward Hugh McDaniel (June 19, 1938 – April 18, 2002) was an American Choctaw-Chickasaw professional American football player and professional wrestler better known by his ring name Wahoo McDaniel. He is notable for having held the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship five times. McDaniel was a major star in the American Wrestling Association and prominent National Wrestling Alliance affiliated promotions such as Championship Wrestling from Florida, Georgia Championship Wrestling, NWA Big Time Wrestling and, most notably, Jim Crockett Promotions.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: McDaniel is often compared to his contemporary, Chief Jay Strongbow, due to both portraying similar Native American gimmicks. Unlike Strongbow (who was Italian-American), McDaniel was legitimately Native American.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: McDaniel was born in the small town of Bernice, Louisiana in 1938. His father worked in oil and he moved to several towns before settling down in Midland, Texas, while McDaniel was in middle school. He attended Midland High School, where he was a track state champion in the shot put and second in the state in the discus. One of his baseball coaches, particularly for his Pony League team, was George H. W. Bush. The name "Wahoo" actually came from his father Hugh, who was known as "Big Wahoo". Though he was a problematic teenager, he was accepted to the University of Oklahoma by Bud Wilkinson. He became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and was also a part of Wilkinson's Sooners football program, where he holds the record for the longest punt at 91 yards.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: McDaniel began his career as a professional football player in 1960, playing for the Houston Oilers during their inaugural AFL Championship-winning season. He then played for the Denver Broncos between 1961 and 1963. After he started playing as a linebacker for the New York Jets in 1964, McDaniel started wearing a custom jersey which had the name "Wahoo" sewn on the back above jersey 54, and whenever he made a tackle as a Jet, the public address announcer would ask the crowd WHO made that tackle, in which the crowd would shout, "Wahoo! Wahoo! Wahoo!" After two seasons with the Jets, McDaniel went to the Miami Dolphins in 1966, and played with this team until his retirement after the 1968 season.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: While with the Houston Oilers, McDaniel also trained with NWA Amarillo wrestling promoter Dory Funk Sr. and became a professional wrestler as a way to supplement his income by the time he was traded to the Denver Broncos in 1961. After he was traded to the New York Jets in 1964, McDaniel began wrestling for Vincent J. McMahon's World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). The promoter wanted him to play off his Native American heritage, thus he was given the moniker "Chief" Wahoo McDaniel. After he was traded to the Miami Dolphins in 1966, McDaniel began wrestling for Eddie Graham's Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF). When his football career ended in 1969, McDaniel became a full-time wrestler. In his first year as a full-time wrestler, McDaniel became involved in NWA Texas and won the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: While wrestling in the American Wrestling Association (AWA), McDaniel engaged in a feud with Superstar Billy Graham. Along with Johnny Valentine, Superstar Billy Graham was regarded as one of McDaniel's earliest and bitter rivals. Between 1973 and 1974, McDaniel And Superstar would engage in numerous wrestling bouts in what was considered one of the AWA's top-drawing feuds of the 1970s. Some of these bouts included Indian Strap Matches and also tag team matches which pitted McDaniel and The Crusher against Superstar and Ivan Koloff. In 1974, McDaniel came to Mid-Atlantic to wrestle for Jim Crockett Promotions and help build up the territory as a singles territory in a feud with a rival from Texas, Johnny Valentine. The feud evolved into a tag feud with McDaniel and Paul Jones taking on Valentine and Ric Flair, who McDaniel met in the AWA.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: McDaniel and Valentine had a historical feud remembered for the sheer force of their punch/chop exchanges, both men widely known for their hard-hitting style. McDaniel won the Mid-Atlantic title from Valentine on June 29, 1975, in Asheville, North Carolina. In 1977, Johnny Valentine's son Greg Valentine attacked McDaniel and broke his leg in an angle to establish Greg as Johnny's successor. Valentine originally won the title on June 11, 1977, with McDaniel regaining it in Raleigh, North Carolina two months later. On September 7, 1977, Valentine regained the title at the WRAL-TV studio tapings, breaking McDaniel's leg in the process. This angle is particularly remembered for a follow-up interview weeks later with Flair and Valentine throwing change at McDaniel, and Valentine asking him if he needed a custom-made wheelchair for his fat body. Valentine then infuriated fans (thus building up the demand for a rematch) by parading around in T-shirts which read "I Broke Wahoo's Leg" and "No More Wahoo."


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: McDaniel also worked for World Championship Wrestling's on May 23, 1993, where he teamed with Blackjack Mulligan and Jim Brunzell and fought Dick Murdoch, Don Muraco and Jimmy Snuka to a no-contest. At Slamboree on May 23, 1995, he defeated Murdoch. He also worked in independent shows until retiring in 1996.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: McDaniel was married four times to three different women. With his first wife, Monta Rae, he had two daughters, Nikki, born in June 1963 and living in Houston and Cindi, born in October 1965 and living in Azle, Texas. He has four grandchildren, and two great grandchildren from Dustin (Vayda and Bo Wayne) and Brittany through Nikki and twins, Morgan and Taylor, through Cindi. He was also an avid golfer and hunter.


title: Wahoo McDaniel

text: McDaniel's health started to deteriorate in the mid-1990s, which led to his retirement in 1996, and he eventually lost both kidneys in 2000. He was awaiting a kidney transplant when he suffered a stroke and died of complications from diabetes and kidney failure on April 18, 2002 in Houston, Texas. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered over a lake in Del Rio, Texas.


title: The Strokes discography

text: The Strokes are an American indie rock band. Formed in New York City in 1999, the group consists of singer Julian Casablancas, guitarists Nick Valensi and Albert Hammond Jr., bassist Nikolai Fraiture and drummer Fabrizio Moretti. The Strokes discography consists of six studio albums, two extended plays (EP), seventeen singles, one video album and twenty music videos.


title: The Strokes discography

text: In January 2001, the Strokes released a demo EP, "The Modern Age", on independent record label Rough Trade. The large amount of hype generated by the record, especially among the British music press, led to a bidding war among major record labels. The band signed with RCA Records, and released its debut LP "Is This It" in July 2001. Helped by lead single "Hard to Explain", the album debuted at number two in the UK and number 33 on the "Billboard" 200. Highly acclaimed by critics, "Is This It" was certified platinum in the US and UK, selling over two million copies worldwide.


title: The Strokes discography

text: The Strokes released their next LP, "Room on Fire", in October 2003. The album did well on the charts, reaching number two and going platinum in the UK, while peaking at the fourth spot in the US. Three singles were released from the album, the highest-charting of which was "", which reached number seven in the UK. The band's third album "First Impressions of Earth" was released in December 2005 in Germany and January 2006 elsewhere. Although critics suggested the post-Christmas release date was an indication of the band's lower expectations of the record, it was the first Strokes album to top the UK charts. "Juicebox" became the first single by the group to break into the "Billboard" Hot 100, and was its highest-charting effort in Britain, where it reached number five.


title: The Strokes discography

text: Released after a five-year hiatus, The Strokes' fourth album "Angles" (2011) became their third consecutive LP to chart at number four on the "Billboard" 200. Its 2013 follow-up "Comedown Machine" reached number ten on both the U.S. and British charts. In 2016 the Strokes released their second EP, "Future Present Past". The band's latest full-length album is "The New Abnormal", released in April 2020.


Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a medium access control (MAC) method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking. It uses carrier-sensing to defer transmissions until no other stations are transmitting. This is used in combination with collision detection in which a transmitting station detects collisions by sensing transmissions from other stations while it is transmitting a frame. When this collision condition is detected, the station stops transmitting that frame, transmits a jam signal, and then waits for a random time interval before trying to resend the frame.


title: Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection

text: CSMA/CD is a modification of pure carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA). CSMA/CD is used to improve CSMA performance by terminating transmission as soon as a collision is detected, thus shortening the time required before a retry can be attempted.


text: With the growing popularity of Ethernet switches in the 1990s, IEEE 802.3 deprecated Ethernet repeaters in 2011, making CSMA/CD and half-duplex operation less common and less important.


text: The following procedure is used to initiate a transmission. The procedure is complete when the frame is transmitted successfully or a collision is detected during transmission.


text: The following procedure is used to resolve a detected collision. The procedure is complete when retransmission is initiated or the retransmission is aborted due to numerous collisions.


text: Methods for collision detection are media dependent. On a shared, electrical bus such as 10BASE5 or 10BASE2, collisions can be detected by comparing transmitted data with received data or by recognizing a higher than normal signal amplitude on the bus. On all other media, a carrier sensed on the receive channel while transmitting triggers a collision event. Repeaters or hubs detect collisions on their own and propagate jam signals.


text: The collision recovery procedure can be likened to what happens at a dinner party, where all the guests talk to each other through a common medium (the air). Before speaking, each guest politely waits for the current speaker to finish. If two guests start speaking at the same time, both stop and wait for short, random periods of time (in Ethernet, this time is measured in microseconds). The hope is that by each choosing a random period of time, both guests will not choose the same time to try to speak again, thus avoiding another collision.


text: The jam signal or jamming signal is a signal that carries a 32-bit binary pattern sent by a data station to inform the other transmitting stations of the collision and that they must not transmit.


text: The maximum jam-time is calculated as follows: The maximum allowed diameter of an Ethernet installation is limited to 232 bits. This makes a round-trip-time of 464 bits. As the slot time in Ethernet is 512 bits, the difference between slot time and round-trip-time is 48 bits (6 bytes), which is the maximum "jam-time".


text: This in turn means: A station noting a collision has occurred is sending a 4 to 6 byte long pattern composed of 16 1-0 bit combinations. Note: The size of this jam signal is clearly above the minimum allowed frame-size of 64 bytes.


text: The purpose of this is to ensure that any other node which may currently be receiving a frame will receive the jam signal in place of the correct 32-bit MAC CRC, this causes the other receivers to discard the frame due to a CRC error.


text: A late collision is a type of collision that happens further into the packet than is allowed for by the protocol standard in question. In 10-megabit shared-medium Ethernet, if a collision error occurs after the first 512 bits of data are transmitted by the transmitting station, a late collision is said to have occurred. Importantly, late collisions are not re-sent by the NIC, unlike collisions occurring before the first 64 octets; it is left for the upper layers of the protocol stack to determine that there was loss of data.


text: As a correctly set up CSMA/CD network link should not have late collisions, the usual possible causes are full-duplex/half-duplex mismatch, exceeded Ethernet cable length limits, or defective hardware such as incorrect cabling, non-compliant number of hubs in the network, or a bad NIC.


text: A local collision is a collision that occurs at the NIC, as opposed to on the wire. A NIC cannot detect local collisions without attempting to send information.


text: On UTP cable, a local collision is detected on the local segment only when a station detects a signal on the RX pair at the same time it is sending on the TX pair. Since the two signals are on different pairs, there is no characteristic change in the signal. Collisions are only recognized on UTP when the station is operating in half-duplex. The only functional difference between half and full-duplex operation in this regard is whether or not the transmit and receive pairs are permitted to be used simultaneously.


text: The channel capture effect is a phenomenon where one user of a shared medium "captures" the medium for a significant time. During this period (usually 16 frames), other users are denied use of the medium. This effect was first seen in networks using CSMA/CD on Ethernet. Because of this effect, the most data-intense connection dominates the multiple-access wireless channel. This happens in Ethernet links because of the way nodes "back off" from the link and attempt to re-access it. In the Ethernet protocol, when a communication collision happens (when two users of the medium try to send at the same time), each user waits for a random period of time before re-accessing the link. However, a user will wait ("back off") for a random amount of time proportional to the number of times it has successively tried to access the link. The channel capture effect happens when one user continues to "win" the link.


text: For example, user A and user B both try to access a quiet link at the same time. Since they detect a collision, user A waits for a random time between 0 and 1 time units and so does user B. Let's say user A chooses a lower back-off time. User A then begins to use the link and B allows it to finish sending its frame. If user A still has more to send, then user A and user B will cause another data collision. A will once again choose a random back-off time between 0 and 1, but user B will choose a back-off time between 0 and 3 – because this is B's second time colliding in a row. Chances are A will "win" this one again. If this continues, A will most likely win all the collision battles, and after 16 collisions (the number of tries before a user backs down for an extended period of time), user A will have "captured" the channel.


text: The ability of one node to capture the entire medium is decreased as the number of nodes increases. This is because as the number of nodes increases, there is a higher probability that one of the "other" nodes will have a lower back-off time than the capturing node.


text: The channel capture effect creates a situation where one station is able to transmit while others are continually backing off, thus leading to a situation of short-term unfairness. Yet, the situation is long-term fair because every station has the opportunity to "capture" the medium once one station is done transmitting. The efficiency of the channel is increased when one node has captured the channel.


text: A negative side effect of the capture effect would be the idle time created due to stations backing off. Once one station is finished transmitting on the medium, large idle times are present because all other stations were continually backing off. In some instances, back-off can occur for so long that some stations actually discard packets because maximum attempt limits have been reached.


text: CSMA/CD was used in now-obsolete shared-medium Ethernet variants (10BASE5, 10BASE2), and in the early versions of twisted-pair Ethernet, which used repeater hubs. Modern Ethernet networks, built with switches and full-duplex connections, no longer need to use CSMA/CD, because each Ethernet segment, or collision domain, is now isolated. CSMA/CD is still supported for backwards compatibility and for half-duplex connections. The IEEE 802.3 standard, which defines all Ethernet variants, for historical reasons still bore the title "Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specifications" until 802.3-2008, which uses new name "IEEE Standard for Ethernet".


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo, officially the City of Olongapo (; ; ), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Located in the province of Zambales but governed independently from the province, it has a population of 260,317 people according to the 2020 census.


title: Olongapo

text: Along with the municipality of Subic, it comprises Metro Olongapo, one of the twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines.


title: Olongapo

text: Britain ruled the Philippines for a short time, from 1762 to 1764. The British invasion of the Philippines was the first challenge to Spain's control of the archipelago after 191 years of rule. The Royal Navy and British Army joined with the East India Company in Madras to capture Spain's Asian colony.


title: Olongapo

text: In conjunction with the attack against Spain's key possession in the Americas, Havana, both settlements were successfully seized. However, in the Philippines, whilst the expedition was launched as part of a plan to harass the Spaniards in their possessions, as well as for commercial gain and new territories, the military campaign led by General William Draper and Admiral Samuel Cornish, may have been launched under the guise of an invasion in order to gain prize money.


title: Olongapo

text: The publication "When Britain Ruled the Philippines 1762–1764" describes the events as they unfolded at the Admiralty in London and at the East India Company in Madras, leading to the invasion and occupation of the capital city of Manila and the port city of Cavite. The capital was looted, a galleon was seized, and the British commanders imposed a ransom of four million dollars upon the Spaniards. The enormous sums in prize money and valuables seized mainly benefited the commanders.


title: Olongapo

text: In 1868, a Spanish military expedition was dispatched to study the possibility of relocating the Cavite Naval Station in Subic Bay due to its unhealthy condition.


title: Olongapo

text: Spanish King Alfonso XII through a Royal Decree made Subic Bay (then called Subig) as Spain's stronghold in the Far East in 1884. Vice Admiral Juan Bautista de Antiquiera made Olongapo a settlement for the Spanish Navy.


title: Olongapo

text: On March 8, 1885, the Spanish Naval commission authorized construction of the Arsenal in Olongapo. The Spanish planned to make their naval station, and the village of Olongapo an island, protected against attack by rebels. The Spanish Navy Yard occupied the entire area east of the Spanish Gate. Employing Filipino labor, they did extensive dredging of the harbor and the inner basin and built a drainage canal. The canal served both to drain the swampy area around the yard and also to form a line of defense.


title: Olongapo

text: Within ten years, the Spaniards had erected walls and markers to fence off the arsenal. They had shops and buildings erected. The Spanish government spent almost fifteen years developing the naval station. From higher naval commands, the order was sent to fortify Grande Island at the mouth of Subic Bay with mines and cannons. But this project was hardly begun before it was overtaken by the rout of the Spanish Navy in Manila Bay by US Admiral George Dewey.


title: Olongapo

text: On May 1, 1898, the construction of the Spanish Administration Building was nearly complete when Admiral Dewey's flagship, , led the Asiatic Fleet into Manila Bay. A detachment of Admiral Dewey's fleet bombarded the navy yard. Eventually, after the surrender, Spain relinquished all her rights in the Philippines to the United States. This marked the end of more than three hundred years of Spanish rule over the islands.


title: Olongapo

text: Realizing the tremendous importance of Olongapo as a naval facility, the U.S. Navy decided to keep the base in functioning order; the President of the United States, then Theodore Roosevelt, on November 9, 1901, by executive order, reserved the waters of Subic and some of the adjacent lands for naval purposes.


title: Olongapo

text: The naval station was widened and with the establishment of the American rule in the Philippines. American defenses in the islands were facilities left by the Spanish Navy which were taken over by the United States.


