title: Within the Woods

text: Two romantic couples, consisting of four teenagers, decide to spend a weekend together located in a remote cabin found in the woods. An unseen force stalks and watches the group without their knowledge. Ellen and her boyfriend Bruce enter the woods to have a picnic lunch. The other couple, Scotty and Shelly, remain at the cabin playing Monopoly to pass time. During their lunch, Bruce announces to Ellen that they're camping on an Indian burial ground. Ellen is concerned, but Bruce assures her that they will be fine as long as they don't disturb the graves of the dead. Bruce then explores the area and discovers an ancient dagger belonging to the Indians. Ignoring his own advice, he takes the dagger with him.


title: Within the Woods

text: After lunch, Ellen takes a nap. When she awakes, she finds Bruce missing and wanders into the woods looking for him. To her horror, she finds Bruce's dead body, horribly mutilated with apparent knife wounds. She is then startled by the presence of a demonic entity hiding within the woods, and quickly runs back to the cabin. While fleeing, she is attacked by unseen forces. She runs back to the cabin and screams to be let in immediately, being let in just as the entity is approaching her. Ellen tells her friends that Bruce has been murdered, but Scotty dismisses the whole thing as a joke and goes to find Bruce. Shelly and Ellen are concerned when Scotty doesn't return right away. Shelly walks outside to begin a search for the missing men, but a possessed Bruce assaults and strangles her, eventually stabbing her in the neck and killing her with the dagger that he found, moaning "join us."


title: Within the Woods

text: Ellen encounters her possessed friend and flees into another room, grabbing knives to protect her. Something attempts to enter the room where Ellen is hiding, and she blindly lashes out with a knife - mistakenly stabbing Scotty who had just returned to the cabin. While horrified, Ellen is then attacked by the possessed Bruce. Ellen manages to trap Bruce outside, stabbing Bruce's hand several times in the process. The bleeding Scotty tells Ellen to look into the cellar for the gun they brought along. While walking down the stairs to the cellar, she trips on a broken step and injures herself. After finding the gun, she goes back up stairs and discovers that Scotty had been stabbed to death while she was downstairs. The demonic Bruce then attacks her, but she manages to cut off his hand.


title: Within the Woods

text: Ellen attempts to flee but is severely beaten by the possessed Bruce, who throws her around the cabin. While being strangled, Ellen picks up Bruce's mutilated hand which is still holding the dagger found from before, and she uses it to stab Bruce. A large amount of blood is expended by Bruce, who lies motionless for a moment, only to then continue his assault on Ellen. Ellen mutilates Bruce's body even further with an axe, chopping off nearly every limb from the writhing body. Severely disturbed by the things she has witnessed, Ellen rocks back and forth muttering to herself. The corpse of Scotty suddenly springs up, before turning towards the oblivious Ellen, ready to attack. The screen then cuts to black, leaving the fate of Ellen ambiguous.


title: Within the Woods

text: Before the development stages of "Within the Woods", Sam Raimi and Bruce Campbell were long-time friends who had grown up together. The duo had produced several low-budget films with super 8 mm film during their youth. During the early parts of Raimi's career, he directed films that were mostly classified as comedies, such as "Booby Bartenders", "Shemp Eats the Moon" and "The Great Bogus Monkey Pignut Swindle". While those films were described as "goofy" and primitive by members of the cast and crew, Raimi eventually produced the short film "It's Murder!", which featured mostly comedic moments. One of the sequences of the film involved a suspenseful moment where a criminal jumped on an unsuspecting individual. Raimi later dismissed the short film, but complimented that scene, stating that it was "the only part of "It's Murder!" that really worked well.


title: Within the Woods

text: While working on the film, it inspired Raimi to approach the horror genre with more enthusiasm, leading to the conception of his next short film "Clockwork". The film featured a woman being stalked by a demented man, and launched an interest in Raimi to pursue working on more horror films. While both Raimi and Campbell expressed a positive opinion on the genre, they admitted they had little experience with the genre and went to drive-in theaters to research various science fiction and horror films. Raimi developed the motto "the gore the merrier" during these sessions at the drive-in, and quickly developed an interest in films featuring high levels of blood. Raimi gained an appeal in B movie cinema, which led him to want to pursue the production of a more ambitious film for his next project. In order to gain the interest of producers, Raimi and Campbell set out to produce a "prototype" film that would serve as a showcase of their talents. The film would work as a trailer to help promote further cinematic productions.


title: Within the Woods

text: The prototype film was called "Within the Woods". In addition to Raimi's interest in various horror films, one of the main inspirations came in the writing of H. P. Lovecraft, who introduced the concept of the "book of the dead" to Raimi. Raimi studied the concept of magical books, in particular the "Necronomicon", which formed the basis of the film. Campbell described the film as a combination of "creative writing and ancient history". In order to flesh out of the idea, Raimi came up with a concept where a group of teenagers went into the woods and were attacked by demonic spirits, summoned by the disturbance of an Indian burial ground. The book of the dead concept was not present in the finished film, but appeared extensively in later films by Raimi.


title: Within the Woods

text: Raimi was able to secure $1,600 to produce the film. Raimi and Campbell collected a group of their friends and family who were interested in participating in the production of the film. The film was primarily shot at a farm house belonging to one of Raimi's friends located in Marshall, Michigan. One of the regular actors involved with Raimi's early short films, Ellen Sandweiss, was cast as the film's protagonist. This decision stemmed from the notion that most horror films at the time involved female leads, who were more enjoyable to watch terrorized. The current boyfriend of Sandweiss was cast as the film's antagonist, a demon who threatens the cast. Campbell was cast as one of the protagonists, though he initially was not familiar with horror cinema and instead identified as a fan of comedies. One of the films that inspired Campbell's interest in the genre was John Carpenter's film "Halloween." Another Raimi regular, Scott Spiegel, was also cast as a protagonist based on his prior collaborations with the group.


title: Within the Woods

text: The effects of the film were entirely low-budget. Nearly every effect in the film was done via things picked up at a make-up and Halloween store located close to where the film was shot. The effects in the film were notably more intricate than the simple ones featured in Raimi's prior projects, and contained mutilated bodies, stabbed body parts and demonic possession skin-attachments. Tom Sullivan was one of the primary make-up supervisors on set, and he found it difficult working presentable effects out of such low budgets. One notable example involved a chest stabbing rig that had to be attached to Spiegel's chest by straps and duct tape.


title: Within the Woods

text: Campbell had to sleep wearing his make-up. Because of several scenes that required to be shot in both the day and the night, it was considered easiest to have Campbell sleep all night wearing his make-up, since removing it was too complicated. When Campbell eventually had the effect removed, he was alarmed to notice that his face had actually "changed shape" because of how long the make-up had been applied, though it returned to normal after an extended amount of time. This serves as one of several moments where the film-makers had to be creative to make the film considering the low budget. Other examples include blacking out the windows to make scenes darker and shooting all night long to make the filming schedule. Raimi had to get increasingly inventive during production, often coming up with "bizarre" ideas while shooting scenes. This led to him experimenting with camera moves and camera speeds, "taking it a little further than we had gone before, recording synch-sound at a third slower for a more monstrous effect.


title: Within the Woods

text: Though production was difficult for many of the actors involved, especially Campbell, the film was eventually completed within acceptable budget limits. Raimi had completed the filming of his "prototype" and sought out to develop and edit the film as cheaply as possible. Though at the time it was unknown how the film was going to be distributed. Raimi had shot the film in the same style as many of his earlier films, with 8mm film.} He intended to blow the footage up after filming to the industry standard of 35mm in order to save money, though Campbell noted that the idea was without precedent. Though the request was "obscure" in nature, a company in San Francisco managed to accommodate the task with little difficulty. At a test screening at a local movie theater, the footage appeared to be mostly acceptable, though further tests showed it to be grainy and difficult to make out.


