title: Ancient Agora of Athens

text: A virtual reconstruction of the Ancient Agora of Athens has been produced through a collaboration of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and the Foundation of the Hellenic World, which had various output (3d video, VR real-time dom performance, Google Earth 3d models).


title: Ancient Agora of Athens

text: Evidence of planting was discovered during the excavations and on January 4, 1954, the first oak and laurel trees were planted around the Altar of Zeus by Queen Frederika and King Paul as part of the efforts to restore the site with plants that would have been found there in antiquity.


title: Ancient Agora of Athens

text: The museum is housed in the Stoa of Attalos, and its exhibits are connected with the Athenian democracy. The collection of the museum includes clay, bronze and glass objects, sculptures, coins and inscriptions from the 7th to the 5th century BC, as well as pottery of the Byzantine period and the Turkish occupation. The exhibition within the museum contains work of art which describes the private and public life in ancient Athens. In 2012, new sculpture exhibition was added to the museum which includes portraits from Athenian Agora excavation. The new exhibition revolves around portraits of idealized gods, officially honored people of the city, wealthy Roman citizens of the 1st and 2nd century AD, 3rd-century citizens and finally on work of art from private art schools of late antiquity.


title: The Coasters

text: The Coasters are an American rhythm and blues/rock and roll vocal group who had a string of hits in the late 1950s. Beginning with "Searchin'" and "Young Blood" in 1957, their most memorable songs were written by the songwriting and producing team of Leiber and Stoller. Although the Coasters originated outside of mainstream doo-wop, their records were so frequently imitated that they became an important part of the doo-wop legacy through the 1960s. In 1987, they were the first group inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.


title: The Coasters

text: The Coasters were formed on October 12, 1955, when two of The Robins, a Los Angeles–based rhythm-and-blues group, joined Atlantic Records. They were dubbed The Coasters because they went from the west coast to the east. The Robins included Carl Gardner and Bobby Nunn. The original Coasters were Gardner, Nunn, Billy Guy, Leon Hughes (who was replaced by Young Jessie on a couple of their early Los Angeles recordings), and the guitarist Adolph Jacobs. Jacobs left the group in 1959.


title: The Coasters

text: The songwriting team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller started Spark Records and in 1955 produced "Smokey Joe's Cafe" for the Robins (their sixth single with Leiber and Stoller). The record was popular enough for Atlantic Records to offer Leiber and Stoller an independent production contract to produce the Robins for Atlantic. Only two of the Robins—Gardner and Nunn—were willing to make the move to Atlantic, recording their first songs in the same studio as the Robins had done (Master Recorders). In late 1957, Nunn and Hughes moved to New York and joined with Cornell Gunter and Will "Dub" Jones to form The Coasters. The new quartet was from then on stationed in New York, although all had Los Angeles roots.


title: The Coasters

text: The Coasters' association with Leiber and Stoller was an immediate success. Together they created a string of good-humored "storytelling" hits that are some of the most entertaining from the original era of rock and roll. According to Leiber and Stoller, getting the humor to come through on the records often required more recording "takes" than for a typical musical number.


title: The Coasters

text: Their first single, "Down in Mexico", was an R&B hit in 1956. The following year, the Coasters crossed over to the pop chart in a big way with the double-sided "Young Blood"/"Searchin'". "Searchin'" was the group's first U.S. Top 10 hit, and topped the R&B chart for 13 weeks, becoming the biggest R&B single of 1957 (all were recorded in Los Angeles).


title: The Coasters

text: "Yakety Yak" (recorded in New York), featuring King Curtis on tenor saxophone, included the famous lineup of Gardner, Guy, Jones, and Gunter, and became the act's only national number one single, topping both the pop and R&B charts. The next single, "Charlie Brown", reached number two on both charts. It was followed by "Along Came Jones", "Poison Ivy" (number 1 for almost two months on the R&B chart), and "Little Egypt (Ying-Yang)".


title: The Coasters

text: Changing popular tastes and changes in the group's line-up contributed to a lack of hits in the 1960s. During this time, Billy Guy was also working on solo projects; the New York singer Vernon Harrell was brought in to replace him for stage performances. Later members included Earl "Speedo" Carroll (lead of the Cadillacs), Ronnie Bright (the bass voice on Johnny Cymbal's "Mr. Bass Man"), Jimmy Norman, and guitarist Thomas "Curley" Palmer. The Coasters signed with Columbia Records' Date label in 1966, reuniting with Leiber and Stoller (who had parted ways with Atlantic Records in 1963), but never regained their former fame. In 1971, the Coasters had a minor chart entry with "Love Potion No. 9", a song that Leiber and Stoller had written for the Coasters, but instead gave to the Clovers in 1959. In Britain, a 1994 Volkswagen TV advertisement used the group's "Sorry But I'm Gonna Have to Pass", which led to a minor chart placement in that country.


title: The Coasters

text: In 1987, the Coasters became the first group inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, crediting the members of the 1958 configuration. The Coasters also joined the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999.


title: The Coasters

text: Several groups used the name in the 1970s, touring throughout the country, though original member Carl Gardner held the legal rights to it. Gardner continued to tour with the Coasters and made many attempts to stop bogus groups with no connection to the original group using the name. In late 2005, Carl's son Carl Gardner Jr. took over as lead with the group when his father retired. The Coasters' line-up then consisted of Carl Gardner Jr., J. W. Lance, Primo Candelara, and Eddie Whitfield. Carl Jr. later left this group and has started his own group with Curley Palmer. Carl's widow Veta owns the rights to the Coasters name.


title: The Coasters

text: Leon Hughes is the last surviving member of the original Coasters and performs with his own group. Some of the former members suffered tragic ends. The saxophonist King Curtis (the "fifth Coaster") was stabbed to death by two junkies outside his apartment building in 1971. Cornelius Gunter was shot to death while sitting in a Las Vegas parking garage in 1990. Nate Wilson, a member of one of Gunter's offshoot Coasters groups, was shot and his body dismembered in 1980.


title: The Coasters

text: Former manager Patrick Cavanaugh was convicted of the murder, which took place after Wilson threatened to notify authorities of Cavanaugh's intent to buy furniture with stolen checks. Cavanaugh was convicted of the murder and given the death sentence in 1984, but his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died at 60 in 2006, in Ely State Prison, in Nevada.


title: The Coasters

text: The Coasters recorded many songs that were released as two-song record singles and several appeared in the charts, including "Billboard's" Hot 100 and Hot R&B singles charts and the UK Singles Chart.


title: Sawmill

text: A sawmill (saw mill, saw-mill) or lumber mill is a facility where logs are cut into lumber. Modern sawmills use a motorized saw to cut logs lengthwise to make long pieces, and crosswise to length depending on standard or custom sizes (dimensional lumber). The "portable" sawmill is of simple operation. The log lies flat on a steel bed, and the motorized saw cuts the log horizontally along the length of the bed, by the operator manually pushing the saw. The most basic kind of sawmill consists of a chainsaw and a customized jig ("Alaskan sawmill"), with similar horizontal operation.


title: Sawmill

text: Before the invention of the sawmill, boards were made in various manual ways, either rived (split) and planed, hewn, or more often hand sawn by two men with a whipsaw, one above and another in a saw pit below. The earliest known mechanical mill is the Hierapolis sawmill, a Roman water-powered stone mill at Hierapolis, Asia Minor dating back to the 3rd century AD. Other water-powered mills followed and by the 11th century they were widespread in Spain and North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, and in the next few centuries, spread across Europe. The circular motion of the wheel was converted to a reciprocating motion at the saw blade. Generally, only the saw was powered, and the logs had to be loaded and moved by hand. An early improvement was the development of a movable carriage, also water powered, to move the log steadily through the saw blade.


title: Sawmill

text: By the time of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, the circular saw blade had been invented, and with the development of steam power in the 19th century, a much greater degree of mechanisation was possible. Scrap lumber from the mill provided a source of fuel for firing the boiler. The arrival of railroads meant that logs could be transported to mills rather than mills being built besides navigable waterways. By 1900, the largest sawmill in the world was operated by the Atlantic Lumber Company in Georgetown, South Carolina, using logs floated down the Pee Dee River from the Appalachian Mountains. In the 20th century the introduction of electricity and high technology furthered this process, and now most sawmills are massive and expensive facilities in which most aspects of the work are computerized. Besides the sawn timber, use is made of all the by-products including sawdust, bark, woodchips, and wood pellets, creating a diverse offering of forest products.


title: Sawmill

text: A sawmill's basic operation is much like those of hundreds of years ago; a log enters on one end and dimensional lumber exits on the other end.


title: Sawmill

text: The Hierapolis sawmill, a water-powered stone sawmill at Hierapolis, Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey, then part of the Roman Empire), dating to the second half of the 3rd century, is the earliest known sawmill. It also incorporates a crank and connecting rod mechanism.


title: Sawmill

text: Water-powered stone sawmills working with cranks and connecting rods, but without gear train, are archaeologically attested for the 6th century at the Byzantine cities Gerasa (in Asia Minor) and Ephesus (in Syria).


title: Sawmill

text: The earliest literary reference to a working sawmill comes from a Roman poet, Ausonius, who wrote a topographical poem about the river Moselle in Germany in the late 4th century AD. At one point in the poem he describes the shrieking sound of a watermill cutting marble. Marble sawmills also seem to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia around 370–390 AD, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire.


title: Sawmill

text: By the 11th century, hydropowered sawmills were in widespread use in the medieval Islamic world, from Islamic Spain and North Africa in the west to Central Asia in the east.


title: Sawmill

text: Sawmills later became widespread in medieval Europe, as one was sketched by Villard de Honnecourt in c. 1225-1235. They are claimed to have been introduced to Madeira following its discovery in c. 1420 and spread widely in Europe in the 16th century.