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo grew in direct proportion to the growth of the naval station. More people came to live in Olongapo since the Navy offered employment. To most Filipinos during that time, it was a welcome change. The promise of a different kind of experience as shop workers and office help induced many young men to leave their farms and fishing boats to work in the Navy Yard. Others finding the lure of the sea irresistible joined the U.S. Navy.


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo impressed its visitors as being one of the finest communities in the country. People passing through the town never failed to comment on its cleanliness and orderliness.


title: Olongapo

text: When the war broke out in 1941, the old town was obliterated. Olongapo had to suffer the brunt of destruction twice.


title: Olongapo

text: On December 14, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked the Olongapo/Subic Bay area. Ten days later, the order was given to burn Subic Bay Naval Station and withdraw. Olongapo was set aflame by the local Filipinos in anticipation of Japanese troop arrival. The USS "New York" was scuttled in Subic Bay. When the American forces made a last-ditch stand on the Bataan peninsula, the Naval Station was abandoned and most of its facilities were burned before the Japanese came.


title: Olongapo

text: In 1945, Olongapo was again bombed, shelled and burned. Joint American and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops aided the recognized guerrilla fighters in liberating Olongapo from the Japanese forces. With the exceptions of the Station Chapel (it was the Olongapo Parish Church before the war) and the Spanish Gate, none of its former landmarks withstood the sweep of the war's fury. The general headquarters between the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army & Philippine Constabulary were located in Olongapo during and after World War II, and were active until 1946 after operating against the Japanese for the liberation of Central Luzon.


title: Olongapo

text: Shortly after the war was over, the Philippines was granted independence. Olongapo was one of the principal naval bases retained by the United States. The Navy started to rebuild the town after the hostilities ceased. Olongapo was built on a new undeveloped site a couple of miles north of its former location. The prewar town site became part of the base.


title: Olongapo

text: The first few years after the war were difficult for the new town, as everything in the new Olongapo was damaged. There were no electric power and no drainage system. The water supply and sanitation facilities were inadequate, and streets were unpaved. Gradually, Olongapo evolved into a new community: new businesses were established, housing projects were planned and civic facilities were restored.


title: Olongapo

text: During the Korean War, the United States spent over US$170 million to convert the base into the homeport of the Navy's Seventh Fleet, developing the Cubi Naval Air Station as the largest United States installation of its kind in Asia. Naval authorities relocated the residence from the area of the former Public Works Center area to the intersection of what is now known as Rizal Avenue and Ramon Magsaysay Drive, and in the Barangays New Asinan and New Kalalake areas. Zoning of Olongapo was patterned after American practice where streets are constructed along straight lines. The magnitude of facilities construction in the Olongapo and Subic Bay area brought growth and prosperity to Olongapo. By 1956, migrants from nearby towns and provinces had swelled the population to 39,180.


title: Olongapo

text: Unlike the rest of the Philippines which gained independence from the United States after World War II in 1946, Olongapo was governed as a part of the United States naval reservation. The Subic Bay Naval Base commanding officer was chairman of the Olongapo town council, school board, and hospital board. Olongapo's 60,000 Filipino residents paid taxes to the United States Navy and those accused of crimes involving American servicemen were tried in US Navy courts. In July 1955, Manila mayor Arsenio Lacson announced that United States service personnel accused of crimes in Manila would be tried in Philippine courts because of United States Navy abuses of Filipinos in Olongapo.


title: Olongapo

text: On October 23, 1959, Olongapo was placed under martial law when Robert Grant, the American owner of an Olongapo auto parts store was killed and the US Navy declined to identify or try the Naval Supply Depot sentry who shot him.


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo was the last piece of Philippine territory surrendered by the United States to the country in the 1950s. On December 7, 1959, 56,000 acres of land with electrical, telephone and water utilities was relinquished to Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs Felixberto Serrano. The first mayor appointed was civic leader Ruben Geronimo. He was later succeeded by business entrepreneur Ildefonso Arriola.


title: Olongapo

text: Six years later, through the efforts of Representative Ramon Magsaysay Jr. in Congress and Senator Genaro Magsaysay in the Senate, President Ferdinand Marcos signed R.A. 4645. Olongapo was reconverted to a chartered city on June 1, 1966. The adjacent U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay headed by Manuel Ardonia was the largest United States Navy installation in the Pacific at the time, and employed 15,000 Filipino civilians. The base was visited by 215 ships per month as Vietnam War activity peaked in 1967. The nightclubs along Ramon Magsaysay Drive between the naval base main gate and Rizal Avenue were notoriously popular among the 4,225,000 servicemen visiting the base that year.


title: Olongapo

text: Talented Filipino musicians and singers, inexpensive San Miguel beer, attractive teenage prostitutes, erotic floor shows, Jeepney rides back to the naval base and children diving for coins tossed from the bridge over the estuarine drainage channel in front of the naval base main gate were popular amenities among the sailors. Olongapo was then upgraded as a highly urbanized city on December 7, 1983.


title: Olongapo

text: On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, from the city, violently erupted with a force eight times greater than the May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Volcanic clouds blocked out the sun. Volcanic earthquakes and heavy muddy rain, as well as thunderstorms from a typhoon passing over Central Luzon, darkened the area for 36 hours in what would become known as "Black Saturday".


title: Olongapo

text: On September 16, 1991, the Senate leaders of the Philippines did not grant an extension of the existing RP-US Military Bases Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States, thus terminating the stay of the United States military in the Philippines.


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo surged to national prominence during the incumbency of Mayor Richard Gordon, who, like his father before him, was against the departure of US military forces, yet lobbied for the turnover of the facility and its conversion into a freeport in 1992. Gordon spearheaded a volunteerism strategy to return an ailing economy to prosperity after Mount Pinatubo's eruption and the withdrawal of US forces. The strategy worked across all demographics and involved a strong corps of 8,000 volunteers who protected and preserved the abandoned base facilities from poachers. Gordon complemented this with an aggressive advocacy campaign to convert the area into a protected area and industrial zone. Later, he launched an aggressive international investment promotion which resulted in the accelerating the development of a prime industrial and tourism zone in the country, the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ).


title: Olongapo

text: As the first chartered city and highly urbanized city in its province, Olongapo's reputation among Filipinos rose from being a "sin city" in the 1960s and 1970s into a "model city" in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.


title: Olongapo

text: Situated at the southern entry point of Zambales and the northeastern interior of the Subic Bay area, Olongapo City is from Iba and northwest of Manila.


title: Olongapo

text: The land area of Olongapo is . The city proper is located on of tidal flatland, with the rugged Zambales Mountains on its three sides, and Bataan and Subic Bay at its base. Because of this peculiar geographic location, development of city land is limited. Also, the territorial borders from nearby towns are not properly marked.


