title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Fair Play for Women argued that guidance on the online question was unlawful because it allowed people to use the sex listed on their passport, which can be changed without the person applying for a Gender Recognition Certificate under the Gender Recognition Act 2004. The group said this could lead to 'self-identification' which could distort the data. Some academics criticised what they said was the ONS's confusion between the concepts of sex and gender identity. Other academics supported the design of the census questions. The Office for National Statistics said it would update the guidance for people to use sex on birth certificates or gender recognition certificates.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: On 17 March 2021, the ONS withdrew from the High Court proceedings, conceding that "what is your sex" refers to sex as recognised by the law, and not gender identity.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: In August 2021, National Records of Scotland issued guidelines regarding the Scottish Census that allow the answer given by a transgender person to the "What is your sex?" question to differ from what is on their birth certificate. In response, the Office for Statistics Regulation, a UK-wide watchdog, wrote to National Records of Scotland to question the guidelines.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: In November 2021, the Murray Blackburn Mackenzie (MBM) policy collective claimed that documents obtained via the Freedom of Information Act showed that the Equality and Human Rights Commission put "extreme external pressure" on Scottish civil servants including chief statistician Roger Halliday to amend their initial proposals. Fair Play For Women was considering legal action to ensure that census guidance asks for responses to be according to birth certificate or gender recognition certificate.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: In December 2021, Fair Play for Women initiated a judicial review of National Records of Scotland guidance regarding the "what is your sex" question. Their advocate is Roddy Dunlop, dean of the Faculty of Advocates. Lord Sandison dismissed the case on 17 February 2022 stating that there was "no general rule or principle of law that a question as to a person's sex may only properly be answered by reference to the sex stated on that person's birth certificate or GRC".


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The UK Statistics Authority has the responsibility for coordinating the census arrangements across the United Kingdom through the Office for National Statistics (ONS), which is also responsible for the census in England and Wales.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The 2011 UK census was the first decennial census in the United Kingdom to include the option of completing the census documentation online. Across the UK between 15 and 19% of census forms were submitted online. The UK Statistics Authority proposed that the 2021 census should be conducted predominantly online (with support provided for those unable to complete the census online), supplemented by the use of administrative and survey data and improve annual statistics between censuses. For the census in 2021 the proposed target for online completion has been set to at least 65%.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Research has been under way since 2011 to design a new census methodology which maximises the success of an online approach.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Research commissioned by the Beyond 2011 programme identified that there were risks associated with over-reliance on administrative data drawn from governmental department sources due to process changes, such as benefits and welfare payments and the necessity to include full access to statistical data as part as proposed legislation affecting administrative programmes. Issues identified also included the accuracy of administrative data sets for geographical areas below that of local authorities, problems associated with estimation and the use of address registers. ONS on behalf of the UK Statistics Authority has taken on board the recommendations of the Skinner Report into methodology work and has proposed three research strands to determine the 'optimum blend' of online census, administrative data and surveying methods for the 2021 census and indeed subsequent censuses.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The UK Statistics Authority has commissioned research strands as part of a Census transformation programme which was due to report by 2017 relating to the 2021 census operation, the shape of population statistics in 2021, and the shape of population statistics beyond 2021 in the lead up to 2031.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Alongside this programme trials of statistics generation using administrative data were planned starting from the autumn of 2015 and running through to 2021 with the aim of ranging across the breadth, detail and accuracy of census outputs.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The contract for preparing, dispatching up to 16 million paper questionnaire packs (for anyone who did not want to, or could not access the census online), and then securely managing, capturing and digitising the responses was awarded to Leidos Innovations UK. The contract was estimated to be worth around £65.1m. The parent company of Leidos Innovations UK, Leidos (an American defence, aviation, information technology, and biomedical research company), merged with Lockheed Martin's IT sector in August 2016. Lockheed Martin UK was awarded the contract for the census in 2011.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Adecco UK was contracted by ONS to recruit, train and administer the pay for the 30,000 temporary ONS workers who would be working as field staff for the 2021 census.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The general style of the questionnaire is similar to that of the 2011 census, although there were some new questions for 2021:


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: An advertising campaign (made under contract by M&C Saatchi) was launched under the slogan of "it's about us" at the start of 2021. Television adverts have tried to show a diverse range of people in various locations in England and Wales in front of a purple fabric screen, with a cover version of The Zombies' "This Will Be Our Year", performed by Jose McGill & The Vagaband, featuring as the advert soundtrack.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) undertakes the census in Northern Ireland.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The NISRA has published a report reviewing the 2011 census and other online-orientated censuses abroad and identified the importance of such things as pre-census publicity, the use of a unique internet code or ePin, and a coordinated promotion and follow up process during the census completion period.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The National Records of Scotland (NRS) is responsible for the census in Scotland. A rehearsal was conducted on 7 October 2019 and closed for returns on 7 November 2019 in three local authority areas: parts of Glasgow City, Dumfries and Galloway and Na h-Eileanan Siar.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The census was scheduled to take place on 21 March 2021, but was delayed in July 2020 by the Scottish Government because of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: The Scottish Government has come under criticism for the way the census has been conducted, with some news outlets describing the results as being 'botched' due to record low turnout rates and failing to meet the set target return rate of 94%. Initial turnout rates for the census in Scotland concluded with 79% return rate; an additional round of extension to filling out the census was granted to encourage returns, raising the return rate percentage to 89%. The return rate for comparison in England and Wales was 97%. However national statistician Ian Diamond has said that despite meeting the target, the census could still "really good data". The additional round of extension cost the Scottish Government an additional £6m, and £148m in total.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Although it is a Crown Dependency, and not part of the United Kingdom, Jersey carried out a census on the same day as the 2021 UK census.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Guernsey no longer carries out a decennial census, instead using the Rolling Electronic Census Project to produce regular census reports.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Initial results, released in June 2022, showed the recorded population of England and Wales to be 59,597,300 (56,489,800 in England and 3,107,500 in Wales), a rise of 6.3% or 3.5 million people over the previous decade. This was the largest population ever recorded through a census in England and Wales, and the overall population of the United Kingdom was estimated to be 67 million. The census also showed that the population of the two countries aged 65 and over had surpassed the number of children aged 15 and under for the first time, with 11.1 million people aged 65 and over compared with 10.4 million aged under 15.


title: 2021 United Kingdom census

text: Results of the question on religion were published on 29 November 2022. The question was voluntary but was answered by 94.0% of the population of England and Wales. 46.2% of the population described themselves as "Christian", 6.5% as "Muslim", and 1.7% as "Hindu". 37.2% of the population asserted that they had "no religion". In Wales, there were more people declaring that they had "no religion" (47%) than those affirming a Christian identity or any other religion.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: Oenothera biennis, the common evening-primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae, native to eastern and central North America, from Newfoundland west to Alberta, southeast to Florida, and southwest to Texas, and widely naturalized elsewhere in temperate and subtropical regions. Evening primrose oil is produced from the plant.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: Other common names include evening star, sundrop, weedy evening primrose, German rampion, hog weed, King's cure-all and fever-plant.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: "Oenothera biennis" has a life span of two years (biennial) growing to tall. The leaves are lanceolate, long and wide, produced in a tight rosette the first year, and spirally on a stem the second year.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: Blooming lasts from late spring to late summer. The flowers are hermaphrodite, produced on a tall spike and only last until the following noon. They open visibly fast every evening producing an interesting spectacle, hence the name "evening primrose".


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The blooms are yellow, diameter, with four bilobed petals. The flower structure has a bright nectar guide pattern, invisible to the naked eye. This pattern is apparent under ultraviolet light and visible to its pollinators, moths, butterflies, and bees.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The fruit is a capsule long and broad, containing numerous long seeds, released when the capsule splits into four sections at maturity.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The seeds of the plant are important food for birds, and it is a larval host for both the primrose moth and the white-lined sphinx moth.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: Over the centuries, Indigenous people in North America have used the plant as food and traditional medicine.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The evening primrose was introduced to Europe in the early 17th century as an ornamental plant in botanical gardens where its flowers are favored for nectar by pollinators and its seeds supply food for other birds.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: Most of the plant parts are edible, having a taste that is mild. The roots can be eaten raw or cooked like potatoes. The leaves can be eaten raw in salads or cooked like spinach or in soups. Anishinaabe tribes traditionally make tea from the evening primrose leaves for use as a dietary aid and to reduce fatigue.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The flowering stems are preferably used when they are still young in June. They have to be peeled and can then be eaten raw or fried. The flower buds are denoted as a delicacy and can be harvested from June to October.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The seeds have a protein content of about 15%, an oil content of 24%, and contain about 43% cellulose. The proteins are especially rich in the sulphur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine, and tryptophan. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and linoleic acid are present. Mainly for these polyunsaturated fatty acids, evening primrose oil is sold as a dietary supplement.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: There is not enough clinical evidence to support the use of evening primrose oil as a therapy for any medical condition. A Cochrane review concluded that there was no effect of primrose oil on eczema. The Mayo Clinic stated there was no good evidence that it affected eczema, diabetic neuropathy or premenstrual syndrome.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The American Cancer Society stated that there was little evidence for its effectiveness as an anti-cancer agent, for which it is sometimes promoted, and "neither GLA nor other GLA-rich supplements (such as evening primrose oil) have been convincingly shown to be useful in preventing or treating any other health conditions."