title: Sawmill

text: Prior to the invention of the sawmill, boards were rived (split) and planed, or more often sawn by two men with a whipsaw, using saddleblocks to hold the log, and a saw pit for the pitman who worked below. Sawing was slow, and required strong and hearty men. The topsawer had to be the stronger of the two because the saw was pulled in turn by each man, and the lower had the advantage of gravity. The topsawyer also had to guide the saw so that the board was of even thickness. This was often done by following a chalkline.


title: Sawmill

text: Early sawmills simply adapted the whipsaw to mechanical power, generally driven by a water wheel to speed up the process. The circular motion of the wheel was changed to back-and-forth motion of the saw blade by a connecting rod known as a "pitman arm" (thus introducing a term used in many mechanical applications).


title: Sawmill

text: Generally, only the saw was powered, and the logs had to be loaded and moved by hand. An early improvement was the development of a movable carriage, also water powered, to move the log steadily through the saw blade.


title: Sawmill

text: A type of sawmill without a crank is known from Germany called "knock and drop" or simply "drop" -mills. In these drop sawmills, the frame carrying the saw blade is knocked upwards by cams as the shaft turns. These cams are let into the shaft on which the waterwheel sits. When the frame carrying the saw blade is in the topmost position it drops by its own weight, making a loud knocking noise, and in so doing it cuts the trunk.


title: Sawmill

text: A small mill such as this would be the center of many rural communities in wood-exporting regions such as the Baltic countries and Canada. The output of such mills would be quite low, perhaps only 500 boards per day. They would also generally only operate during the winter, the peak logging season.


title: Sawmill

text: In the United States, the sawmill was introduced soon after the colonisation of Virginia by recruiting skilled men from Hamburg.


title: Sawmill

text: Later the metal parts were obtained from the Netherlands, where the technology was far ahead of that in England, where the sawmill remained largely unknown until the late 18th century. The arrival of a sawmill was a large and stimulative step in the growth of a frontier community.


title: Sawmill

text: Early mills had been taken to the forest, where a temporary shelter was built, and the logs were skidded to the nearby mill by horse or ox teams, often when there was some snow to provide lubrication. As mills grew larger, they were usually established in more permanent facilities on a river, and the logs were floated down to them by log drivers. Sawmills built on navigable rivers, lakes, or estuaries were called cargo mills because of the availability of ships transporting cargoes of logs to the sawmill and cargoes of lumber from the sawmill.


title: Sawmill

text: The next improvement was the use of circular saw blades, perhaps invented in England in the late 18th century, but perhaps in 17th-century Holland, the Netherlands. Soon thereafter, millers used gangsaws, which added additional blades so that a log would be reduced to boards in one quick step. Circular saw blades were extremely expensive and highly subject to damage by overheating or dirty logs. A new kind of technician arose, the sawfiler. Sawfilers were highly skilled in metalworking. Their main job was to "set" and sharpen teeth. The craft also involved learning how to "hammer" a saw, whereby a saw is deformed with a hammer and anvil to counteract the forces of heat and cutting. Modern circular saw blades have replaceable teeth, but still need to be hammered.


title: Sawmill

text: The introduction of steam power in the 19th century created many new possibilities for mills. Availability of railroad transportation for logs and lumber encouraged building of rail mills away from navigable water. Steam powered sawmills could be far more mechanized. Scrap lumber from the mill provided a ready fuel source for firing the boiler. Efficiency was increased, but the capital cost of a new mill increased dramatically as well.


title: Sawmill

text: In addition, the use of steam or gasoline-powered traction engines also allowed the entire sawmill to be mobile.


title: Sawmill

text: By 1900, the largest sawmill in the world was operated by the Atlantic Lumber Company in Georgetown, South Carolina, using logs floated down the Pee Dee River from as far as the edge of the Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina.


title: Sawmill

text: A restoration project for Sturgeon's Mill in Northern California is underway, restoring one of the last steam-powered lumber mills still using its original equipment.


title: Sawmill

text: In the twentieth century the introduction of electricity and high technology furthered this process, and now most sawmills are massive and expensive facilities in which most aspects of the work is computerized. The cost of a new facility with per day capacity is up to CAN$120,000,000. A modern operation will produce between annually.


title: Sawmill

text: Small gasoline-powered sawmills run by local entrepreneurs served many communities in the early twentieth century, and specialty markets still today.


title: Sawmill

text: A trend is the small portable sawmill for personal or even professional use. Many different models have emerged with different designs and functions. They are especially suitable for producing limited volumes of boards, or specialty milling such as oversized timber. Portable sawmills have gained popularity for the convenience of bringing the sawmill to the logs and milling lumber in remote locations. Some remote communities that have experienced natural disasters have used portable sawmills to rebuild their communities out of the fallen trees.


title: Sawmill

text: Technology has changed sawmill operations significantly in recent years, emphasizing increasing profits through waste minimization and increased energy efficiency as well as improving operator safety. The once-ubiquitous rusty, steel conical sawdust burners have for the most part vanished, as the sawdust and other mill waste is now processed into particleboard and related products, or used to heat wood-drying kilns. Co-generation facilities will produce power for the operation and may also feed superfluous energy onto the grid. While the bark may be ground for landscaping barkdust, it may also be burned for heat. Sawdust may make particle board or be pressed into wood pellets for pellet stoves. The larger pieces of wood that won't make lumber are chipped into wood chips and provide a source of supply for paper mills. Wood by-products of the mills will also make oriented strand board (OSB) paneling for building construction, a cheaper alternative to plywood for paneling. Some automatic mills can process 800 small logs into bark chips, wood chips, sawdust and sorted, stacked, and bound planks, in an hour.


title: DC Universe Online

text: DC Universe Online (DCUO) is a free-to-play action combat massively multiplayer online game set in the fictional universe of DC Comics. Developed by Dimensional Ink Games and co-published by Daybreak Game Company and WB Games, the game was released on January 11, 2011 for the PlayStation 3, November 15, 2013 for the PlayStation 4 on its launch day, April 29, 2016 for the Xbox One, and August 6, 2019 for the Nintendo Switch.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The player creates a new, original character that interacts with the iconic heroes and villains of DC Comics. Players choose their character's faction (Hero or Villain), gender (male or female), body type (short, medium, tall, spry, athletic, large), personality (comical, flirty, powerful, primal, serious), movement mode (flight, acrobatics, speed or skimming), weapon, and power (fire, ice, gadgets, mental, nature, sorcery, earth, light, electricity, rage, quantum, celestial, munitions, atomic, and water). Numerous hair, skin, and costume types are available, and up to 4 colors can be applied to the color scheme palette. Pre-built templates, inspired by some key DC characters, are available to expedite the character creation process.


title: DC Universe Online

text: When the player's character is named, they are thrown into the world of DC Universe Online with the first experience having to fight their way out of a Brainiac spaceship. The tutorial teaches basic movement and abilities, counter mechanics, and using power and skill points. Eventually the player's character is made an official member of the Justice League (heroes) or The Society (villains), where they continue on their missions to increase their level and skill in various content. Daybreak Game Company is working to make "DC Universe Online" more interactive than standard MMO games, while trying to keep their key elements which include a leveling system, raid instances, endgame progression and inventories. The world is mainly a shared, public space. The public space features dynamically-generated content designed for both hero and villain player characters to progress and fight alongside and against a multitude of iconic DC Comics characters, moving forward with stories, many of which are brought forth from the pages of DC comics.


title: DC Universe Online

text: "DC Universe Online" has been actively updating through Game Updates (GU) and Hotfixes. Aside from bug fixes, several Game Updates involve Seasonal Events which provide special feats, styles, base items, overworld missions and instances exclusive to the time frame it runs for, usually a month. There are three Events that tend to cycle throughout the year: Survival Mode, Legends PvE and Stabilizer Fragment Instances. "DC Universe Online" offers downloadable content (DLC) called Episodes which expand the game universe with new, more difficult missions to progress that provide new or continuations of stories already existing; new costume styles and equipment.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The opening cinematic takes place in a gritty, war-torn future depicting a final battle between the world's greatest heroes and villains. A future version of Lex Luthor provides voice-over narration. This battle takes place in the ruins of Metropolis. Lex Luthor, wearing a heavy mech armor, commands an army of super-villains that includes Joker, Harley Quinn, Circe, Deathstroke, Black Adam, Giganta, Metallo and Poison Ivy. A scarred, armored Batman commands the heroes, which includes Cyborg, Flash, Green Lantern, Wonder Woman and Green Arrow. Both Poison Ivy and Green Arrow are shown dead at the beginning of the cut scene. The battle culminates with the death of Wonder Woman at Luthor's hands, at which point an unshaven, weary Superman hears her dying screams from orbit and flies to Earth to confront him. As Superman cradles Wonder Woman's dead body, he collapses to the ground and it is revealed that Luthor hid Kryptonite pellets in her mouth as a trap. Luthor impales Superman with a kryptonite-tipped spear, and stands back to proclaim his victory only to see Brainiac's war fleet fill the skies.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The scene then shifts to the present-day Watchtower, where the future Lex Luthor, heavily modified with Brainiac technology, is telling the story to the present-day Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman. Future Luthor explains that the deadly final war between the heroes and villains was triggered by the subtle manipulations of Brainiac (who had been slowly downloading their powers over time). With the planet's most powerful beings dead, Brainiac intended to use the pirated data to create an army of metahumans under his control, facilitating his conquest of Earth. As the sole survivor of the war, Luthor could do nothing to resist Brainiac's subjugation of the planet. Luthor explains that he was able to survive in secret and eventually steal the stolen data and energy from Brainiac's mothership in the form of "exobytes" (nanobot-sized devices that can bond to a living host and give them their own superpowers). Luthor has traveled into his past to release the exobytes into the atmosphere of present-day Earth. The heroes are outraged, but Luthor explains that because he has done this, soon thousands of new metahumans will be created from ordinary humans (becoming the player-characters of the game). He implores the Justice League to find and train these new metahumans, because Brainiac is coming and the Earth must be ready to succeed where it was once doomed to fail.