title: Within the Woods

text: After production, Raimi virtually had no idea how the film was going to be distributed and what would come of it. The main idea behind shooting the film was to make a trailer to show to future investors, but even that was proving to be difficult. Eventually, Raimi got in contact with a manager at a movie theater in Detroit who was "open and flexible". The same theater played "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" every single week and was open to more unusual cinema. To Raimi's shock, the manager agreed to screen "Within the Woods" right before a midnight showing of "The Rocky Horror Picture Show". The premiere of the film received a positive reception by the audience, and the cast and crew was paid just over $10, all of which was donated to the American Cancer Society. The film, however, was never commercially released.


title: Within the Woods

text: While critics mostly ignored the locally distributed, low-budget horror film, local "The Detroit News" critic Michael McWilliams, who attended the film's premiere, wrote that "it will probably never be advertised alongside the glossy, big-budget horror movies of our time, but you won't easily forget a locally produced little film called "Within the Woods"". He compared the low-budget film to the blockbuster "The Amityville Horror", writing that it provided more scares. Tom Sulivan, the make-up supervisor of the film, stated that the film "really packs a punch", and expressed a positive opinion of working on the project.


title: Within the Woods

text: In order to produce a follow-up picture, Raimi needed nearly $150,000. Raimi approached Phil Gillis, a lawyer to one of his friends, asking if he wanted to invest money into the production of a remake. Gillis was unimpressed with "Within the Woods", but offered Raimi legal advice on how to approach further productions. Raimi approached several investors, "begging" for money, and eventually acquired nearly $90,000 of the funds needed and set out to make the movie anyway.


title: Within the Woods

text: "Within the Woods" was later retooled by Raimi with a vastly higher production value and a full-length running time as the 1981 film "The Evil Dead". "The Evil Dead" would go on to be the first installment of a film franchise spawning two sequels, "Evil Dead II" (1987), and "Army of Darkness" (1992), both of which were directed by Raimi and featured Campbell as Ash Williams. A remake/sequel, known as "Evil Dead", was released in 2013 with Raimi and Campbell as producers and creative consultants. In 2015, the Starz television network began airing the comedy horror series "Ash vs Evil Dead", which featured Bruce Campbell returning as an older Ash Williams.


title: Within the Woods

text: Several aspects of "Within the Woods" were later presented in future Raimi films, including the use of the "Raimi-cam", a camera rig that creates a fluent flow of camera movement. Other elements, such as graphic imagery, bleak endings, and mutilations, defined many of Raimi's other films. Campbell made cameo appearances in all three of Raimi's "Spider-Man" films, as well as several other films for Raimi.


title: Within the Woods

text: Academy Award winning film-making duo the Coen brothers were inspired by Raimi's decision to produce a short film as a trailer, utilizing the concept to produce funding for their debut "Blood Simple" (1984). The Coen brothers served as editors for "The Evil Dead", and developed a friendship with Raimi. The duo has cast Campbell in some of their films such as "The Hudsucker Proxy" (1994) and "Fargo" (1996), the former of which was co-written by Raimi.


title: Love Deluxe

text: Love Deluxe is the fourth studio album by English band Sade, released by Epic Records in the United Kingdom on 26 October 1992 and in the United States on 3 November 1992.


title: Love Deluxe

text: In a contemporary review for "The Village Voice", music critic Robert Christgau felt that half of the album cannot qualify with Sade's most memorable songs and particularly panned the lyric about a Somali woman who has a life that "hurts like brand-new shoes" on the song "Pearls". Amy Linden of "Entertainment Weekly" stated that the album "surges with emotion, but the mostly lush ambient music on "Love Deluxe" is low on the oomph meter." In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Ron Wynn wrote that it "marked a return to the detached cool jazz backing and even icier vocals that made her debut album a sensation" with an "urbane sound."


title: Love Deluxe

text: In 2020, "Rolling Stone" ranked the album 247th on its list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In September 2022, Pitchfork ranked "Love Deluxe" as the 52nd best album of the 1990s.


title: Love Deluxe

text: "Love Deluxe" peaked at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 1 June 1993. In the United States, the album peaked at number three on the "Billboard" 200, and as of May 2003, it had sold 3.4 million copies. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it four-times platinum on 9 November 1994, denoting shipments in excess of four million copies. The album was also commercially successful elsewhere, reaching number one in France and the top 10 in Belgium, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. By April 1993, the album had sold three million copies worldwide, including 220,000 copies in Italy.


title: Love Deluxe

text: Following the release of "Love Deluxe", the band had a seven-year hiatus, during which Sade Adu came under media scrutiny with rumours of depression and addiction and later gave birth to her first child. During this time, the other members of the band, Matthewman, Denman, and Hale, went on to other projects, including Sweetback, which released a self-titled album in 1996. Matthewman also played a major role in the development of Maxwell's career, providing instrumentation and production work for the R&B singer's first two albums.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Fight Night Champion is a boxing video game developed by EA Canada and published by Electronic Arts. It is the fifth and last entry in the "Fight Night" series and was released in March 2011 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game takes a drastic turn from its predecessors, depicting a "grittier", "darker" setting with animations and player damage that "truly conveys the brutality of the sport of boxing." The violence and strong language in the game's story mode earned it a Mature rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board, the only EA Sports title to do so.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: The game was officially revealed on July 20, 2010 at an EA Sports studio showcase. It was added to Xbox One's catalog of backward compatible titles in May 2018. The game is the first EA Sports game to feature a full Hollywood-inspired story mode, called Champion Mode. The story follows the career of Andre Bishop, a talented boxer, who is forced to overcome great setbacks including a prison sentence and a corrupt fight promoter. Champion Mode is intended to further convey the brutality and hardship of the sport of boxing.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: The new direction of the gameplay was highly praised by critics, with the game being released to positive reviews.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: "Fight Night Champion" is a third-person fighter that introduces an all-new control scheme to the series: "Full-Spectrum Punch Control". This method allows players to throw onscreen punches by merely flicking their game controller's right control stick (in addition to the previous default option of punching by pressing a button on the controller). This extra option is intended to eliminate the more complicated controller manipulations that were necessary in the "Total Punch Control" system of previous editions of the Fight Night series.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Along with Full-Spectrum Punch Control, several modifications have been made to the secondary controller buttons that are used for uncommon and power punches. The "Haymaker modifier" of past editions has been replaced with a "power modifier". This modifier allows power punches to be thrown by holding a specific button while punching. The blocking and leaning system has also been modified; there are now single buttons dedicated to both blocking and leaning.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: There are three major game modes in Fight Night Champion. The first is the 'Fight Now' mode. This allows players to jump straight into the boxer selection menu, with the venue selection following. The second is Legacy Mode, also a long-running series regular. Legacy Mode is essentially the career mode of the game and allows players to take a selected boxer through a full boxing career. The third, and newest to the series, is Champion Mode. Other game modes are also available, such as the training games and online play (through either Xbox Live or PSN).


