title: Juniperus virginiana

text: The Cahokia Woodhenge series of timber circles that the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in western Illinois erected were constructed of massive logs of eastern juniper. One iteration of the such a circle, "Woodhenge III", which is thought to have been constructed circa 1000 AD, had 48 posts in the circle of in diameter and a 49th pole in the center.


title: Juniperus virginiana

text: Among many Native American cultures, the smoke of burning eastern juniper is believed to expel evil spirits prior to conducting a ceremony, such as a healing ceremony.


title: Juniperus virginiana

text: During the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s, the Prairie States Forest Project encouraged farmers to plant shelterbelts, i. e. wind breaks, of eastern juniper throughout the Great Plains of the USA. The trees thrive in adverse conditions. Tolerant of both drought and cold, they grow well in rocky, sandy, and clayey soils. Competition between individual trees is minimal, and therefore they can be closely planted in rows, in which situation they still grow to full height, creating a solid windbreak in a short time.


title: Juniperus virginiana

text: A number of cultivars have been selected for horticulture, including 'Canaertii' (narrow conical; female) 'Corcorcor' (with a dense, erect crown; female), 'Goldspire' (narrow conical with yellow foliage), and 'Kobold' (dwarf). Some cultivars previously listed under this species, notably 'Skyrocket', are actually cultivars of "J. scopulorum".


title: Juniperus virginiana

text: In the Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma Ozarks, eastern juniper is commonly used as a Christmas tree.


title: Juniperus virginiana

text: This is the most widely used wood for making blocks for recorders. There are numerous properties that it possesses that make it uniquely suitable for this, such as good moisture absorption, low expansion when wet (so it does not crack the recorder head), and mild antiseptic properties.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: Thomas Edward Gilbert Jr. (August 14, 1961 – February 18, 1995) better known by his ring name "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert, was an American professional wrestler and booker.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: Gilbert started his wrestling career for the Continental Wrestling Association in 1977, using the ring name Tommy Gilbert Jr. and winning the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship with his father in 1980. He later moved to the World Wrestling Federation in 1982, working a storyline as the protégé of Bob Backlund until leaving the company in 1984. He found his greatest success in Memphis, teaming with Tommy Rich to form “Fargo’s Fabulous Ones” and winning the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship. Gilbert eventually turned heel and feuded with Rich as well as Jerry Lawler. He moved to the Universal Wrestling Federation in 1985, where he wrestled and worked as a manager, forming the villainous stable “Hot Stuff International, Inc.”


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: In addition, Gilbert also worked as a booker in promotions like the Global Wrestling Federation and Eastern Championship Wrestling (later known as Extreme Championship Wrestling), while continuing to wrestle in various promotions including Jim Crockett Promotions and the United States Wrestling Association.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: Gilbert wanted to become a professional wrestler by the second grade, and wrote articles and took photographs for newsstand and ringside magazines as a way to become involved in the business. He was once rumored to have missed his own high school graduation so he could make it to Memphis to lose in the first match on the undercard at the Mid-South Coliseum. After graduating from high school, he made his debut in 1977 in the Memphis, Tennessee-based Continental Wrestling Association as "Tommy Gilbert Jr." in honor of his father, Tommy Gilbert. On February 10, 1979, he and Ricky Reed defeated Jake Dalton and Haiti Charlie. In 1980, he and his father won the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: He spent time in the World Wrestling Federation as an enhancement talent in 1982, before being promoted to mid-card status. During this time period, he was touted as the protege of then WWF Champion Bob Backlund. He continued to work his way up the card when he was legitimately injured seriously in a car accident in 1983, suffering severe injuries to his neck, arms and back. Some doctors told him he would never be able to wrestle again. Despite this, he spent several months recovering before returning to the ring, and his injuries were so severe that he needed plastic surgery, which Gilbert disguised by growing a beard. Upon his return, he stated on television that Backlund had been a tremendous inspiration to him. At a September 1983 TV taping, Gilbert's neck was (in storyline) reinjured by the Masked Superstar who executed two neckbreakers to Gilbert in the ring to win a match and a third on the floor ringside afterwards, resulting in Gilbert being stretchered from the ring and taken away in an ambulance. Gilbert continued wrestling for the WWF until 1984.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: Later, he began making a name for himself as Eddie Gilbert for the CWA in Memphis, Tennessee. He teamed with his father and Ricky Morton over the following years. In addition, he formed a team with Tommy Rich as "Fargo's Fabulous Ones", an attempt by CWA (Memphis) to bury and still cash in on the fame attained by the previous incarnation of the Fabulous Ones, Steve Keirn and Stan Lane, who walked out of the territory after a dispute. They held the AWA Southern Tag Team titles in 1984 until dropping them to Phil Hickerson and the Spoiler (Frank Morrell). The duo would break up soon after, with Gilbert turning heel in the process. The two had a brief but intense feud, which memorably began on television when the two were presented with a "Tag Team of the Year" award by announcer Lance Russell and two guests. Gilbert, unaware his former partner was at the taping, badmouthed Rich, then the International Heavyweight Champion, until Rich came out to confront him. Rich immediately got the upper hand, running Gibert into the steel ringpost several times, bloodying him in the process before the cameras went to a commercial. After the commercial break, Gilbert told Russell he wanted Rich to come back out so he could apologize to him in person, stating he was wrong for still being bitter about the break-up of the team, and was fueled by jealousy of Rich's championship title reign and newfound star status. When Rich accepted Gilbert's apology, Gilbert suddenly turned on him and, in front of a stunned audience and a speechless Russell, rammed Rich's head into the ringpost, just as Rich had done to him moments earlier.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: In 1985, Gilbert went to work for Bill Watts at the Universal Wrestling Federation, and adopted the nickname "Hot Stuff". He started a heel stable of wrestlers called "Hot Stuff International, Inc.", consisting of Sting (Blade Runner Sting), Ultimate Warrior (Blade Runner Rock) and Rick Steiner. He stole Missy Hyatt from John Tatum in 1987, with his stable being renamed "H & H International, Inc." Iceman Parsons and Dick Murdoch would also join his stable later on at different times as well. Sting would eventually leave the stable and feud with them. Eddie also worked as a booker, who came up with the famous "Battle of New Orleans" angle in late-1987 involving Chris Adams, Terry Taylor, Sting, and himself. Following a match in which Taylor defeated Shane Douglas due to interference by both Gilbert and Rick Steiner, Adams told referee Randy Anderson of the interference. As Adams pleaded his case with Anderson, Gilbert and Taylor attacked him, and Sting eventually evened the sides. The angle eventually spilled outside the ring into the stands, and near the concession area, featuring a huge brawl involving beer kegs, chairs, trash cans, tables, popcorn machines and other objects. Gilbert was awarded Best Booker of 1988 by the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter". He would stay with the Universal Wrestling Federation until the purchase from Jim Crockett Promotions.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: From there, Gilbert worked in Alabama's Continental Wrestling Federation (CWF), where he reformed Hot Stuff Inc. Gilbert also served as booker, with Paul Heyman as his assistant. The CWF was broadcast nationally on the Financial News Network, and Gilbert's creative work was widely praised by wrestling journalists. However, Gilbert left due to conflicts with management.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: Gilbert went to the NWA's Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) -- which had purchased the UWF—and brought Hyatt, Heyman and his brother Doug Gilbert with him. Eddie teamed with Rick Steiner to feud with Kevin Sullivan and his Varsity Club. He also became involved in a feud with Ric Flair and Barry Windham in which he teamed with Ricky Steamboat and Lex Luger. Gilbert was told at one point that he would be a member of the Four Horsemen, which he considered the pinnacle of his career, but this did not happen. Near the end of his stint there, JCP was renamed World Championship Wrestling.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: Eddie left WCW in April 1990 and also divorced Hyatt. He went back to the independents where he could book again. He worked for the United States Wrestling Association (USWA) in Memphis (where he feuded with Jerry Lawler) and the Global Wrestling Federation (GWF), as well as Philadelphia's Tri-State Wrestling Alliance promotion. Gilbert's most famous feud in the Memphis territory involved an angle between himself and Lawler in September 1990. Eddie and his brother Doug were "fired" from the promotion, and in retaliation hit Lawler with their car and fled the scene. Numerous home viewers, fearing for Lawler, immediately called the police to report what they had just seen as a legitimate vehicular assault. Lawler had to inform the police what was going on and Lawler was forced to appear on television (while selling his "injuries") sooner than intended out of concern that Gilbert would have been legitimately arrested if he didn't show on TV that he was all right.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: Gilbert quit the USWA in January 1991. The on air story was that he had chosen to leave the promotion rather than be injured by Jim Cornette and The Fabulous Ones. Due to a pay dispute, Gilbert, along with his brother Doug (who wrestled under a mask as the Dark Patriot) left the GWF in 1992. Eddie Gilbert took with him the GWF North American Heavyweight Championship belt. He made a few defenses of the title in the USWA as the GWF World Heavyweight champion, despite being stripped of the belt and not being recognized as such by the GWF. Gilbert returned to the USWA until early 1995 when he worked one night for Smoky Mountain Wrestling before traveling to World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico to wrestle and book. His last wrestling match was against a bear.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: In 1993, Gilbert wrestled for NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling, where he again teamed with Doug. He also served as head booker for nearly six months, but gave up his position in September 1993 to Paul Heyman. At one point, Gilbert owned 49% of the company. Heyman would take the company in an even more extreme direction, and under the name Extreme Championship Wrestling just 11 months later which saw the company depart the NWA in controversial fashion. Due to ECW's notoriety under Heyman, the company quickly became the third biggest wrestling company in North America behind the WWF and WCW.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: Gilbert's first marriage was to a woman named Terrie Bardwell Dykes. The two divorced, and Gilbert married wrestling valet Missy Hyatt in October 1987 and they divorced in 1989. Gilbert was also briefly married to Debrah "Madusa" Miceli in 1990, but the marriage only lasted four months.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: In early 1994, Gilbert sat down with Bob Barnett and conducted a filmed shoot interview titled "Looking For Mr. Gilbert." Gilbert spoke openly about his life and career at a time when professional wrestlers rarely appeared on film out of character and almost never spoke publicly about the behind-the-scenes machinations of the wrestling business. The footage from the interview was later marketed on home video and sold through wrestling newsletters, as well as at independent wrestling shows, the first of its kind. "Looking For Mr. Gilbert" is now considered the first professional wrestling "shoot video", and in the decades since, countless professional wrestlers have conducted sit-down shoot interviews, most notably in RF Video's Shoot Interview series and Kayfabe Commentaries' YouShoot interview series.