title: Oenothera biennis

text: Evening primrose oil is considered likely as safe in recommended doses. It may increase the risk of bleeding, a concern for patients with bleeding disorders or taking drugs that may increase bleeding. The Mayo Clinic recommends caution in people with seizure disorders or mania, and by pregnant or breastfeeding women, and publishes a long list of possible side-effects. Oral use of evening primrose oil may cause headaches or nausea.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The whole plant and especially the leaves are traditionally boiled to tea by Anishinaabe tribes as an energy stimulant and to facilitate weight loss. These tribes also use the roots externally as a poultice to treat piles and boils. Additionally, they may be chewed and rubbed onto the muscles to improve strength.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The knowledge of agricultural practices in the cultivation of evening primrose is relatively new and only pertain to the commercialized production of evening primrose seed oil. Information of agricultural practices for the production of root vegetable or other plant parts is not known yet.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: The evening primrose prefers sunny, and arid places with loamy soil and occurs below above sea level. One important prerequisite is to meet adequate nitrogen requirements. While too high nitrogen levels could lead to a quality and quantity decline of the oil content in the seeds, moderate nitrogen levels lead to increased seed quality and quantity. Because the evening primrose is a light-dependent germinator, it is important that the seeds are not planted too deep into the soil, about deep. The cultivation of evening primrose is thus suitable for no-till farming, but the plants require an intense mechanical weed control. The seeds are tiny, about . They need approximately two to three weeks to germinate and are therefore very susceptible to the outgrowth of weeds.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: Evening primrose seeds can be sown in the first half of April (spring seeds) or from mid-July to mid-August (autumn seeds). The time of harvest is approximately 75 to 80 days (spring seeds) or 100 days (autumn seeds) after flowering, and clearly influenced by the plant variety, climate conditions, soil fertility and sowing time. The population development and thus seed maturation of the evening primrose is very heterogeneous which is a rather difficult production factor.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: There is not much water needed during the vegetation period. A study has shown, that the irrigation with salt water could increase the oil yield and quality in evening primrose seeds. This might be a great opportunity especially in regions with limited water resources. Thus, the evening primrose could be a valuable alternative oil crop in arid regions.


title: Oenothera biennis

text: Finally, the cultivation of evening primrose requires a proper field management otherwise the plant can become invasive. If the seeds are used for pharmaceutical purposes it is also important to grow the evening primrose without any pesticides to avoid any chemical residues.


title: Exogamy

text: Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.


title: Exogamy

text: In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group.


title: Exogamy

text: Exogamy often results in two individuals that are not closely genetically related marrying each other; that is, outbreeding as opposed to inbreeding. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness. In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." However, non-native, "invasive" populations that have "not yet established a pattern of local adaptation" may derive some adaptive benefit from admixture.


title: Exogamy

text: Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene.


title: Exogamy

text: In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of "neonatal and postneonatal mortality." In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.


title: Exogamy

text: Cultural exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Thus, persons may be expected to marry outside their totem clan(s) or other groups, in addition to outside closer blood relatives.


title: Exogamy

text: Researchers have proposed different theories to account for the origin of exogamy. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. From a genetic point of view, aversion to breeding with close relatives results in fewer congenital diseases. If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene.


title: Exogamy

text: J. F. McLennan holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women among small bands. Men were obliged to seek wives from other groups, including marriage by capture, and exogamy developed as a cultural custom.


title: Exogamy

text: Émile Durkheim derives exogamy from totemism. He said that a people had religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is present especially in the blood, a sacred substance.


title: Exogamy

text: Morgan maintains that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations, especially between brother and sister, which had been common in an earlier state of promiscuity. Frazer says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups.


title: Exogamy

text: Claude Lévi-Strauss introduced the "Alliance Theory" of exogamy, that is, that small groups must force their members to marry outside so as to build alliances with other groups. According to this theory, groups that engaged in exogamy would flourish, while those that did not would all die, either literally or because they lacked sufficient ties for cultural and economic exchange, leaving them at a disadvantage. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups.


title: Exogamy

text: Dual exogamy is a traditional form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in many societies described in classical literature. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. It is practiced by some Australian tribes, historically widespread in the Turkic societies, Taï societies (Ivory Coast), Eskimo, among Ugrians and others. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation.


title: Exogamy

text: Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. The custom is common among indigenous groups in the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes. It is also used to describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent.


title: Secret Love (South Korean TV series)

text: Secret Love (; lit. Secret) is a 2013 South Korean television series starring Hwang Jung-eum, Ji Sung, Bae Soo-bin and Lee Da-hee. It aired on KBS2 from September 25 to November 14, 2013, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.


title: Secret Love (South Korean TV series)

text: A rich "bad boy" falls in love with an innocent but tenacious woman who went to prison for her boyfriend's 'hit and run' murder. As the story unfolds, secrets begin to unravel.


title: Secret Love (South Korean TV series)

text: Secret Love later being adapted into a Malay-language drama, dubbed Patahnya Sebelah Sayap (broke leftwings) starred Ummi Nazeera,Aeril Zafril and Izzue Islam on March 2018 in TV3. However only a few scene is similar , and most of the scenes were changed to follow Malaysian custom and life style, which differs greatly to the Korean Society.


title: David Rappaport

text: David Stephen Rappaport (23 November 1951 – 2 May 1990) was an English actor with achondroplasia. He appeared in the films "Time Bandits" and "The Bride", and television series "L.A. Law", "The Wizard" and "Captain Planet and the Planeteers". He was 3' 11" (1.19 m) in height.


title: David Rappaport

text: Rappaport was born to Jewish taxi driver Mark and his wife Diana, née Schneiderman in London. He was born with achondroplasia , a common form of dwarfism. As a child, he developed talents in playing the accordion and drums, the latter of which he played professionally during his life. Rappaport studied psychology at the University of Bristol from 1970, graduating with a degree while developing his skills as a semi-professional drummer, and acting skills at the college dramatical society.


title: David Rappaport

text: After six months in the United States, he returned to the United Kingdom to marry his college girlfriend, Jane. They had a son Joe, and Rappaport tried to settle down to family life as a teacher. But as his marriage broke down and he decided to follow a career as an actor, he became a resident of the squatter "nation" of Frestonia, acting as Foreign Minister under the name David Rappaport-Bramley – all inhabitants adopted the surname 'Bramley', so that if the Greater London Council were to succeed in an eviction, they would have to rehouse them as one family.


title: David Rappaport

text: David Rappaport first came to public notice in children's television, appearing alongside Sylvester McCoy as an O-Man in the 1979 BBC children's series "Jigsaw". Rappaport and McCoy had previously appeared together in "Illuminatus!" at the Science Fiction Theatre of Liverpool (founded by Ken Campbell and Chris Langham in 1976). The two men also appeared in the anarchic "Ken Campbell Road Show". Rappaport was with the "Road Show" in 1979 when it featured in the "Secret Policeman's Ball". While McCoy appeared as an escapologist, Campbell introduced Rappaport to the audience as: "Not the smallest man in the world, but fucking close...".


title: David Rappaport

text: In the early 1980s Rappaport played the character of "Shades" on the anarchic Saturday morning kids TV shows "Tiswas" and "The Saturday Show". One of Rappaport's most popular roles was as Randall, the leader of the gang of dwarves in the Terry Gilliam film "Time Bandits" in 1981. During the mid-80s, Rappaport played in the HTV production of "Robin of Sherwood" (released as "Robin Hood" in the US) with Jason Connery as Robin. The show was filmed in Bristol, where Rappaport had a home. During this time, he also made himself at home aboard Ki Longfellow-Stanshall and Vivian Stanshall's ship moored in the Bristol docks, the Old Profanity Showboat where he often appeared on stage. Rappaport appeared in 1985's "The Bride" as a circus dwarf who befriends Frankenstein's monster (played by Clancy Brown). In 1986, Rappaport appeared on the 1985-1987 NBC TV Series Amazing Stories in an episode called "Gather Ye Acorns" (starring Mark Hamill of Star Wars fame). From 1986 to 1987, Rappaport played the lead role of Simon McKay in the CBS television series "The Wizard". Rappaport also made guest appearances on such shows as "The Goodies", "The Young Ones", and "L.A. Law". In LA Law, Rappaport played crack trial lawyer Hamilton Schuyler from Texas, in two episodes. Both episodes were significant roles, opposing Jimmy Smits. The second of these, The Mouse that Roared, was filmed only 6 months prior to his death. Rappaport was the voice of Dr. Blight's computer, MAL, on "Captain Planet and the Planeteers"; he was replaced by Tim Curry after his first four appearances due to his passing 4 months before the series aired. He also played Mr. Belvedere's cousin on an episode of "Mr. Belvedere" entitled "Duel" Season 5 Episode 6.


title: David Rappaport

text: In 1987, Rappaport was best man at the wedding of Hazel O'Connor and artist Kurt Bippert, which took place on Venice Beach, California.


title: David Rappaport

text: Rappaport struggled with depression later in his life. Just before his death, he had been cast and began filming for the role of Kivas Fajo in the "" episode "The Most Toys". During filming, Rappaport attempted suicide, and the scenes he had completed were later discarded when actor Saul Rubinek was hurriedly brought in by producers to replace him and complete the episode. The scenes of Rappaport as Kivas Fajo were included on the Season 3 Blu-ray Disc release of "Star Trek: The Next Generation".