title: Fight Night Champion

text: The general gameplay interface has also been modified, mainly to convey the brutality of the sport with more accuracy. When players are stunned, the camera's angle changes slightly and a faint whistling noise can be heard (although cinematic effects can be turned off). Knockout replays are now much more detailed, with a close-up view of the knockout punch available in many different angles.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: A refined physics animation system is in place. This includes flexing muscles, dynamic bruising and scarring, as well as rippling body effects. Another notable improvement is the detailed damage effects. Boxer physical damage is now dynamic; as a boxer takes damage their face may begin bruising and swelling. Excessive damage leads to cuts, and referee stoppages are in place.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: The game features a flexible boxer creation feature. Boxers can be created and used in-game. Players are able to upload their created boxer to EA Sports World where other players may download and use them. This has been seen as a source for boxers not included in the official roster. Fan favorites such as Floyd Mayweather Jr., Gennady Golovkin, and Sergio Martinez who are absent in the shipped roster are available as user-created content.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: The game features a full online mode, through either Xbox Live for Xbox 360 users or PlayStation Network for PlayStation 3 users. Players start out online with minimal stats, similar to Legacy Mode. They can then make progress through the ranks by winning fights.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: The player may win an Online World Championship in their weight division. The winner of the Online World Championship must defend their title two times per day to remain champion. If these requirements are not fulfilled, the player will be stripped of their title.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Players can create or join gyms in the game. These gyms are essentially a team of players, or friends. Gyms may contain up to 36 members. Players in each gym may pick rivalry fights with other gyms.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Each new copy of the game contains an online pass, although since June 2013, a pass is not required for online multiplayer.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Although it is not a completely different experience from the rest of the game, Champion Mode bears many exclusive modifications to make the story more compelling. In most of the fights, players are required to fight in a particular manner or create a certain outcome to be victorious. For example, players may have to be smart against a certain opponent who has a particular strategy. One example of this is an opponent who targets the body; the player is required to stay on the outside and avoid body punches. Another scenario puts the player against slim odds, in which Bishop suffers a hand injury and must avoid using certain punches to avoid permanent damage. The fights are generally meant to be won by knockout, although it is possible to win by decision.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Champion Mode plays out in a movie style, taking approximately 5 hours. Cinematic cutscenes control the flow of the story, and the actual gameplay takes place during fights. Occasionally, cutscenes can be seen in between rounds.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Andre Bishop is a boxer serving time in a correctional facility. After winning a jailhouse boxing match against another inmate, he is cornered and brutally beaten by other prisoners including his opponent, severely injuring him. The story then flashes back four years to his rise as a professional fighter. Bishop's career begins as a middleweight when he defeats nine-time amateur champion Joel Savon, earning him significant recognition as a contender. After a few successful bouts, Andre and trainer Gus Carisi are approached by DL McQueen, a crooked but famed promoter who wants to promote Andre under the management of his daughter Meagan. The two refuse, renewing the longtime rivalry between Carisi and McQueen. After continually failing to sway Andre and an attempt to fix a contender fight falls through, McQueen frames him for police assault with the help of two crooked cops, sentencing Bishop to over five years in prison.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: After recovering from his injuries, Andre begins to train himself and keep fit while imprisoned. Andre's brother Raymond is rising up the ranks as a heavyweight, but Andre is angered upon discovering that he has signed with McQueen Promotions and cut Gus out. After Andre is released, Raymond organizes him a job as an assistant trainer. After Andre beats two ranked heavyweights during regular sparring sessions, Meagan, who has split from her father's business over 'philosophical differences', convinces him to make an unexpected comeback as a heavyweight and becomes his manager, with Gus returning as Andre's trainer. Following several successful heavyweight bouts, Andre becomes a contender to the undefeated world heavyweight champion Isaac Frost, a boxer under McQueen Promotions who has won every fight in his career by knockout.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Jealous of his brother's return and bitter about being overshadowed, Raymond challenges Andre to a title eliminator bout, with the winner securing a fight against Frost. Raymond knocks Andre out in the second round after Andre voluntarily stays down from a knockdown. Raymond then fights Frost, but is defeated by a first-round knockout and hospitalised. Angered, Andre challenges Frost himself. Meagan covertly records one of McQueen's crooked cops mentioning the frame job on Andre, forcing McQueen to agree to the bout. Adopting a defensive strategy, Andre knocks Frost out and becomes the world heavyweight champion. McQueen is subsequently arrested when the framing of Andre is revealed.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: André Bishop – The main protagonist of the game, André begins his professional career as a talented prospect. However, his dreams of following in his father's footsteps and taking a shot at the world title is soon ruined after he is framed by two crooked cops, but makes a comeback, winning the heavyweight belt. He is modeled on and voiced by LaMonica Garrett.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: D.L. McQueen – The head of McQueen Promotions and a famous fight promoter, McQueen is known for his hot temper and short-lived partnerships with professional fighters. He has been long despised by Gus Carisi, André's trainer, for his notoriety. He is played/computer-captured by Randy McCormick of Maple Ridge, British Columbia and voiced by Walter Addison.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Gus Carisi – Andre's loyal trainer and manager, Gus had previously trained Andre's father, who was also a talented fighter. He took both Andre and Raymond in after their parents died and raised them. An experienced trainer, Gus understands the true brutality of boxing and the hard work required to overcome it. He is voiced by Ralph P. Martin.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Raymond Bishop – Andre's younger brother, Raymond pursues a professional career in boxing as a heavyweight. Raymond upsets Andre when he decides to leave Gus and sign with McQueen Promotions. Once Andre reemerges as a heavyweight fighter, Raymond becomes jealous and challenges him to a fight. After an upset over his brother, he is knocked out by Isaac Frost. He is voiced by Dawan Owens.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Megan McQueen – The daughter of D.L. McQueen, Megan starts off as a manager for her father's company, but leaves due to "philosophical differences". She then becomes a solo manager, even managing Andre herself. She bears the likeness of actress Pauline Egan and is voiced by Eliza Dushku.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Isaac Frost – A heavyweight fighter who wins the title two years after beginning his professional career. He defends his title numerous times, and brutally knocks out Raymond Bishop, Andre Bishop's younger brother. This spurs Andre to challenge Frost himself. He is an amateur boxing gold medalist, and has a pro boxing record of 33–1, following his defeat to Andre Bishop. His character and physique is inspired by Ivan Drago from the "Rocky IV" film, but his looks are based on WWE wrestler Randy Orton. He is voiced by Travis Willingham.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Franco – A corrupt police officer who helps D.L. McQueen frame André. Sometime during Bishop's imprisonment, he joins with McQueen Promotions. He is voiced by Jon Southwell.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Ace – Andre's trainer, manager, doctor and best friend during his imprisonment. He is voiced by Damien Leake.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: "Fight Night Champion" features over 50 boxers in total through 8 weight divisions (flyweight doesn't have a boxer in its roster unless a boxer has been created), making it the largest roster in the series. New inclusions permit recreations of fights such as Wladimir Klitschko vs. David Haye and Manny Pacquiao vs. Timothy Bradley. There are additional fighters available but downloadable content is not freely available. Some boxers are not licensed for use in the game's bare knuckle mode.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: There are twenty-one venues included in "Fight Night Champion", which range from Cowboys Stadium, to large arenas and boxing gyms.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: "Fight Night Champion" received "generally favorable reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the Xbox 360 version was ported for release on March 3, 2011, followed by the PlayStation 3 version a week later, "Famitsu" gave it a score of 31 out of 40 for the former console version (and "Famitsu X360" gave it three sevens and one eight) and 29 out of 40 for the latter.


title: Fight Night Champion

text: The new concept and direction of the series was highly praised. Tom Hoggins of "The Daily Telegraph" wrote in an early review of the Xbox 360 version, "This is a tough, burly sequel that understands what we want from the blood and sweat of sport it represents", citing its brutality and emotion aspects as a winning factor. Hilary Goldstein of "IGN" also praised these factors in its early review, and praised Champion Mode for carrying the emotional weight of the PS3 and Xbox versions, stating that it gave them "more sense of emotion out of what is usually a soulless experience".