title: Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)

text: On February 18, 1995, Gilbert died of a massive heart attack in his sleep at his apartment in Isla Verde, Puerto Rico. His body was found by Ken Wayne. Gilbert's father, Tommy Gilbert, stated that injuries to Eddie's chest and heart muscle had occurred in a serious car crash in 1983 and could have been a factor; Eddie's alleged use of painkillers since the accident could also have contributed to his heart condition. The Eddie Gilbert Memorial Brawl was held in his memory from 1996 to 1999.


title: Tren Maya

text: The Tren Maya (sometimes also Mayan Train or Maya Train) is a intercity railway in Mexico that will traverse the Yucatán Peninsula; construction began in June 2020 and is scheduled to be completed by 2024. The railway begins in Palenque in Chiapas and travels northeast towards Cancún in Quintana Roo via two routes that encircle the peninsula. The project aims to connect tourist destinations in the Caribbean with lesser-known sites inland, including historic Mayan sites from which it derives its name.


title: Tren Maya

text: The Mayan Train project was announced in September 2018 by Mexican president-elect Andrés Manuel López Obrador, following earlier proposals to build a shorter line. Previous presidential administrations had also proposed their own high-speed rail projects, but were unsuccessful in attaining funding. It would use existing right of way from Ferrosur as well as new tracks constructed through the jungle. The project was derided by political opposition groups as a stunt for López Obrador, who had also cancelled a major airport project in Mexico City favored by his predecessor. The Zapatista Army of National Liberation announced that it would oppose the project.


title: Tren Maya

text: On 15 November 2019, President López Obrador declared that a referendum on the Mayan Train would be held on 15 December 2019 in Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo.


title: Tren Maya

text: The weekend of 15–16 December 2019, 92.3% of the people who participated in the consultation voted in favor, while 7.4% voted against the proposal. 100,940 people voted, 2.36% of the 3,536,000 registered voters in the 84 municipalities affected.


title: Tren Maya

text: The Mexican Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights criticized the vote. They pointed out that voters were provided with only the positive effects of the project (improved attention to water supplies, health, education, employment, housing, environmental protection, and culture) but were not informed of the negative effects. The Human Rights Commission also criticized the translations of the material used, the short period of time for the election, and low turnout, particularly among indigenous women. They noted that many potential voters did not have the financial resources to travel to the voting locations, and that the majority of voters were municipal employees. The government rejected the criticisms, stating the consultation met international standards.


title: Tren Maya

text: In June 2022 Interior Secretary Adán Augusto López Hernández announced a planned extension to Progreso and Umán in Yucatán.


title: Tren Maya

text: Funding for the project will come primarily from a tourism tax levied in the region, as well as funds diverted from other programs, including the Mexican Grand Prix.


title: Tren Maya

text: The project, led by the (Fonatur), in December 2018 was estimated to cost 150 billion pesos (US$7.4 billion) and attract 8,000 daily riders. An alternative study by a public policy think tank in 2019 estimated the cost of the project would be 480 billion pesos (US$25.3 billion), supported by the 90 percent cost overrun on the Toluca–Mexico City railway project. In October 2021 Fonatur revised the construction estimate to 200 billion pesos.


title: Tren Maya

text: In October 2020 the estimated total cost of the project, including 30 years of operating and maintenance but not including electrification, was about 321 billion pesos.


title: Tren Maya

text: The Secretariat of Tourism will receive a 647.1% increase in its budget for 2021 (MXN $38,613.4 million), of which 94% is destined for the Mayan Train.


title: Tren Maya

text: In December 2020 president López Obrador announced that the armed forces would operate three sections of the route, and that profits would be used to strengthen finances for pensioners and retirees of the armed forces. In March 2021 Fonatur general director Rogelio Jiménez Pons said that the military would own the entire route, not just the three sections, and would receive all of the profits.


title: Tren Maya

text: Jiménez Pons stated in September 2021 that the cost of a single trip for locals, for the section that goes from Cancún to Playa del Carmen will be around 50 pesos. Tourists will be expected to pay between 800 to 1000 pesos for the same trip. When explaining the difference in price, he stated that the tourist will have additional services such as restaurants.


title: Tren Maya

text: On 16 December 2018, president López Obrador conducted a Mayan ritual to commemorate the start of construction on the Mayan Train project. The railway will also accommodate local passenger traffic and freight shipments in addition to tourist functions. The first phase of the project is anticipated to open in the late 2020s, but tourism officials in the region have proposed accelerating work for a 2023 opening.


title: Tren Maya

text: The route consists of seven sections. Section I runs from Palenque to Escárcega (228 km); section II from Escárcega to Calkiní (235 km); section III from Calkiní to Izamal (172 km); section IV from Izamal to Cancún (257 km); section V from Cancún to Tulum (121 km); section VI from Tulum to Bacalar (254 km); and section VII from Bacalar to Escárcega (287 km).


title: Tren Maya

text: Business leaders in Mérida, Yucatán, expressed their support on 31 January 2020, for building four kilometers of the railway underground as it passes through the city of Mérida. In this way, the train will not threaten the city's historic center. They are also optimistic that the tourist train, in combination with improvements in energy, airports, and seaports, will make the region economically competitive with the North and the Bajío. Fonatur later announced that the train would initially not stop in Mérida, but near a hacienda 8 km away. They said that by 2025 the station will relocate to La Plancha Park in Mérida.


title: Tren Maya

text: Construction began in June 2020. The construction companies are Mota-Engil México SAPI and China Communications Construction Company LTD for stretch one (Plenque-Escárcega), Operadora CICSA and FCC Construcción for stretch two (Escárcega-Calkiní), Construcciones Urales and GAMI Ingeniería e Instalaciones for stretch three (Calkiní-Izmal), and Grupo ICA for stretch four (Izmal–Cancún). In September 2020 Fonatur rejected a proposal of investment firm BlackRock for the fifth stretch (125 km) of the project, including improvements to the Tulum–Cancún highway.


title: Tren Maya

text: In February 2021 Fonatur awarded a contract to Acciona and Grupo México for 60.3 km of electrified double rail tracks for section five between Playa del Carmen and Tulum.


title: Tren Maya

text: As of January 2021, plans call for diesel-electric trains running at up to 160 km/h. In May 2021 Fonatur contracted with a consortium headed by Alstom to supply rolling stock and related equipment. The rolling stock will be manufactured at Alstom's factory in Ciudad Sahagún. The contract also includes European Train Control System signalling and control equipment.


title: Tren Maya

text: López Obrador has said the project will be completed prior to the end of his term in 2024. A market survey conducted by Fonatur, PricewaterhouseCoopers and other consultants in 2019 found that a majority of 21 construction companies consider this too fast, an unreasonable time to construct so much new rail, and others have expressed fear for a disaster from quality work such as the May 2021 Mexico City Metro overpass collapse. In January 2022, to speed up construction, the route was changed to no longer enter Playa del Carmen. , 10% of the project had been completed. This had increased to 25% by February 2022.


title: Tren Maya

text: Environmental and indigenous rights activists objected to construction of new tracks through the jungle.


title: Tren Maya

text: On the 26th anniversary of its armed uprising, 1 January 2020, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation expressed its opposition to the project and declared that the consultation provided only positive information to voters prior to voting.


title: Tren Maya

text: Groups close to the National Indigenous Congress (CNI) plan to seek injunctions against the train project and other megaprojects in the region. The CNI is looking at three-pronged action: social awareness campaigns, media campaigns, and legal actions. On 28 January 2020, a judge in Campeche issued a temporary injunction against construction of the railway because was approved in a "simulated consultation." In a visit to the city of Campeche, President López Obrador defended the train and pointed out that not only had the train received its greatest support in the state of Campeche, but also that more than half the route would run through the state—worth MXN $60 billion of the $130 billion the government plans to invest in total. He said the section from Escárcega to Cancún should be open for tourist, passenger, and freight traffic in 2023, but that the route will not pass through the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve.


title: Tren Maya

text: In November 2020 the Regional Indigenous Council of Xpujil delivered a petition with 268,000 signatures to the Campeche Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources asking that the project be suspended because of environmental concerns. Residents of Chocholá, Mérida, and Izamal, in Yucatán obtained a temporary delay in construction in January 2021 until Fonatur and SEMARNAT report on an environmental impact assessment.


title: Tren Maya

text: On 3 March 2021, an injunction was filed by 80 people from Campeche who fear eviction from their homes. The First District Court in Campeche granted them the provisional suspension. Yucatán's fourth district court also ordered a stop to construction. The brought the total number of injunctions filed in the Yucatan Peninsula to 16 in March 2021, increasing to at least 25 by January 2022. Most of the injunctions have been filed by indigenous collectives who consider the project to be an environmental disaster. The injunctions have had little effect, and construction continues. López Obrador has criticized the saliency in opposition to the train as a partisan attempt to halt his administration's infrastructure projects.


title: Tren Maya

text: A group of celebrities, including comedian Eugenio Derbez, singers Rubén Albarrán and Natalia Lafourcade, and actress Kate del Castillo, as part of the Sélvame del Tren ("Save me from the Train", a play on words between Sálvame meaning Save Me, and Selva meaning jungle) campaign, has expressed opposition to the train.