title: David Rappaport

text: On 2 May 1990, he took his own life by shooting himself in the chest in Laurel Canyon Park in the San Fernando Valley in California.


title: David Rappaport

text: Two of the creators of the US television series "The Wizard", Michael Berk and Douglas Schwartz, went on to produce the lifeguard drama "Baywatch". In this show's fifth season is an episode entitled "Short Sighted" which originally aired on 31 October 1994. Part of this episode concerns junior lifeguard Carter McKay (Nicholas Banko), whose father Simon McKay (Ed Gale) is a namesake tribute to Rappaport's character on "The Wizard".


title: Histopathology

text: Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: "histos" "tissue", πάθος "pathos" "suffering", and -λογία "-logia" "study of") refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease. Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides. In contrast, cytopathology examines free cells or tissue micro-fragments (as "cell blocks").


title: Histopathology

text: Histopathological examination of tissues starts with surgery, biopsy, or autopsy. The tissue is removed from the body or plant, and then, often following expert dissection in the fresh state, placed in a fixative which stabilizes the tissues to prevent decay. The most common fixative is 10% neutral buffered formalin (corresponding to 3.7% w/v formaldehyde in neutral buffered water, such as phosphate buffered saline).


title: Histopathology

text: The tissue is then prepared for viewing under a microscope using either chemical fixation or frozen section.


title: Histopathology

text: If a large sample is provided e.g. from a surgical procedure then a pathologist looks at the tissue sample and selects the part most likely to yield a useful and accurate diagnosis - this part is removed for examination in a process commonly known as grossing or cut up. Larger samples are cut to correctly situate their anatomical structures in the cassette. Certain specimens (especially biopsies) can undergo agar pre-embedding to assure correct tissue orientation in cassette & then in the block & then on the diagnostic microscopy slide. This is then placed into a plastic cassette for most of the rest of the process.


title: Histopathology

text: In addition to formalin, other chemical fixatives have been used. But, with the advent of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and diagnostic molecular pathology testing on these specimen samples, formalin has become the standard chemical fixative in human diagnostic histopathology. Fixation times for very small specimens are shorter, and standards exist in human diagnostic histopathology.


title: Histopathology

text: Water is removed from the sample in successive stages by the use of increasing concentrations of alcohol. Xylene is used in the last dehydration phase instead of alcohol - this is because the wax used in the next stage is soluble in xylene where it is not in alcohol allowing wax to permeate (infiltrate) the specimen. This process is generally automated and done overnight. The wax infiltrated specimen is then transferred to an individual specimen embedding (usually metal) container. Finally, molten wax is introduced around the specimen in the container and cooled to solidification so as to embed it in the wax block. This process is needed to provide a properly oriented sample sturdy enough for obtaining a thin microtome section(s) for the slide.


title: Histopathology

text: Once the wax embedded block is finished, sections will be cut from it and usually placed to float on a waterbath surface which spreads the section out. This is usually done by hand and is a skilled job (histotechnologist) with the lab personnel making choices about which parts of the specimen microtome wax ribbon to place on slides. A number of slides will usually be prepared from different levels throughout the block. After this the thin section mounted slide is stained and a protective cover slip is mounted on it. For common stains, an automatic process is normally used; but rarely used stains are often done by hand.


title: Histopathology

text: An initial evaluation of a suspected lymphoma is to make a "touch prep" wherein a glass slide is lightly pressed against excised lymphoid tissue, and subsequently stained (usually H&E stain) for evaluation under light microscopy.


title: Histopathology

text: The second method of histology processing is called frozen section processing. This is a highly technical scientific method performed by a trained histoscientist. In this method, the tissue is frozen and sliced thinly using a microtome mounted in a below-freezing refrigeration device called the cryostat. The thin frozen sections are mounted on a glass slide, fixed immediately & briefly in liquid fixative, and stained using the similar staining techniques as traditional wax embedded sections. The advantages of this method is rapid processing time, less equipment requirement, and less need for ventilation in the laboratory. The disadvantage is the poor quality of the final slide. It is used in intra-operative pathology for determinations that might help in choosing the next step in surgery during that surgical session (for example, to preliminarily determine clearness of the resection margin of a tumor during surgery).


title: Histopathology

text: This can be done to slides processed by the chemical fixation or frozen section slides. To see the tissue under a microscope, the sections are stained with one or more pigments. The aim of staining is to reveal cellular components; counterstains are used to provide contrast.


title: Histopathology

text: The most commonly used stain in histology is a combination of hematoxylin and eosin (often abbreviated H&E). Hematoxylin is used to stain nuclei blue, while eosin stains the cytoplasm and the extracellular connective tissue matrix of most cells pink. There are hundreds of various other techniques which have been used to selectively stain cells. Other compounds used to color tissue sections include safranin, Oil Red O, congo red, silver salts and artificial dyes. Histochemistry refers to the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory chemicals and components within tissue. A commonly performed histochemical technique is the Perls' Prussian blue reaction, used to demonstrate iron deposits in diseases like Hemochromatosis.


title: Histopathology

text: Recently, antibodies have been used to stain particular proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Called immunohistochemistry, this technique has greatly increased the ability to specifically identify categories of cells under a microscope. Other advanced techniques include in situ hybridization to identify specific DNA or RNA molecules. These antibody staining methods often require the use of frozen section histology. These procedures above are also carried out in the laboratory under scrutiny and precision by a trained specialist medical laboratory scientist (a histoscientist). Digital cameras are increasingly used to capture histopathological images.


title: Histopathology

text: The histological slides are examined under a microscope by a pathologist, a medically qualified specialist who has completed a recognised training program. This medical diagnosis is formulated as a pathology report describing the histological findings and the opinion of the pathologist. In the case of cancer, this represents the tissue diagnosis required for most treatment protocols. In the removal of cancer, the pathologist will indicate whether the surgical margin is cleared, or is involved (residual cancer is left behind). This is done using either the bread loafing or CCPDMA method of processing. Microscopic visual artifacts can potentially cause misdiagnosis of samples.


title: Histopathology

text: Following are examples of general features of suspicious findings that can be appreciated from low to high magnification on histopathology:


title: Histopathology

text: After a myocardial infarction (heart attack), no histopathology is seen the first ~30 minutes. The only possible sign the first 4 hours is waviness of fibres at border. Later, however, a coagulation necrosis is initiated, with edema and hemorrhage. After 12 hours, there can be seen karyopyknosis and hypereosinophilia of myocytes with contraction band necrosis in margins, as well as beginning of neutrophil infiltration. At 1 – 3 days there is continued coagulation necrosis with loss of nuclei and striations and an increased infiltration of neutrophils to interstitium. Until the end of the first week after infarction there is beginning of disintegration of dead muscle fibres, necrosis of neutrophils and beginning of macrophage removal of dead cells at border, which increases the succeeding days. After a week there is also beginning of granulation tissue formation at margins, which matures during the following month, and gets increased collagen deposition and decreased cellularity until the myocardial scarring is fully mature at approximately 2 months after infarction.


title: Thematic map

text: A thematic map is a type of map that portrays the geographic pattern of a particular subject matter (theme) in a geographic area. This usually involves the use of map symbols to visualize selected properties of geographic features that are not naturally visible, such as temperature, language, or population. In this, they contrast with general reference maps, which focus on the location (more than the properties) of a diverse set of physical features, such as rivers, roads, and buildings. Alternative names have been suggested for this class, such as "special-subject" or "special-purpose maps", "statistical maps", or "distribution maps", but these have generally fallen out of common usage. Thematic mapping is closely allied with the field of Geovisualization.


title: Thematic map

text: Several types of thematic maps have been invented, starting in the 18th and 19th centuries, as large amounts of statistical data began to be collected and published, such as national censuses. These types, such as choropleth maps, isarithmic maps, and chorochromatic maps, use very different strategies for representing the location and attributes of geographic phenomena, such that each is preferable for different forms of phenomena and different forms of available data. A wide variety of phenomena and data can thus be visualized using thematic maps, including those from the natural world (e.g., climate, soils) and the human world (e.g., demographics, public health)


title: Thematic map

text: According to Arthur Robinson, thematic maps were largely an Industrial Age innovation, with some Enlightenment-era roots; almost all of the modern graphical techniques were invented between 1700 and 1850. Prior to this, the most important cartographic development was the production of accurate general base maps. Their accuracy improved slowly, and even in the mid-17th century, they were usually of poor quality; but they were good enough to display basic information, allowing the production of the first thematic maps.


title: Thematic map

text: One of the earliest thematic maps was one entitled "Designatio orbis christiani" (1607) by Jodocus Hondius, showing the dispersion of major religions using map symbols, in the French edition of his "Atlas Minor" (1607). This was soon followed by a thematic globe (in the form of a six-gore map) showing the same subject, using Hondius' symbols, by Franciscus Haraeus, entitled "Novus typus orbis ipsus globus, ex Analemmate Ptolomaei diductus" (1614)


title: Thematic map

text: An early contributor to thematic mapping in England was the English astronomer Edmond Halley (1656–1742), who introduced the Enlightenment conception of the thematic map as a tool for scientific thinking. His first significant cartographic contribution was a star chart of the constellations of the Southern Hemisphere, made during his stay on St. Helena and published in 1686. In that same year he also published his first terrestrial map in an article about trade winds, and this map is called the first meteorological chart. In 1701 he published the "New and Correct Chart Shewing the Variations of the Compass", see first image, the first chart to show lines of equal magnetic variation and possibly the first isarithmic map. Early chorochromatic (nominal area-class) maps also appeared in the late 18th century as scientific instruments for exploring geographic phenomena such as geology and language.