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: "Am"). Temperatures are relatively cooler during the months of December, January and February, and increase slightly from March to May, which are the warmest months of the year in this part of the Philippines.


title: Olongapo

text: The months of December to April are extremely dry but the wet season persists for the remaining period in a year. In August, the monthly rainfall total even reaches .


title: Olongapo

text: The city receives an average of rainfall every year. Temperatures range from an average of around degrees in January to around in April.


title: Olongapo

text: The city's population speaks a wide array of the nation's main languages, specifically: Tagalog, Sambal, Kapampangan, Pangasinan and Ilocano. The phenomenon of mixing native languages with English (e.g. Taglish, a mixture of Tagalog and English) is also common, especially amongst the youth. Many more languages are also spoken from other denominations of people.


title: Olongapo

text: Majority of the people of Olongapo are Roman Catholics, followed by members of the Iglesia ni Cristo. Protestants, Evangelicals, Born Again, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Members Church of God International, Nichiren Buddhism (Sokka Gakkai International), United Methodist Church, and Islam are also present.


title: Olongapo

text: The ten Roman Catholic Parishes of Olongapo City is grouped as the Vicariate of San Jose and is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iba. The Parishes are namely:


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo, belonging to the 1st District of Zambales, is governed by a City Mayor designated as its Local Chief Executive and by a City Council as its Legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. Both the Mayor and the ten City Councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.


title: Olongapo

text: As an Independent City from the province of Zambales, only the city government officials are voted by the residents of the city. The provincial government has no political jurisdiction over local transactions of the city government.


title: Olongapo

text: The City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (known as Olongapo City DRRMO are government agency which umbrella to the city government and the national government such as National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), Department of National Defense (DND) and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). This Agency have its well trained Rescue Service, have its own Fire and Rescue equipment and Emergency Response Service for any kind of disasters. it has a capability that they adopt from the American servicemen from the Former US Naval Base. the DRRMO are separated from Olongapo City Fire Station (OCFS) under the Bureau of Fire Protection (DILG-BFP) with its same capability usual to other Fire Services.


title: Olongapo

text: The city have its own Barangay Fire Services use as first responder in their respective communities. another Fire and Rescue Service was from the nearest Subic Bay Freeport Zone under its own Fire Department controlled by Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority with finest trained personnel and Rescue Equipment abandoned by the Americans similar to DRRMO. The Philippines Oldest Fire Truck made by Americans respond to the major notable disaster such as 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Fukushima disaster cleanup in 2011 and Typhoon Haiyan Search and Rescue operations in 2013.


title: Olongapo

text: The city has six different police stations under control by Olongapo City Police Office (OCPO) and was umbrella to Philippine National Police (PNP). The city police main garrison was on Camp Cabal (also known in locals as "164") at Barangay Barretto. Additional policy implementation agency is controlled by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority - Law Enforcement Department (SBMA-LED) which securing the coastal waters of Subic Bay and its nearby Freeport Zone under Republic Act 7227 (it is known as "SBMA Police").


title: Olongapo

text: Contrary to traffic enforcement, the city has separate law enforcement which is the Office of the Traffic Management and Public Safety (OTMPS). The office focuses on implementation of color coded transport scheme, security of government-owned establishment, organizing public market, and providing traffic enforcement safety which was mandated parallel and coordinated to Land Transportation Office.


title: Olongapo

text: There are no airports in Olongapo itself although the Subic Bay International Airport in the adjacent town of Morong, Bataan serves the general area of Olongapo. The airport is within the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and was formerly known as Naval Air Station Cubi Point, when it was still an airbase of the United States.


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo is served by the Port of Subic Bay, operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority. Some facilities of the seaport are located on the Olongapo portion of the Subic Freeport Zone namely the Alava, Bravo, and Rivera Wharves.


title: Olongapo

text: The city has an organized road network, featuring a series of rectangular street grids. The primary road that connects Olongapo to the rest of the other is the Jose Abad Santos Avenue. In the city's main district, the names of those streets running from North to South follow the English alphabet's order. While streets running East to West are numbered from 1st to 27th, starting from the South parallel and up. Even streets are on the East side of the city while the odd streets are on the West. Most of the roads in Olongapo are made of concrete and asphalt.


title: Olongapo

text: The city boasts its color-coded public transportation system which it has pioneered in the country. All public utility jeepneys and tricycles have its own color code depending on the district, zone or route that it is serving. Taxi services are also operated in the city but are limited.


title: Olongapo

text: Victory Liner and Saulog Transit are the leading bus operators having their own terminals in the city which transports people in and out of the city. Local bus terminals are also present and are primarily used for transportation in neighboring towns and inside the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.


title: Olongapo

text: Olongapo is accessible through the National Highway (via Zigzag Road) from Hermosa and Dinalupihan, Bataan. The National Highway cuts through the city center and goes through north up to Barangay Barreto and then on to the neighboring town of Subic, and the rest of the towns in Zambales up to Pangasinan province. Another access to the city is via SCTEX and Subic Freeport Expressway exiting to the gates of Subic Bay Freeport Zone and also, from the south, Morong, Bataan (via Balanga, Bataan) through the Morong gate of Subic Bay Freeport Zone.


title: Olongapo

text: Electricity services were formerly provided by the government-run Public Utilities Department (PUD) since the city was founded. However, in the late 2000s, the city faced debt in its electricity distribution costs amounting to P5 billion to power suppliers and threatened to cut the city from the Luzon power grid. Then Mayor James Gordon Jr. also attributed the crisis to low collection rate due to nonpayment or debts incurred by consumers, widespread energy theft and corruption in the PUD. The situation worsened because of interests imposed by Private Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corp. (PSALM), the refusal of the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) to grant an increase in power rates, and the years of delay in the PUD's privatization.


title: Olongapo

text: In 2013, through Republic Act No. 10373, the PUD was sold for Php 610 million to Olongapo Electricity Distribution Company (OEDC), an affiliate of Cagayan Electric Power and Light Company (CEPALCO), which was given a 25-year franchise to take over the city's power distributor. The company has since upgraded the city's obsolete and dilapidated distribution network and has made significant improvements to the city's electricity services.


title: Olongapo

text: Water services are provided by Subic Water and Sewerage Company (also known as Subic Water. Not to be confused with Subic Water District (SWD), which is a different water distribution company serving the neighboring towns of Subic, Zambales.). In 2013, the city's shares in Subic Water has been sold to Maynilad Water Services Inc. (Maynilad) to continue modernizing the city's water utilities services. In March 2016, this was reversed and the city has bought back its shares because the city wanted to have a representation in Subic Water because the city's constituents accounted for the majority of Subic Water's customers.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Whakaari / White Island (, , lit. "the dramatic volcano"), also known as White Island or Whakaari, is an active andesite stratovolcano situated from the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, in the Bay of Plenty. The island covers an area of approximately , which is just the peak of a much larger submarine volcano.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The island is New Zealand's most active cone volcano, and has been built up by continuous volcanic activity over the past 150,000 years. The nearest mainland towns are Whakatane and Tauranga. The island has been in a nearly continuous stage of releasing volcanic gas at least since it was sighted by James Cook in 1769. Whakaari erupted continually from December 1975 until September 2000, and also erupted in 2012, 2016, and 2019.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Sulphur was mined on the island until the 1930s. Ten miners were killed in 1914 when part of the crater wall collapsed. The main activities on the island now include guided tours and scientific research. Access to the island is allowed only as a member of a tour run by a registered tour operator.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: A large eruption occurred at 14:11 on 9 December 2019, which resulted in 22 fatalities, including two people who were missing and ruled to be dead by a coroner. Twenty-five survivors were seriously injured, many critically and suffering severe burns. Three survivors suffered minor injuries. Forty-seven people were reportedly on the island when it erupted. A second eruption closely followed the first.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Whakaari / White Island is an irregular oval in shape, with a length (northwest–southeast) of and a width of , and covers an area of approximately . It lies in the Bay of Plenty from the North Island mainland, due north of the town of Opotiki and north-northeast of Whakatāne. The island's active crater lies slightly southeast of the island's centre, and contains an acidic lake. The crater has a sharp rim to the northwest, with its highest point (also the island's highest point) being the Mount Gisborne in the west. The Mount Percival forms the northern part of the rim. An older vent, the Mount Ngatoro, lies to the northwest. The exposed island is only the peak of a much larger submarine volcano, which rises up to above the nearby seafloor.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The island is generally rugged, with cliffs surrounding most of the coast. The only exceptions are to the southeast of the crater, where ash and boulder slopes descend to Te Awapuia Bay (also known as Crater Bay), the site of derelict buildings and the island's wharf. This bay lies between a prominent headland, Troup Head, at the island's southeastern extreme, and the island's southernmost point, Otaketake, which is the site of one of the island's gannet colonies. Another colony exists at Te Hokowhitu, the cliff which forms much of the western coast of the island.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Several rock reefs and islets are located along the island's northeast coast, and there is also a rock reef at Troup Head. A small islet, Club Rocks, lies south of Otaketake Point. It consists of a set of four sea stacks rising to more than above sea level. In addition, four sea stacks collectively known as Volckner Rocks lie northwest of Whakaari / White Island. Three of these sea stacks rise precipitously from the sea floor (less than below sea level) to a maximum height of m above sea level. The fourth sea stack is just an eroded stump.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Whakaari / White Island is an andesite–dacite stratovolcano that consists of two overlapping volcanic cones, which are the Ngatoro and Central cones. The Ngatoro Cone is extinct and partially eroded. The amphitheatre-shaped Central Cone is an active cone. The crater of Central Cone is open to the southeast as the result of major, past flank landslides involving hydrothermally altered rock and past phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions. the Ngatoro Cone and Central cones are both constructed of alternating layers of lava flows, tuffs, agglomerates, tephra, igneous dikes, and breccias. Some of these strata have been altered to varying degrees by highly corrosive and acid hydrothermal fluids and gases.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The modern crater floor of Whakaari / White Island lies less than above sea level and is largely covered by material from the 1914 debris avalanche. The main crater contains three coalescing sub-craters. The sub-craters are aligned NW-SE within the amphitheatre-shaped Central Cone. The open sea breaches the south-eastern crater wall in three places to form Shark, Te Awapuia, and Wilson bays, which Troup Head and Pinnacle Head separate from each other. Long-lived, semi-continuous, weak, hydrothermal explosions, similar to those occurring in the Western sub-crater today, are regarded to have formed these three bays as hydrothermal explosion craters.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Whakaari / White Island and the sea stacks that form Club Rocks and Volckner Rocks are the emergent summits of a larger, × , submarine volcano. It is known as "White Island Volcano" and has a total volume of . The bathymetry surrounding the emergent summit of Whakaari / White Island consists of a broad, sloping shelf extending from sea level to approximately depth. Steep margins define the extent of the submarine volcano at a depths of