title: DC Universe Online

text: When this cinematic ends, the player is brought to the character creation menu to build their new Hero or Villain.


title: DC Universe Online

text: In the second trailer to the game "In Lex we Trust", it is revealed that Lex Luthor's description of events leading up to his arrival in the present time is not as he described to the heroes. The trailer begins with Luthor reviving his companion Fracture from being unconscious. Luthor explains that Brainiac's forces have already penetrated the Fortress of Solitude and that their time is running out. As they approach a time portal chamber, a Brainiac Eradicator attacks and Fracture destroys the robotic drone with a small grenade. The two arrive at the portal which is being stabilized by Batman (whose face is disfigured and arm is replaced by a robotic prosthetic due to injuries from the battle of villains and heroes). As more eradicators enter the chamber, as Luthor lies saying his armor is damaged and that he can not hold them off. Batman tells Fracture to take the canister that contains millions of exobytes and go through the portal, while attacking the Eradicators in order to buy him more time. Fracture thanks Luthor for using the exobytes to give him his powers. Seeing the opportunity he had been waiting for, Luthor kills Fracture describing him as "an excellent lab rat." Before Luthor steps into the portal, Batman calls to Luthor warning that "I'll be coming for you" to which Luthor responds "No, you won't" and activates a self-destruct sequence. Luthor enters the portal and the Fortress of Solitude suffers massive explosions. He arrives in a dark alley, presumably present day. He is greeted by his present-day self who describes him as being late.


title: DC Universe Online

text: At the end of "The Prime Battleground" raid, Future Lex Luthor and Lex Luthor worked together to steal Brainiac's power. Luthor is then betrayed by Future Luthor, wanting the power for himself. It is then revealed Future Batman survived the explosion at the Fortress of Solitude and chased Future Luthor through time. Future Luthor escapes and Future Batman follows him. In the following cut-scene, Future Batman is said to be the last hope for humanity.


title: DC Universe Online

text: Following these events, the heroes led by Future Batman and villains led by Future Luthor to the "Nexus of Reality" (the center of the Multiverse itself) both fight for control, using paradoxes from constant time-travels to alter the histories of iconic characters, forcing heroes and villains to work parallel to each other, changing the timelines in the same fashion. What one causes, the other reverts, thus making an infinite cycle. This results in a massive paradox creature that consumes time itself. In the raid, players must stop the creature from destroying the time-space continuum (one of the many raids where both villains and heroes have the same goal). This event partially ends the storyline the game was based upon, yet opens the possibility to enter many new realities.


title: DC Universe Online

text: Since then, there have been certain stories tied in reflecting the Arrowverse, with the introduction of Nanda Parbat, fighting alongside characters featured in "Legends of Tomorrow", and a "Supergirl" Costume Legends character. Content from the DC Extended Universe has also been released. Other comic centered storylines feature "Sons of Trigon", "Blackest Night", "Amazon Fury", "Halls of Power", "Bombshells Paradox", "Bottle City of Kandor", "Harley Quinn", "Earth 3", "Teen Titans: The Judas Contract", "Justice League Dark", "" and Birds of Prey in Episodes.


title: DC Universe Online

text: Concept art for the game was released on July 4, 2008, and the first trailer was released on July 14, 2008. Sony Online Entertainment's goal was to make a different kind of MMO game, with "" cited as one of the main inspirations for gameplay.


title: DC Universe Online

text: A beta was available from December 14, 2010, until January 5, 2011. There were a number of technical issues that came to light when the beta was closed, which were partially resolved by the game's release. "EverQuest" developers Chris Cao and Shawn Lord were involved. Chris Cao was the game director up to May 2011, since stepped down to be replaced by Mark Anderson, previously the art director. Mark Anderson has since been replaced by Jens Andersen, who was promoted to Executive Creative Director of Daybreak Game Company with S.J. Mueller creative director. Comic artists Alé Garza, Carlos D'Anda, JJ Kirby, Oliver Nome, Eddie Nuñez, Livio Ramondelli, and Michael Lopez also contributed to the leveling content headlines and cutscenes. In August 2011, there was a global server merge implemented by the developers to consolidate all PC servers and PlayStation 3 servers into 4 individual servers, one for each platform per region. On September 19, 2011 it was announced that the game would go free-to-play on November 1, 2011, along with the addition of microtransactions. In mid-2013, as part of a hosting deal, accounts for the European PC version were sold to ProSiebenSat.1, however they were still capable of using the US servers. "DC Universe Online" was announced for the PlayStation 4 on June 5, 2013 along with "PlanetSide 2", and was released November 15, 2013. After Sony Online Entertainment (SOE), had announced their All Access Membership changes, SOE and ProSiebenSat.1 parted ways, returning the accounts to SOE. All accounts are managed by Daybreak Game Company.


title: DC Universe Online

text: During the fifth anniversary livestream on January 11, 2016, it was announced that the two regional servers, US and EU would receive cross play, with players on PC able to play with players on the PlayStation version on the same server, only divided by region. An Xbox One version of the game was also announced on January 11, 2016 for release on April 29 of the same year, which launched on two separate regional servers that have since been consolidated into one XB server, not connected to the PC or PS versions of the game. On February 5, both USPC USPS servers were merged into one US server and EUPC and EUPS were merged into one EU server. The same restrictions of not being able to log into or transfer a PS account on PC and vice versa has been maintained.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On October 30, 2017, Daybreak Game Company stated the PlayStation 3 version would shut down on January 31, 2018 to focus on providing a better experience on the PlayStation 4. Utilizing the same PSN, a PlayStation 3 player can access their account on PlayStation 4.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On May 23, 2019, a Nintendo Switch version of the game was announced, set for Summer 2019, and has since released two separate regional USNS and EUNS servers on August 6, 2019.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On January 21, 2020, it was announced that the Daybreak Austin Studio that has developed the game since its conception would become their own studio, Dimensional Ink Games, that will continue developing DC Universe Online and a new high-profile next-generation action MMORPG, with Daybreak Games Company now acting in a publisher role.


title: DC Universe Online

text: To showcase their ongoing support for DC Universe Online and provide new content that enriches the world of DC Universe Online, Daybreak Game Company has released 44 Episodes. These episodes are available for members who have an active subscription or cost a fee for non-members. Many of the Episodes required users to have completed certain achievements or complete game progression elements to access the content. Players can progress through engaging storylines, earn new achievements, experience new zones, and earn new armor that helps progress their character.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On September 6, 2011, the first DC Universe Online episode, Fight For The Light, was released. This episode allowed players to embark on a new adventure with Green Lantern and Sinestro Corps as their battle becomes the forefront of the episode. Some of the key features of this episode include a new Tier 3 Duo in Ferris Aircraft, two Tier 2 Alerts with Oan Sciencells and S.T.A.R. Labs Research Facility, and a Tier 3 alert in Coast City. This episode also brought the new Controller powerset "Light", based on Green and Yellow lanterns for heroes and villains respectively.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The second episode, Lightning Strikes, was released on December 6, 2011. This episode allowed players to battle through new open-world solo and group activities in a new high-level open-world map of Central City. Players can explore the origin of The Flash and take on some of his opponents in the villainous Rogues. Some of the key features of this episode include the open-world Central City map with daily Tier 3 missions, nine daily Tier 3 Bounties, and a Flashback Tier 2 Duo. Alongside this content came the new Healer power "Electricity".