title: Thematic map

text: The early to middle 19th century could be considered, as Robinson called it, a "golden age" of thematic mapping, when many of the current techniques were invented or further developed. For example, the earliest known choropleth map was created in 1826 by Charles Dupin. Based on this work Louis-Léger Vauthier (1815–1901) developed the population contour map, a map that shows the population density of Paris in 1874 by isolines.


title: Thematic map

text: One of the most influential early works of thematic cartography was a small booklet of five maps produced in 1837 by Henry Drury Harness as part of a government report on the potential for construction of railroads in Ireland. Included were early chorochromatic and flow maps, and possibly the first proportional point symbol and dasymetric maps.


title: Thematic map

text: Another example of early thematic mapping comes from London physician John Snow. Though disease had been mapped thematically, Snow's cholera map in 1854 is the best-known example of using thematic maps for analysis. Essentially, his technique and methodology anticipated the principles of a geographic information system (GIS). Starting with an accurate base map of a London neighborhood which included streets and water pump locations, Snow mapped out the incidence of cholera deaths. The emerging pattern centered around one particular pump in Broad Street. At Snow’s request, the handle of the pump was removed, and new cholera cases ceased almost at once. Further investigation of the area revealed that the Broad Street pump was near a cesspit under the home of the outbreak's first cholera victim.


title: Thematic map

text: Charles Joseph Minard has been hailed as perhaps the first master of thematic mapping and information visualization. In the 1850s and 1860s, he integrated thematic maps (especially flow maps) with statistical charts to create visual narratives, most notably his 1869 map of Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Europe.


title: Thematic map

text: By the early 20th century, established methods were in place for manually drafting a variety of thematic maps, but they were still produced in far fewer numbers than general reference maps, and occupied a relatively small portion of cartographic education. Their popularity vastly increased in the second half of the century, due to several influences: first, the Quantitative revolution in geography and the rise of cartography as an academic discipline, both of which increased the role of thematic maps as tools for scientific analysis and communication; second, technology that facilitates map design and production, especially the personal computer, the geographic information system (GIS), graphics software, and the Internet; and third, the widespread availability of large volumes of data, notably the first digital releases of national censuses in the 1990s.


title: Thematic map

text: The most common purpose of a thematic map is to portray the geographic distribution of one or more phenomena. Sometimes this distribution is already familiar to the cartographer, who wants to communicate it to an audience, while at other times the map is created to discover previously unknown patterns (as a form of Geovisualization). Thematic maps accomplish these two goals by leveraging the natural ability of the human visual perception system to recognize patterns in a complex visual field, which is necessary for common tasks such as object recognition. A thematic map usually focuses on visualizing the distribution of values of a single property or type of feature (a "univariate" map), occasionally including two ("bivariate") or more ("multivariate") properties or feature types that are hypothesized to be statistically correlated or otherwise closely related.


title: Thematic map

text: By focusing on a single subject matter, the thematic map is typically intended to be used for a narrower range of tasks than a reference map. These tasks tend to fall into three types:


title: Thematic map

text: Cartographers use many methods to create thematic maps. These are often referred to as different types of "thematic maps", but it is more proper to call them types of "thematic map layers" or "thematic mapping techniques", as they can be combined with each other (forming a bivariate or multivariate map) and with one or more reference map layers in a single map. For example, a cartogram technique could be used to distort the sizes of countries proportional to one variable, with the countries being filled with colors representing a second variable using the choropleth technique.


title: Thematic map

text: A choropleth map shows statistical data aggregated over predefined regions, such as countries or states, by coloring or shading these regions. For example, countries with higher rates of infant mortality might appear darker on a choropleth map. The summary variable being mapped may be nominal or quantitative, but usually represents a geographic field. Visual variables filling each region are used to represent each aggregate summary value: hue is commonly used for qualitative variables, such as predominant land use, while lightness is most common for quantitative differences, such as population density. This technique is very popular due to the widespread availability of such aggregate statistical data as well as GIS data for common regions, but the loss of information inherent in aggregate information can result in interpretation issues such as the Ecological fallacy and the Modifiable areal unit problem.


title: Thematic map

text: The proportional symbol technique uses point symbols of different sizes (height, length, area, or volume) to represent quantitative statistical values associated with different areas or locations within the map. For example, a disc may be shown at the location of each city in a map, with the area of the disc being proportional to the population of the city. This type of map is useful for visualization when raw data cannot be dealt with as a ratio or proportion. Although circles are the most typical symbol because they are more compact due to their low perimeter to area ratio, studies show that it is easier for the reader to estimate the size of the symbol if it is a square or a bar. Proportional symbol maps are commonly used for variables representing total counts or amounts.


title: Thematic map

text: A cartogram is a map that intentionally distorts geographic space based on a given variable, usually by scaling features so their size is proportional to their value of the variable. For example, the countries of the world could be scaled proportional to their population. The features being distorted may be lines (such as making the length of subway lines proportional to travel time), but most commonly it is regions that are scaled. The distorted shapes are sometimes used as a basis for additional thematic mapping techniques, such as the choropleth.


title: Thematic map

text: Isarithmic maps, also known as contour maps or isoline maps, depict continuous quantitative fields (sometimes conceptualized as "statistical surfaces" by cartographers), such as precipitation or elevation by partitioning space into regions, each containing a consistent range of values of the field. The boundary of each region, an "isoline", thus represents the set of locations of constant value. For example, on a topographic map, each contour line indicates an area at the listed elevation.


title: Thematic map

text: A chorochromatic or area-class map represents a categorical or nominal variable distributed over space (also known as a discrete field), by using different area symbols (usually color hue) to represent regions of homogeneous value. Common examples include maps of surface geology, soil, vegetation, land use, city zoning, and climate type.


title: Thematic map

text: A dot distribution map places small point symbols over a given space to indicate the distribution of a given phenomenon. The location of each dot may represent the actual location of a single instance, as in the map made by Dr. Snow during the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, where each dot represented one death due to cholera. Alternatively, aggregate statistical data (the same used in choropleth maps) may be mapped by randomly placing dots within each aggregation region (e.g., country, state, county) to show the general density of instances; this latter form is usually called a "dot density map".


title: Thematic map

text: Flow maps are maps that use line symbols to portray movement or relationship between two or more places, such as air travel, monetary aid, or economic trade. The lines may be schematic straight lines or curves, or may represent the actual travel route. Some flow maps simply show the presence of connections, while others use visual variables such as size (width) or color to represent the properties of each connection.


title: Thematic map

text: A dasymetric map is an alternative to a choropleth map. As with a choropleth map, data are collected by enumeration units. But instead of mapping the data so that the region appears uniform, "ancillary information" is used to estimate a more detailed distribution of the phenomenon within each enumeration unit. For example, land cover data (forest, water, grassland, urbanization) may be used to refine the distribution of county-level population density.


title: Thematic map

text: While the thematic information is the core of a thematic map, other geographic features may also be included as "reference information". The primary purpose of reference information is to establish the location of the thematic information in a context understood by the map readers (i.e., to answer questions such as "where is this red region in the real world?"). Common reference layers include government administrative boundaries, roads, cities, a latitude/longitude graticule, or even terrain. These layers play a secondary role in the use of the map, so they are usually included sparingly, and symbolized to be low in the visual hierarchy, but not so faded that they cannot be used.


title: Legacy of the Beast World Tour

text: The Legacy of the Beast World Tour was a concert tour by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden, named after the comic and mobile game released by the band in 2017. Described as a "history/hits tour", Iron Maiden manager Rod Smallwood has revealed that the concerts and stage design will feature "a number of different but interlocking ‘worlds’ with a setlist covering a large selection of 80s material with a handful of surprises from later albums."


title: Legacy of the Beast World Tour

text: The Legacy of the Beast Tour production and set list were inspired by Maiden's free-to-play mobile game of the same name is available on iOS and Android. The first leg, consisting of 38 European dates in 2018, was announced on 13 November 2017. The tour was extended into 2019 with North and South American dates and again into 2020 with Dates in Australia, New Zealand, Asia (Featuring their first ever show in The Philippines) and another run in Europe.


title: Legacy of the Beast World Tour

text: In March it was announced that the 2020 Oceania, Download Festival, and The Philippines shows were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, it was announced that Japan, Copenhell festival in Copenhagen, Graspop Metal Meeting in Belgium, the show in Wiener Neustadt, Austria, Germany, Paris, Tons of Rock, and Dubai were cancelled and next - postponed to 2021. In April 2021 it was announced that whole 2021 tour was cancelled once again and most of the European shows were rescheduled for 2022. The band cancelled their concerts in Kyiv and Moscow due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in order to "ensure the safety of their fans".