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The amphitheatre-shaped crater of the modern Central Cone is argued to have been created by the collapse of the former cone of the White Island Volcano to the southwest. Based on extrapolating 20 m GIS contour data to enclose the present crater and upwards with a maximum slope angle of 30°, the former pre-collapse summit was inferred to have been high. Side-scan and bathymetric data indicate possible debris flows associated with its collapse that can be traced back to the current crater on White Island. One of these debris flows exited the crater on the southern side of Troup Head and towards the southeast. It produced well-defined boulder-covered lobes on the seafloor. Another debris flow exited the modern crater on the northern side of Troup Head and through several submarine valleys towards the east into deep water. It produced boulder-covered valley-fill deposits. The latter debris flow was large enough to have produced a significant tsunami. As a result of the collapse of the former cone of the White Island Volcano, it is suspected to have generated a high tsunami that flooded the coast of Bay of Plenty as much as inland between 3,000 and 2,200 B.P.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Whakaari / White Island lies in the northern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. The Taupō Volcanic Zone forms the southernmost segment of the -long Tonga–Kermadec–Taupō volcanic arc system and the Lau Basin–Havre Trough–Ngatoro Basin back-arc basin system.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: For the past few thousand years, Whakaari / White Island has been the location for an open, highly reactive hydrothermal system. This hydrothermal system expresses itself as hot springs and mud pools, fumaroles, and acid streams and lakes. The present centre for volcanic activity and outgassing is a large crater lake of boiling acidic waters located in the western subcrater. The intermixing mélange of marine waters, meteoric waters, and hot magmatic fluids generate acid brines, with pH as low as 2, that outgas and form numerous and often transitory hot springs and mud pools, fumaroles, and acid streams and lakes. The crater lake of boiling acidic water, which occupies the western subcrater, appears to vary in volume due to changing meteorological conditions and fluctuating levels of hydrothermal activity.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Although Strombolian activity occurred from the late seventies to the mid-eighties, explosive eruptions at Whakaari / White Island are typically phreatic or phreatomagmatic in style. The lava flows, ash, and pyroclastic flows produced by historic and prehistoric eruptions are andesitic and dacitic in composition. These eruptions also produce discrete craters within crater-fill deposits of the Central Cone. Since 1826, there has been a minimum of 28 phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruptions. In addition, prehistoric eruptions have also extruded lava. The lava flows from these prehistoric eruptions are exposed crater walls of the Central Cone. Whakaari / White Island's frequent activity and easy access attract scientists and volcanologists as well as many tourists. For example, this volcano provides a readily studied example of the type of volcanic magmatic–hydrothermal system involved in the generation of porphyry copper deposits.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Volcanologists from the GeoNet Project continually monitor the volcano's activity via surveillance cameras. Survey pegs, magnetometers and seismography equipment for early earthquake warnings via radio were installed on the crater walls in 1976. At most times the volcanic activity is limited to steaming fumaroles and boiling mud, but gas and ash emissions are common, and the island is typically on an alert level rating of 1 or 2 on a scale of 0 to 5; as "Level 2 is the highest alert level before an eruption takes place and indicates 'moderate to heightened volcanic unrest' with the 'potential for eruption hazards.'" The volcano is also monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: In March 2000, three small vents appeared in the main crater and began belching ash which covered the island in fine grey powder. An eruption on 27 July 2000 blanketed the island with mud and scoria and a new crater appeared. Major eruptions in 1981–83 altered much of the island's landscape and destroyed the extensive pōhutukawa forest. The large crater created at that time now contains a lake, whose level varies substantially.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Between July and August 2012 the island showed signs of increased activity with lake and gas levels rising from inside the crater. On 5 August 2012 a minor eruption occurred, sending ash into the air. More eruptions have followed since.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Ongoing volcanic activity and tremors on 25 January 2013 suggested another eruption was imminent. A small eruption occurred on 20 August 2013 at 10:23 am, lasting for ten minutes and producing mostly steam.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: In November 2019, background activity at Whakaari increased and gas, steam and mud was being ejected from the crater.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: At 14:11 NZDT on 9 December 2019, Whakaari / White Island erupted. It was reported that there were forty-seven people on the island when the eruption happened. Twenty-two people were killed, including two people who are missing and confirmed dead on 23 January 2020, and a further twenty-five were seriously injured, many critically. The bodies of two victims have not been recovered and may have been lost to the sea. The ongoing seismic and volcanic activity in the area and subsequently heavy rainfall as well as low visibility and toxic gases all hampered recovery efforts.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Experts identified the event as a phreatic eruption: a release of steam and volcanic gases which caused an explosion, launching rock and ash into the air. Minor ash emissions were observed on 23 and 26 December, but no further eruptions occurred. Visual observations conducted in January showed that lava had been extruded into the vents created by the eruption on 9 December.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The Māori name Whakaari is recorded in multiple 19th century texts by Europeans, with one mention dating back to 1849, though spelling varied including Wakaari, Whakari, and Whaka ari. The name Whakaari means "to make visible" or "exposed to view". The full Māori name for the island is , meaning "The Dramatic Volcano".


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Whakaari was named "White Island" by Captain Cook on 1 November 1769, Cook noted in his journal I have named it White Island because as such it always appeared to us. According to LINZ this name came from the dense clouds of white steam emanating from it. Alternatively, he may have been alluding to the guano deposits that once covered the island. Although Cook sailed close to the island, he did not record that it was a volcano.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The island's official name was changed from "White Island (Whakaari)" to "Whakaari / White Island" in 1997. This makes it one of many places in New Zealand with dual Māori and English names.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Some Māori myths describe Whakaari as part of Ngātoro-i-rangi's ascent of Tongariro. In one account, he called on his ancestors for warmth; the fire was kindled on Whakaari and brought to him. Other versions of this story are similar but it is his sisters, or the gods, who send him warmth from Whakaari.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Other stories give origin stories for the island. One states that it rose from the deep after the god Maui, having first touched fire was so greatly tortured by the pain that he instantly dived under water to calm his pain; and in the place where he shook the fire from him arose Whakaari. Another tells that Moutohora Island and Whakaari / White Island were peaks in the Huiarau Range near Waikaremoana but were jealous of each other, and rushed towards the ocean, leaving behind them the tracks that now form the Whakatane valley and either the Tauranga or Te Waimana valley. Whakaari was faster, so got to the better position where it stands today.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Attempts were made in the mid-1880s, again from 1898 to 1901, and then from 1913 to 1914, to mine sulphur from Whakaari / White Island, with the island at first being owned by John Wilson. Mining came to a halt in September 1914, when part of the western crater rim collapsed, creating a lahar that killed all 10 workers, who disappeared without a trace. Only a camp cat survived, found some days afterwards by the resupply ship and dubbed "Peter the Great".