title: Tren Maya

text: In July 2022 residents of Chemax barricaded surrounding roads, bringing construction to a halt. They say the government has violated its agreement by clearing the jungle and failing to provide promised infrastructure.


title: Tren Maya

text: As of January 2021 crews had uncovered more than 8000 ancient artifacts and structures during construction.


title: Tren Maya

text: The National Alliance for Conservation of the Jaguar has identified twelve wildlife corridors that could be constructed to mitigate the situation for the jaguars that live in the area.


title: Tren Maya

text: The Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental environmental group has accused Fonatur of deforestation along the route, not accounted for in the environmental impact assessment and without acquiring the necessary permits. In November 2021 the Interior Department exempted Tren Maya and other infrastructure projects from environmental review.


title: Tren Maya

text: Original plans called for electric locomotives on the trains. In June 2020 the government announced a switch to diesel to reduce costs, then in August 2020 they announced that half the route, from Mérida to Chetumal via Cancún, would be electrified.


title: Tren Maya

text: In March 2022 Greenpeace organizers tied themselves to heavy machinery as a protest against construction in Quintana Roo that involves cutting down the jungle without environmental studies having been made.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: Dragonfly is a planned spacecraft and NASA mission, which will send a robotic rotorcraft to the surface of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. It would be the first aircraft on Titan and is intended to make the first powered and fully controlled atmospheric flight on any moon, with the intention of studying prebiotic chemistry and extraterrestrial habitability. It will then use its vertical takeoffs and landings (VTOL) capability to move between exploration sites.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: Titan is unique in having an abundant, complex, and diverse carbon-rich chemistry on the surface of a water-ice-dominated world with an interior water ocean, making it a high-priority target for astrobiology and origin of life studies. The mission was proposed in April 2017 to NASA's New Frontiers program by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), and was selected as one of two finalists (out of twelve proposals) in December 2017 to further refine the mission's concept. On 27 June 2019, "Dragonfly" was selected to become the fourth mission in the New Frontiers program.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: "Dragonfly" is an astrobiology mission to Titan to assess its microbial habitability and study its prebiotic chemistry at various locations. "Dragonfly" will perform controlled flights and vertical takeoffs and landings between locations. The mission will involve flights to multiple different locations on the surface, which allows sampling of diverse regions and geological contexts.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: Titan is a compelling astrobiology target because its surface contains abundant complex carbon-rich chemistry and because both liquid water (transient) and liquid hydrocarbons can occur on its surface, possibly forming a prebiotic primordial soup.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: A successful flight of "Dragonfly" will make it the second rotorcraft to fly on a celestial body other than Earth, following the success of a Martian technology demonstration UAV helicopter, "Ingenuity", which landed on Mars with the "Perseverance" rover on 18 February 2021 as part of the Mars 2020 mission and successfully achieved powered flight on 19 April 2021.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The initial "Dragonfly" conception took place over a dinner conversation between scientists Jason W. Barnes of Department of Physics, University of Idaho, (who had previously made the AVIATR proposal for a Titan aircraft) and Ralph Lorenz of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, and it took 15 months to make it a detailed mission proposal. The principal investigator is Elizabeth Turtle, a planetary scientist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The "Dragonfly" mission builds on several earlier studies of Titan mobile aerial exploration, including the 2007 Titan Explorer Flagship study, which advocated a Montgolfier balloon for regional exploration, and AVIATR, an airplane concept considered for the Discovery program. The concept of a rotorcraft lander that flew on battery power, recharged during the 8-Earth-day Titan night from a radioisotope power source, was proposed by Lorenz in 2000. More recent discussion has included a 2014 Titan rotorcraft study by Larry Matthies, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, that would have a small rotorcraft deployed from a lander or a balloon. The hot-air balloon concepts would have used the heat from a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG).


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: Leveraging proven rotorcraft systems and technologies, "Dragonfly" will use a multi-rotor vehicle to transport its instrument suite to multiple locations to make measurements of surface composition, atmospheric conditions, and geologic processes.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: "Dragonfly" and "CAESAR," a comet sample return mission to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, were the two finalists for the New Frontiers program Mission 4, and on 27 June 2019, NASA selected "Dragonfly" for development; it will launch in June 2027.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The "CAESAR" and "Dragonfly" missions received US$4 million funding each through the end of 2018 to further develop and mature their concepts. NASA announced the selection of "Dragonfly" on 27 June 2019, which will be built and launched by June 2027. "Dragonfly" will be the fourth in NASA's New Frontiers portfolio, a series of principal investigator-led planetary science investigations that fall under a development cost cap of approximately US$850 million, and including launch services, the total cost will be approximately US$1 billion.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: Titan is similar to the very early Earth, and can provide clues to how life may have arisen on Earth. In 2005, the European Space Agency's "Huygens" lander acquired some atmospheric and surface measurements on Titan, detecting tholins, which are a mix of various types of hydrocarbons (organic compounds) in the atmosphere and on the surface. Because Titan's atmosphere obscures the surface at many wavelengths, the specific compositions of solid hydrocarbon materials on Titan's surface remain essentially unknown. Measuring the compositions of materials in different geologic settings will reveal how far prebiotic chemistry has progressed in environments that provide known key ingredients for life, such as pyrimidines (bases used to encode information in DNA) and amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: Areas of particular interest are sites where extraterrestrial liquid water in impact melt or potential cryovolcanic flows may have interacted with the abundant organic compounds. "Dragonfly" will provide the capability to explore diverse locations to characterize the habitability of Titan's environment, investigate how far prebiotic chemistry has progressed, and search for biosignatures indicative of life based on water as solvent and even hypothetical types of biochemistry.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The atmosphere contains plentiful nitrogen and methane, and strong evidence indicates that liquid methane exists on the surface. Evidence also indicates the presence of liquid water and ammonia under the surface, which may be delivered to the surface by cryovolcanic activity.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: "Dragonfly" will be a rotorcraft lander, much like a large quadcopter with double rotors, which is known as an octocopter. Redundant rotor configuration will enable the mission to tolerate the loss of at least one rotor or motor. Each of the craft's eight rotors will be about in diameter. The aircraft will travel at about and climb to an altitude of up to .


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: Flight on Titan is aerodynamically benign as Titan has low gravity and little wind, and its dense atmosphere allows for efficient rotor propulsion. The radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) power source has been proven in multiple spacecraft, and the extensive use of quad drones on Earth provides a well-understood flight system that is being complemented with algorithms to enable independent actions in real-time. The craft will be designed to operate in a space radiation environment and in temperatures averaging .


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: Titan's dense atmosphere and low gravity mean that the flight power for a given mass is a factor of about 40 times lower than on Earth. The atmosphere has 1.45 times the pressure and about four times the density of Earth's, and local gravity (13.8% of Earth's) will make it easier to fly, although cold temperatures, lower light levels and higher atmospheric drag on the airframe will be challenges.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: "Dragonfly" will be able to fly several kilometers, powered by a lithium-ion battery, which will be recharged by a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) during the night. MMRTGs convert the heat from the natural decay of a radioisotope into electricity. The rotorcraft will be able to travel ten miles on every battery charge and stay aloft for a half hour each time. The vehicle will use sensors to scout new science targets, and then return to the original site until new landing destinations are approved by mission controllers.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The "Dragonfly" rotorcraft will be approximately , and packaged inside a diameter heatshield. Regolith samples will be obtained by two sample acquisition drills and hoses, one on each landing skid, for delivery to the mass spectrometer instrument.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The craft will remain on the ground during the Titan nights, which last about 8 Earth days or 192 hours. Activities during the night may include sample collection and analysis, seismological studies like diagnosing wave activity on the northern hydrocarbon seas, meteorological monitoring, and local microscopic imaging using LED illuminators as flown on "Phoenix" lander and "Curiosity" rover. The craft will communicate directly to Earth with a high-gain antenna.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The Penn State Vertical Lift Research Center of Excellence is responsible for rotor design and analysis, rotorcraft flight-control development, scaled rotorcraft testbed development, ground testing support, and flight performance assessment.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: "Dragonfly" is expected to launch in June 2027, and will take seven years to reach Titan, arriving by 2034. The spacecraft will perform a gravity assist flyby of Venus, and three passes by Earth to gain additional velocity. The spacecraft will be the first dedicated outer solar system mission to not visit Jupiter as it will not be within the flight path at the time of launch.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The cruise stage will separate from the entry capsule ten minutes before encountering Titan's atmosphere. The lander will descend to the surface of Titan using an aeroshell and a series of two parachutes, while the spent cruise stage will burn up in uncontrolled atmospheric entry. The duration of the descent phase is expected to be 105minutes. The aeroshell is derived from the "Genesis" sample return capsule, and the PICA heat shield is similar to MSL and Mars 2020 design and will protect the spacecraft for the first 6 minutes of its descent.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: At a speed of Mach 1.5, a drogue parachute will deploy, to slow the capsule to subsonic speeds. Due to Titan's comparably thick atmosphere and low gravity, the drogue chute phase will last for 80 minutes. A larger main parachute will replace the drogue chute when the descent speed is sufficiently low. During the 20 minutes on the main chute, the lander will be prepared for separation. The heat shield will be jettisoned, the landing skids will be extended, and sensors such as radar and lidar will be activated. At an altitude of , the lander will be released from its parachute, for a powered flight to the surface. The specific landing site and flight operation will be performed autonomously. This is required since the high gain antenna will not be deployed during descent, and because communication between Earth and Titan takes minutes, each way.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The "Dragonfly" rotorcraft will land initially in dunes to the southeast of the Selk impact structure at the edge of the dark region called Shangri-La. It will explore this region in a series of flights of up to each, and acquire samples from compelling areas with a diverse geography. After landing it will travel to the Selk impact crater, where in addition to tholin organic compounds, there is evidence of past liquid water.