title: DC Universe Online

text: On March 13, 2012, the third episode, The Battle for Earth, was released. This episode largely continued the story in the fight against Brainiac which was one of the main storylines in the DC Universe Online base game. Players would fight for the fate of the universe with cooperative gameplay against Braniac. Some of the key features of this episode include three Tier 2 Duos in Riverfront Center, Gotham Hospital, and Riverside Hotel, one Tier 3 Alert in South Gotham Courthouse, and two Tier 4 Raids in the Gates of Tartarus and The Prime Battleground. In addition, the new Tank power, "Earth" was added in and the Battle For South Gotham featured daily Tier 2 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The fourth episode, The Last Laugh, was released on June 19, 2012. This episode focused on the Joker as he gained access to hero and villain safe houses to stir up additional controversy between the player factions. Some of the key features of this episode include one Tier 3 hero Duo in Shady Nightclub, and one Tier 3 villain Duo in Police Station. This marked the final performance of Arleen Sorkin before her retirement. This was her final time voicing her iconic character Harley Quinn.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On August 14, 2012, the fifth episode, Hand of Fate, was released. The episode revolved around DC hero Doctor Fate and would give players a chance to fight through new mystical story content. Some of the key features of this episode include two Tier 4 4-player Operations in Wayward Souls, and Soul Alchemy. In addition, this episode released four Tier 4 8-player Operations in With a Vengeance, A Black Dawn, Unpaid Dues, and Seeds of Rot.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The sixth episode, Home Turf, was released on January 29, 2013. The episode focused on both new and iconic locations that DC fans would be familiar with as they battle through new objectives and missions. Some of the key features of this episode include two daily Tier 4 hero missions located at Ace Chemicals and Stryker's Island, two daily Tier 4 villain missions located at Steelworks and Arkham Island, and daily Tier 4 Bounties.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On May 8, 2013, the seventh episode, Origin Crisis, was released. The episode continued the story from The Battle for Earth episode, as players travel through time to fight for control of space, time, and the universe itself. Some of the key features of this episode include two Tier 5 Challenges in Iconic Anomolay: The Hunt and Iconic Anomaly: Test Subject #1, two Tier 5 4-Player Operations in Brothers in Arms and Family Reunion, and two Tier 5 Raids in Nexus of Reality and Paradox Wave while introducing the new Controller power, Quantum, where players control time and space.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The eighth episode, Sons of Trigon, was released on August 29, 2013 for subscribers, and September 3, 2013 for those players who did not have an active subscription. The episode focused on going against DC villain Trigon as he takes over an alternate Gotham City. Some of the key features of this episode include a new location in Gotham Wastelands with daily Tier 5 missions, three Tier 5 Duos in Tunnel of Lust, Ruined Cathedral, and Knighsdome Arena, one Tier 5 Alert, and DC hero Raven featured as a weekly Tier 5 Bounty. Continuing the new trio of new powers, this episode brought the combo-based "Celestial" Healer power.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On January 22, 2014, the ninth episode, War of the Light Part I, was released. The episode revolved around the continuing battle between the Lantern Corps in Metropolis. Some of the key features of this episode include two Tier 5 4-Player Operations in Mist Recovery and Strike Team, one Tier 5 8-Player Operation in Assault and Battery, a new location in Downtown Metropolis Battlezone with weekly Tier 5 missions, and gave players access to either Ranx's Command Center or Mogo's Command Center. And finishing the new powers trio, it brought "Rage" as a tank power based on the Red Lanterns.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The tenth episode, Amazon Fury Part I, was released on April 30, 2014 for players with an active subscription, and May 6, 2014 for players who did not have an active subscription. The episode focused on the battle between DC hero Wonder Woman and her mother Queen Hippolyta. Some of the key features of this episode include two Tier 6 Challenges in Aegis of Truth and Circe's Trial, two Tier 6 Duos in Port of Paradise and Supply Lines, one Tier 6 Alert in Themyscira Divided, and a new location in Gotham Under Siege with daily Tier 6 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On August 6, 2014, the eleventh episode, Halls of Power Part I, was released. The episode revolved around the New Gods of the Fourth World as they sought new ways to take control and engage in strategic battles on a cosmic level. Some of the key features of this episode include one Tier 6 4-Player Operation in Intergang Crime Wave, one Tier 6 Alert in Security Breach, one Tier 6 8-Player Operation in Artifacts from the Past, and two Tier 6 Raids in Relics of Urgrund and Lockdown.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The twelfth episode, War of the Light Part II, was released on November 11, 2014 for players who had an active subscription, and November 18, 2014 for players who did not have an active subscription. The episode revolved around continuing the story first started in War of the Light Part I and the battle between the Lantern Corps.Some of the key features of this episode include one Tier 6 Challenge in Spark of Parallax, one Tier 6 Duo in Spark of Ion, one Tier 6 Alert in Zamaron Conversion Chamber, two Tier 6 4-Player Operations in Avarice Impurity and Rage Impurity, one Tier 6 8-Player Operation in Love and War, and featured a return to the Downtown Metropolis Battlezone location.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On February 3, 2015 for members and February 12th, 2015 for non-members, the thirteenth episode Amazon Fury Part II, was released for players with an active subscription and players without respectively. The episode revolved around continuing the story first started in Amazon Fury Part I as players would continue the fight against the Amazon queen Hippolyta. Some of the key features of this episode include two Tier 6 Operations in Return to the Nexus and Act of Defiance, three Tier 6 Raids in Labyrinth of Lost Souls, Halls of Hades, and Throne of the Dead, in addition to a return to Gotham Under Siege location with daily Tier 6 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The fourteenth episode, Halls of Power Part II, was released on May 12, 2015 for players with an active subscription, and May 19, 2015 for players without an active subscription. The episode revolved around continuing the story first started in the Halls of Power Part I episode, as players would continue their battle against the New Gods. Some of the key features of this episode include two Tier 7 Duos in Resource Recovery and League Hall: Malfunction, one Tier 7 4-Player Operation in Fatal Exams, one Tier 7 8-Player Operation in New Genesis Now, one Tier 7 Raid in Happiness Home, and a new location in New Genesis which gave players access to daily Tier 7 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On August 5, 2015 for members and August 12th, 2015 for non-members, the fifteenth episode Bombshells Paradox & Corrupted Zamaron, was released for players with an active subscription and without respectively. The episode revolved around players traveling to an alternate WW2-inspired universe where the DC Bombshells were faced with an infinite timeline war. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 8-Player Operation called The Bombshell Paradox, and one Tier 7 Duo in Corrupted Zamaron.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The sixteenth episode, Desecrated Cathedral and Oa Under Siege, was released on September 2, 2015 for members, and September 9th, 2015 for non-members. The episode revolved around players defending OA as it faced a new threat from the Black Lantern Corps, and a new storyline with DC hero Raven. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 Alert in Desecrated Cathedral and one Tier 7 Challenge in Oa Under Siege.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On October 7, 2015 for members and October 14th, 2015 for non-members, the seventeenth episode, Unholy Matrimony and The Flash Museum Burglary, was released. The episode revolved around players continuing the storyline told in Episode 16 Desecrated Catherdral and a continuation of the League of Assassins storyline that started in Episode 15 The Bombshells Paradox. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 8-Player Operation in Unholy Matrimony and one Tier 7 Duo in Flash Museum Burglary.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The eighteenth episode, The Demon's Pit and Blackest Day, was released on November 4, 2015 for members, and November 11th, 2015 for non-members. The episode revolved around players finishing the War of the Light saga and combating the League of Assassins' interest in Central City. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 8-Player Operation in Blackest Day and one Tier 7 Duo in The Demon's Pit.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On December 2, 2015 for members and December 9th, 2015 and non-members, the nineteenth episode, The Demon's Plan and Deep Desires, was released. The episode revolved around concluding the League of Assassins storyline and served as an epilogue to the Episode 17 Unholy Matrimony storyline. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 Alert in The Demon's Plan and one Tier 7 Duo in Deep Desires.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The twentieth episode, Blackest Night and Wastelands Wonderland, was released on January 6, 2016 for members with a subscription, and January 13, 2016 for players without an active subscription. The episode revolved around players fighting The Blackest Night and dealing with the fallout from the War of the Light saga. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 8-Player Operation in Blackest Night and one Tier 7 Duo in Wastelands Wonderland.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On February 4, 2016, and February 10, 2016, the twenty-first episode, Prison Break and The First Piece, was released. The episode revolved around working with a new stranger that asks the player to go on a couple of adventures. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 2-Player Operation in The First Piece and one Tier 7 8-Player Operation in Prison Break.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The twenty-second episode, Science Spire and The Phantom Zone, was released on March 2, 2016 for members and March 9th, 2016 for non-members. The episode revolved around dealing with Phantom Zone malfunctions and sightings of a mysterious figure near the Science Spire. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 Challenge in The Science Spire and one Tier 7 4-Player Operation in The Phantom Zone.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On April 6, 2016 for members and April 13th, 2016 for non-members, the twenty-third episode, The Will of Darkseid and Brainiac's Bottle Ship, was released. The episode revolved around dealing with prisoners who had escaped from the Phantom Zone and a potential new invasion from Darkseid's forces. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 7 2-PLayer Operation in The Will of Darkseid and one Tier 7 8-Player Operation in Braniac's Bottle Ship.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The twenty-fourth episode, Harley's Heist and Darkseid's War Factory, was released on May 19, 2016. The episode revolved around dealing with the continuation of the Darkseid storyline started several episodes earlier, and some potential nefarious actions being taken by DC villain Harley Quinn. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 8 Duo in Harley's Heist and one Tier 8 Raid in Darkseid's War Factory.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On June 29, 2016, the twenty-fifth episode, Iceberg Lounge and A Rip In Time, was released. The episode revolved around a new location for fans to experience in the Iceberg Lounge, and a continuation of the mysterious figure players interacted with in the Episode 21 storyline. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 8 Challenge in the Iceberg Lounge and one Tier 8 4-Player Operation in A Rip In Time.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The twenty-sixth episode, Wayne Manor Gala and Kandor Central Tower, was released on July 27, 2016. The episode revolved around the continuation of the Harley Quinn storyline started in Episode 24, and the Phantom Zone storyline started in Episode 22. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 8 Duo in Wayne Manor Gala and one Tier 8 Raid in Kandor Central Tower.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On November 17, 2016, the twenty-seventh episode, Amazon Fury Part III, was released. The episode revolved around concluding the Amazon Fury storyline from Episodes 10 and 13. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 8 Challenge in Seeing Shades Again, one Tier 8 Duo in Raising Hades, one Tier 8 4-Player Operation in Underworld Trials, two Tier 8 Raids in Olympus and God of Monsters, and Typhon's Monster Invasion which featured both daily and weekly Tier 8 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The twenty-eighth episode, Age of Justice, was released on May 31, 2017. The episode revolved around players traveling back through time to save a new impending threat. Some of the core features of this episode include two Tier 8 4-Player Operations in Saving Justice and War Crimes, two Tier 8 Raids in Justice For All and Ultimate Soldier, and Time-Torn Area 51 and War-Torn Village which both featured daily and weekly Tier 8 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On September 20, 2017, the twenty-ninth episode, Riddled With Crime, was released. The episode revolved around players dealing with a potential gang war brewing between the Riddler's crew and Joker's gang. Some of the core features of this episode include two Tier 8 Duos in Turf War: Team joker and Turf War: Team Riddler, one Tier 8 4-Player Operation in Rise of the Bat, one Tier 8 Raid in Gotham City Zoo, and new daily and weekly Tier 8 missinos in Amusement Mile's Gang War.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The thirtieth episode, Earth 3, was released on November 15, 2017 and based on the comics saga "Crisis on Earth 2". The episode revolved around players fighting the villains from Earth 3 once more. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 8 2-Player Operation in The Visitor, one Tier 8 Alert in Injustice System, two Tier 8 Raids in The Panopticon and The Escape, along with new daily and weekly Tier 8 missions in Gotham Tricorner Yards for the first time.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On March 29, 2018, the thirty-first episode, Deluge, was released. The episode revolved around dealing with a new invasion from Starro. Some of the core features of this include one Tier 9 1-Player Operation in Stemming the Tide, one Tier 9 Duo in Spreading Spores, one Tier 9 Alert in Invasion, two Tier 9 Raids in The Threat Below and Spindrift Station, along with new daily and weekly Tier 9 missions in Central City Starro Deluge Zone.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The Death of Superman was released in between Episode 31 and 32 highlighting Superman's 80th anniversary and the release of Action Comics #1000 as a celebration, provided as free content to all players. The episode's storyline was released in three parts with Part 1 being released on May 16, 2018, Part 2 on June 5, 2018, and Part 3 on June 27, 2018. The episode revolved the return of Superman villain Doomsday. Some of the core features of this episode include one Solo Challenge, one Tier 9 raid in The Death of Superman, new daily and weekly tier missions, and a new open world zone in Doomed Metropolis.