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: In 1923, mining was again attempted but, learning from the 1914 disaster, the miners built their huts on a flat part of the island near a gannet colony. Each day they would lower their boat into the sea from a gantry, and row around to the mining factory wharf in Crater Bay. If the sea was rough they had to clamber around the rocks on a very narrow track on the crater's edge.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Before the days of antibiotics, sulphur was used as an antibacterial agent in medicines, in the making of match-heads, and for sterilising wine corks. The sulphur was hauled to the crushing plant in small rail trucks, and a bagging facility was also constructed. However, there was not enough sulphur in the material mined at the island, so the ground-up rock was used as a component of agricultural fertiliser. Mining ended in the 1930s, because of the inadequate mineral content in the fertiliser. The remains of the buildings involved can still be seen, heavily corroded by the sulphuric gases.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The ownership of Whakaari / White Island was one of the first two cases heard by the Native Land Court of New Zealand (now called the Māori Land Court), the other being ownership of nearby Motuhora. Retireti Tapihana (Tapsell) brought the case in 1867, claiming ownership. Retireti was the son of Phillip Tapsell and Hine-i-tūrama Ngātiki. Ownership was awarded jointly to Retireti Tapihana and his sister, Katherine Simpkins.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: In 1874, the island was sold to the partnership John Wilson and William Kelly by the estate of Retireti Tapihana (Tapsell). Wilson and Kelly subsequently leased it to the Auckland-based partnership of Stewart and Appleby, however after the conditions of the lease were unfulfilled; it was put up for lease again.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The island is privately owned by the Buttle Family Trust. It was bought by George Raymond Buttle, a stockbroker, in 1936. Buttle later refused to sell it to the government, but agreed in 1952 that it be declared a private scenic reserve.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The island is not included in the boundaries of a territorial authority council (district council) and the Minister of Local Government is its territorial authority, with support from the Department of Internal Affairs. The functions of the territorial authority are limited, as the island is uninhabited, the land is undeveloped and it is privately owned. The island is within the boundaries of the Bay of Plenty Regional Council for regional council functions.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Whakaari / White Island is one of New Zealand's main breeding colonies for Australasian gannets. Thousands of gannets come to the island each year to mate, raise chicks, and feed on the fish in the water around it. There is little vegetation on the island itself, but seaweed grows in the waters around it and gannet parents harvest it to cool off chicks. An ornithologist who visited in 1912 found five species and identified four; in addition to gannets they found red-billed gulls, great-winged petrels, and white-fronted terns.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: BirdLife International has declared the island to be an Important Bird Area because of the gannets' nesting colony.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: Whakaari / White Island is privately owned. It was declared a private scenic reserve in 1953, and is subject to the provisions of the Reserves Act 1977. Visitors cannot land without permission. However, it is easily accessible by authorised tourist operators.


title: Whakaari / White Island

text: The waters surrounding the island are well known for their fish stocks. Yellowtail kingfish abound all year, while there is deep-water fishing for hapuka and bluenose (a type of warehou) in the winter. In the summer, blue, black and striped marlin, as well as yellowfin tuna can be caught. A small charter fleet, offering day trips and overnight or longer trips, operates from the nearby port at Whakatane.


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: Betty Mahmoody (née Lover; born June 9, 1945, in Alma, Michigan) is an American author and public speaker best known for her book, "Not Without My Daughter", which was subsequently made into a film of the same name. She is the President and co-founder of "One World: For Children", an organization that promotes understanding between cultures and strives to offer security and protection to children of bi-cultural marriages.


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: "Not Without My Daughter" is an account of her experiences in 1984–1986 when she left Alpena, Michigan to go to Iran with her husband and daughter for what she was promised would be a short visit. Once there, she and her daughter were held against their will. The book was made into a 1991 film starring Sally Field as Betty.


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: According to the book, she and her husband, Sayyed Bozorg Mahmoody, and her daughter, Mahtob Mahmoody, traveled to Iran in August 1984 for what her husband said would be a two-week visit with his family in Tehran. Once the two weeks were over, however, he refused to allow his wife and child to leave. When she protested, Moody struck Betty. It was the first time Mahtob had seen her father hit her mother. After Moody broke the news to Betty, she got extremely sick with dysentery. Mahtob sat at her side day after day, watching her fade in and out of consciousness. Betty asked Mahtob to make sure Moody didn’t give her a shot. Mahtob sat there like a loyal soldier and made sure her mother was safe. Betty was trapped in a nation hostile to Americans, in-laws who were hostile to her, and an abusive husband. According to the book, her husband separated her from her daughter for weeks on end. He also assaulted her, and threatened to kill her if she tried to leave.


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: She eventually escaped with her daughter. The book details her escape over the snowy Zagros Mountains into Turkey, and the help she received from many Iranians. After returning to the USA in 1986, she filed for divorce.


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: Mahmoody compiled stories of other parents whose foreign spouses estranged them from their children in the book "For the Love of a Child" (1992).


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: Alexis Kouros collaborated with Mahmoody's ex-husband to create a documentary, "Without My Daughter", to counter the claims in Betty's book.


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: On August 23, 2009, Sayyed Bozorg Mahmoody died in Tehran, Iran, aged 70. The state news agency IRNA quoted his nephew, Majid Ghodsi, as reporting that he died in a hospital from kidney problems and other complications.


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: Mahmoody is a devout member of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod like her daughter Mahtob. In 1992 she was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa, the National Leadership Honor Society, by Ferris State University as an "honoris causa" initiate.


title: Betty Mahmoody

text: She has two sons from a previous marriage named Joe and John, who are 13 and nine years older than Mahtob respectively.


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: Swapnil Joshi (Marathi pronunciation: ]) is an Indian film and television actor, in Hindi and Marathi languages. At nine years old, he appeared in the Ramanand Sagar show "Uttar Ramayan". He has done some of the most successful series in television such as Krishna, "Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta" as well as films like "Duniyadari", "Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai" casting him as the lead actor. He has done many comedy shows like "Comedy Circus" and "Papad Pol – Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya" in Hindi industry. Swapnil owns a wrestling team named 'Vidarbhache Wagh' in Zee Maharashtra Kusti Dangal. He was ranked twelfth in "The Times of India"'s Top 20 Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra in 2017.


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: Swapnil married the dentist Aparna in 2005, but they were divorced in 2009. After two years, he married to another dentist, Leena Aradhye. They have two children a daughter named Myra and a son named Raghav.


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: At the age of nine, Joshi started his acting career with Ramanand Sagar's show "Uttar Ramayana", where he played the role of young Kusha. In 1993, he was offered the role of young Krishna in another Ramanand Sagar's show named "Krishna". Later, Joshi took a break from acting and made a comeback as a youth actor with Sanjeev Bhattacharya's show "Campus". He then continued working in Hindi shows like "Hudd Kar Di", "Dil Vil Pyar Vyar", "Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand", "Hare Kkaanch Ki Choodiyaan" to name a few. In 1997, he played the role of Inder in Zee TV's popular show "Amanat". Then, he played the role of Dhruv, a parallel lead in the serial "Kehta Hai Dil". In 1997, he first played the supporting role of Vikram Dixit in the film "Ghulam-E-Mustafa", starring Nana Patekar and Raveena Tandon.


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: He also portrayed the role of Dr. Prakash in the popular show "Bhabhi". He played the role of Arjun, Supriya Pilgaonkar's youngest son in the show "Kadvee Khatee Meethi", which was a sequel of super-hit comedy show "Tu Tu Main Main". He also hosted the kid's talent show named "Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka". In 2008, he participated on Sony TV's show "Mr. & Ms. TV", which was judged by Madhur Bhandarkar and Sonali Bendre. He won the show along with actress Purvi Joshi. His first Marathi film was "Manini", where he played the lead role of Deepak Rajyadhakshya. In 2008, he acted in the multi-starrer film "Checkmate".


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: He played the role of Chingya in the comedy film "Amhi Satpute". He then played the lead character of Yash in the Marathi series "Adhuri Ek Kahani" opposite Kishori Godbole. He also acted in the comedy show "Tere Gharchya Samor". He played the role of Pratap in the show "Ardhangini".


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: In 2010, he played the lead role of a boy from Pune in the hit, romantic film "Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai" opposite Mukta Barve. His chemistry with Barve in the film was compared to that of Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol. He also played the lead role of Yash Kumar in the Hindi film "The Life Zindagi" in 2011.