title: Dragonfly (spacecraft)

text: The Selk crater is a geologically young impact crater in diameter, located about north-northwest of the "Huygens" lander. () Infrared measurements and other spectra by the "Cassini" orbiter show that the adjacent terrain exhibits a brightness suggestive of differences in thermal structure or composition, possibly caused by cryovolcanism generated by the impact — a fluidized ejecta blanket and fluid flows, now water ice. Such a region featuring a mix of organic compounds and water ice is a compelling target to assess how far the prebiotic chemistry may have progressed at the surface.


title: Gallic rooster

text: The Gallic rooster () is a national symbol of France as a nation, as opposed to Marianne representing France as a state and its values: the Republic. The rooster is also the symbol of the Wallonia region and the French Community of Belgium.


title: Gallic rooster

text: During the times of Ancient Rome, Suetonius, in The Twelve Caesars, noticed that, in Latin, rooster ("gallus") and Galli ("Gallus") were homonyms. However, the association of the Gallic rooster as a national symbol is apocryphal, as the rooster was neither regarded as a national personification nor as a sacred animal by the Gauls in their mythology and because there was no "Gallic nation" at the time, but a loose confederation of Gallic nations instead. But a closer review within that religious scheme indicates that "Mercury" was often portrayed with the cockerel, a sacred animal among the Continental Celts. Julius Caesar in "De Bello Gallico" identified some gods worshipped in Gaul by using the names of their nearest Roman god rather than their Gaulish name, with Caesar saying "Mercury" was the god most revered in Gaul. The Irish god Lug identified as "samildánach" led to the widespread identification of Caesar's Mercury as Lugus and thus also to the sacred cockerel, the Gallic rooster, as an emblem of France.


title: Gallic rooster

text: Its association with France dates back from the Middle Ages and is due to the play on words in Latin between "Gallus", meaning an inhabitant of Gaul, and "gallus", meaning rooster, or cockerel. Its use, by the enemies of France, dates to this period, originally a pun to make fun of the French, the association between the rooster and the Gauls/French was developed by the kings of France for the strong Christian symbol that the rooster represents: prior to being arrested, Jesus predicted that Peter would deny him three times before the rooster crowed on the following morning. At the rooster's crowing, Peter remembered Jesus's words. Its crowing at the dawning of each new morning made it a symbol of the daily victory of light over darkness and the triumph of good over evil. It is also an emblem of the Christian's attitude of watchfulness and readiness for the sudden return of Christ, the resurrection of the dead, and the final judgment of humankind. That is why, during the Renaissance, the rooster became a symbol of France as a Catholic state and became a popular Christian image on weather vanes, also known as weathercocks.


title: Gallic rooster

text: The popularity of the Gallic rooster as a national personification faded away until its resurgence during the French Revolution (1789). The republican historiography completely modified the traditional perception of the origins of France. Until then, the royal historiography dated the origins of France back to the baptism of Clovis I in 496, the "first Christian king of France". The republicans rejected this royalist and Christian origin of the country and trace the origins of France back to the ancient Gaul. Although purely apocryphal, the rooster became the personification of the early inhabitants of France, the Gauls.


title: Gallic rooster

text: The Gallic rooster, colloquially named "Chantecler", had been a national emblem ever since, especially during the Third Republic. The rooster was featured on the reverse of French 20-franc gold pieces from 1899 to 1914. After World War I it was depicted on countless war memorials.


title: Gallic rooster

text: Today, it is often used as a national mascot, particularly in sporting events such as football (soccer) and rugby. The 1998 FIFA World Cup, hosted by France, adopted an anthropomorphic rooster named Footix as its mascot. Two decades later, the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, also hosted by France, featured a young anthropomorphic female chicken known as ettie (officially in lower case) as its mascot, with ettie being depicted as the daughter of Footix. The France national rugby league team are known as the "Chanteclairs", referring to the cockerel's song.


title: Gallic rooster

text: Another heraldic animal officially used by the French nation was the French Imperial Eagle, symbol of the First and Second French Empire under Napoleon I and Napoleon III. There was also the Salamander which was used under Francis I of France.


title: Gallic rooster

text: In 1913, the Gallic rooster was adopted as the symbol of Walloon movement. It represents a "bold rooster" ("coq hardi"), raising its claws, instead of the "crowing rooster" that is traditionally depicted in France. This symbol, also known as the Walloon rooster, was officially adopted as the symbol of Wallonia (in 1998) and the French Community of Belgium (in 1991).


title: Gallic rooster

text: In France, the French onomatopoeia for the rooster crowing sound, "cocorico" ("cock-a-doodle-doo"), is sometimes used as an expression of national pride.


title: Revolutionary Love

text: Revolutionary Love () is a 2017 South Korean television series starring Choi Si-won, Kang So-ra and Gong Myung about young people's challenges as they move forward in society. The series marks Choi Si-won's first acting project after his military service. It aired from October 14 to December 3, 2017 on tvN's Saturdays and Sundays at 21:00 KST time slot.


title: Revolutionary Love

text: Byun Hyuk (Choi Si-won) is the happy-go-lucky second son of Byun Kang-soo (Choi Jae-sung), the chairman of Gangsu Group. Byun Woo-sung (Lee Jae-yoon), the elder son of Byun Kang-soo, is jealous of his younger brother and seizes opportunities to bring him down.


title: Revolutionary Love

text: Kwon Jae-hoon (Gong Myung) is a long time friend of Byun Hyuk and is employed by Gangsu Group to cover up the follies of Hyuk. Jae-hoon's father is a loyal driver of Kang-soo and also has gone to jail because of Hyuk's mistake, which is the cause of Jae-hoon's hatred towards Hyuk.


title: Revolutionary Love

text: Baek Joon (Kang So-ra) is a street-smart girl who has multiple part-time jobs and refuses to settle in a full-time permanent job. Her father was wronged by Gangsu Group after being a loyal employee for a long time. She has a crush on Jae-hoon, who is extremely cold towards her.


title: Revolutionary Love

text: Byun Hyuk accidentally meets Baek Joon in a cleaner uniform leading Joon to believe he is just an employee of Gangsu Group. Later, when Hyuk is kicked out of his house, he comes to live with Jae-hoon. Joon forces Hyuk to take part-time jobs and in the process imbues him with the confidence to fight Gangsu Group's misconduct and oppressive business policies and practices.


title: Revolutionary Love

text: With Woo-sung and Kang-soo fighting hard to bring Hyuk down, Kwon Jae-hoon, Byun Hyuk and Baek Joon unite to expose the corruption of Gangsu Group.


title: Ipso facto

text: Aside from its technical uses, it occurs frequently in literature, particularly in scholarly addenda: e.g., "Faustus had signed his life away, and was, , incapable of repentance" (from Christopher Marlowe, "The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus") or "These prejudices are rooted in the idea that every tramp is a blackguard" (from George Orwell, "Down and Out in Paris and London"). Its use is also found in rabbinic writings: "If a man sells a house, he sells with it the door."


title: Ipso facto

text: denotes the automatic character of the loss of membership in a religious body by someone guilty of a specified action. Within the canon law of the Catholic Church, the phrase is more commonly used than with regard to ecclesiastical penalties such as excommunication. It indicates that the effect follows even if no verdict (in Latin, ) is pronounced by an ecclesiastical superior or tribunal.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Joseph Evans Brown (July 28, 1891 – July 6, 1973) was an American actor and comedian, remembered for his friendly screen persona, comic timing, and enormous elastic-mouth smile. He was one of the most popular American comedians in the 1930s and 1940s, with films like "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1935), "Earthworm Tractors" (1936), and "Alibi Ike" (1935). In his later career Brown starred in "Some Like It Hot" (1959), as Osgood Fielding III, in which he utters the film's famous punchline "Well, nobody's perfect."


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown was born on July 28, 1891, in Holgate, Ohio, near Toledo, into a large family of Welsh descent. He spent most of his childhood in Toledo. In 1902, at the age of ten, he joined a troupe of circus tumblers known as the Five Marvelous Ashtons, who toured the country on both the circus and vaudeville circuits. Later he became a professional baseball player. Despite his skill, he declined an opportunity to sign with the New York Yankees to pursue his career as an entertainer. After three seasons he returned to the circus, then went into vaudeville and finally starred on Broadway. He gradually added comedy to his act, and transformed himself into a comedian. He moved to Broadway in the 1920s, first appearing in the musical comedy "Jim Jam Jems".


title: Joe E. Brown

text: In late 1928, Brown began making films, starting the next year with Warner Bros. He quickly became a favorite with child audiences, and shot to stardom after appearing in the first all-color all-talking musical comedy "On with the Show" (1929). He starred in a number of lavish Technicolor musical comedies, including "Sally" (1929), "Hold Everything" (1930), "Song of the West" (1930), and "Going Wild" (1930). By 1931, Brown had become such a star that his name was billed above the title in the films in which he appeared.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: He appeared in "Fireman, Save My Child" (1932), a comedy in which he played a member of the St. Louis Cardinals, and in "Elmer, the Great" (1933) with Patricia Ellis and Claire Dodd and "Alibi Ike" (1935) with Olivia de Havilland, in both of which he portrayed ballplayers with the Chicago Cubs.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: In 1933 he starred in "Son of a Sailor" with Jean Muir and Thelma Todd. In 1934, Brown starred in "A Very Honorable Guy" with Alice White and Robert Barrat, in "The Circus Clown" again with Patricia Ellis and with Dorothy Burgess, and with Maxine Doyle in "6 Day Bike Rider".


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown was one of the few vaudeville comedians to appear in a Shakespearean film; he played Francis Flute in the Max Reinhardt/William Dieterle film version of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1935) and was highly praised for his performance.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: In 1933 and 1936, he was named one of the top 10 earners in films. He starred in "Polo Joe" (1936) with Carol Hughes and Richard "Skeets" Gallagher, and in "Sons o' Guns".


title: Joe E. Brown

text: By the mid-1930s Joe E. Brown's films were established as dependable moneymakers, and the studio had begun to economize on their production. When his Warner contract expired, Brown did not renew it. He left Warner Bros. to work for independent producer David L. Loew, starring in a series of comedies including "When's Your Birthday?" (1937) and "The Gladiator" (1938), a loose adaptation of Philip Gordon Wylie's 1930 novel "Gladiator" that influenced the creation of "Superman".