title: Legacy of the Beast World Tour

text: With 140 shows, it was the longest tour with Bruce Dickinson on vocals since the "Somewhere on Tour" in 1986–1987. The tour started in Tallin, Estonia in May 2018 and concluded in October 2022 in Tampa, Florida. Eventually Iron Maiden performed to over 3.5 million fans and the tour was honored with CAA & K2 Award.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Marcel André Henri Félix Petiot (17 January 1897 – 25 May 1946) was a French medical doctor and serial killer. He was convicted of multiple murders after the discovery of the remains of 23 people in the basement of his home in Paris during World War II. He is suspected of the murder of about 60 victims during his lifetime, although the true number remains unknown.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Marcel Petiot was born on 17 January 1897 in Auxerre, Yonne, in north central France. At the age of 11, Petiot fired his father's gun in class and propositioned a female classmate for sex. During his teenage years, he robbed a postbox and was charged with damage of public property and theft. Petiot was ordered to undergo a psychiatric evaluation, resulting in charges being dismissed when it was judged that he had a mental illness.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Later accounts make various claims of Petiot's delinquency and criminal acts during his youth, but it is unknown whether they were invented afterwards for public consumption. A psychiatrist reaffirmed Petiot's mental illness on 26 March 1914. After being expelled from school many times, he finished his education in a special academy in Paris in July 1915.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Petiot volunteered for the French Army in World War I, entering service in January 1916. He was wounded and gassed during the Second Battle of the Aisne, and exhibited more symptoms of a mental breakdown. Petiot was sent to various rest homes, where he was arrested for stealing army blankets, morphine, and other army supplies, as well as wallets, photographs, and letters; he was jailed in Orléans. In a psychiatric hospital in Fleury-les-Aubrais, Petiot was again diagnosed with various mental illnesses, but was returned to the front in June 1918. He was transferred three weeks later after he allegedly injured his own foot with a grenade, but was attached to a new regiment in September. A new diagnosis was enough to get him discharged with a disability pension.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: After the war, Petiot entered the accelerated education program intended for war veterans, completed medical school in eight months, and became an intern at the mental hospital in Évreux. He received his medical degree in December 1921 and relocated to Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, where he received payment for his services both from the patients and from government medical assistance funds. At this time Petiot was already using addictive narcotics. While working at Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, he gained a reputation for dubious medical practices, such as supplying narcotics and performing illegal abortions, as well as for petty theft.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Petiot's first murder victim might have been Louise Delaveau, an elderly patient's daughter with whom Petiot had an affair in 1926. Delaveau disappeared during May of that year, and neighbors later said they had seen Petiot load a trunk into his car. Police investigated but eventually dismissed her case as a runaway. That same year, Petiot campaigned for mayor of Villeneuve-sur-Yonne and hired somebody to disrupt a political debate with his opponent. He won, and while in office embezzled town funds. The next year, Petiot married Georgette Lablais, the 23-year-old daughter of a wealthy landowner and butcher in Seignelay. Their son Gerhardt was born in April 1928.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: The prefect of Yonne received many complaints about Petiot's thefts and dubious financial dealings. He was eventually suspended as mayor in August 1931 and resigned. However, Petiot still had many supporters, and the village council also resigned in sympathy with him. Five weeks later, on 18 October, he was elected as a councilor of Yonne Département. In 1932, he was accused of stealing electricity from the village and lost his council seat. By this time he had already relocated to Paris.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: In Paris, Petiot attracted patients by using fake credentials, and built an impressive reputation for his practice at 66 Rue de Caumartin. However, there were rumors of illegal abortions and excessive prescriptions of addictive remedies. In 1936, Petiot was appointed "médecin d'état-civil", with authority to write death certificates. The same year, he was institutionalized briefly for kleptomania, but was released the next year. He persisted in tax evasion.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: After the 1940 German defeat of France, French citizens were drafted for forced labor in Germany. Petiot provided false medical disability certificates to people who were drafted. He also treated the illnesses of workers who had returned. In July 1942, he was convicted of overprescribing narcotics, even though two addicts who would have testified against him had disappeared. He was fined 2,400 francs.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Petiot later claimed that during the period of German occupation, he was engaged in Resistance activities. He supposedly developed secret weapons that killed Germans without leaving forensic evidence, planted booby traps all over Paris, had high-level meetings with Allied commanders, and worked with a (nonexistent) group of Spanish anti-fascists.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: There is no evidence for any of these statements. However, in 1980, he was cited by former U.S. spymaster Col. John F. Grombach as a World War II source. Grombach had been founder and commander of a small independent espionage agency, known later as "The Pond", which operated from 1942 to 1955. Grombach asserted that Petiot had reported the Katyn Forest massacre, German missile development at Peenemünde, and the names of Abwehr agents sent to the U.S. While these claims were not corroborated by any records of other intelligence services, in 2001, some "Pond" records were discovered, including a cable that mentioned Petiot.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Petiot's most lucrative activity during the Occupation was his false escape route. Using the codename "Dr. Eugène", Petiot pretended to have a means of getting people wanted by the Germans or the Vichy government to safety outside France. Petiot claimed that he could arrange a passage to Argentina or elsewhere in South America through Portugal, for a price of 25,000 francs per person. Three accomplices, Raoul Fourrier, Edmond Pintard, and René-Gustave Nézondet, directed victims to "Dr. Eugène", including Jews, Resistance fighters, and ordinary criminals. Once victims were in his control, Petiot told them that Argentine officials required all entrants to the country to be inoculated against disease, and with this excuse injected them with cyanide. He then took all their valuables and disposed of the bodies.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: At first, Petiot dumped the bodies in the Seine, but he later destroyed the bodies by submerging them in quicklime or incinerating them. In 1941, Petiot bought a house at 21 Rue le Sueur, near the Arc de Triomphe. He purchased the house the same week that Henri Lafont returned to Paris with money and permission from the Abwehr to recruit new members for the French Gestapo.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: The Gestapo eventually learned about this "route" for the escape of wanted persons, which they assumed was part of the Resistance. Gestapo agent Robert Jodkum forced prisoner Yvan Dreyfus to approach the supposed network, but Dreyfus simply vanished. A later informer successfully infiltrated the operation, and the Gestapo arrested Fourrier, Pintard and Nézondet. During torture, they confessed that "Dr. Eugène" was Marcel Petiot.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Nézondet was later released, but three others spent eight months in prison, suspected of helping Jews to escape. Even during torture, they did not identify any other members of the Resistance because they knew of none. The Gestapo released the three men in January 1944.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: On 11 March 1944, Petiot's neighbors in Rue Le Sueur complained to police about a foul stench in the area and large amounts of smoke billowing from a chimney of the house. Fearing a chimney fire, the police summoned firemen, who entered the house and found a great fire in a coal stove in the basement. In the fire, and scattered in the basement, were human remains.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: In addition to those found in his basement, human remains were also found in a pit filled partly with quicklime in the back yard and in a canvas bag. In his home, enough body parts were found to account for at least ten victims. Also scattered throughout his property were suitcases, clothing, and assorted property of his victims.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: The media reaction was an intense media circus, with news reaching Switzerland, Belgium, and Scandinavia.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: During the intervening seven months, Petiot hid with friends, claiming that the Gestapo wanted him because he had killed Germans and informers. He eventually began living with a patient, Georges Redouté, let his beard grow, and adopted various aliases.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: During the liberation of Paris in 1944, Petiot adopted the name "Henri Valeri" and joined the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) in the uprising. He became a captain in charge of counterespionage and prisoner interrogations.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: When the newspaper "Resistance" published an article about Petiot, his defense attorney from the 1942 narcotics case received a letter in which his fugitive client claimed that the published allegations were mere lies. This gave police a hint that Petiot was still in Paris. The search began anew – with "Henri Valeri" among those who were drafted to find him. Finally, on 31 October, Petiot was recognized at a Paris Métro station, and arrested. Among his possessions were a pistol, 31,700 francs, and 50 sets of identity documents.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Petiot was imprisoned in La Santé Prison. He claimed that he was innocent and that he had killed only enemies of France. He said that he had discovered the pile of bodies in 21 Rue le Sueur in February 1944, but had assumed that they were collaborators killed by members of his Resistance "network".


title: Marcel Petiot

text: However, the police found that Petiot had no friends in any of the major Resistance groups. Some of the Resistance groups he spoke of had never existed, and there was no proof of any of his claimed exploits. Prosecutors eventually charged him with at least 27 murders for profit. Their estimate of his gains was as much as 200 million francs.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Petiot was tried on 19 March 1946, accused of 135 criminal charges. Celebrity attorney René Floriot acted for the defense, against a team comprising state prosecutors and twelve civil lawyers hired by relatives of Petiot's victims. Petiot taunted the prosecuting lawyers, and claimed that various victims had been collaborators or double agents, or that vanished people were alive and well in South America using new names. He admitted to killing 19 of the 27 victims found in his house, and claimed that they were Germans and collaborators – part of a total of 63 "enemies" killed. Floriot attempted to portray Petiot as a Resistance hero, but the judges and jurors were unimpressed. Petiot was convicted of 26 counts of murder, and sentenced to death.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: On 25 May 1946, Petiot was beheaded, after a stay of a few days due to a problem with the release mechanism of the guillotine, and buried at Ivry Cemetery.


title: Marcel Petiot

text: Petiot's murder of Jews and his fraudulent escape network were depicted by the 1990 French movie "Docteur Petiot" that chronicles his life between 1941 and 1944. Petiot was portrayed by actor Michel Serrault.