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: Joshi then turned his attention towards comedy shows and participated in the first season of "Comedy Circus". He was paired with V.I.P and the duo was declared as runner's up of the show. Later, he was the contestant of various seasons of "Comedy Circus" like "Comedy Circus-Chinchpokli To China", "Comedy Circus- 20-20", "Comedy Circus Ke Superstars", "Comedy Circus Ke Tansen" and more. In the eighth season of the show named "Comedy Circus- Maha Sangram", he became victorious along with his partner VIP. Joshi also hosted the comedy show "Ladies Special" on Zee TV. He also played a small role in Sab TV's comedy show "Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo". He played the role of Sameer on DD National's show "Bajega Band Baaja", which was followed by Sab TV's "Papad Pol – Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya", where he played the role of Vinaychand. In both the series, he was paired with Ami Trivedi.


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: In 2012, he played the lead role of Sachin on Sab TV's comedy show "Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai". In the same year anchored the dance reality show "Eka Peksha Ek" that aired on Zee Marathi. In 2011, he played an episodic role of Siddhanth, a city boy who is married to a village bell, Gauri (played by Mukta Barve) in the show "Madhu Ethe Ani Chandra Tithe". Later, he judged the comedy reality show "Fu Bai Fu" and played the role of Ghanashyam Kale in the show "Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta" opposite Mukta Barve on Zee Marathi. He has also had his own Radio show named "The Swapnil Joshi Show" on Red FM 93.5. In 2013, he portrayed the role of Shreyas Talvalkar opposite Sai Tamhankar in "Duniyadari". In the same year, he was once again paired opposite Mukta Barve in the film "Mangalashtak Once More" where he played Satyajit Pathak.


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: In 2014, Joshi was seen opposite Sai Tamhankar once again in Sanjay Jadhav's film "Pyaar Vali Love Story", which upon the release took good opening and was a hit at the box office. In 2014, Joshi also hosted a talk show "Dhabal-Ek Timepass" on Star Pravah. In 2015, his first appearance was in the film "Mitwaa" as Shivam Sarang alongside Sonalee Kulkarni and Prarthana Behere.Mitwaa opened to great response at the box office and was declared “super hit”. His next release was opposite Amruta Khanvilkar, "Welcome Zindagi" where he played Anand Prabhu. He next featured in Sanjay Jadhav's "Tu Hi Re" opposite Sai Tamhankar and Tejaswini Pandit. His final release of the year was Satish Rajwade's "Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2", sequel of "Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai" opposite Mukta Barve where he played Gautam Pradhan. In 2016, his initial appearance was in R.Madhesh's film, "Friends" opposite Gauri Nalawde and alongside Sachit Patil.


title: Swapnil Joshi

text: He later starred in a film "Laal Ishq" produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali and directed by Swapna Waghmare Joshi. It also stars Anjana Sukhani for first time in Marathi films. It released on 27 May. He is also starring in a film Fugay along with Subodh Bhave and directed by Swapna Waghmare Joshi. He has done a family film "Fugay" with his brother Subodh Bhave. A change in it is that they have exchanged their surnames Subodh Joshi and Swapnil Bhave. He is also starred in the Marathi film "Bhikari" directed by Ganesh Acharya.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Sir Karl William Pamp Jenkins (born 17 February 1944) is a Welsh multi-instrumentalist and composer. His best known works include the song "Adiemus" and the "Adiemus" album series; "Palladio"; "The Armed Man"; and his "Requiem".


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins was educated in music at Cardiff University and the Royal Academy of Music: of the latter, he is a fellow and an Associate. He joined the jazz-rock band Soft Machine in 1972 and became the group's lead songwriter in 1974. Jenkins continued to work with Soft Machine up to 1984, but has not been involved with any incarnation of the group since. Jenkins has composed music for advertisement campaigns and has won the industry prize twice.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Karl Jenkins was born and raised in Penclawdd, Gower, Wales. His mother was Swedish, and his father was Welsh. Jenkins received his initial musical instruction from his father, who was the local schoolteacher, chapel organist and choirmaster. He attended Gowerton Grammar School.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins studied music at Cardiff University, and then commenced postgraduate studies in London at the Royal Academy of Music.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: For the bulk of his early career Jenkins was known as a jazz and jazz-rock musician, playing baritone and soprano saxophones, keyboards and oboe, an unusual instrument in a jazz context. He joined jazz composer Graham Collier's group and later co-founded the jazz-rock group Nucleus, which won first prize at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1970.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: In 1972 he joined the Canterbury progressive rock band Soft Machine. The group played venues including The Proms, Carnegie Hall, and the Newport Jazz Festival. The album "Six", on which Jenkins first played with Soft Machine, won the "Melody Maker" British Jazz Album of the Year award in 1973. Jenkins also won the miscellaneous musical instrument section (as he did the following year). Soft Machine was voted best small group in the Melody Maker jazz poll of 1974. The albums in which Jenkins performed and composed were "Six", "Seven" (1973), "Bundles" (1975), "Softs" (1976) and "Land of Cockayne" (1981). Jenkins composed most of the tracks on "Seven" and nearly all of the tracks on the subsequent three albums.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: After Mike Ratledge left the band in 1976, Soft Machine did not include any of its founding members, but kept recording on a project basis with line-ups revolving around Jenkins and drummer John Marshall. Although "Melody Maker" had positively reviewed the Soft Machine of 1973 and 1974, Hugh Hopper, involved with the group since replacing bassist Kevin Ayers in 1968, cited Jenkins's "third rate" musical involvement in his own decision to leave the band, and the band of the late 1970s has been described by band member John Etheridge as wasting its potential.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: In November 1973, Jenkins and Ratledge participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells for the BBC. It is available on Oldfield's "Elements" DVD.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins has created advertising music, twice winning the industry prize in that field. From the 1980s, he developed a relationship with Bartle Bogle Hegarty, starting with composing musics for their Levi's jeans "Russian" series. He composed a classical theme used by De Beers diamond merchants for their television advertising campaign focusing on jewellery worn by people otherwise seen only in silhouette. Jenkins later included this as the title track in a compilation called "Diamond Music", and eventually created "Palladio", using it as the theme of the first movement. Other arrangements have included advertisements for the Renault Clio.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: As a composer, his breakthrough came with the crossover project "Adiemus". Jenkins has conducted the "Adiemus" project in Japan, Germany, Spain, Finland, the Netherlands, and Belgium, as well as London's Royal Albert Hall and Battersea Power Station. The "" (1995) album topped the classical album charts. It spawned a series of successors, each revolving around a central theme. In 2014 Jenkins released a tribute song for the 2014 Winter Olympics, performed by his new age music group also called Adiemus.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins was the first international composer and conductor to conduct the University of Johannesburg Kingsway Choir led by Renette Bouwer, during his visit to South Africa as the choir performed his "The Armed Man: A mass for peace" together with a 70-piece orchestra.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins' choral work "The Peacemakers" was first performed in New York City's Carnegie Hall on 16 January 2012. Jenkins conducted from the podium. The seventeen-movement piece features extracts from religious texts and works by notable humanitarians. A recording was released on 26 March 2012; it features the London Symphony Orchestra and several choirs, as well as guest vocalists and instrumentalists. Additional concerts in the UK and US took place later in the year.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins composed the music for the 2012 BBC Wales series "The Story of Wales" presented by Huw Edwards.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: A work entitled "The Healer – A Cantata For St Luke" was premiered on 16 October 2014 (7:30 pm) in St Luke's Church, Grayshott, Hampshire, and was recorded and broadcast on Classic FM. "The Healer" received its US premiere at Carnegie Hall, New York on 19 January 2015. In September 2015, the recording of the premiere of "The Healer" was released on CD by Warner Classics as part of the 8-disc boxed set "Voices".


title: Karl Jenkins

text: A compilation CD "Still with the Music" was also released in September 2015, coinciding with the publication of his autobiography of the same name.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: On 8 October 2016 Jenkins' choral work "Cantata Memoria: For the children", a response to the 1966 Aberfan disaster with a libretto by Mererid Hopwood and commissioned by S4C, premiered at the Wales Millennium Centre. The concert was broadcast the following evening on S4C and was released as an album by Deutsche Grammophon.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Many of the songs written by Jenkins have specifically-written phonetic lyrics, but they are not in any language. Instead, they are syllables intended to have a musical effect, but not to carry any specific meaning. This glossolalia is similar to the sounds of "scat singing", except that this latter artform sometimes emphasises of-the-moment improvisation as well.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: The composer has said the lyrics to his "Adiemus" series of songs are in "an invented language", and have no particular meaning. He has observed, "The text was written phonetically with the words viewed as instrumental sound, the idea being to maximise the melisma by removing the distraction, if one can call it that, of words”. Some listeners compare his lyrics to the Latin language, but other critics discount such a connection.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins holds a Doctorate in Music from the University of Wales. He has been made both a fellow and an associate of the Royal Academy of Music, and a room has been named in his honour. He also has had fellowships at Cardiff University (2005), the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, Trinity College Carmarthen, and Swansea Metropolitan University.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: He was awarded an honorary doctorate in music from the University of Leicester, the Chancellor's Medal from the University of Glamorgan and honorary visiting professorships at Thames Valley University, London College of Music and the ATriUM, Cardiff.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2005 New Year Honours and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours. In 2015 he was made a Knight Bachelor.


title: Karl Jenkins

text: Jenkins is joint president of the British Double Reed Society and Patron of the International Schools Choral Music Society (ISCMS).