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Joe E. Brown left Loew in 1939. While his brand of broad comedy was still popular, it was somewhat old-fashioned, much like the slapstick efforts of Laurel and Hardy. As a result, Brown was now being handed "B" pictures for Paramount (one film), Columbia (three films), and finally Republic (four films). The Republics were his last starring vehicles. From this point on, Brown continued in films but in guest appearances and character roles.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown has a place in Boston's sports history. On April 14, 1925, radio station WBZ (AM) broadcast a local Major League baseball game for the first time. The Boston Braves played against the New York Giants, a game that the Braves won 5–4. The radio announcer for that day was Joe E. Brown. Brown was a devoted baseball fan, and some sportswriters who had seen him when he was a semi-pro player still believed he could have become a successful major league player one day. In April 1925, he was in the Boston area, starring in a stage performance of "Betty Lee" at Boston's Majestic Theater. Brown knew several of the Boston sportswriters, especially sports cartoonist Abe Savrann ("SAV") of the "Boston Traveler". Brown was a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and so was Savrann, who brought him in as a guest speaker at the mid-April 1925 meeting of the Cambridge, Massachusetts Elks Lodge. Savrann noted in his "Traveler" cartoon on April 15, 1925 (p. 20) that Brown had been the game announcer that day. And the radio critic for the "New Britain (CT) Daily Herald" wrote that "It is too bad that Joe E. Brown, who announced the game yesterday, could not fill that place during the entire season," noting that Brown not only described the game well but also offered amusing and interesting anecdotes in the process. While there is no information that he did any further radio play-by-play announcing, he did return to the broadcast booth in television, in 1953. He served as a commentator for the New York Yankees games on WPIX-TV. His TV duties included a 15-minute pre-game show and a 10-minute post-game show throughout the season. At the end of the season, he was replaced by Red Barber.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: In 1939, Brown testified before the House Immigration Committee in support of a bill that would allow 20,000 German-Jewish refugee children into the U.S. He later adopted two refugee children.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: At age 50 when the U.S. entered World War II, Brown was too old to enlist. Both of his biological sons served in the military during the war. In 1942, Captain Don E. Brown, was killed when his Douglas A-20 Havoc crashed near Palm Springs, California.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Even before the USO was organized, Brown spent a great deal of time traveling, at his own expense, to entertain troops in the South Pacific, including Guadalcanal, New Zealand and Australia, as well as the Caribbean and Alaska. He was the first to tour in this way and before Bob Hope made similar journeys. Brown also spent many nights working and meeting servicemen at the Hollywood Canteen. He wrote of his experiences entertaining the troops in his book "Your Kids and Mine". On his return to the U.S., Brown brought sacks of letters, making sure they were delivered by the Post Office. He gave shows in all weather conditions, many in hospitals, sometimes doing his entire show for a single dying soldier. He signed autographs for everyone. For his services to morale, Brown became one of only two civilians to be awarded the Bronze Star during World War II.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: His concern for the troops continued into the Korean War, as evidenced by a newsreel featuring his appeal for blood donations to aid the U.S. and UN troops there that was featured in the season 4 episode of "M*A*S*H" titled "Deluge".


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown would become known for touring in the role of Elwood P. Dowd, the lead in Mary Chase's Harvey:The comic said that sometime during the run of Harvey at Elitch, he’ll have invoked the character of the lovable Elwood for the 2,000th time. This means that he’ll have played the part more than any other living person, in addition to performing it in more countries than anyone. “I’ve performed it in Australia, Canada, England and Hawaii,” said Brown. “I took over the part in the New York company when Frank Fay, the originator, gave it up, and played it seven months before it went on the road.In 1948, he was awarded a Special Tony Award for his work in the touring company of "Harvey".


title: Joe E. Brown

text: In 1954, Brown appeared in a made for television industrial musical produced by Cinécraft Productions, "Milestones of Motoring" with Merv Griffin and Rita Farrell.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: He had a cameo appearance in "Around the World in 80 Days" (1956), as the Fort Kearney stationmaster talking to Fogg (David Niven) and his entourage in a small town in Nebraska. In the similarly epic film "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963), he had a cameo as a union official giving a speech at a construction site in the climactic scene. On television, he was the mystery guest on "What's My Line?" during the episode on January 11, 1953.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: His best known postwar role was that of aging millionaire Osgood Fielding III in Billy Wilder's 1959 comedy "Some Like It Hot". Fielding falls for Daphne (Jerry), played by Jack Lemmon in drag; at the end of the film, Lemmon takes off his wig and reveals to Brown that he is a man, to which Brown responds "Well, nobody's perfect", one of the more celebrated punchlines in film.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Another of his notable postwar roles was that of Cap'n Andy Hawks in MGM's 1951 remake of "Show Boat", a role that he reprised onstage in the 1961 New York City Center revival of the musical and on tour. Brown performed several dance routines in the film, and famed choreographer Gower Champion appeared along with first wife Marge. Brown's final film appearance was in "The Comedy of Terrors" (1964).


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown was a sports enthusiast, both in film and personally. Some of his best films were the "baseball trilogy" which consisted of "Fireman, Save My Child" (1932), "Elmer, the Great" (1933) and "Alibi Ike" (1935). He was a television and radio broadcaster for the New York Yankees in 1953. His son Joe L. Brown became the general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates for more than 20 years. Brown spent Ty Cobb's last days with him, discussing his life.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown's sports enthusiasm also led to him becoming the first president of PONY Baseball and Softball (at the time named Pony League) when the organization was incorporated in 1953. He continued in the post until late 1964, when he retired. Later he traveled additional thousands of miles telling the story of PONY League, hoping to interest adults in organizing baseball programs for young people. He was a fan of thoroughbred horse racing, a regular at the racetracks in Del Mar and Santa Anita.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown was caricatured in the Disney cartoons "Mickey's Gala Premiere" (1933), "Mother Goose Goes Hollywood" (1938), and "The Autograph Hound" (1939); all contain a scene in which he is seen laughing so loud that his mouth opens extremely wide. According to the official biography "Daws Butler: Characters Actor", Daws Butler used Joe E. Brown as inspiration for the voices of two Hanna-Barbera cartoon characters: Lippy the Lion (1962) and Peter Potamus (19631966).


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown was an aviation enthusiast. Zack Mosley, creator of the popular comic strip The Adventures of Smilin' Jack, tributed Brown with the fictional lookalike character Flannelmouth Don; an air show announcer who did not need a microphone to be heard over the roar of multiple plane engines. The character appeared in the strip from the mid-1940's until the mid 1950's.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown married Kathryn Francis McGraw in 1915. The marriage lasted until his death in 1973. The couple had four children: two sons, Don Evan Brown (December 25, 1916 October 8, 1942; captain in the United States Army Air Force, who was killed in the crash of an A-20B Havoc bomber while serving as a ferry pilot) and Joe LeRoy "Joe L." Brown (September 1, 1918 August 15, 2010), and two daughters, Mary Katherine Ann (b. 1930) and Kathryn Francis (b. 1934). Both daughters were adopted as infants.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Joe L. Brown shared his father's love of baseball, serving as general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1955 to 1976, and briefly in 1985, also building the 1960 and 1971 World Series champions. Brown's '71 Pirates featured baseball's first all-black starting nine.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Brown began having heart problems in 1968 after suffering a severe heart attack, and underwent cardiac surgery. He died from complications from arteriosclerosis on July 6, 1973 at his home in Brentwood, California, three weeks before his 82nd birthday. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: For his contributions to the film industry, Brown was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 1680 Vine Street.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: In 1961, Bowling Green State University renamed the theatre in which Brown appeared in "Harvey" in the 1950s as the Joe E. Brown Theatre. It closed in 2011.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Holgate, Ohio, his birthplace, has a street named Joe E. Brown Avenue. Toledo, Ohio has a city park named Joe E. Brown Park at 150 West Oakland Street.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Rose Naftalin's popular 1975 cookbook includes a cookie named the Joe E. Brown. Brown was a frequent customer of Naftalin's Toledo restaurant.


title: Joe E. Brown

text: Flatrock Brewing Company in Napoleon, Ohio offers several brown ales such as Joe E. Coffee And Vanilla Bean Brown Ale, Joe E. Brown Hazelnut, Chocolate Peanut Butter Joe E. Brown, Joe E Brown Chocolate Pumpkin, and Joe E. (Brown Ale).


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: Nineteen-year-old Irene "Rally" Vincent operates the titular "Gunsmith Cats" gun shop but also works as a bounty hunter, which is the impetus behind many of the stories. She is assisted in both activities by her housemate, and former sex worker "Minnie" May Hopkins. Rally is an expert combat shooter and marksman with an array of weapons, as well as a brilliant driver. May is an explosives expert, knowing the inner workings of and many uses of all manner of explosive devices. Teenage ex-burglar and lock-picker Misty Brown later joins the team and there is also Becky Farrah, a top, if expensive, source of information on underworld activity.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: Bounty hunting has of course led Rally to make many enemies, most notably Gray, the leader of gangsters whose use of armaments, including bombs, has likened them to terrorists; and Goldie Musou, a leading figure in the Mafia who uses drugs to manipulate people to the point that they can be brainwashed into killing their nearest and dearest. Bean Bandit, a man who specializes in delivering illegal goods, often features as an alternate ally or enemy—depending on the behavior of his clients, most of whom are being hunted by Rally.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: After leaving anime production company Artmic to work as a comic artist, Kenichi Sonoda presented some of his story concepts and illustrations to Kodansha. These did not impress the editors but an illustration of two girls caught the attention of one of them, who suggested Sonoda develop a concept for it. Sonoda stated in an interview that the drawing was the genesis for the series. At the time Sonoda did not have any plans for the illustration but decided to expand his "Riding Bean" concept into a developed story. Due to licensing issues, Sonoda was originally unable to use the Riding Bean concept or character around the time he was creating "Gunsmith Cats". However, during the run of the series the rights were returned to him and he added Bean Bandit into the series. Although Sonoda was a fan of the Japanese police drama series "Taiyō ni Hoero!", he decided the show did not fit his preferred Western style. The story is influenced by American gun-action movies such as "The French Connection" and "The Blues Brothers".