title: Fight Night Champion

text: "Eurogamer" called the Xbox 360 version the most technically accomplished game in the series, and said that the evolution exceed their expectations "without totally blowing us away". "GameZone" gave the same console version eight out of ten, saying, "No matter what frustrations the game may hold for you, there's no denying this is one pretty package of violence. "Fight Night Champion" is surely one of the best-looking and best-playing games of its kind." "Edge" gave the PlayStation 3 version nine out of ten, saying that the game "has tirelessly rebuilt itself when many expected retirement. Cautious improvements from "Round 4" - the removal of the cut-man game and automation of recovery - have been confidently reinforced, while ring physics, ragdolls and cloth dynamics are in a different class to the chaotic "Round 3"."


title: Fight Night Champion

text: Scott Jones of "The A.V. Club" gave the Xbox 360 version an A−, calling it "the best thing to happen to boxing since 1997." However, "Metro" gave the PlayStation 3 version seven out of ten in its early review, saying that the game was "Still the best boxing sim around but the justification for this new sequel is pretty thin, despite a number of minor improvements."


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The roentgen equivalent man (rem) is a CGS unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose, which are dose measures used to estimate potential health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: Quantities measured in rem are designed to represent the stochastic biological risk of ionizing radiation, which is primarily radiation-induced cancer. These quantities are derived from absorbed dose, which in the CGS system has the unit rad. There is no universally applicable conversion constant from rad to rem; the conversion depends on relative biological effectiveness (RBE).


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The rem has been defined since 1976 as equal to 0.01 sievert, which is the more commonly used SI unit outside the United States. Earlier definitions going back to 1945 were derived from the roentgen unit, which was named after Wilhelm Röntgen, a German scientist who discovered X-rays. The unit name is misleading, since 1 roentgen actually deposits about 0.96 rem in soft biological tissue, when all weighting factors equal unity. Older units of rem following other definitions are up to 17% smaller than the modern rem.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: Doses greater than 100 rem received over a short time period are likely to cause acute radiation syndrome (ARS), possibly leading to death within weeks if left untreated. Note that the quantities that are measured in rem were not designed to be correlated to ARS symptoms. The absorbed dose, measured in rad, is a better indicator of ARS.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: A rem is a large dose of radiation, so the millirem (mrem), which is one thousandth of a rem, is often used for the dosages commonly encountered, such as the amount of radiation received from medical x-rays and background sources.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The rem and millirem are CGS units in widest use among the U.S. public, industry, and government. However, the SI unit the sievert (Sv) is the normal unit outside the United States, and is increasingly encountered within the US in academic, scientific, and engineering environments.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The conventional units for dose rate is mrem/h. Regulatory limits and chronic doses are often given in units of mrem/yr or rem/yr, where they are understood to represent the total amount of radiation allowed (or received) over the entire year. In many occupational scenarios, the hourly dose rate might fluctuate to levels thousands of times higher for a brief period of time, without infringing on the annual total exposure limits. There is no exact conversion from hours to years because of leap years, but approximate conversions are:


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) once adopted fixed conversion for occupational exposure, although these have not appeared in recent documents:


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) strongly discourages Americans from expressing doses in rem, in favor of recommending the SI unit. The NIST recommends defining the rem in relation to the SI in every document where this unit is used.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: Ionizing radiation has deterministic and stochastic effects on human health. The deterministic effects that can lead to acute radiation syndrome only occur in the case of high doses (> ~10 rad or > 0.1 Gy) and high dose rates (> ~10 rad/h or > 0.1 Gy/h). A model of deterministic risk would require different weighting factors (not yet established) than are used in the calculation of equivalent and effective dose. To avoid confusion, deterministic effects are normally compared to absorbed dose in units of rad, not rem.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: Stochastic effects are those that occur randomly, such as radiation-induced cancer. The consensus of the nuclear industry, nuclear regulators, and governments, is that the incidence of cancers caused by ionizing radiation can be modeled as increasing linearly with effective dose at a rate of 0.055% per rem (5.5%/Sv). Individual studies, alternate models, and earlier versions of the industry consensus have produced other risk estimates scattered around this consensus model. There is general agreement that the risk is much higher for infants and fetuses than adults, higher for the middle-aged than for seniors, and higher for women than for men, though there is no quantitative consensus about this. There is much less data, and much more controversy, regarding the possibility of cardiac and teratogenic effects, and the modelling of internal dose.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The ICRP recommends limiting artificial irradiation of the public to an average of 100 mrem (1 mSv) of effective dose per year, not including medical and occupational exposures. For comparison, radiation levels inside the United States Capitol are 85 mrem/yr (0.85 mSv/yr), close to the regulatory limit, because of the uranium content of the granite structure.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The concept of the rem first appeared in literature in 1945 and was given its first definition in 1947. The definition was refined in 1950 as "that dose of any ionizing radiation which produces a relevant biological effect equal to that produced by one roentgen of high-voltage x-radiation." Using data available at the time, the rem was variously evaluated as 83, 93, or 95 erg/gram. Along with the introduction of the rad in 1953, the ICRP decided to continue the use of the rem. The US National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements noted in 1954 that this effectively implied an increase in the magnitude of the rem to match the rad (100 erg/gram). The ICRP officially adopted the rem as the unit of equivalent dose in 1962 to measure the way different types of radiation distribute energy in tissue and began recommending values of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for various types of radiation. In practice, the unit of rem was used to denote that an RBE factor had been applied to a number which was originally in units of rad or roentgen.


title: Roentgen equivalent man

text: The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) adopted the sievert in 1980 but never accepted the use of the rem. The NIST recognizes that this unit is outside the SI but temporarily accepts its use in the U.S. with the SI. The rem remains in widespread use as an industry standard in the U.S. The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission still permits the use of the units curie, rad, and rem alongside SI units.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Jeffrey Steven Pilson (born January 19, 1959) is an American musician best known for being the bass player in the glam metal band Dokken and currently classic rock band Foreigner. He has also had an extended stint with Dio in the 1990s. He is a multi-instrumentalist who plays guitar, cello, keyboards, piano and mellotron. Pilson played fictional heavy metal bassist Jörgen in the 2001 film "Rock Star", and voiced Johnny Cage in the 2011 video game "Mortal Kombat".


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Pilson was born in Lake Forest, Illinois, and spent part of his youth in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, before moving to Longview, Washington, where he graduated from R.A. Long High School in 1976. He attended the University of Washington to study music after he had started playing bass at age 13 but left without a degree in order to pursue a career in music. One of his early bands was an Emerson, Lake & Palmer type progressive trio called Christmas. He moved to San Francisco in 1978 where he met up and became friends with guitarist Mike Varney. Varney and Pilson would join forces in the band Cinema. After moving back to Seattle for a brief period, Varney called Pilson to get involved in the recording of "Rock Justice", a rock opera co-written by Varney and produced by Marty Balin.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Still based in San Francisco, Pilson next teamed up with guitarist Randy Hansen, best known as a Jimi Hendrix impersonator, and Pilson recorded the "Astral Projection – Live" album with Hansen for Shrapnel Records. When the band with Hansen dissolved, Pilson moved to Los Angeles and only weeks later, on a recommendation by Mike Varney, was contacted by vocalist Don Dokken who was looking for a bass player for his band Dokken. An audition was set up and Pilson joined the band in 1983.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Pilson was co-writer on many of Dokken's best known and most successful songs, including "Just Got Lucky", "Alone Again", "Into the Fire", "The Hunter", "In My Dreams", "It's Not Love", "Kiss of Death", and "Dream Warriors". Pilson recorded the studio albums "Tooth and Nail" (1984), "Under Lock and Key" (1985), and "Back for the Attack" (1987), all certified platinum, and the gold certified live album "Beast from the East" (1988).