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Sir Patrick Michael Leigh Fermor (11 February 1915 – 10 June 2011) was an English writer, scholar, soldier and polyglot. He was prominent behind the lines in the Cretan resistance in the Second World War, and was widely seen as Britain's greatest living travel writer, on the basis of books such as "A Time of Gifts" (1977). A BBC journalist once termed him "a cross between Indiana Jones, James Bond and Graham Greene".


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Leigh Fermor was born in London, the son of Sir Lewis Leigh Fermor, a distinguished geologist, and Muriel Aeyleen (Eileen), daughter of Charles Taafe Ambler. Shortly after his birth, his mother and sister left to join his father in India, leaving the infant Patrick in England with a family in Northamptonshire: first in the village of Weedon, and later in nearby Dodford. He did not meet his parents or his sister again until he was four years old. As a child Leigh Fermor had problems with academic structure and limitations, and was sent to a school for "difficult" children. He was later expelled from The King's School, Canterbury after he was caught holding hands with a greengrocer's daughter.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: His last report from The King's School noted that the young Leigh Fermor was "a dangerous mixture of sophistication and recklessness". He continued learning by reading texts on Greek, Latin, Shakespeare and history, with the intention of entering the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Gradually he changed his mind, deciding to become an author instead, and in the summer of 1933 relocated to Shepherd Market in London, living with a few friends. Soon, faced with the challenges of an author's life in London and rapidly draining finances, he decided to leave for Europe.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: At the age of 18 Leigh Fermor decided to walk the length of Europe from the Hook of Holland to Constantinople (Istanbul). He set off on 8 December 1933 with a few clothes, several letters of introduction, the "Oxford Book of English Verse" and a Loeb volume of Horace's "Odes". He slept in barns and shepherds' huts, but was also invited by gentry and aristocracy into the country houses of Central Europe. He experienced hospitality in many monasteries along the way.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Two of his later travel books, "A Time of Gifts" (1977) and "Between the Woods and the Water" (1986), cover this journey, but at the time of his death, a book on the final part of his journey remained unfinished. This was edited and assembled from Leigh Fermor's diary of the time and an early draft he wrote in the 1960s. It was published as "The Broken Road" by John Murray in September 2013.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Leigh Fermor arrived in Istanbul on 1 January 1935, then continued to travel around Greece, spending a few weeks in Mount Athos. In March he was involved in the campaign of royalist forces in Macedonia against an attempted Republican revolt. In Athens he met Balasha Cantacuzène ("Bălaşa Cantacuzino"), a Romanian Phanariote noblewoman, with whom he fell in love. They shared an old watermill outside the city looking out towards Poros, where she painted and he wrote. They moved on to Băleni, Galați, the Cantacuzène house in Moldavia, Romania, where he remained until the autumn of 1939. On learning that Britain had declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 Leigh Fermor immediately left Romania for home and enlisted in the army. He did not meet Cantacuzène again until 1965.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: As an officer cadet Leigh Fermor trained alongside Derek Bond and Iain Moncreiffe. He later joined the Irish Guards. His knowledge of modern Greek gained him a commission in the General List in August 1940 and became a liaison officer in Albania. He fought in Crete and mainland Greece. During the German occupation, he returned to Crete three times, once by parachute, and was among a small number of Special Operations Executive (SOE) officers posted to organise the island's resistance to the occupation. Disguised as a shepherd and nicknamed "Michalis" or "Filedem", he lived for over two years in the mountains. With Captain Bill Stanley Moss as his second in command, Leigh Fermor led the party that in 1944 captured and evacuated the German commander, Major General Heinrich Kreipe. There is a memorial commemorating Kreipe's abduction near Archanes in Crete.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Moss featured the events of the Cretan capture in his book "Ill Met by Moonlight". (The 2014 edition contains an afterword on the context, written by Leigh Fermor in 2001.) It was adapted in a film by the same name, directed/produced by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger and released in 1957 with Leigh Fermor played by Dirk Bogarde. Leigh Fermor's own account "Abducting A General – The Kreipe Operation and SOE in Crete" appeared in October 2014.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: During periods of leave, Leigh Fermor spent time at Tara, a villa in Cairo rented by Moss, where the "rowdy household" of SOE officers was presided over by Countess Zofia (Sophie) Tarnowska.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: In 1950 Leigh Fermor published his first book, "The Traveller's Tree", about his post-war travels in the Caribbean. It won the Heinemann Foundation Prize for Literature and established his career. The reviewer in "The Times Literary Supplement" wrote: "Mr Leigh Fermor never loses sight of the fact, not always grasped by superficial visitors, that most of the problems of the West Indies are the direct legacy of the slave trade." It was quoted extensively in "Live and Let Die", by Ian Fleming. He went on to write several other books of his journeys, including "" and "Roumeli," of his travels on mule and foot around remote parts of Greece.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Leigh Fermor translated the manuscript "The Cretan Runner" written by George Psychoundakis, a dispatch runner on Crete during the war, and helped Psychoundakis get his work published. Leigh Fermor also wrote a novel, "The Violins of Saint-Jacques", which was adapted as an opera by Malcolm Williamson. His friend Lawrence Durrell recounts in his book "Bitter Lemons" (1957) how in 1955 during the Cyprus Emergency, Leigh Fermor visited Durrell's villa in Bellapais, Cyprus: After a splendid dinner by the fire he starts singing, songs of Crete, Athens, Macedonia. When I go out to refill the ouzo bottle... I find the street completely filled with people listening in utter silence and darkness. Everyone seems struck dumb. 'What is it?' I say, catching sight of Frangos. 'Never have I heard of Englishmen singing Greek songs like this!' Their reverent amazement is touching; it is as if they want to embrace Paddy wherever he goes.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: After living with her for many years, Leigh Fermor was married in 1968 to the Honourable Joan Elizabeth Rayner (née Eyres Monsell), daughter of Bolton Eyres-Monsell, 1st Viscount Monsell. She accompanied him on many travels until her death in Kardamyli in June 2003, aged 91. They had no children. They lived part of the year in a house in an olive grove near Kardamyli in the Mani Peninsula, southern Peloponnese, and part of the year in Gloucestershire.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: In 2007, he said that, for the first time, he had decided to work using a typewriter, having written all his books longhand until then.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Leigh Fermor opened his home in Kardamyli to the local villagers on his saint's day, which was 8 November, the feast of Michael (he had assumed the name Michael while fighting with the Greek resistance). New Zealand writer Maggie Rainey-Smith (staying in the area while researching for her next book) joined in his saint's day celebration in November 2007, and after his death, posted some photographs of the event. The house at Kardamyli features in the 2013 film "Before Midnight".


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Leigh Fermor influenced a generation of British travel writers, including Bruce Chatwin, Colin Thubron, Philip Marsden, Nicholas Crane and Rory Stewart.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: Leigh Fermor was noted for his strong physical constitution, even though he smoked 80 to 100 cigarettes a day. Although in his last years he suffered from tunnel vision and wore hearing aids, he remained physically fit up to his death and dined at table on the last evening of his life.


title: Patrick Leigh Fermor

text: For the last few months of his life Leigh Fermor suffered from a cancerous tumour, and in early June 2011 he underwent a tracheotomy in Greece. As death was close, according to local Greek friends, he expressed a wish to visit England to bid goodbye to his friends, and then return to die in Kardamyli, though it is also stated that he actually wished to die in England and be buried next to his wife.