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: Sonoda chose the Shelby GT500 as Rally's car after realising that the cars in driving movies from the 70s were often Ford Mustangs. He researched the various models and selected the GT500 because it was the most powerful rather than any attraction to the car itself. When drawing guns, Sonoda would use a combination of magazines and his own replicas.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: Character names were taken from American TV shows such as "Bewitched" and "The Fugitive". The character of Minnie-May was the result of a compromise between Sonoda and the publisher.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: Written and illustrated by Kenichi Sonoda, "Gunsmith Cats" began publication in the February 1991 issue of "Afternoon", a monthly manga magazine published by Kodansha. The series ran for 76 chapters until the June 1997 issue of "Afternoon". The complete series was published in 8 volumes between December 16, 1991 and July 23, 1997.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: The series was adapted for publication in English by Studio Proteus and published by Dark Horse. Chapters were initially released as individual issues on a monthly basis from May 1, 1995 until August 15, 2001. Their release completely removed a scene where Minnie May performs oral sex on a man and another had blood stains on a bed removed, this censorship was done with the approval of Kenichi Sonoda. The individual chapters were then collected into 9 trade paperback volumes between October 1, 1996 and February 13, 2002. The series began serialisation in the British magazine "Manga Mania" from September 1996.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: A four-volume omnibus edition of the series, "Gunsmith Cats Revised Edition" was published in Japan between July 22, 2005 and October 21, 2005. The fourth volume includes the manga and "making of" materials of "Riding Bean" and Sonoda's early sketches and notes. This edition was then published in English by Dark Horse between March 14, 2007 and December 19, 2007. The English edition used the original Japanese format of reading from right to left for the first time in its English publication. It was sold shrink-wrapped and with an 18+ Mature warning on the cover.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: A sequel "Gunsmith Cats Burst" was later released. Five volumes were released in Japan between June 23, 2005 and November 21, 2008. The English edition was published by Dark Horse between May 2, 2007 and April 14, 2010.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: A three-part anime adaptation was created. This adaptation is an original story for the characters but includes several references to the manga storyline.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: The OVA was licensed by ADV Films (currently known as Sentai Filmworks) who released the first episode in North America on February 20, 1996. There was a choice of either subtitled or dubbed VHS, as well as a bilingual Laserdisc. A special edition was also released of the subtitled version, along with a 40-minute making of documentary. ADV then chose the series for their first release in the United Kingdom. The first volume was released on June 3, 1996 as subtitled or dubbed VHS and also included the documentary.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: A DVD release of all 3 episodes and the making of special was released in North America on March 27, 2001 before being rereleased as part of ADV's "Essential" range with a lower price on April 13, 2004.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: On December 3, 2017, AnimEigo announced that they acquired the license for "Gunsmith Cats", and that they will host a Kickstarter campaign to produce a Blu-ray edition for the series. The Blu-ray shipped in 2019, with AnimEigo announcing that "the Gunsmith Cats Explosive Edition Kickstarter was our most successful yet."


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: The anime adaptation was directed by Takeshi Mori. Although Mori was interested in cars, he had no knowledge of guns and had made an effort to research them for the production. He made sure the story was interesting to prevent the anime from focusing only on the guns and cars. The music for the anime was composed by former Weather Report drummer, Peter Erskine. During production of the anime adaptation, members of the staff made several trips to Chicago to scout locations, including visits to a Gun Shop and a Police Academy. During these trips the staff were able to handle and fire real guns for research, something not possible in Japan with its gun laws. A Shelby Cobra GT-500 was recorded in Hollywood for sound effects purposes, and almost all of the other sound effects were recorded using Foley.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: The series was nominated in the "Best American Adaptation of Foreign material" category of the 1997 Harvey Award.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: In "", Jason Thompson is critical of Sonoda's depiction of women as "thin-hipped plastic toys with pubic hair" and some "frankly pedophilic" plot elements. However, he praises the "skilled storytelling" and describes the English localisation as "excellent".


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: Mike Crandol of Anime News Network was critical of the final volume "Misty's Run", believing the previous volume would have been a better end and the "true climax" to the series. He highlights a lower quality of art in comparison to earlier volumes as a sign that Sonoda may have been losing interest in the series. However he notes that despite this, the story is still "smartly executed and action packed".


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: "Manga Mania" described the anime adaption as "colourful, crazy stuff" and "a highly enjoyable feast". Comparing the manga and anime they noted that despite Sonoda's attention to the cars and weapons in the series, the setting feels more like a generic American town than Chicago. However they praised the attention given to the anime adaption's more accurate portrayal of the city. In "The Anime Encyclopedia", Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy call the adaption "good fun" and observed the lighthearted approach to the series in comparison to the manga. They believe it deserved a version for TV. However they conclude that the low demand for pulp crime in the 1990s was a problem.


title: Gunsmith Cats

text: Mike Crandol of Anime News Network was largely positive about the anime adaption but noted the simplified gunplay compared to the manga. He praised the attention ADV paid to the DVD package compared to their other titles and the quality of the English dub. In summary he called the anime adaption "an excellent introductory piece of anime" due to the familiarity of the setting for those new to anime and called the adaption a "solid piece of fun filmmaking". In another review on the Anime News Network, a reviewer praised the series for looking and sounding "like a gritty, grey suburb of modern Chicago," the impressive quality of the anime, action, and artwork. Raphael See of THEM Anime Reviews praised the series for delivering on "much of what its manga predecessor offers," having a "fairly intelligent story, smooth animation, furious action, and continued humor". He only complained that the series is too short, hoping that more will later be in production.


title: Mabel King

text: Mabel Elizabeth King (née Washington; December 25, 1932 – November 9, 1999) was an American actress and singer. She is known for her role as Mabel "Mama" Thomas on the ABC sitcom "What's Happening!!" from its premiere in 1976 until the end of its second season in 1978. King is also known for portraying Evillene the Witch, a role she originated in the stage musical "The Wiz" and reprised in Sidney Lumet's 1978 film adaptation. She recorded on the Rama Records and Amy Records labels.


title: Mabel King

text: King was born Mabel Elizabeth Washington in Charleston, South Carolina, the daughter of Rosalie Washington and Joseph Washington on Christmas Day 1932. She was raised in Harlem, New York where she eventually became a gospel and nightclub singer.


title: Mabel King

text: She did not start acting until her mid thirties, in 1966, when she played the role of Maria in the national touring play of "Porgy and Bess". The following year she played the role of Ernestina in the Broadway musical/comedy "Hello, Dolly!" Then in 1972, she acted in the musical film "Don't Play Us Cheap", which went unreleased until the following year, after it had been performed on Broadway as a stage play. That same year, she played the Queen of Myrthia in the horror film "Ganja & Hess". In January 1975, she played the role of Evilene, the Wicked Witch of the West in the all-African-American cast of the Broadway musical "The Wiz". The role earned her a Drama Desk Award nomination for outstanding featured actress in a musical. Her performance in "The Wiz" brought her much attention and soon after she received roles in the films "The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings", with Billy Dee Williams and James Earl Jones, and "Scott Joplin", with Billy Dee Williams and Clifton Davis. In June 1980, King returned to stage work, starring in the Broadway musical "It's So Nice to Be Civilized". However, the show did poorly and closed after eight performances.


title: Mabel King

text: In 1976, she was offered the role of Mabel Thomas on the sitcom "What's Happening!!". Her character often used the catch phrase "This is true", which she said to her children when she tried to prove a point to them. King played the role from 1976 to 1978, but due to disagreements with the direction the creators wanted to take the series, she left "What's Happening!!" in 1978 after two seasons. That same year, she reprised the role of Evillene for the 1978 film version of "The Wiz". It was the second time in her career that she appeared in a movie after being in the stage version, the first being "Don't Play Us Cheap". The following year, she appeared in the film "The Jerk" as the mother to Steve Martin's character. King received mostly guest spots on television series including "Fantasy Island", "The Jeffersons", "Amazing Stories" and "Tales from the Darkside". In between, she signed on with then Hollywood agent Ruben Malaret, who negotiated her reprised role of Mama Johnson in the made-for-TV movie "The Jerk, Too" (1984). Her last two movie roles were "Scrooged" (1988) starring Bill Murray and "Dead Men Don't Die" (1990) starring Elliott Gould.


title: Mabel King

text: King was married to Melvin King from June 1967 until September 1989. They had one child, a son named Larry King. King was a staunch conservative Republican who strongly supported the presidency of Ronald Reagan.


title: Mabel King

text: King was diabetic and in 1986 one of her toes was amputated as a result of the disease. In 1990, King suffered a stroke and entered the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California. In 1991, King's diabetes resulted in the amputation of her left leg. In 1994, her right leg was also amputated. King would also lose one of her arms to diabetes. Her son, Larry, died in 1996. King died on November 9, 1999, at age 66.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: In mathematics, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture (often called the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture) describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elliptic curve. It is an open problem in the field of number theory and is widely recognized as one of the most challenging mathematical problems. It is named after mathematicians Bryan John Birch and Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, who developed the conjecture during the first half of the 1960s with the help of machine computation. , only special cases of the conjecture have been proven.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: The modern formulation of the conjecture relates arithmetic data associated with an elliptic curve "E" over a number field "K" to the behaviour of the Hasse–Weil "L"-function "L"("E", "s") of "E" at "s" = 1. More specifically, it is conjectured that the rank of the abelian group "E"("K") of points of "E" is the order of the zero of "L"("E", "s") at "s" = 1, and the first non-zero coefficient in the Taylor expansion of "L"("E", "s") at "s" = 1 is given by more refined arithmetic data attached to "E" over "K" .