title: Jeff Pilson

text: After the breakup of Dokken in the wake of the Monsters of Rock Tour 1988, Pilson, along with Randy Hansen, Vinny Appice and Michael Diamond of Legs Diamond, formed his own group called Flesh & Blood in 1989, handling lead vocal and rhythm guitar duties. After changing the name to War & Peace, Pilson released a total of four albums, starting with 1993's "Time Capsule", utilizing different players and lineups along the way. The recordings of the original Flesh & Blood lineup were released in 1999 and re-issued in 2013 with a bonus track, packaged with recordings from another session, under the name War & Peace as "The Flesh and Blood Sessions".


title: Jeff Pilson

text: In the early 1990s, Pilson also worked as a session bassist with the band Wild Horses (not to be confused with the British band of the same name), guitarist Michael Lee Firkins, and MSG, before taking part in the Dokken reunion which resulted in 1995's "Dysfunctional" album. It was followed by the semi-acoustic "One Live Night" (1995), the controversial "Shadowlife" (1997), and "Erase the Slate" (1999), Pilson's last studio album with the group. During the 1990s, Pilson also recorded and toured with Dio, appearing on both "Strange Highways" (1993) and "Angry Machines" (1996).


title: Jeff Pilson

text: In 1993, Pilson collaborated with former Giuffria and Dio guitarist Craig Goldy, co-writing and contributing lead vocals to 4 songs on Goldy's first solo album, "Insufficient Therapy", issued on Shrapnel Records in 1993. During that time, Pilson, Goldy and drummer Tim Pedersen also had a heavy progressive rock project named 13th Floor although no album was ever released.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: After exiting both Dio and Dokken, he and former War & Peace mate, Tommy Henriksen, began working on a modern rock project called Underground Moon, for which Pilson decided to assume the pseudonym Dominic Moon. The album, which included a cover of Midnight Oil's "Beds Are Burning", was released in Europe and Japan in 2001 and Pilson put together a short-lived live band and performed a handful of L.A. club shows. The album saw a limited edition re-issue in 2008 through Polish company Metal Mind Productions.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: On the heels of Underground Moon, Pilson reunited with his ex-Dokken bandmate, guitarist George Lynch, in a project called Lynch/Pilson, releasing the album "Wicked Underground" in 2003. After a proposed Dokken reunion did not materialize, Pilson re-teamed with Lynch and drummer Mick Brown in Tooth & Nail, later shortened to T & N in 2011. They would release "Slave to the Empire", an album of re-worked Dokken songs and new material involving a plethora of guest vocalists in the fall of 2012. Pilson was also confirmed as the bass player on the Lynch Mob's forthcoming 2015 studio release.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Pilson briefly returned to Dio to help record the band's final studio album, "Master of the Moon". He became the bass player for Foreigner in the summer of 2004 when he joined an impromptu lineup consisting of founding member Mick Jones, Jason Bonham, Jeff Jacobs, Thom Gimbel, and Bonham singer Chas West for a benefit show for muscular dystrophy on July 25, 2004, in Santa Barbara, CA at Fess Parker's Doubletree Resort. West would be replaced by Kelly Hansen, formerly with Hurricane, who made his debut with the group on March 11, 2005, at Boulder Station in Las Vegas. Pilson has been part of every Foreigner recording and tour since, including the 2009 studio album, "Can't Slow Down".


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Pilson would play bass on Lynch Mob's 2015 album, "Rebel". In the fall of 2016, Pilson and the classic Dokken lineup of Don Dokken, George Lynch, and 'Wild' Mick Brown reunited for 6 shows in Japan. They also played a warm-up show at Badlands Pawn Guns Gold And Rock 'N' Roll in Sioux Falls, SD. The band's October 8 Loud Park performance at Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan was commemorated with the "Return to the East Live 2016" CD/DVD/Blu-ray package in 2018; it also included an exclusive new studio track, "It's Just Another Day".


title: Jeff Pilson

text: In 2018, Pilson would once again get together with Dokken and T&N mates George Lynch and Mick Brown and former Lynch Mob vocalist, Robert Mason, who earlier guested on a remake of Dokken's "It's Not Love" on T&N's "Slave to the Empire". Initially called Superstroke, the name was changed to The End Machine for the band's eponymous 2019 debut album, produced by Pilson.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: 2020 saw Pilson part of yet another all-star project involving former bandmates, Robin McAuley and Reb Beach, as well as drummer Matt Starr from Mr. Big. Dubbed Black Swan, the quartet issued their Pilson produced debut album, "Shake the World", on February 14, 2020, prefaced by videos for the songs "Shake the World" and "Big Disaster".


title: Jeff Pilson

text: On October 31, 2022, it was announced the Pilson had joined forces with guitarist Joel Hoekstra and drummer Deen Castronovo to become part of the band Revolution Saints.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: In addition to producing his own projects starting with War & Peace, Pilson has also worked in that capacity with several other acts, helming Benedictum's "Uncreation" (2006) and "Seasons of Tragedy" (2008), respectively, and Adler's "Back from the Dead" (2012). He produced Foreigner's 2006 CD, "Live in '05", as well as tracks off of their 2008 "" release as well as their most recent effort, "The Best of Foreigner 4 & More" (2014). He returned as producer for Benedictum in 2012 for their fourth album, "Obey" (2013).


title: Jeff Pilson

text: In December 2012 it was revealed that Pilson would produce the second album by Kill Devil Hill, featuring Pilson's former Flesh & Blood and Dio bandmate Vinny Appice on drums. Pilson also wrote all but two songs and produced the latest Starship feat. Mickey Thomas album, "Loveless Fascination" (2013), the group's first new studio release in almost a quarter century.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: As of late 2014, Pilson had resumed production work on the debut album by Last in Line, a band featuring original Dio members Vinny Appice, Jimmy Bain, and Vivian Campbell, with Andrew Freeman on vocals, which is due out in 2015.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Pilson has also produced his two latest musical projects, The End Machine and Black Swan, whose debut albums were released through Italian label Frontiers Records in 2019 and 2020, respectively.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Pilson has also worked as an actor, having appeared in the movie "Rock Star", 2001. Pilson played bassist Jorgen, of the fictional band Steel Dragon, along with Zakk Wylde, future Foreigner bandmate, Jason Bonham, who also contributed to the Soundtrack, with Miljenko Matijevic and Jeff Scott Soto as vocalists, who cannot be seen.


title: Jeff Pilson

text: Pilson's current bass is a 1973 Fender P-Bass with '66 pickups running through an Ampeg SVT. In the studio Pilson runs all of his basses through Ampeg SVTs, as well as the Ampeg SVX plug-in from IK Multimedia.


title: Lentil soup

text: Lentil soup is a soup with lentils as its main ingredient; it may be vegetarian or include meat, and may use brown, red, yellow, green or black lentils, with or without the husk. Dehulled yellow and red lentils disintegrate in cooking, making a thick soup. It is a staple food throughout Europe, Latin America and the Middle East.