title: Laboratory information management system

text: A laboratory information management system (LIMS), sometimes referred to as a laboratory information system (LIS) or laboratory management system (LMS), is a software-based solution with features that support a modern laboratory's operations. Key features include—but are not limited to—workflow and data tracking support, flexible architecture, and data exchange interfaces, which fully "support its use in regulated environments". The features and uses of a LIMS have evolved over the years from simple sample tracking to an enterprise resource planning tool that manages multiple aspects of laboratory informatics.


text: There is no useful definition of the term "LIMS" as it is used to encompass a number of different laboratory informatics components. The spread and depth of these components is highly dependent on the LIMS implementation itself. All LIMSs have a workflow component and some summary data management facilities but beyond that there are significant differences in functionality.


text: Historically the LIMS, LIS, and process development execution system (PDES) have all performed similar functions. The term "LIMS" has tended to refer to informatics systems targeted for environmental, research, or commercial analysis such as pharmaceutical or petrochemical work. "LIS" has tended to refer to laboratory informatics systems in the forensics and clinical markets, which often required special case management tools. "PDES" has generally applied to a wider scope, including, for example, virtual manufacturing techniques, while not necessarily integrating with laboratory equipment.


text: In recent times LIMS functionality has spread even further beyond its original purpose of sample management. Assay data management, data mining, data analysis, and electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) integration have been added to many LIMS, enabling the realization of translational medicine completely within a single software solution. Additionally, the distinction between LIMS and LIS has blurred, as many LIMS now also fully support comprehensive case-centric clinical data.


text: Up until the late 1970s, the management of laboratory samples and the associated analysis and reporting were time-consuming manual processes often riddled with transcription errors. This gave some organizations impetus to streamline the collection of data and how it was reported. Custom in-house solutions were developed by a few individual laboratories, while some enterprising entities sought to develop commercial reporting solutions in the form of special instrument-based systems.


text: In 1982 the first generation of LIMS was introduced in the form of a centralized minicomputer, which offered automated reporting tools. As the interest in these early LIMS grew, industry leaders like Gerst Gibbon of the Federal Energy Technology Center in Pittsburgh began planting the seeds through LIMS-related conferences. By 1988 the second-generation commercial offerings were tapping into relational databases to expand LIMS into more application-specific territory, and International LIMS Conferences were in full swing. As personal computers became more powerful and prominent, a third generation of LIMS emerged in the early 1990s. These new LIMS took advantage of client/server architecture, allowing laboratories to implement better data processing and exchanges.


text: By 1995 the client/server tools allowed the processing of data anywhere on the network. Web-enabled LIMS were introduced the following year, enabling researchers to extend operations outside the laboratory. From 1996 to 2002 additional functionality was included, from wireless networking and georeferencing of samples, to the adoption of XML standards and Internet purchasing.


text: As of 2012, some LIMS have added additional characteristics such as clinical functionality, electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) functionality, as well a rise in the software as a service (SaaS) distribution model.


text: The LIMS is an evolving concept, with new features and functionality being added often. As laboratory demands change and technological progress continues, the functions of a LIMS will likely also change. Despite these changes, a LIMS tends to have a base set of functionality that defines it. That functionality can roughly be divided into five laboratory processing phases, with numerous software functions falling under each:


text: (3) the processing and quality control associated with the sample and the utilized equipment and inventory,


text: (5) the inspection, approval, and compilation of the sample data for reporting and/or further analysis.


text: There are several pieces of core functionality associated with these laboratory processing phases that tend to appear in most LIMS:


text: The core function of LIMS has traditionally been the management of samples. This typically is initiated when a sample is received in the laboratory, at which point the sample will be registered in the LIMS. Some LIMS will allow the customer to place an "order" for a sample directly to the LIMS at which point the sample is generated in an "unreceived" state. The processing could then include a step where the sample container is registered and sent to the customer for the sample to be taken and then returned to the lab. The registration process may involve accessioning the sample and producing barcodes to affix to the sample container. Various other parameters such as clinical or phenotypic information corresponding with the sample are also often recorded. The LIMS then tracks chain of custody as well as sample location. Location tracking usually involves assigning the sample to a particular freezer location, often down to the granular level of shelf, rack, box, row, and column. Other event tracking such as freeze and thaw cycles that a sample undergoes in the laboratory may be required.


text: Modern LIMS have implemented extensive configurability as each laboratory's needs for tracking additional data points can vary widely. LIMS vendors cannot typically make assumptions about what these data tracking needs are, and therefore vendors must create LIMS that are adaptable to individual environments. LIMS users may also have regulatory concerns to comply with such as CLIA, HIPAA, GLP, and FDA specifications, affecting certain aspects of sample management in a LIMS solution. One key to compliance with many of these standards is audit logging of all changes to LIMS data, and in some cases a full electronic signature system is required for rigorous tracking of field-level changes to LIMS data.


text: Modern LIMS offer an increasing amount of integration with laboratory instruments and applications. A LIMS may create control files that are "fed" into the instrument and direct its operation on some physical item such as a sample tube or sample plate. The LIMS may then import instrument results files to extract data for quality control assessment of the operation on the sample. Access to the instrument data can sometimes be regulated based on chain of custody assignments or other security features if need be.


text: Modern LIMS products now also allow for the import and management of raw assay data results. Modern targeted assays such as qPCR and deep sequencing can produce tens of thousands of data points per sample. Furthermore, in the case of drug and diagnostic development as many as 12 or more assays may be run for each sample. In order to track this data, a LIMS solution needs to be adaptable to many different assay formats at both the data layer and import creation layer, while maintaining a high level of overall performance. Some LIMS products address this by simply attaching assay data as BLOBs to samples, but this limits the utility of that data in data mining and downstream analysis.


text: The exponentially growing volume of data created in laboratories, coupled with increased business demands and focus on profitability, have pushed LIMS vendors to increase attention to how their LIMS handles electronic data exchanges. Attention must be paid to how an instrument's input and output data is managed, how remote sample collection data is imported and exported, and how mobile technology integrates with the LIMS. The successful transfer of data files in spreadsheets and other formats is a pivotal aspect of the modern LIMS. In fact, the transition "from proprietary databases to standardized database management systems such as MySQL" has arguably had one of the biggest impacts on how data is managed and exchanged in laboratories. In addition to mobile and database electronic data exchange, many LIMS support real-time data exchange with Electronic Health Records used in core hospital or clinic operations.


text: Aside from the key functions of sample management, instrument and application integration, and electronic data exchange, there are numerous additional operations that can be managed in a LIMS. This includes but is not limited to:


text: A LIMS has utilized many architectures and distribution models over the years. As technology has changed, how a LIMS is installed, managed, and utilized has also changed with it. The following represents architectures which have been utilized at one point or another.


text: A thick-client LIMS is a more traditional client/server architecture, with some of the system residing on the computer or workstation of the user (the client) and the rest on the server. The LIMS software is installed on the client computer, which does all of the data processing. Later it passes information to the server, which has the primary purpose of data storage. Most changes, upgrades, and other modifications will happen on the client side.


text: This was one of the first architectures implemented into a LIMS, having the advantage of providing higher processing speeds (because processing is done on the client and not the server). Additionally, thick-client systems have also provided more interactivity and customization, though often at a greater learning curve. The disadvantages of client-side LIMS include the need for more robust client computers and more time-consuming upgrades, as well as a lack of base functionality through a web browser. The thick-client LIMS can become web-enabled through an add-on component.


text: Although there is a claim of improved security through the use of a thick-client LIMS, this is based on the misconception that "only users with the client application installed on their PC can access server side information". This secrecy-of-design reliance is known as security through obscurity and ignores an adversary's ability to mimic client-server interaction through, for example, reverse engineering, network traffic interception, or simply purchasing a thick-client license. Such a view is in contradiction of the "Open Design" principle of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's "Guide to General Server Security" which states that "system security should not depend on the secrecy of the implementation or its components", which can be considered as a reiteration of Kerckhoffs's principle.


text: A thin-client LIMS is a more modern architecture which offers full application functionality accessed through a device's web browser. The actual LIMS software resides on a server (host) which feeds and processes information without saving it to the user's hard disk. Any necessary changes, upgrades, and other modifications are handled by the entity hosting the server-side LIMS software, meaning all end-users see all changes made. To this end, a true thin-client LIMS will leave no "footprint" on the client's computer, and only the integrity of the web browser need be maintained by the user. The advantages of this system include significantly lower cost of ownership and fewer network and client-side maintenance expenses. However, this architecture has the disadvantage of requiring real-time server access, a need for increased network throughput, and slightly less functionality. A sort of hybrid architecture that incorporates the features of thin-client browser usage with a thick client installation exists in the form of a web-based LIMS.


text: Some LIMS vendors are beginning to rent hosted, thin-client solutions as "software as a service" (SaaS). These solutions tend to be less configurable than on-premises solutions and are therefore considered for less demanding implementations such as laboratories with few users and limited sample processing volumes.


text: Another implementation of the thin client architecture is the maintenance, warranty, and support (MSW) agreement. Pricing levels are typically based on a percentage of the license fee, with a standard level of service for 10 concurrent users being approximately 10 hours of support and additional customer service, at a roughly $200 per hour rate. Though some may choose to opt out of an MSW after the first year, it is often more economical to continue the plan in order to receive updates to the LIMS, giving it a longer life span in the laboratory.