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: The conjecture was chosen as one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems listed by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a $1,000,000 prize for the first correct proof.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: proved Mordell's theorem: the group of rational points on an elliptic curve has a finite basis. This means that for any elliptic curve there is a finite subset of the rational points on the curve, from which all further rational points may be generated.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: If the number of rational points on a curve is infinite then some point in a finite basis must have infinite order. The number of "independent" basis points with infinite order is called the rank of the curve, and is an important invariant property of an elliptic curve.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: If the rank of an elliptic curve is 0, then the curve has only a finite number of rational points. On the other hand, if the rank of the curve is greater than 0, then the curve has an infinite number of rational points.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: Although Mordell's theorem shows that the rank of an elliptic curve is always finite, it does not give an effective method for calculating the rank of every curve. The rank of certain elliptic curves can be calculated using numerical methods but (in the current state of knowledge) it is unknown if these methods handle all curves.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: An "L"-function "L"("E", "s") can be defined for an elliptic curve "E" by constructing an Euler product from the number of points on the curve modulo each prime "p". This "L"-function is analogous to the Riemann zeta function and the Dirichlet L-series that is defined for a binary quadratic form. It is a special case of a Hasse–Weil L-function.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: The natural definition of "L"("E", "s") only converges for values of "s" in the complex plane with Re("s") > 3/2. Helmut Hasse conjectured that "L"("E", "s") could be extended by analytic continuation to the whole complex plane. This conjecture was first proved by for elliptic curves with complex multiplication. It was subsequently shown to be true for all elliptic curves over Q, as a consequence of the modularity theorem in 2001.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: Finding rational points on a general elliptic curve is a difficult problem. Finding the points on an elliptic curve modulo a given prime "p" is conceptually straightforward, as there are only a finite number of possibilities to check. However, for large primes it is computationally intensive.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: In the early 1960s Peter Swinnerton-Dyer used the EDSAC-2 computer at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory to calculate the number of points modulo "p" (denoted by "N") for a large number of primes "p" on elliptic curves whose rank was known. From these numerical results conjectured that "N" for a curve "E" with rank "r" obeys an asymptotic law


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: Initially this was based on somewhat tenuous trends in graphical plots; this induced a measure of skepticism in J. W. S. Cassels (Birch's Ph.D. advisor). Over time the numerical evidence stacked up.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: This in turn led them to make a general conjecture about the behaviour of a curve's L-function "L"("E", "s") at "s" = 1, namely that it would have a zero of order "r" at this point. This was a far-sighted conjecture for the time, given that the analytic continuation of "L"("E", "s") there was only established for curves with complex multiplication, which were also the main source of numerical examples. (NB that the reciprocal of the L-function is from some points of view a more natural object of study; on occasion this means that one should consider poles rather than zeroes.)


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: The conjecture was subsequently extended to include the prediction of the precise leading Taylor coefficient of the L-function at "s" = 1. It is conjecturally given by


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: where the quantities on the right hand side are invariants of the curve, studied by Cassels, Tate, Shafarevich and others :


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: formula_6 is the regulator of "E" which is defined via the canonical heights of a basis of rational points,


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: formula_7 is the Tamagawa number of "E" at a prime "p" dividing the conductor "N" of "E". It can be found by Tate's algorithm.


title: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

text: Much like the Riemann hypothesis, this conjecture has multiple consequences, including the following two:


Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes is an American documentary that premiered on Netflix on January 24, 2019, the 30th anniversary of Bundy's execution. Created and directed by Joe Berlinger, the four episodes ranging from 51 to 74 minutes long were sourced from over 100 hours of interviews and archival footage of serial killer Ted Bundy, as well as interviews with his family, friends, surviving victims, and the law enforcement members who worked on his case.


title: Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes

text: The series chronologically traces Bundy's life, crimes, arrests, his escapes and death in detail. Archival footage, police evidence, personal photos, and Stephen Michaud's 1980 death row interviews are all present in the series. People related to the Bundy case include surviving victims, witnesses, his family and former friends, along with officers, officials, and journalists.


text: After escaping the Garfield County Jail in Colorado Springs, Bundy made his way to Florida, where he attacked the Chi Omega sorority house at Florida State University. He brutally beat up four women and killed two, Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman. He also sexually assaulted Levy. Bundy fled the scene, but left a trace evidence which later connected him to the homicides: a double bite mark on the buttocks of Levy. A month later, Bundy was arrested by Pensacola Police when officers became suspicious of his driving. Upon finding several stolen credit cards, Bundy finally revealed his name to police. The murders at the Chi Omega house caught their attention, and they suspected Bundy was connected to the series of murders of young women all over the country. Leon County sheriff W. Kenneth Katsaris decided to try to match the bite marks found on Levy's body to Bundy's teeth. Orthodontists took a mold of Bundy's teeth and called in Dr. Richard Souviron, a forensic odontologist, on the witness stand in court to state whether the bite marks found on Levy matched. After Souviron confirmed the match, the jury spent six hours in deliberation to decide if the defendant was guilty, and ultimately found him guilty of first degree murder.


text: Before he was arrested by the Pensacola police, Bundy abducted another victim – 12-year old Kimberly Leach, who disappeared during the school day on February 9, 1978. Two months after her disappearance, Leach's body was found in a shed. The 12-year-old victim had been assaulted and murdered. In 1980, Bob Dekle, a prosecutor who was fighting the case against Bundy, connected Bundy to Leach's case by evidence found in Bundy's van and on clothes he supposedly wore on the day he killed Leach that matched the clothing fibers from Leach's clothes. Witnesses reported seeing a little girl walk with a man who resembled Bundy towards a white van. With this evidence, a jury found Bundy guilty, and he was again given the death penalty.


text: On January 22, 1989, two days prior to his execution, Bundy confessed to killing around thirty women.


text: The series received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the show holds an approval rating of 54%, with an average rating of 5.88/10 based on 24 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Laced with troubling irony, "Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes" skirts introspection, making it just as illusive as its subject." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the series has a score of 55 based on reviews from 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


text: In "Vulture", Matt Zoller Seitz wrote that he was a little disappointed in the series. He wrote that though he appreciated the "weaving" of news reports, images and basic interviews, just because Stephen Michaud was not able to figure Bundy's motives does not mean that the series lost its purpose.


title: KAIST

text: The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) is a national research university located in Daedeok Innopolis, Daejeon, South Korea. KAIST was established by the Korean government in 1971 as the nation's first public, research-oriented science and engineering institution. KAIST is considered to be one of the most prestigious universities in the nation. KAIST has been internationally accredited in business education, and hosting the Secretariat of the Association of Asia-Pacific Business Schools (AAPBS). KAIST has 10,504 full-time students and 1,342 faculty researchers (as of Fall 2019 Semester) and had a total budget of US$765 million in 2013, of which US$459 million was from research contracts.


title: KAIST

text: In 2007, KAIST partnered with international institutions and adopted dual degree programs for its students. Its partner institutions include the Technical University of Denmark, Carnegie Mellon University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, the Technical University of Berlin, and the Technical University of Munich.


title: KAIST

text: The institute was founded in 1971 as the Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS) by a loan of US$6 million (US$38 million 2019) from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and supported by President Park Chung-Hee. The institute's academic scheme was mainly designed by Frederick E. Terman, then vice president of Stanford University, and Chung Geum-mo, a professor at the Polytechnic Institution of Brooklyn. The institute's two main functions were to train advanced scientists and engineers and develop a structure of graduate education in the country. Research studies had begun by 1973 and undergraduates studied for bachelor's degrees by 1984.


title: KAIST

text: In 1981 the government merged the Korean Advanced Institute of Science and the Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) to form the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, or KAIST. Due to differing research philosophies, KIST and KAIST split in 1989. In the same year KAIST and the Korea Institute of Technology (KIT) combined and moved from Seoul to the Daedeok Science Town in Daejeon.


title: KAIST

text: The first act of President Suh upon his inauguration in July 2006 was to lay out the KAIST Development Plan. The ‘KAIST Development Five-Year Plan’ was finalized on February 5, 2007 by KAIST Steering Committee. The goals of KAIST set by Suh were to become one of the best science and technology universities in the world, and to become one of the top-10 universities by 2011. In January 2008, the university dropped its full name, "Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology", and changed its official name to only "KAIST".


title: KAIST

text: Admission to KAIST is based on overall grades, grades on math and science courses, recommendation letters from teachers, study plan, personal statements, and other data, and does not rely on a standardized test conducted by the university. In 2014, the acceptance rate for local students was 14.9%, and for international students at 13.2%.


title: KAIST

text: Full scholarships are given to all students including international students in the bachelor, master and doctorate courses. Doctoral students are given military-exemption benefits from South Korea's compulsory military service. Up to 80% of courses taught in KAIST are conducted in English.


title: KAIST

text: Undergraduate students can join the school through an “open major system” that allows students to take classes for three terms and then choose a discipline that suits their aptitude, and undergraduates are allowed to change their major anytime. KAIST has also produced many doctorates through the integrated master's and doctoral program and early-completion system. Students must publish papers in internationally renowned academic journals for graduation.


title: KAIST

text: KAIST produced 69,388 alumni from 1975 to 2021, with 19,457 bachelor's, 35,513 master's, and 14,418 doctorate degree holders. As of Spring 2021, 10,793 students were enrolled in KAIST with 3,605 bachelor's, 3,069 master's, 1,354 joint M.S.-Ph.D.'s, and 2,765 doctoral students. More than 70 percent of KAIST undergraduates come from specialized science high schools. 817 international students from 81 countries are studying at KAIST (as of spring semester 2021), making it one of the most ethnically diverse universities in the country.