title: Lentil soup

text: Lentils were unearthed in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic layers of Franchthi Cave in Greece (9,500 to 13,000 years ago), in the end-Mesolithic at Mureybet and Tell Abu Hureyra in Syria, and sites dating to 8000 BC in the area of Jericho. Aristophanes called it the "sweetest of delicacies." Remains of lentils were found in royal tombs in the Theban necropolis, dating to 2400 BCE. The Roman cookbook "Apicius," compiled in the 1st century AD, includes a recipe for lentil soup with chestnuts.


title: Lentil soup

text: Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible: In Genesis 25:30-34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup being cooked by his brother, Jacob. In Jewish tradition, lentil soup has been served at times of mourning; the roundness of the lentil represents a complete cycle of life.


title: Lentil soup

text: Lentil soup may include vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, celery, parsley, tomato, pumpkin, ripe plantain and onion. Common flavorings are garlic, bay leaf, cumin, olive oil, and vinegar. It is sometimes garnished with croutons or chopped herbs or butter, olive oil, cream or yogurt. Indian lentil soup contains a variety of aromatic spices. In Iraqi and Levantine cuisine the soup is seasoned with turmeric and cumin and topped with toasted, thin vermicelli noodles called "sha'iriyya" (شعيرية), and served with a lemon for squeezing. In the Middle East, the addition of lemon juice gives a pungent tang and cuts the heaviness of the dish. In Egypt and throughout the Middle East, the soup is commonly puréed before serving, and is traditionally consumed in the winter.


title: Lentil soup

text: Lentil soup is recognized as highly nutritious, a good source of protein, dietary fiber, iron and potassium.


title: Happy Rockefeller

text: Margaretta Large "Happy" Rockefeller ("née" Fitler, formerly Murphy; June 9, 1926 – May 19, 2015) was a philanthropist and the second wife of the 49th governor of New York and 41st vice president of the United States, Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979). She was First Lady of New York from 1963 to 1973, and Second Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977.


title: Happy Rockefeller

text: Margaretta Large Fitler was born at Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, in 1926. Her parents were Margaretta Large Harrison and William Wonderly Fitler Jr., an heir to a cordage fortune. Her mother would subsequently remarry. The younger Margaretta was known by her nickname, "Happy", given to her for her childhood disposition. She was a great-granddaughter of Philadelphia mayor Edwin Henry Fitler and a great-great-granddaughter of Union general George Gordon Meade, the commander at the Battle of Gettysburg, and his wife Margaretta Sergeant, daughter of politician John Sergeant.


title: Happy Rockefeller

text: On December 11, 1949, she married James Slater Murphy, a virologist associated with the Rockefeller Institute and a close friend of Nelson Rockefeller's. They had four children: James B. Murphy, II, Margaretta Harrison Murphy, Carol Slater Murphy, and Malinda Fitler Murphy (1960–2005). Malinda married Francis Menotti, the adopted son of composer Gian Carlo Menotti.


title: Happy Rockefeller

text: Happy and her husband divorced on April 1, 1963, for reasons "The New York Times" called "grievous mental anguish" and her former husband's lawyer classified as "irreconcilable differences". One month later – on May 4, 1963 – at the home of Laurance S. Rockefeller in Pocantico Hills, New York, Happy married Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who had taken office in 1959 and was eighteen years her senior. She had worked as a member of his office staff until her resignation in 1961. Nelson divorced his first wife, Mary Todhunter Clark, on March 16, 1962. Happy and Nelson Rockefeller had two sons together: Nelson Rockefeller Jr. (born 1964), and Mark Rockefeller (born 1967).


title: Happy Rockefeller

text: At the time, Happy Murphy's relationship with Gov. Rockefeller was controversial. As the British journalist Lady Jeanne Campbell wrote in the London "Evening Standard", when the Murphy-Rockefeller involvement became a subject of media scrutiny after the announcement of Rockefeller's filing for divorce from his first wife and Happy Murphy's resignation from his staff, "Already people are comparing Happy Murphy to the Duchess of Windsor when she was plain Mrs. Simpson." More damaging still was the political fallout for Rockefeller. Echoing the party-wide concerns, an official of the Michigan Republican Party told "The New York Times" that the couple's potential marriage likely would cost Rockefeller the 1964 presidential nomination. "The rapidity of it all—he gets a divorce, she gets a divorce—and the indication of the break-up of two homes. Our country doesn't like broken homes."


title: Happy Rockefeller

text: Despite some people's disapproval, Rockefeller was re-elected as governor twice more and served until 1973, when he resigned. He was appointed Vice President of the United States by President Gerald Ford, after Richard Nixon resigned, and served from 1974 to 1977.


title: Happy Rockefeller

text: There has been speculation surrounding Malinda Fitler Menotti, the youngest daughter of Happy Rockefeller and Dr. James Slater Murphy, with many in the Rockefeller inner circle believing her to be Nelson Rockefeller's daughter. In his diary, Rockefeller intimate Ken Riland used a tone of knowing irony when mentioning Malinda, putting the word stepfather in quotes. Ellen, the wife of Wally Harrison, the architect and Nelson Rockefeller confidant, claimed that Malinda's parentage was an open secret among Rockefeller associates.


title: Happy Rockefeller

text: She was a breast cancer survivor, having undergone a double mastectomy in 1974, two weeks after Betty Ford, then First Lady of the United States, underwent a single mastectomy. Happy Rockefeller died on May 19, 2015, at the age of 88, following a short illness.


title: Horse gait

text: Horses can use various gaits (patterns of leg movement) during locomotion across solid ground, either naturally or as a result of specialized training by humans.


title: Horse gait

text: Gaits are typically categorized into two groups: the "natural" gaits that most horses will use without special training, and the "ambling" gaits that are various smooth-riding four-beat footfall patterns that may appear naturally in some individuals. Special training is often required before a horse will perform an ambling gait in response to a rider's command.


title: Horse gait

text: Another system of classification that applies to quadrupeds uses three categories: walking and ambling gaits, running or trotting gaits, and leaping gaits.


title: Horse gait

text: The British Horse Society Dressage Rules require competitors to perform four variations of the walk, six forms of the trot, five leaping gaits (all forms of the canter), halt, and rein back, but not the gallop. The British Horse Society Equitation examinations also require proficiency in the gallop as distinct from the canter.


title: Horse gait

text: The so-called "natural" gaits, in increasing order of speed, are the walk, trot, canter, and gallop. Some consider these as three gaits, with the canter a variation of the gallop, even though the canter is distinguished by having three beats, whereas the gallop has four beats. All four gaits are seen in wild horse populations. While other intermediate speed gaits may occur naturally to some horses, these four basic gaits occur in nature across almost all horse breeds. In some animals the trot is replaced by the pace or an ambling gait. Horses who possess an ambling gait are usually also able to trot.


title: Horse gait

text: The walk is a four-beat gait that averages about . When walking, a horse's legs follow this sequence: left hind leg, left front leg, right hind leg, right front leg, in a regular 1-2-3-4 beat. At the walk, the horse will alternate between having three or two feet on the ground. A horse moves its head and neck in a slight up and down motion that helps maintain balance.


title: Horse gait

text: In detail, suppose the horse starts by lifting its left front leg (the other three feet are touching the ground). It then lifts its right hind leg (while being supported by the diagonal pair front right and left hind). Next, the left front foot touches the ground (the horse is now supported by all but the right hind leg); then the horse lifts its right front leg (it is now supported laterally on both left legs), and shortly afterwards it sets down the right rear leg (only the front right leg is now lifted). Then it lifts its left rear leg (diagonal support), puts down the front right (lateral support), lifts the left front, puts down the rear left, and the pattern repeats.