title: DC Universe Online

text: Loosely based on the comics saga "The Judas Contract", the thirty-second episode, Teen Titans: The Judas Contract, was released on July 18, 2018. The episode revolved around players interacting and working with the Teen Titans in the Titans Tower as they look for new recruits and face the betrayal of Terra. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 9 Duo in Titans Training Sim, one Tier 9 Alert in Titans Targeted, two Tier 9 Raids in H.I.V.E. Reborn, and The Machine, along with new daily and weekly Tier 9 missions on Titans Island.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On November 8, 2018, the thirty-third episode, Atlantis, was released. The episode's storyline revolved around players journeying to Atlantis to save the city and assist Aquaman in securing his power and seat on the throne. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 9 Challenge in Royal Palace, one Tier 9 Alert in Silent School, one Tier 9 Raid in Crown of Thorns, one Tier 9 8-Player Operation in The Throne, and a new open-world zone in Atlantis with new daily and weekly Tier 9 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The thirty-fourth episode, Justice League Dark, was released on March 28, 2019. The episode's storyline revolved around players working with John Constantine and the other members of the Justice League Dark to find artifacts that will be useful in fighting back new demonic threats. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 9 Duo in Pub Crawl, one Tier 9 4-Player Operation in Darkness Rising, one Tier 9 8-Player Operation in Fellowship of the Arcane, one Tier 9 Raid in Shattered Gotham, and new open-world zone in Chaos Gotham with daily and weekly Tier 9 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On September 12, 2019, the thirty-fifth episode, Metal Part I, was released. The episode's storyline revolved around players working with heroes and villains to search for Batman in order to fight against the Dark Knights, twisted amalgamated evil versions of Batman and other Justice League heroes or villains from the Dark Multiverse while also fighting a metal plague infecting the city. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 9 Solo in Scarlet Speedster, one Tier 9 4-Player Operation in Batcave Breach, two Tier 9 8-Player Operations in False Idols and Monsters of Metal, and a new open-world zone with us going to the original Gotham Tricorner's Yard called Metal Gotham City with new daily and weekly Tier 9 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The thirty-sixth episode, Metal Part II, was released December 5, 2019. The episode's storyline revolves on completing the storyline set up in Metal Part I, with Barbatos appearing once the world has been brought into the Dark Multiverse, continuing the fight against new and returning Dark Knights, while aiding Batman, Hawkgirl and the rest of the Justice League to save earth. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 10 2-Player Operation in Batscape, one Tier 10 4-Player Operation in Damage Control, two Tier 10 8-Player Raids in The Phoenix Cannon and Into the Dark Multiverse, and a new open-world zone in Thanagar with new daily and weekly Tier 10 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On April 16, 2020, the thirty-seventh episode, Birds of Prey, was released. The episode's storyline revolved around players working with heroes and villains associated with the Birds of Prey and Superman to search for Lex Luthor after LexCorp Tower is supposedly attacked, leading into a search for what plans he has for the multiverse, while finding out he has only been aiding the Justice League in order to destroy them and attain source energy. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 10 Solo in LexCorp Tower, one Tier 10 4-Player Alert in Volcano Mining Facility, two Tier 9 8-Player Raids in The Clock Tower and Fire & Brimstone, and new open-world zone in BoP: Metropolis with new daily and weekly Tier 10 missions.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The thirty-eighth episode, Wonderverse, was released July 30, 2020. The episode's storyline revolves on continuing the storylines set up in Metal Part II, Birds of Prey, Bombshells Paradox, Amazon Fury and Halls of Power episodes with a Council of Wonder Women being formed by Nubia, consisting of Wonder Woman of the main continuity, Bombshells Wonder Woman, Flashpoint Wonder Woman and Wonder Woman, appearing together in order to stop the Olympian gods, such as Zeus, Hera, Athena and Ares and New Gods such as Darkseid, Grail, Steppenwolf, Kalibak, Orion and Poseidon all fighting to acquire source shards to empower themselves. Not every member of the council however is completely ready to help the cause. Some of the core features of this episode include one Tier 10 Solo in Temple of Source Powers (four different versions), one Tier 10 4-Player Alert in Crypt of Penthesilea, one Tier 10 8-Player Raid in Fractured God Sphere, and a new open-world zone in Patchwork Themyscira, which is the island Wonder Woman hails from, merged with the different universe's Wonder Women corresponding realities versions of their island, enemies and allies, with new daily and weekly Tier 10 missions, including a new open-world boss system.


title: DC Universe Online

text: Episode thirty-nine was released on November 5, 2020. This episode is set in the 31st Century Metropolis, featuring the heroic team known as the Legion of Super-Heroes and Teen Titans of present day, with characters facing off against Mordru, Emerald Empress and Validus (who appears on the promotional images for the episode), plus evil and mind controlled versions of the Legionnaires themselves.


title: DC Universe Online

text: On April 15, 2021, this episode was released. It features the alternate Flashpoint timeline, where every character is different due to a change The Flash made. Work alongside Batman (Thomas Wayne) of this universe, Cyborg, The Flash and Kid Flash to set things right.


title: DC Universe Online

text: This episode released on August 25, 2021, provides both hero and villains a cross-faction headquarters for the first time. Meet with The Monitor to learn more of the upcoming storyline everyone will be facing in the upcoming episodes. The House of Legends contains several alternate reality versions of heroes and villains that characters have aided or defeated before are all working together against the inevitable arrival of an universal being known as Perpetua. Tempus Fuginaut and Harbinger also are heavily featured and introduced. It is based on The Multiversity's version of the House of Heroes, but repurposed to house villains as well, explaining the name, which can also be seen as a nod to "Legends of Tomorrow". Content was restructured with this Episode, changing Tiers, Combat Rating requirements and several other aspects of the game.


title: DC Universe Online

text: This episode released on December 9, 2021. It's part one of two of a story line that began in Metal. Lex Luthor had formed a new Legion of Doom in service of the malevolent creator of the Multiverse, Perpetua. Martian Manhunter leads the way and tries to thwart Lex's endgame.


title: DC Universe Online

text: This episode released on April 14, 2022. It's part two of two of a story line that began in Metal as well as serving as the finale of the Metal story line. Perpetua's endgame is revealed to be the complete destruction of the multiverse. Wonder Woman, Batman, Superman, and Lex Luthor (who Perpetua betrayed when he failed her) are what stands between Perpetua and a Multiversal-Armageddon.


title: DC Universe Online

text: This episode released on October 26, 2022. Black Adam makes a deal with Neron to save his eternal love, Isis. But Neron tricks him. Black Adam joins with Shazam and Mary Marvel to contend with Neron and his forces for the future of Kahndaq and to rescue Isis.


title: DC Universe Online

text: In addition to episodes, Daybreak also releases seasonal-themed content throughout the year, which rewards players with new feats, seasonal styles, base items and trinkets.


title: DC Universe Online

text: Released in January each year (starting in 2017) to celebrate the game's anniversary, this content focuses on an attack by the Anti-Monitor on the DC Universe. Content features an open world area of Metropolis-based around the Science Spire which is under attack from Qwardian invaders from the Anti-Matter universe, a single player challenge set in the Earth-3 Panopticon where players must rescue Alexander Luthor from Johnny Quick, and an 8-player raid where players face off against the Anti-Monitor and his army. Players are rewarded with Qwardian Crowns which can be used to purchase items from the event vendor.


title: DC Universe Online

text: The February seasonal content is based around Valentine's Day. Originally released in 2011 and titled Valentine's Day, the event featured a daily mission for heroes becoming cherubs and a separate one for villains becoming imps which lead to a fight with Aphrodite and rewarded styles, feats and collection items. Player reaction to the event was mostly negative, which led to the content being scrapped due to "quality concerns". The event reappeared in a limited fashion in 2013, when Daybreak released a single mission that granted players all the feats and styles which were part of the original event. 2014 also featured the same solo mission, as well as a second mission which rewarded two new t-shirt styles. The content made a full return in 2015 under the new title, Love Conquers All, which features several hero and villain missions, as well as a 4-player Alert. The event has been updated each year since with new feats, styles, and base items.


title: DC Universe Online

text: Released to coincide with St. Patrick's Day, this content has an Irish theme featuring the mischievous entity from the 5th Dimension, Mr. Mxyzptlk. The content features an open world daily mission, and races located around the Daily Planet area of Metropolis. Players are rewarded with Four-Leaf Clovers which can be used to purchase items from the event vendor.


title: DC Universe Online

text: This content features missions based around Spring renewal and Swamp Thing. There is an open world daily mission based in Gotham City where Poison Ivy has invaded and turned the citizens of Gotham into plant monsters. In addition to the open world mission, there is also a 4-player Alert where players must help release Swamp Thing from Ivy's control. Players are rewarded with Seed Pods that can be used to purchase items from the event vendor.


title: DC Universe Online

text: This event is released in the summer and has an Atlantean theme. Players must help Aquaman to repel an attack from his brother, Ocean Master, on the surface world. Villain players assist Ocean Master in attacking Aquaman's forces. The content features an open world mission based in the waters around Metropolis, and a 4-player Alert in which players must take on Ocean Master or Aquaman directly depending on your faction. Sand Dollars are the unique currency gained from this event, and can be used to purchase items at the event vendor.