title: KAIST

text: KAIST also has three affiliated institutes including the Korea Institute of Advanced Study (KIAS), National NanoFab Center (NNFC), and Korea Science Academy (KSA).


title: KAIST

text: KAIST has two campuses in Daejeon and one campus in Seoul. The university is mainly located in the Daedeok Science Town in the city of Daejeon, 150 kilometers south of the capital Seoul. Daedeok is also home to some 50 public and private research institutes, universities such as CNU and high-tech venture capital companies.


title: KAIST

text: Most lectures, research activities, and housing services are located in the Daejeon main campus. It has a total of 29 dormitories. Twenty-three dormitories for male students and four dormitories for female students are located on the outskirts of the campus, and two apartments for married students are located outside the campus.


title: KAIST

text: The Seoul campus is the home of the Business Faculty of the university. The graduate schools of finance, management and information & media management are located there. The total area of the Seoul campus is .


title: KAIST

text: The Munji campus, the former campus of Information and Communications University until its merger with KAIST, is located ca. away from the main campus. It has two dormitories, one for undergraduate students and the other for graduate students. The Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research is located here doing particle and nuclear physics related to dark matter and the Rare Isotope Science Project has the Superconducting Radio Frequency test facility.


title: KAIST

text: The KAIST main library was established in 1971 as KAIS library, and it went through a merge and separation process with KIST library. It merged with KIT in March 1990. A contemporary 5 story building was constructed as the main library, and it is being operated with an annex library. The library uses the American LC Classification Schedule.


title: KAIST

text: The library underwent expansion and remodeling, which finished in 2018, to include conference rooms, collaboration rooms, and media rooms.


title: KAIST

text: KAIST's Seokrim Taeulje is a festival held by KAIST for three days every spring semester. The festival preparation committee under the undergraduate student council will be in charge of planning and execution, various food booths and experience booths will be opened, and stage events such as club performances and a song festival will be held. Also called the Cherry Blossom Festival, students eat strawberries on the lawn.


title: KAIST

text: Seven KAIST Institutes (KIs) have been set up: the KI for the BioCentury, the KI for Information Technology Convergence, the KI for the Design of Complex Systems, the KI for Entertainment Engineering, the KI for the NanoCentury, the KI for Eco-Energy, and the KI for Urban Space and Systems. Each KI is operated as an independent research center at the level of a college, receiving support in terms of finance and facilities. In terms of ownership of intellectual property rights, KAIST holds 2,694 domestic patents and 723 international patents so far.


title: KAIST

text: Researchers at KAIST have developed the Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV), a technique of powering vehicles through cables underneath the surface of the road via non-contact magnetic charging (a power source is placed underneath the road surface and power is wirelessly picked up on the vehicle itself). In July 2009 the researchers successfully supplied up to 60% power to a bus over a gap of from a power line embedded in the ground using power supply and pick up technology developed in-house.


title: KAIST

text: In February 2018, the Korea Times published an article which stated that KAIST was starting an AI weapons research project together with the Korean arms manufacturer Hanwa. The allegations were of developing lethal autonomous weapons with Hanwa. This has led to researchers from 30 countries boycotting KAIST, which has denied existence of the program.


title: KAIST

text: In 2019 Thomson Reuters named KAIST the 34th most innovative university in the world and the 2nd most innovative university in the Asia Pacific region. In 2022 QS World University Rankings ranked KAIST 41st overall in the world and 12th within Asia, coming 16th in Material Sciences and 16th in Engineering and Technology. In the 2009 THE-QS World University Rankings (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings) for Engineering & IT, the University was placed 21st in the world and 1st in Korea and was placed 69th overall. KAIST was again recognized as a number one University in Korea by JoongAng Ilbo Review. In the year of 2009, KAIST's department of industrial design has also been listed in the top 30 Design Schools by Business Week. KAIST ranked the best university in Republic of Korea and the 7th university in Asia in the Top 100 Asian Universities list, the first regional ranking issued by THE-QS World Rankings.


title: KAIST

text: Times Higher Education ranked KAIST the 3rd best university in the world under the age of 50 years in its 2015 league table.


title: Immortality (TV series)

text: Immortality () is an upcoming Chinese television series based on the BL xianxia novel "The Husky and His White Cat Shizun" () by Meatbun Doesn't Eat Meat () starring Luo Yunxi and Chen Feiyu. The series is expected to air on Tencent Video with 50 episodes.


title: Immortality (TV series)

text: The story is set in a tumultuous era where the world is facing a probable invasion by the demon world due to a rift in the heavens. The world's most powerful cultivator Chu Wanning (Luo Yunxi) did not forget his original intention of joining the world to help the Dao cultivation and sets out on a mission to protect the beings of the world. He uses his abilities to prevent the heavens from splitting and at the same time, his compassion and love influences his misguided disciple Mo Ran (Chen Feiyu) to return to the righteous path he has strayed from. Chu Wanning also successfully imparts the value of putting the greater good before personal desires to Mo Ran. In the end, the pair of teacher and disciple dedicate their lives and work together with the rest of the cultivating heroes to stop the villains' conspiracy and protect the world.


title: Immortality (TV series)

text: On January 6, 2020, CD HOME STUDIO released a casting call for the series, along with information of the participating staffs. The series is produced jointly by Tencent Penguin Pictures and Otters Studio. The series is directed by He Shupei, and the main producers are credited to be Qi Shuai, Ye Fangcang and Wang Yirong. On January 8, it was revealed that the drama has been filed on record at State Administration of Film Radio and Television (China).


title: Immortality (TV series)

text: A majority of the crew members, including world view design team Hua Tian, visual effects team TimeAxis, hair and makeup director Zeng Minghui and still photographer Li Ruoyu worked on 2018 fantasy romance drama Ashes of Love. Chen Xin serves as the art director of the series, while Huang Wei is in charge of costume designs. On January 21, 2020, the concept arts designed by Hua Tian were released on the series' official weibo.


title: Melba Moore

text: Beatrice Melba Hill or Beatrice Melba Smith (sources differ) (born October 29, 1945), known by her stage name Melba Moore, is an American singer and actress.


title: Melba Moore

text: Moore was born Beatrice Melba Hill or Beatrice Melba Smith (sources differ) in New York City to Gertrude Melba Smith (1920–1976), who was a singer professionally known as Bonnie Davis and Teddy Hill (1909–1978), a big band leader. Moore grew up in the Harlem section of New York until age 9 when her mother remarried jazz pianist Clement Leroy Moorman and the family relocated to Newark, New Jersey. For high school, Moore attended Newark Arts High School , graduating in 1958. In 1970, she graduated from Montclair State College with a BA in music.


title: Melba Moore

text: Moore began her recording career in 1967, cutting the track "Magic Touch" which was left unreleased until 1986. In later years it became an enormous track on the Northern Soul Scene, eventually leading to Moore performing it live in 2009 at the Baltic Soul Weekender 3 in Germany north of Hamburg.


title: Melba Moore

text: In 1967 she began her performing career as Dionne in the original cast of the musical "Hair" along with Ronnie Dyson, Paul Jabara and Diane Keaton. Moore replaced Keaton in the role of Sheila. In 1970, she won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for her portrayal of Lutiebelle in "Purlie". She would not return to Broadway until 1978 when she appeared (as Marsinah) with Eartha Kitt in "Timbuktu!" but left the show after a few weeks and was replaced by Vanessa Shaw.


title: Melba Moore

text: Following the success of "Purlie", Moore landed two big-screen film roles, released two successful albums, 1970's "I Got Love" and "Look What You're Doing to the Man", and co-starred with actor Clifton Davis in the then-couple's own successful variety television series in 1972. Both Moore and Davis revealed that the show was canceled after its brief run when their relationship ended. When Moore's managers and accountants left her in 1973, she returned to Newark and began singing in benefit concerts. Her career picked up after she met record manager and business promoter Charles Huggins after a performance at the Apollo Theater in 1974.


title: Melba Moore

text: In 1975 Moore signed with Buddah Records and released the critically successful R&B album, "Peach Melba", which included the minor hit, "I Am His Lady". The following year she scored her first significant hit with the Van McCoy-penned "This Is It", which reached the Billboard Hot 100, the top-20 position on the R&B chart, and top-10 in the UK, becoming her biggest success in that country. 'This is It' also became the number 1 disco track in the UK for that year. It would be 18 years later that Australian singer Dannii Minogue will cover this song and make it to number 10 on the ARIA charts.


title: Melba Moore

text: In 1976 she scored her third Grammy nomination with the R&B ballad "Lean on Me", which had been recorded originally by Vivian Reed and later by Moore's idol Aretha Franklin who recorded the song as a B-side to her 1971 hit "Spanish Harlem". The song is most notable for Moore's extended long note at the end. In 1983 she re-recorded the song as a tribute to McCoy, who had died four years earlier. Throughout the rest of the 1970s, Moore struggled to match the success of "This Is It" with minor R&B/dance hits. However, her hit 'Pick Me Up, I'll Dance' released in May 1979 produced by McFadden & Whitehead and released on Epic Records did have considerable UK disco success, reaching UK chart position 48, along with a further hit that same year, also produced by McFadden & Whitehead with a cover version of the Bee Gees' hit "You Stepped into My Life", which reached the top 20 on the R&B charts and 47 on the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Melba Moore

text: In 1982 Moore signed with Capitol Records and reached the top 5 on the R&B charts with the dance-pop/funk single "Love's Comin' at Ya", which also hit the top 20 in the UK (on EMI America EA 146) and became a sizable hit in some European countries for its post-disco sound and followed by "Mind Up Tonight", which was another top 40 hit in the UK reaching position number 22. A string of R&B hits followed, including 1983's "Keepin' My Lover Satisfied" and "Love Me Right", 1984's "Livin' For Your Love", 1985's "Read My Lips"—which later won Moore a third Grammy nomination (for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance), making her just the third black artist after Donna Summer and Michael Jackson to be nominated in the rock category—and 1985's "When You Love Me Like This".