title: Horse gait

text: Ideally, the advancing rear hoof oversteps the spot where the previously advancing front hoof touched the ground. The more the rear hoof oversteps, the smoother and more comfortable the walk becomes. Individual horses and different breeds vary in the smoothness of their walk. However, a rider will almost always feel some degree of gentle side-to-side motion in the horse's hips as each hind leg reaches forward.


title: Horse gait

text: The fastest "walks" with a four-beat footfall pattern are actually the lateral forms of ambling gaits such as the running walk, singlefoot, and similar rapid but smooth intermediate speed gaits. If a horse begins to speed up and lose a regular four-beat cadence to its gait, the horse is no longer walking, but is beginning to either trot or pace.


title: Horse gait

text: The trot is a two-beat gait that has a wide variation in possible speeds, but averages about . A very slow trot is sometimes referred to as a jog. An extremely fast trot has no special name, but in harness racing, the trot of a Standardbred is faster than the gallop of the average non-racehorse. The North American speed record for a racing trot under saddle was measured at


title: Horse gait

text: In this gait, the horse moves its legs in unison in diagonal pairs. From the standpoint of the balance of the horse, this is a very stable gait, and the horse need not make major balancing motions with its head and neck.


title: Horse gait

text: The trot is the working gait for a horse. Horses can only canter and gallop for short periods at a time, after which they need time to rest and recover. Horses in good condition can maintain a working trot for hours. The trot is the main way horses travel quickly from one place to the next.


title: Horse gait

text: Depending on the horse and its speed, a trot can be difficult for a rider to sit because the body of the horse drops a bit between beats and bounces up again when the next set of legs strike the ground. Each time another diagonal pair of legs hits the ground, the rider can be jolted upwards out of the saddle and meet the horse with some force on the way back down. Therefore, at most speeds above a jog, especially in English riding disciplines, most riders "post" to the trot, rising up and down in rhythm with the horse to avoid being jolted. Posting is easy on the horse's back, and once mastered is also easy on the rider.


title: Horse gait

text: To not be jostled out of the saddle and to not harm the horse by bouncing on its back, riders must learn specific skills in order to sit the trot. Most riders can easily learn to sit a slow jog trot without bouncing. A skilled rider can ride even a powerfully extended trot without bouncing, but to do so requires well-conditioned back and abdominal muscles, and to do so for long periods is tiring for even experienced riders. A fast, uncollected, racing trot, such as that of the harness racing horse, is virtually impossible to sit.


title: Horse gait

text: Because the trot is such a safe and efficient gait for a horse, learning to ride the trot correctly is an important component in almost all equestrian disciplines. Nonetheless, "gaited" or "ambling" horses that possess smooth four-beat intermediate gaits that replace or supplement the trot (see "ambling gaits" below) are popular with riders who prefer for various reasons not to have to ride at a trot.


title: Horse gait

text: Two variations of the trot are specially trained in advanced dressage horses: the Piaffe and the Passage. The Piaffe is essentially created by asking the horse to trot in place, with very little forward motion. The Passage is an exaggerated slow motion trot. Both require tremendous collection, careful training and considerable physical conditioning for a horse to perform.


title: Horse gait

text: The canter is a controlled three-beat gait that is usually a bit faster than the average trot, but slower than the gallop. The average speed of a canter is 16–27 km/h (10–17 mph), depending on the length of the stride of the horse. Listening to a horse canter, one can usually hear the three beats as though a drum had been struck three times in succession. Then there is a rest, and immediately afterwards the three-beat occurs again. The faster the horse is moving, the longer the suspension time between the three beats. The word is thought to be short for "Canterbury gallop".


title: Horse gait

text: In the canter, one of the horse's rear legs – the right rear leg, for example – propels the horse forward. During this beat, the horse is supported only on that single leg while the remaining three legs are moving forward. On the next beat the horse catches itself on the left rear and right front legs while the other hind leg is still momentarily on the ground. On the third beat, the horse catches itself on the left front leg while the diagonal pair is momentarily still in contact with the ground.


title: Horse gait

text: The more extended foreleg is matched by a slightly more extended hind leg on the same side. This is referred to as a "lead". Except in special cases, such as the counter-canter, it is desirable for a horse to lead with its inside legs when on a circle. Therefore, a horse that begins cantering with the right rear leg as described above will have the left front and hind legs each land farther forward. This would be referred to as being on the "left lead".


title: Horse gait

text: When a rider is added to the horse's natural balance, the question of the lead becomes more important. When riding in an enclosed area such as an arena, the correct lead provides the horse with better balance. The rider typically signals the horse which lead to take when moving from a slower gait into the canter. In addition, when jumping over fences, the rider typically signals the horse to land on the correct lead to approach the next fence or turn. The rider can also request the horse to deliberately take up the wrong lead (counter-canter), a move required in some dressage competitions and routine in polo, which requires a degree of collection and balance in the horse. The switch from one lead to another without breaking gait is called the "flying lead change" or "flying change". This switch is also a feature of dressage and reining schooling and competition.


title: Horse gait

text: If a horse is leading with one front foot but the opposite hind foot, it produces an awkward rolling movement, called a cross-canter, disunited canter or "cross-firing".


title: Horse gait

text: The gallop is very much like the canter, except that it is faster, more ground-covering, and the three-beat canter changes to a four-beat gait. It is the fastest gait of the horse, averaging about , and in the wild is used when the animal needs to flee from predators or simply cover short distances quickly. Horses seldom will gallop more than before they need to rest, though horses can sustain a moderately paced gallop for longer distances before they become winded and have to slow down.


title: Horse gait

text: The gallop is also the gait of the classic race horse. Modern Thoroughbred horse races are seldom longer than , though in some countries Arabian horses are sometimes raced as far as . The fastest galloping speed is achieved by the American Quarter Horse, which in a short sprint of a quarter mile () or less has been clocked at speeds approaching . The Guinness Book of World Records lists a Thoroughbred as having averaged over a two-furlong () distance in 2008.


title: Horse gait

text: Like a canter, the horse will strike off with its non-leading hind foot; but the second stage of the canter becomes, in the gallop, the second and third stages because the inside hind foot hits the ground a split second before the outside front foot. Then both gaits end with the striking off of the leading leg, followed by a moment of suspension when all four feet are off the ground. A careful listener or observer can tell an extended canter from a gallop by the presence of the fourth beat.


title: Horse gait

text: Contrary to the old "classic" paintings of running horses, which showed all four legs stretched out in the suspension phase, when the legs are stretched out, at least one foot is still in contact with the ground. When all four feet are off the ground in the suspension phase of the gallop, the legs are bent rather than extended.


title: Horse gait

text: In 1877, Leland Stanford settled an argument about whether racehorses were ever fully airborne: he paid photographer Eadweard Muybridge to prove it photographically. The resulting photos, known as "The Horse in Motion", were the first documented example of high-speed photography and they clearly showed the horse airborne.


title: Horse gait

text: According to Equix, who analyzed the biometrics of racing thoroughbreds, the average racing colt has a stride length of ; that of Secretariat, for instance, was , which was probably part of his success.


title: Horse gait

text: A controlled gallop used to show a horse's ground-covering stride in horse show competition is called a "gallop in hand" or a "hand gallop".


title: Horse gait

text: In complete contrast to the suspended phase of a gallop, when a horse jumps over a fence, the legs are stretched out while in the air, and the front legs hit the ground before the hind legs. Essentially, the horse takes the first two steps of a galloping stride on the take-off side of the fence, and the other two steps on the landing side. A horse has to collect its hindquarters after a jump to strike off into the next stride.