title: DC Universe Online

text: Originally the 2011 Halloween content was a version of the Scarecrow mission based in Gotham Sewers under the title Halloween Spook-tacular. However the player reaction to the event was largely negative due to it being seen as a rehash of an existing mission. The following year the content was replaced by a new event titled The Witching Hour. The new content featured an open world mission for all players and a 4-player Alert called The Midnight Masquerade, in which players must face off against Klarion the Witch Boy and his pet cat Teekl.


title: DC Universe Online

text: This Christmas themed event features the Orange Lantern, Larfleeze, as he seeks to steal all the Christmas presents, trees and cakes for himself. Players can partake in an open world mission to retrieve those items from Larfleeze's Orange Lantern constructs, as well as take on Larfleeze directly in a 4-player Alert. As of 2017, all players were granted a special Christmas tree base item which gives out daily rewards over the 12 days of Christmas. In addition to the usual feats, styles and base items, the content also rewards players with snowballs which they can use to have snowball fights with each other.


title: DC Universe Online

text: DC Comics announced in January 2010 that they would be releasing "," a 52-issue weekly limited series (along the lines of previous similar series like "52", "Countdown to Final Crisis" and "Trinity") which would be based on the game. Rather than a weekly series, the format was changed to a bi-weekly series, with comic book writer Tony Bedard and game writer Marv Wolfman, and with artists Howard Porter and Adriana Melo. The title was launched in February 2011 and concluded in May 2012.


title: DC Universe Online

text: "DC Universe Online" received mixed to positive reviews from critics, having received 7/10 from "IGN" at initial launch and showing further improvement with 8/10 from "IGN" after its PlayStation 4 launch.


title: DC Universe Online

text: As of August 2014, the game has 18 million registered users, and is the number one revenue generating free-to-play title on the PlayStation 3 and 4. As of September 30, 2020, "DC Universe Online" had 419,000 monthly active players and 40,000 subscribers.


title: Rosalind Cash

text: Rosalind Theresa Cash (December 31, 1938October 31, 1995) was an American actress. Her best-known film role is in the 1971 science-fiction film "The Omega Man". Cash also had another notable role as Mary Mae Ward in ABC's "General Hospital", a role she portrayed from 1994 until her death in 1995.


title: Rosalind Cash

text: Cash was the second of four children born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, to John O. Cash Sr., a clerk, and Martha Elizabeth Cash. Her siblings were John Jr., Robert, and Helen. Cash graduated with honors from Atlantic City High School in 1956. After high school, Cash attended City College of New York. Her career extended to theater, television, film, and recording.


title: Rosalind Cash

text: Cash appeared in the 1962 revival of "Fiorello!" and was an original member of the Negro Ensemble Company, founded in 1968. In 1973, Cash played the role of Goneril in "King Lear" at the New York Shakespeare Festival alongside James Earl Jones's Lear. Cash appeared on the New York-area television show "Callback!", which featured musical director Barry Manilow. The episode Cash on which was featured was filmed on March 31, 1969, at the Village Gate in New York City. The episode aired on Saturday, April 19, 1969 at 3:30 pm on CBS. Cash performed "God Bless the Child" on the show. No recordings of the performance are known to exist. Her other television credits include "The Cosby Show", "What's Happening!!", "A Different World", "Good Times", "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "Frank's Place", "Kojak", "Barney Miller", "Benson", "Roc", "Police Woman", "Family Ties", "Head of the Class", "The Golden Girls", and "L.A. Law".


title: Rosalind Cash

text: Cash was nominated for an Emmy Award for her work on the Public Broadcasting Service production of "Go Tell It on the Mountain". In 1996, she was posthumously nominated for an Emmy Award, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, for her role on "General Hospital". Cash's films included "Omega Man" (1971), "Klute" (1971), "The New Centurions" (1972) with George C. Scott, "Uptown Saturday Night" (1974) with Bill Cosby and Sidney Poitier, and "Wrong Is Right" (1982). In 1995, she appeared in "Tales from the Hood", her last film appearance.


title: Rosalind Cash

text: Cash supplied the voices of "Sesame Street" Muppet Roosevelt Franklin's mother and his sister, Mary Frances, on the 1970 record album "The Year of Roosevelt Franklin, Gordon's Friend from Sesame Street" alongside Matt Robinson's voices for Roosevelt and his brother, Baby Ray, and friend, A.B. Cito.


title: Rosalind Cash

text: Cash never married nor had children. She died from cancer on October 31, 1995, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, aged 56.


title: Juana Barraza

text: Juana Barraza (born 27 December 1957) is a Mexican serial killer and former professional wrestler dubbed "La Mataviejitas" (Sp. "The Little Old Lady Killer") sentenced to 759 years in prison for the killing of 16 elderly women. The first murder attributed to "Mataviejitas" has been dated variously to the late 1990s and to a specific killing on 17 November 2003. The authorities and the press have given various estimates as to the total number of the Mataviejitas victims, with estimates ranging from 42 to 48 deaths. After the arrest of Juana Barraza the case of the Mataviejitas was officially closed despite more than 30 unresolved cases. Araceli Vázquez and Mario Tablas were also arrested in 2005 and called by police and media The Mataviejitas.


title: Juana Barraza

text: Juana Barraza was born in Epazoyucan, Hidalgo, a rural area north of Mexico City. Barraza's mother, Justa Samperio, was an alcoholic who reportedly exchanged her for three beers to a man who repeatedly raped her in his care, and by whom she became pregnant with a son. She had four children in total, although her eldest son died from injuries sustained in a mugging. Prior to her arrest, Barraza was a professional wrestler under the ring name of "La Dama del Silencio" ("The Lady of Silence"). She had a strong interest in lucha libre, a form of Mexican masked professional wrestling.


title: Juana Barraza

text: All of Barraza's victims were women aged 60 or over, many of whom lived alone. Barraza bludgeoned or strangled them before robbing them.


title: Juana Barraza

text: Bernardo Bátiz, the chief prosecutor in Mexico City, initially profiled the killer as having "a brilliant mind, [being] quite clever and careful," and suggested that the killer probably struck after gaining the trust of the intended victim. Investigating officers suspected that the killer posed as a government official, offering victims the chance to sign up for welfare programs.


title: Juana Barraza

text: The search for Barraza was complicated by conflicting evidence. At one point, the police hypothesized that two killers might be involved. An odd coincidence also distracted the investigation: at least three of Barraza's victims owned a print of an eighteenth-century painting by French artist Jean-Baptiste Greuze, "Boy in A Red Waistcoat".


title: Juana Barraza

text: The authorities believed that Juana Barraza was a psychopath who felt no remorse. Furthermore, Barraza associated her elderly victims with her mother and believed that she was helping society by killing them. In order to gain the trust of her victims, Barraza posed as a government official who worked in social welfare. Because of this, Barraza is placed in the “care giving” category of female killers.


title: Juana Barraza

text: The authorities were heavily criticised by the media for dismissing evidence that a serial killer was at work in Mexico City as merely "media sensationalism" as late as the summer of 2005. Soon after setting an investigation in motion, the police incurred further criticism by launching what one journalist described as a "ham-fisted" and unproductive swoop on Mexico City's transvestite prostitutes.


title: Juana Barraza

text: By November 2005, the Mexican authorities were reporting witness statements to the effect that the killer wore women's clothing to gain access to the victim's apartments. In one case, a large woman in a red blouse was seen leaving the home of a murdered woman. Two months later, police began checking the fingerprints of bodies in the city's morgues in the apparent belief that "Mataviejitas" might have committed suicide.


title: Juana Barraza

text: A major breakthrough in the case occurred on 25 January 2006, when a suspect was arrested fleeing from the home of the serial killer's latest victim, Ana María de los Reyes Alfaro, who lived in the Venustiano Carranza borough of Mexico City. Alfaro, 82, had been strangled with a stethoscope.


title: Juana Barraza

text: To the surprise of many Mexicans, who had supposed the killer to be male, the suspect detained was Juana Barraza, 48, a female wrestler known professionally as "The Silent Lady". Witnesses at previous murder scenes had described a masculine-looking woman and police had previously looked for a transvestite although they later admitted that the former wrestler resembled composite images of the suspect. Barraza closely resembled a model of the killer's features, which showed "La Mataviejitas" with close-cropped hair dyed blonde and a facial mole, and was carrying a stethoscope, pension forms, and a card identifying her as a social worker when she was detained.


title: Juana Barraza

text: Mexico City prosecutors said fingerprint evidence linked Barraza to at least 10 murders of the as many as 40 murders attributed to the killer. The wrestler is said to have confessed to murdering Alfaro and three other women, but denied involvement in all other killings. She told reporters she had visited Alfaro's home in search of laundry work.


title: Juana Barraza

text: Barraza was tried in the spring of 2008, the prosecution alleging she had been responsible for as many as 40 deaths. She admitted to one murder, that of Alfaro, and told the police her motive was lingering resentment regarding her own mother's treatment of her. On 31 March, she was found guilty on 16 charges of murder and aggravated burglary, including 11 separate counts of murder. She was sentenced to 759 years in prison. Since sentences imposed in Mexican courts are generally served concurrently, but the maximum sentence under Mexican law is 60 years, she will most likely serve the full sentence in prison.


title: Juana Barraza

text: She was first portrayed in a TV series called "Mujer: Casos de la vida real" in the early 2000s. Mexican producer Pedro Torres brought the story to television on an episode of the 2010 Mexican television series "Mujeres Asesinas 3" that was produced by Televisa. The episode is called "Maggie, Pensionada" starring the Mexican actress Leticia Perdigón as Maggie and Irma Lozano, Ana Luisa Peluffo, and Lourdes Canale as victims.