text: A web-enabled LIMS architecture is essentially a thick-client architecture with an added web browser component. In this setup, the client-side software has additional functionality that allows users to interface with the software through their device's browser. This functionality is typically limited only to certain functions of the web client. The primary advantage of a web-enabled LIMS is the end-user can access data both on the client side and the server side of the configuration. As in a thick-client architecture, updates in the software must be propagated to every client machine. However, the added disadvantages of requiring always-on access to the host server and the need for cross-platform functionality mean that additional overhead costs may arise.


text: A web-based LIMS architecture is a hybrid of the thick- and thin-client architectures. While much of the client-side work is done through a web browser, the LIMS may also require the support of desktop software installed on the client device. The end result is a process that is apparent to the end-user through a web browser, but perhaps not so apparent as it runs thick-client-like processing in the background. In this case, web-based architecture has the advantage of providing more functionality through a more friendly web interface. The disadvantages of this setup are more sunk costs in system administration and reduced functionality on mobile platforms.


text: LIMS implementations are notorious for often being lengthy and costly. This is partly due to the diversity of requirements within each lab, but also to the inflexible nature of most LIMS products for adapting to these widely varying requirements. Newer LIMS solutions are beginning to emerge that take advantage of modern techniques in software design that are inherently more configurable and adaptable — particularly at the data layer — than prior solutions. This means not only that implementations are much faster, but also that the costs are lower and the risk of obsolescence is minimized.


text: Until recently, the LIMS and Laboratory Information System (LIS) have exhibited a few key differences, making them noticeably separate entities.


text: A LIMS traditionally has been designed to process and report data related to batches of samples from biology labs, water treatment facilities, drug trials, and other entities that handle complex batches of data. A LIS has been designed primarily for processing and reporting data related to individual patients in a clinical setting.


text: A LIMS may need to satisfy good manufacturing practice (GMP) and meet the reporting and audit needs of the regulatory bodies and research scientists in many different industries. A LIS, however, must satisfy the reporting and auditing needs of health service agencies e.g. the hospital accreditation agency, HIPAA in the US, or other clinical medical practitioners.


text: A LIMS is most competitive in group-centric settings (dealing with "batches" and "samples") that often deal with mostly anonymous research-specific laboratory data, whereas a LIS is usually most competitive in patient-centric settings (dealing with "subjects" and "specimens") and clinical labs. An LIS is regulated as a medical device by the FDA, and the companies that produce the software are therefore liable for defects. Due to this, a LIS can not be customized by the client.


text: A LIMS covers standards such as 21 CFR Part 11 from the Food and Drug Administration (United States), ISO/IEC 17025,


text: ISO 15189, ISO 20387, Good Clinical Practice (GCP), Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), HACCP, and ISBER Best Practices.


title: OutDaughtered

text: OutDaughtered is an American reality series on TLC starring Adam and Danielle Busby, parents of the only American all-girl quintuplets on record. The series debuted on May 10, 2016 and premiered its eighth season on February 23, 2021.


title: OutDaughtered

text: The Busby family consists of Adam and Danielle Busby, who have been married since 2006; eldest daughter Blayke Louise; and quintuplets Ava Lane, Olivia Marie, Hazel Grace, Riley Paige, and Parker Kate.


title: OutDaughtered

text: Adam and Danielle had struggled with infertility, ultimately becoming pregnant both times by intrauterine insemination.


title: OutDaughtered

text: Danielle delivered the quintuplets via Caesarean section 28 weeks into the pregnancy. Shortly after birth, heart murmurs were detected in all five girls; this was treated with medication. The quints spent the first eight to twelve weeks of their lives in the neonatal intensive care unit at the Woman's Hospital of Texas, before being released to go home between June and July 2015.


title: OutDaughtered

text: Hazel's eye condition, congenital nystagmus, has been chronicled through the series. The condition causes Hazel to have uncontrolled eye movements and hold her head at unusual angles to compensate for her lack of clear vision. In 2016, Hazel underwent eye surgery in an attempt to improve her condition. In 2017, Hazel was diagnosed as having an astigmatism in her left eye, which may ultimately be responsible for it occasionally turning in as a result of being underdeveloped. She was prescribed glasses to help with her left eye farsightedness with the hope that her vision will improve as her eye develops.


title: The Youngbloods

text: The Youngbloods were an American rock band consisting of Jesse Colin Young (vocals, bass, guitar), Jerry Corbitt (vocals, guitar, keyboards, harmonica), Lowell "Banana" Levinger (guitar and electric piano), and Joe Bauer (drums). Despite receiving critical acclaim, they never achieved widespread popularity. Their only U.S. Top 40 entry was Chet Powers' "Get Together". They are often remembered as a one-hit wonder.


title: The Youngbloods

text: Jesse Colin Young (born Perry Miller, November 22, 1941, Queens, New York City) was a moderately successful folk singer with two LPs under his belt – "Soul of a City Boy" (1964) and "Youngblood" (1965) – when he met fellow folk singer and former bluegrass musician from Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jerry Corbitt (born Jerry Byron Corbitt, January 7, 1943, Tifton, Georgia). When in town, Young would drop in on Corbitt, and the two played together exchanging harmonies.


title: The Youngbloods

text: Beginning in January 1965, the two began performing on the Canadian circuit as a duo, eventually adopting the name "The Youngbloods". Young played bass, and Corbitt sang and played piano, harmonica and lead guitar. Corbitt introduced Young to a bluegrass musician, Lowell Levinger (born Lowell Vincent Levinger III, September 9, 1944, Manhattan). Levinger, known as "Banana", could play the piano, banjo, mandolin, mandola, guitar and bass; he had played in the Proper Bostonians and the Trolls, and played mainly piano and guitar in the Youngbloods. He knew of a fellow tenant who could flesh out the band, Joe Bauer (born September 26, 1941, Memphis, Tennessee), an aspiring jazz drummer with experience playing in society dance bands.


title: The Youngbloods

text: Once the line-up was set, Jesse Colin Young and the Youngbloods, as the group was then known, began building a reputation from their club dates. (Early demo sides from 1965 were later issued by Mercury Records on the "Two Trips" album.) Their first concert had been at Gerde's Folk City in Greenwich Village; months later, they were the house band at the Cafe Au Go Go and had signed a recording contract with RCA Victor. Young, however, was not satisfied with RCA.


title: The Youngbloods

text: The arrangement produced one charting single, "Grizzly Bear" (number 52 in 1967). Several critically praised albums followed: "The Youngbloods" (1967, later retitled "Get Together"); "Earth Music" (1967); and "Elephant Mountain" (1969), with the track "Darkness, Darkness".


title: The Youngbloods

text: In 1967, when the track "Get Together", a paean to universal brotherhood, first appeared, it did not sell well, reaching only number 62 on the chart. But two years later – after Dan Ingram had recorded a brotherhood promotion for WABC-AM in which the song was used as a bed for the promotion, and after the National Council of Christians and Jews subsequently used the song in television and radio commercials – the track was re-released and cracked the Top 5. This disc sold over one million copies and received a gold record, awarded by the RIAA, on October 7, 1969.


title: The Youngbloods

text: Johnny Carson once reportedly refused to allow the band to perform on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson", saying they were overly demanding during the pre-show soundcheck. In a 2009 interview, Young stated that the band refused to perform because the show reneged on a promise that they could play a song from their new album "Elephant Mountain", instead demanding that they play only "Get Together".


title: The Youngbloods

text: With Corbitt's departure from the band (for a solo career) in 1969, before the band recorded the album "Elephant Mountain", Levinger assumed lead guitar duties and played extensively on Wurlitzer electric piano. The band became adept at lengthy improvisations in their live performances (as captured on the albums "Rock Festival" and "Ride the Wind", released after the band moved over to their own Raccoon label, distributed by Warner Brothers).


title: The Youngbloods

text: The group added the bassist Michael Kane to their lineup in 1971 and released two more albums: "Good & Dusty" (1971), which featured "Hippie from Olema" (an answer to Merle Haggard's "Okie from Muskogee"), and "High on a Ridgetop" (1972), before disbanding. Young, Levinger and Bauer went on to solo careers; only Young had any notable success. Levinger, Bauer and Kane were part of another group, Noggins, in 1972, which released one album, "Crab Tunes". Bauer died of a brain tumor in September 1982, at the age of 40.


title: The Youngbloods

text: In 1971, Jerry Corbitt and former Youngbloods producer Charlie Daniels formed a band called Corbitt & Daniels and toured.


title: The Youngbloods

text: Banana supplied guitar, banjo, synthesizer, and back-up vocals to Mimi Fariña's 1985 solo album, "Solo", and also toured with her on and off from 1973 until the 1990s. During the 1980s and 1990s, he played with the jam rock band Zero on keyboards, vocals and rhythm guitar.


title: The Youngbloods

text: In late 1984, the Youngbloods briefly reunited for a club tour. The 1984 line-up contained Young, Corbitt and Levinger, plus new members David Perper (drums, ex-Pablo Cruise) and Scott Lawrence (keyboards, woodwinds). Once the tour was completed, the group disbanded once again by mid-1985.


title: The Youngbloods

text: Lowell Levinger released three self-produced bluegrass albums as "Grandpa Banana": "I'll Do Anything For You" (2009), "Just Trying To Break Even" (2011) and "Even Grandpas Get The Blues" (2012). He later joined Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul for their 2017 European and 2018 American tours in support of (Steven) Van Zandt's latest album, "Soulfire".