title: Juana Barraza

text: Barraza was highlighted in the documentary "Instinto Asesino" which aired on Discovery en Español in 2010. The episode was entitled, "La Mataviejitas". Juana Barraza was also highlighted on the show "La Historia Detras Del Mito", the episode was also entitled "La Mataviejitas".


title: Juana Barraza

text: In September 2015, Barraza was highlighted in the Investigation Discovery series "Deadly Women", in an episode titled "Payback".


title: Juana Barraza

text: "Machismo", the nineteenth episode of the first season of "Criminal Minds" is partly based on Barraza.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Columbus is a city in and the county seat of Bartholomew County, Indiana, United States. The population was 50,474 at the 2020 census. The relatively small city has provided a unique place for noted Modern architecture and public art, commissioning numerous works since the mid-20th century; the annual program Exhibit Columbus celebrates this legacy. Located about south of Indianapolis, on the east fork of the White River, it is the state's 20th-largest city. It is the principal city of the Columbus, Indiana metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Bartholomew County. Columbus is the birthplace of former Indiana Governor and former Vice President of the United States, Mike Pence.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Columbus is the headquarters of the engine company Cummins, Inc. in 2004 the city was named as one of "The Ten Most Playful Towns" by "Nick Jr. Family Magazine". In the July 2005 edition of "GQ" magazine, Columbus was named as one of the "62 Reasons to Love Your Country". Columbus won the national contest "America in Bloom" in 2006, and in late 2008, "National Geographic Traveler" ranked Columbus 11th on its historic destinations list , describing the city as "authentic, unique, and unspoiled."


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The land developed as Columbus was bought by General John Tipton and Luke Bonesteel in 1820. Tipton built a log cabin on Mount Tipton, a small hill overlooking White River and the surrounding flat, heavily forested and swampy valley. It held wetlands of the river. The town was first known as Tiptona, named in honor of Tipton. The town's name was changed to Columbus on March 20, 1821. Many people believe Tipton was upset by the name change, but no evidence exists to prove this. Nonetheless, he decided to leave the newly founded town and did not return.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Tipton was later appointed as the highway commissioner for the State of Indiana and was assigned to building a highway from Indianapolis, Indiana to Louisville, Kentucky. When the road approached Columbus, Tipton constructed the first bypass road ever built; it detoured south around the west side of Columbus en route to Seymour.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Joseph McKinney was the first to plot the town of Columbus, but no date was recorded. Local history books for years said that the land on which Columbus sits was donated by Tipton. But in 2003, Historic Columbus Indiana acquired a deed showing that Tipton had sold the land.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: A ferry was established below the confluence of the Flatrock and Driftwood rivers, which form the White River. A village of three or four log cabins developed around the ferry landing, and a store was added in 1821. Later that year, Bartholomew County was organized by an act of the State Legislature and named to honor the famous Hoosier militiaman, General Joseph Bartholomew. Columbus was incorporated on June 28, 1864.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The first railroad in Indiana was constructed to Columbus from Madison, Indiana in 1844. This eventually became the Madison branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad fostered the growth of the community into one of the largest in Indiana, and three more railroads reached the city by 1850.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The Crump Theatre in Columbus, built in 1889 by John Crump, is the oldest theater in Indiana Today the building is included within the Columbus Historic District. Before it closed permanently in 2010, it was an all-ages venue with occasional musical performances.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The Cummins Bookstore began operations it the city in 1892. Until late 2007, when it closed, it was the oldest continually operated bookstore in Indiana.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The Irwin Union Bank building was built in 1954. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 2001 in recognition of its unique architecture. The building consists of a one-story bank structure adjacent to a three-story office annex. A portion of the office annex was built along with the banking hall in 1954. The remaining larger portion, designed by Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates, was built in 1973. Eero Saarinen designed the bank building with its glazed hall to be set off against the blank background of its three-story brick annex. Two steel and glass vestibule connectors lead from the north side of this structure to the annex. The building was designed to distance the Irwin Union Bank from traditional banking architecture, which mostly echoed imposing, neoclassical style buildings of brick or stone. Tellers were behind iron bars and removed from their customers. Saarinen worked to develop a building that would welcome customers rather than intimidate them.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Columbus has been home to many manufacturing companies, including Noblitt-Sparks Industries, which built radios under the Arvin brand in the 1930s, and Arvin Industries, now Meritor, Inc. After merging with Meritor Automotive on July 10, 2000, the headquarters of the newly created ArvinMeritor Industries was established in Troy, Michigan, the home of parent company, Rockwell International. It was announced in February 2011 that the company name would revert to Meritor, Inc.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Cummins, Inc. is by far the region's largest employer, and the Infotech Park in Columbus accounts for a sizable number of research jobs in the city itself. Just south of Columbus are the North American headquarters of Toyota Material Handling, U.S.A., Inc., the world's largest material handling (forklift) manufacturer.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Other notable industries include architecture, a discipline for which Columbus is famous worldwide. The late J. Irwin Miller (then president and chairman of Cummins Engine Company) launched the Cummins Foundation, a charitable program that helps subsidize a large number of architectural projects throughout the city by up-and-coming engineers and architects.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Early in the 20th century, Columbus also was home to a number of pioneering car manufacturers, including Reeves, which produced the unusual four-axle Octoauto and the twin rear-axle Sextoauto, both around 1911.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Columbus is located at (39.213998, −85.911056). The Driftwood and Flatrock Rivers converge at Columbus to form the East Fork of the White River.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: According to the 2010 census, Columbus has a total area of , of which (or 98.62%) is land and (or 1.38%) is water.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 44,061 people, 17,787 households, and 11,506 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 19,700 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 86.9% White, 2.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.5% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% of the population.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: There were 17,787 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.3% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.00.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 25.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 39,059 people, 15,985 households, and 10,566 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 17,162 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 91.32% White, 2.71% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 3.23% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.39% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. 2.81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: There were 15,985 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.9% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were composed of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 2.94.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24 years, 29.5% from 25 to 44 years, 23.0% from 45 to 64 years, and 13.7% over the age of 65. The median age was 36 years. There were 92.8 males for every 100 females and 89.6 males for every 100 females over age 18.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The median income for a household in the city was $41,723, and the median income for a family was $52,296. Males had a median income of $40,367 versus $24,446 for females, and the per capita income was $22,055. About 6.5% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Columbus is a city known for its modern architecture and public art. J. Irwin Miller, 2nd CEO and a nephew of a co-founder of Cummins Inc., the Columbus-headquartered diesel engine manufacturer, instituted a program in which the Cummins Foundation paid the architects' fees, provided the client selected a firm from a list compiled by the foundation. The plan was initiated with public schools and was so successful that the foundation decided to offer such design support to other non-profit and civic organizations. The high number of notable public buildings and public art in the Columbus area, designed by such individuals as Eero Saarinen, I.M. Pei, Robert Venturi, Cesar Pelli, and Richard Meier, led to Columbus earning the nickname "Athens on the Prairie."


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Seven buildings, constructed between 1942 and 1965, are National Historic Landmarks, and approximately 60 other buildings sustain the Bartholomew County seat's reputation as a showcase of modern architecture. National Public Radio once devoted an article to the town's architecture.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: In 2015, Landmark Columbus was created as a program of Heritage Fund - The Community Foundation of Bartholomew county.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: In addition to the Columbus Historic District and Irwin Union Bank, the city has numerous buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including seven National Historic Landmarks of modernist architecture: Bartholomew County Courthouse, Columbus City Hall, First Baptist Church, First Christian Church, Haw Creek Leather Company, Mabel McDowell Elementary School, McEwen-Samuels-Marr House, McKinley School, Miller House, North Christian Church, and The Republic Newspaper Office.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: In May 2016, Landmark Columbus launched Exhibit Columbus as a way to continue the ambitious traditions of the past into the future. Exhibit Columbus features annual programming that alternates between symposium and exhibition years.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Columbus High School was home to footwear pioneer Chuck Taylor, who played basketball in Columbus before setting out to promote his now famous shoes and the sport of basketball before being inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Two local high schools compete within the state in various sports. Columbus North and Columbus East both have competitive athletics and have many notable athletes that go on to compete in college and beyond. Columbus North High School houses one of the largest high school gyms in the United States. CNHS vs CEHS


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Indiana Diesels of the Premier Basketball League play their home games at the gymnasium at Ceraland Park, with plans to move to a proposed downtown sports complex in the near future.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Columbus boasts over of parks and green space and over 20 miles of People Trails. These amenities, in addition to several athletic and community facilities, including Donner Aquatic Center, Lincoln Park Softball Complex, Hamilton Center Ice Arena, Clifty Park, Foundation for Youth/Columbus Gymnastics Center and The Commons, are managed and maintained by the Columbus Parks and Recreation Department.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The north-south US Route 31 has been diverted to the northeastern part of the city. Interstate 65 bypasses Columbus to the west. Indiana Route 46 runs-east-west through the southern section of the city.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Freight rail service is provided by the Louisville and Indiana Railroad (LIRC). The LIRC line runs in a north–south orientation along the western edge of Columbus.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The Pennsylvania Railroad's "Kentuckyian" (Chicago-Louisville) made stops in the city until 1968. The PRR and its successor, the Penn Central, ran the Florida-bound "South Wind" up to 1971.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Columbus is served by the Columbus Municipal Airport (KBAK). It is located approximately north of Columbus. The airport handles approximately 40,500 operations per year, with roughly 87% general aviation, 4% air taxi, 8% military and less than 1% commercial service. The airport has two concrete runways; a 6,401-foot runway with approved ILS and GPS approaches (Runway 5-23) and a 5,001 foot crosswind runway, also with GPS approaches, (Runway 14-32).


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The nearest commercial airport which currently has scheduled airline service is Indianapolis International Airport (IND), located approximately northwest of Columbus. Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport and Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport are to the south and to the southeast, respectively.


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: The Bartholomew Consolidated School Corporation (BCSC) is the local school district. High schools include:


title: Columbus, Indiana

text: Secondary education includes Indiana University–Purdue University Columbus (IUPUC), an Ivy Tech campus, a Purdue Polytechnic campus, and an Indiana Wesleyan University education center.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Uğur Şahin (; born 19 September 1965) is a German oncologist and immunologist. He is the CEO of BioNTech, which developed one of the major vaccines against COVID-19. His main fields of research are cancer research and immunology.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Şahin's family, originally from Turkey, moved to Germany when he was four years old. He grew up in Cologne and studied medicine at the University of Cologne, completing a doctoral thesis there in cancer immunotherapy. He initially remained in academia, in patient care as an oncohematology physician and conducting research at university hospitals in Saarland and Zürich. He founded a research group at the University of Mainz in 2000 and became a professor of experimental oncology in 2006.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: In 2001, while maintaining his position at the University of Mainz, Şahin began to engage in entrepreneurial activities, co-founding two pharmaceutical companies, in 2001 and 2008, with his partner and spouse Özlem Türeci. The second of these companies, BioNTech, together with Pfizer Inc, developed one of the major vaccines used to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. As a result of the company's increase in value, Şahin and Türeci became the first Germans with Turkish roots among Germany's 100 wealthiest people.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Şahin was born on 19 September 1965 in İskenderun into an Alawite family. He moved with his mother to Germany at the age of four to join his father, who worked in Cologne's Ford factories. He was interested in football and popular science books, which he borrowed from the library. Initially, his primary school teacher recommended that he attend a hauptschule, which would not have readily enabled him to attend university. Upon intervention of his German neighbour, he went to a gymnasium instead. Taking advanced courses in mathematics and chemistry, he graduated from the Erich-Kästner-Gymnasium in Cologne-Niehl in 1984, and was the first child at the school with Turkish guest worker parents.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Şahin met his future wife, Özlem Türeci, during his work at the Saarland University Hospital (Universität des Saarlandes) in Homburg, where Türeci completed her last year of medical studies. The couple married in 2002 and had a daughter four years later.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: He and his wife are among the hundred richest people in Germany because of the value of their shareholding in BioNTech. As of February 2022, "Bloomberg Billionaires Index" estimated his net worth at US$7.22 billion.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Şahin studied medicine at the University of Cologne from 1984 to 1992. He received his doctorate in 1992 with a thesis on immunotherapy against tumor cells (bispecific monoclonal antibodies for the activation of cytostatic precursors on tumor cells), which was graded "summa cum laude". His thesis supervisor was . From 1992 to 1994, he studied mathematics at the Fernuniversität Hagen.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Şahin worked as a physician for internal medicine and hematology/oncology from 1991 to 2000 at the chaired by Volker Diehl and then at the Saarland University Hospital in Homburg. He habilitated in 1999 in the field of molecular medicine and immunology. After a one-year sabbatical with at the Institute for Experimental Immunology of the University Hospital of Zürich in 2000, he joined Christoph Huber at the University Medical Center Mainz. There, he has been working in various leading positions in cancer research and immunology since 2001 and has been a professor for experimental oncology at the Department for Internal Medicine/Oncohematology since 2006. Şahin sees himself as an immune engineer who tries to use the body's antiviral mechanisms to treat, for example, cancer, when the immune system is otherwise unable to fight it. He sees his vision in guiding the immune system is to "protect us from or alleviate certain diseases".


title: Uğur Şahin

text: In 2000, Şahin became head of the junior research group of SFB 432 ("Sonderforschungsbereiche", Collaborative Research Centers) of the , and in 2003 chair of the Tumor Vaccine Center. From 2006 to 2013, he was Associate Professor at the Department of Experimental and Translational Oncology at the University of Mainz. Since 2014, he holds a W3 professorship at the University Medical Center of the University.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Sahin is deputy director of the University Center for Tumor Diseases Mainz (UCT Mainz), founded in 2011. The UCT Mainz is an association of all active institutions at the University Medical Center Mainz that focus on clinical oncology or oncological research. In 2017, Sahin was involved in establishing the new Helmholtz Institute HI-TRON, which is a cooperation between the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and TRON. A project that Sahin led at the University Medical Center for developing innovative vaccines against cancer was one of twelve projects awarded a sponsorship prize by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research in 2006 as part of the newly created biotechnology start-up offensive (GO-Bio).


title: Uğur Şahin

text: In 2010, he co-founded TRON (Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz). TRON is a non-profit (private) biopharmaceutical research institute that develops new diagnostic tools and drugs to treat cancer and other diseases with a high unmet medical need. Its focus is on individualized medicine and cancer immunotherapy. For his work in this field, Şahin was awarded the .


title: Uğur Şahin

text: From its foundation until September 2019, he was TRON's scientific director. Since then, he has been working as a scientific advisor and supervisor of Ph.D. students.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: He is one of the scientific directors of the new Helmholtz Institute. During the founding ceremony, Şahin declared that he believes "cancer can be defeated in the future".


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Şahin co-founded the company Ganymed Pharmaceuticals in 2001 with his wife Özlem Türeci and his mentor Christoph Huber. Ganymed developed the monoclonal antibody Zolbetuximab, for use against esophageal and gastrointestinal cancer. In 2016, after showing in a randomized clinical trial that this drug significantly boosted advanced gastric cancer patients' overall survival, the company was sold to Astellas Pharma for over 400 million. The drug is in Phase III trials as of 2020.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Together with Özlem Türeci and Christoph Huber, Şahin founded the biotechnology company BioNTech, based in Mainz, Germany, in 2008 and serves as its CEO. BioNTech is focused on developing and manufacturing active immunotherapies for a patient-specific approach to the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. The main focus of his research work is the discovery of mRNA-based drugs for use as individualized cancer immunotherapies, as vaccines against infectious diseases, and as protein replacement therapies for rare diseases. He holds a minority interest in the listed company. Since April 2020, BioNTech has been researching a vaccine for the disease COVID-19 under Şahin and Türeci, who is also a member of the company's board of directors. Şahin is involved in several patents that he has filed with his company and partners.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Against the background of the debate about the distribution of a potential vaccine, Şahin stated that one key in the fight against COVID-19 is international cooperation and equality of distribution. He said there was "no discussion" about whether a vaccine would be made available exclusively to individual countries. Şahin opposes compulsory vaccination and emphasizes the voluntary nature of the vaccination.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: In fall 2020, he entered a partnership with the U.S. pharmaceutical company Pfizer and planned to obtain approval for a vaccine before the end of 2020. In November, the company reported a 95 percent efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Şahin has worked with Türeci as a physician-scientist couple since they met in 1992. Their early work focussed on identifying and characterizing new target molecules (antigens) for the immunotherapy of cancer. They discovered tumor antigens relevant for treatment of various types of cancers, e.g. stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and other dangerous cancers.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Şahin and his team established strategies that allow different layers of mRNA vaccine optimization, including optimizations of the various structural backbone elements of mRNA molecules, ways to utilize uridine-based as well as nucleoside-modified mRNA chemistries, and different lipid-based compositions and administration routes to deliver mRNA. Systematically combining mRNA modifications achieved an exponential improvement in the potency of mRNA vaccines and its adaption to various purposes. Building on this toolbox of improvements of RNA molecules, Şahin successfully used mRNA for applications in humans.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: One application Sahin's team pioneered are mRNA vaccines for personalized cancer therapy that are based on non-nucleoside modified mRNA. This technology relies on targeting tumor-specific mutations that are not present in normal cells. Each patient's tumor has a unique set of mutations. Since mRNA vaccines can be easily designed to target any antigen, the team could use the mutation fingerprint of cancers for engineering mRNA-based personalized neo-antigen vaccines. This application offers the possibility of targeting each patient's tumor mutations with an individually tailored mRNA vaccine of unique composition that is produced "on demand".


title: Uğur Şahin

text: To apply their RNA cancer vaccine to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) shared between patients, Sahin and his team developed RNA vaccine nanoparticle delivery strategies that target tissue-derived dendritic cells body-wide. They pioneered the first intravenous nanoparticle delivery of mRNA vaccines in humans. They observed strong tumor-antigen-specific immune responses induced by their uridine-based non-nucleoside modified mRNA vaccines, even though the utilized TAAs are self-antigens. This was a critical step toward the development of effective, potent cancer vaccines targeting a broad range of antigens for immunotherapy.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies (CARVAC) are promising immunotherapies for treating B-cell-derived hematologic cancers. Achieving long-term patient responses in solid tumors remains a challenge due to poor activity of CAR-T cells against solid cancer. Sahin and his team have developed ways to use RNA vaccine technology for in vivo expansion and enhanced engraftment of genetically engineered, adoptively transferred CAR-T cells. This has been effective in inducing regression of large tumors in challenging mouse cancer models. The approach is now in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with various cancers.


title: Uğur Şahin

text: Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), result from tissue damage caused by self-reactive T lymphocytes. Combating autoimmune diseases is challenging and can lead to systemic immunosuppression and side effects such as increased risk of infection. Şahin and his team developed a novel therapeutic strategy that circumvents systemic immunosuppression by inhibiting only the immune cells that mediate autoimmune disease. They used a different version of lipid nanoparticles to deliver MS autoantigens encoded by a non-inflammatory RNA into dendritic cells. This approach expands a specific type of immune cells, called antigen-specific regulatory effector T cells, which suppress autoreactivity against the targeted autoantigens and also promote inhibition of autoreactive T cells against other myelin-specific autoantigens. The RNA vaccine used for tolerance induction contained 1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ) instead of uridine, a modification previously described by Katalin Karikó and colleagues that does not stimulate Toll-like receptors. In mouse models of MS, the novel RNA vaccine approach delayed onset and reduced severity of established disease without inducing generalized immunosuppression.