title: The Youngbloods

text: In 2014, Sony Music Japan remastered the first three Youngbloods albums as "The Youngbloods – 3 Albums Collection 1967–1969" (Mini LP BSCD2). "The Youngbloods" and "Earth Music," contain both mono and stereo versions of the album plus bonus tracks. "Elephant Mountain" contains the full stereo version of the album, plus a few mono versions of selected tracks plus bonus tracks.


title: Machine (2017 film)

text: Machine is a 2017 Indian romantic thriller film, directed by Abbas–Mustan. The film stars debutant Mustafa Burmawalla and Kiara Advani. The film has been produced by Jayantilal Gada, Haresh Patel (AD Films), Pranay Chokshi, Abbas Mustan Films Productions and Dhaval Jayantilal Gada.


title: Machine (2017 film)

text: Machine depicts the story of racing enthusiasts Sarah (Kiara Advani), the daughter of a very rich businessman Balraj (Ronit Roy), and Ransh (Mustafa Burmawalla), who meet each other due to circumstances. Sarah loses to Ransh at a car race event, Sarah later finds out Ransh, new in town, is her new classmate. As their bond becomes stronger, they eventually fall in love. After the accidental death of Sarah's friend/secret lover Aditya (Eshan Shanker), they get married. However, Ransh deceives Sarah and tries to kill her for her money and property by throwing her off a cliff. She is eventually saved by Aditya's twin brother Raj (Eshan Shanker), who is a commando in the Indian Army. Sarah and Raj come to know the exact reason about her killing when they find out Ransh was doing all this on someone's orders and is duping another rich businessman's daughter. They trace him and find that her own father had planned all these due to a very convoluted reason. He is not Sarah's biological father and is Ransh's biological father. They come to know that he only raised her as his own daughter for her wealth. He even kills Sarah's parents by planning it like an accident. When he was about to pull his gun to shoot her, Sarah shoots him and burns him alive with the money he looted. They both eventually try to take revenge from Ransh. Sarah tells that she is deeply in love with him. Ransh does whatever is fitted into his mind, whatever instructed, he never realized her love for him and tried to murder her. After this, when Ransh understands, he comes forward, Raj sees the gun lying beside Ransh and throws a knife for safety of Sarah, and Ransh realizes what he actually is. He realizes that he has his own brain and heart. At the end, Ransh understands he is truly in love with Sarah, and dies, confessing his true love for her.


title: Machine (2017 film)

text: The "Times Of India" criticized the plot and the lack of subtlety in the film. The "Indian Express" gave the film 1.5/5 rating.


title: Machine (2017 film)

text: The music for the film is composed by Tanishk Bagchi, with Dr. Zeus as a guest composer of a dance number. Lyrics are penned by Arafat Mehmood, Niket Pandey, Shabbir Ahmed, Mohammed Irfan and Jasmine Sandlas. Music rights have been acquired by T-Series.


title: Machine (2017 film)

text: The song "Chatur Naar" is a remake of the song "Ek Chatur Naar" from the 1969 "Padosan". The song "Cheez Badi" is a remake of the song "Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast Mast" from the 1994 film "Mohra", which was itself a copy of the Qawwali song "Dam Mast Qalandar" by Pakistani singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.


title: Princess

text: Princess is a regal rank and the feminine equivalent of prince (from Latin "princeps", meaning principal citizen). Most often, the term has been used for the consort of a prince, or for the daughter of a king or prince.


title: Princess

text: Some princesses are reigning monarchs of principalities. There have been fewer instances of reigning princesses than reigning princes, as most principalities excluded women from inheriting the throne. Examples of princesses regnant have included Constance of Antioch, princess regnant of Antioch in the 12th century. Since the President of France, an office for which women are eligible, is "ex-officio" a Co-Prince of Andorra, then Andorra could theoretically be jointly ruled by a princess.


title: Princess

text: For many centuries, the title "princess" was not regularly used for a monarch's daughter, who, in English, might simply be called "Lady". Old English had no female equivalent of "prince", "earl", or any royal or noble title aside from queen. Royal women were simply addressed or referred to as "The Lady [Firstname]". For example, Elizabeth and Mary, daughters of Henry VIII of England, were often simply referred to as "the Ladies Elizabeth and Mary". This practice, however, was not consistent. In the marriage contract between Prince George of Denmark and Anne, daughter of James II of Great Britain, Anne is referred to as ""The Princess Anne"".


title: Princess

text: Practice in Britain began to change in the 18th century. After the accession of King George I to the British throne, the children, grandchildren, and male-line great grandchildren of the British Sovereign were automatically titled "Prince or Princess of Great Britain and Ireland" and styled "Royal Highness" (in the case of children and grandchildren) or "Highness" (in the case of male line great grandchildren). Queen Victoria confirmed this practice in Letters Patent dated 30 January 1864 (the first Act of the Prerogative dealing with the princely title in general terms). On 31 December 2012, Queen Elizabeth II issued letters patent enabling all children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales to enjoy the princely title and style of "Royal Highness", as opposed to only the eldest son.


title: Princess

text: In European countries, a woman who marries a prince will almost always become a princess, but a man who marries a princess will almost never become a prince, unless specifically created so. From 1301 onward, the eldest sons of the Kings of England (and later Great Britain and the United Kingdom) have generally been created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, and their wives have been titled Princess of Wales.


title: Princess

text: Queen Elizabeth II of United Kingdom issued Letters Patent dated 21 August 1996, stating that any woman divorced from a Prince of the United Kingdom would no longer be entitled to the style "Royal Highness". This has so far applied to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Sarah, Duchess of York. Similarly, in Denmark, Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg, lost her status as princess upon her divorce from Prince Joachim of Denmark; Queen Margrethe II bestowed instead upon her former daughter-in-law the additional personal title Countess of Frederiksborg ().


title: Princess

text: In some cases, "Princess" is used as a term of endearment to express love for a woman. For example, throughout the 1997 film "Life Is Beautiful" the protagonist Guido calls his beloved Dora "Principessa", Italian for "Princess".


title: Total Drama All-Stars and Pahkitew Island

text: Total Drama All-Stars (often shortened as TDAS) and Total Drama: Pahkitew Island (often shortened as TDPI; ) are the two parts with 13-episode segments that both make up the fifth season of "Total Drama". The season was commissioned by Cartoon Network in October 2012, ordering 26 episodes. It is a sequel to "Total Drama Island", "Total Drama Action", "Total Drama World Tour", and "". The season was produced by Fresh TV in association with the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network and distributed by Cake Entertainment. Owing to the series' premise, the season presents itself as a parody of reality television series, such as "Survivor".


text: The entire season first premiered in the United States starting on September 10, 2013 on Cartoon Network with the first part, while the second part premiered in the United States on July 7, 2014 for a two-week time period. In Canada, the first part premiered on Teletoon during their "Can't Miss Thursdays" time slot starting January 9, 2014, while the second part of the season also premiered during their "Can't Miss Thursdays" time slot on Teletoon starting on September 4, 2014. The second half of the season also premiered on APTN in 2015. It returned on APTN from January to February 2017, but was dropped all together.


text: Just like "", this season also consists of 13-episode segments; even though it brings back the traditional 26-episode length of the first three seasons. The winning characters for "All-Stars" are either Mike or Zoey, and the winning characters for "Pahkitew Island" are either Shawn or Sky (depending on the countries the season finale airs). The grand prizes for both parts of this season are both C$1,000,000 (US$731,485.00).


text: Total Drama All-Stars is the first part of the season. Christian Potenza first announced the season in an interview with Tom McGillis (the creator of the series), saying that "Total Drama All-Stars" would be very similar to "Total Drama Island" and "", due to the high worldwide ratings of the latter. That means that this part of the season takes place back at Camp Wawanakwa; in a single location once again, unlike "Total Drama World Tour". This part is also very similar to the previous season, "" (both being very similar in terms of length, location, features and cameos).


text: This part is an all-star season which features the return of fourteen of the strongest contestants from both the first and second generation cast. This is the first season to feature characters from two different generations competing together. The theme for this season is "Heroes vs. Villains", which means the competitors were separated into teams based on their past performance; with "Heroes" from each season having to face off against each season's "Villains". Both the season's first title, "" and the "" theme take after respective seasons from "Survivor".


text: Total Drama: Pahkitew Island is the second part of the season. It was first announced on June 11, 2013 as a sixth season, even though it is still part of the fifth season. This part features an entire new cast considered as the third generation of "Total Drama" characters and takes place at a brand new island, due to Chef Hatchet using a land drill to sink Camp Wawanakwa in the episode, "The Final Wreck-ening". This new island is the first new main setting in the series since "Total Drama Action".


text: "Pahkitew Island" aired in North America throughout the second half of 2014, but Italy was the first country to air "Total Drama: Pahkitew Island" starting on June 13, 2014. This is the first season to air a new episode every day in the United States. This part was story edited by Terry McGurrin, while Dennis Jackson and Melanie Jackson, series creators of "Wapos Bay", also helped write and consult the plot for "Pahkitew Island". "Total Drama: Pahkitew Island" was sponsored by the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network, who helped with the Cree translations for the team names and various season references.