title: Horse gait

text: The pace is a lateral two-beat gait. In the pace, the two legs on the same side of the horse move forward together, unlike the trot, where the two legs diagonally opposite from each other move forward together. In both the pace and the trot, two feet are always off the ground. The trot is much more common, but some horses, particularly in breeds bred for harness racing, naturally prefer to pace. Pacers are also faster than trotters on the average, though horses are raced at both gaits. Among Standardbred horses, pacers breed truer than trotters – that is, trotting sires have a higher proportion of pacers among their get than pacing sires do of trotters.


title: Horse gait

text: A slow pace can be relatively comfortable, as the rider is lightly rocked from side to side. A slightly uneven pace that is somewhat between a pace and an amble, is the "sobreandando" of the Peruvian Paso. On the other hand, a slow pace is considered undesirable in an Icelandic horse, where it is called a "lull" or a "piggy-pace".


title: Horse gait

text: With one exception, a fast pace is uncomfortable for riding and very difficult to sit, because the rider is moved rapidly from side to side. The motion feels somewhat as if the rider is on a camel, another animal that naturally paces. However, a camel is much taller than a horse and so even at relatively fast speeds, a rider can follow the rocking motion of a camel. A pacing horse, being smaller and taking quicker steps, moves from side to side at a rate that becomes difficult for a rider to follow at speed, so though the gait is faster and useful for harness racing, it becomes impractical as a gait for riding at speed over long distances. However, in the case of the Icelandic horse, where the pace is known as the "skeið," "flying pace" or "flugskeið", it is a smooth and highly valued gait, ridden in short bursts at great speed.


title: Horse gait

text: A horse that paces and is not used in harness is often taught to perform some form of amble, obtained by lightly unbalancing the horse so the footfalls of the pace break up into a four beat lateral gait that is smoother to ride. A rider cannot properly post to a pacing horse because there is no diagonal gait pattern to follow, though some riders attempt to avoid jostling by rhythmically rising and sitting.


title: Horse gait

text: Based on studies of the Icelandic horse, it is possible that the pace may be heritable and linked to a single genetic mutation on DMRT3 in the same manner as the lateral ambling gaits.


title: Horse gait

text: There are a significant number of names for various four-beat intermediate gaits. Though these names derive from differences in footfall patterns and speed, historically they were once grouped together and collectively referred to as the "amble". In the United States, horses that are able to amble are referred to as "gaited". In almost all cases, the primary feature of the ambling gaits is that 1 of the 4 feet is bearing full weight at any one time, reflected in the colloquial term, "singlefoot".


title: Horse gait

text: All ambling gaits are faster than a walk but usually slower than a canter. They are smoother for a rider than either a trot or a pace and most can be sustained for relatively long periods, making them particularly desirable for trail riding and other tasks where a rider must spend long periods of time in the saddle.


title: Horse gait

text: There are two basic types: lateral, wherein the front and hind feet on the same side move in sequence, and diagonal, where the front and hind feet on opposite sides move in sequence. Ambling gaits are further distinguished by whether the footfall rhythm is isochronous, four equal beats in a 1–2–3–4 rhythm; or a non-isochronous 1–2, 3–4 rhythm created by a slight pause between the groundstrike of the forefoot of one side to the rear of the other.


title: Horse gait

text: Not all horses can perform an ambling gait. However, many breeds can be trained to produce them. In most "gaited" breeds, an ambling gait is a hereditary trait. A 2012 DNA study of movement in Icelandic horses and mice have determined that a mutation on the gene DMRT3, which is related to limb movement and motion, causes a "premature 'stop codon in horses with lateral ambling gaits.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: The murder of Yeardley Love took place on May 3, 2010, in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. Love, a University of Virginia (UVA) women's lacrosse student-athlete, was found unresponsive in her Charlottesville apartment; later that day, UVA men's lacrosse player George Wesley Huguely V was arrested by Charlottesville police. Huguely was tried and found guilty of Love's murder.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: Yeardley Reynolds Love was born on July 17, 1987 in Baltimore, Maryland, to John and Sharon Love. She resided in Cockeysville, Maryland. At Notre Dame Preparatory School, Love was a member of the varsity lacrosse and field hockey teams all four years and was an All-County lacrosse player in 2006. She was admitted to the University of Virginia (UVA), where she majored in political science and minored in Spanish. She was also a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta. As a member of the UVA women's lacrosse team, the Cavaliers, Love scored her first goal in her first game, playing against Virginia Tech. She started in nine of her sixteen games in 2009 and in three of her fifteen games in 2010.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: George Wesley Huguely V was born on September 17, 1987 in Washington, D.C. to George Wesley Huguely IV and Marta Murphy, who subsequently divorced. Huguely attended the all-boys Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, and resided in Chevy Chase, Maryland. At Landon, Huguely was an All-American lacrosse player and played football as well. During his senior year at Landon, he was the quarterback of the football team.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: In 2007, Huguely was charged with underage possession of alcohol in Florida, where his family owns a vacation home. In 2008, he was arrested for public drunkenness and resisting arrest outside the Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity house at Washington and Lee University. Police tased Huguely to subdue him. In that incident, he received a suspended sentence of sixty days and six months of probation, was fined, and was ordered to perform community service and participate in a drug treatment program. He did not disclose this arrest to UVA, despite a requirement to do so. During the 2010 season, Huguely was a midfielder for the Virginia Cavaliers men's lacrosse team. He majored in anthropology.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: Love and Huguely met their freshman year and were often seen hanging out together with their teammates. They had been dating for more than two years by the time of Spring 2010, just prior to her murder. It was Huguely's aggressive behavior, triggered by alcohol, that caused their relationship to be on and off. In 2009, Huguely attacked a teammate after hearing that he had kissed Love. Before her murder, Huguely sent threatening text messages and emails to Love.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: Around 2:15 a.m. EDT on May 3, 2010, Charlottesville police were called to Love's apartment on 14th Street in the University Corner district. At the scene, Love was found unresponsive and was pronounced dead. The 9-1-1 call from Love's roommate reported that she suffered an alcohol overdose, but detectives noticed "obvious physical injuries to her body" upon arrival. The suspect, George Huguely, was living next door.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: On May 4, Huguely was charged with murdering Love and was held in the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail. At a May 6 court appearance, his attorney, Fran Lawrence, stated: "Ms. Love's death was not intended but an accident with a tragic outcome." Huguely appeared at the hearing via video.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: Huguely and Love dated over the course of two years, but had broken up. At the Charlottesville police station, Huguely waived his Miranda rights and narrated graphic details of his assaulting Love, stating that he kicked open her locked bedroom door and "shook Love, and her head repeatedly hit the wall". Furthermore, Huguely admitted that he took, and intended to destroy, her Apple laptop computer when he fled her apartment. Evidence that police seized from Huguely's apartment included two Apple laptop computers, a spiral notebook, two white socks, bathroom and entryway rugs, and a Virginia lacrosse shirt with a red stain. Investigators also followed leads of domestic violence between Huguely and Love, including threatening email and text messages that he sent to her post-breakup; a violent encounter between the couple that was broken up by several visiting lacrosse players from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and an incident in which Huguely attacked Love while drunk but did not recall having hit her. An unnamed student reported that the couple broke up after the drunken Huguely assaulted Love.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: A preliminary hearing for Huguely on a first-degree murder charge was held April 11, 2011, in Charlottesville District Court. Huguely continued to be held without bond at the Charlottesville jail. On January 7, 2012, prosecutors added five additional charges: felony murder, robbery of a residence, burglary, entering a house with an intent to commit a felony, and grand larceny. A grand jury indicted Huguely on April 18, 2011, on first-degree and felony murder charges, and a trial date of February 6, 2012, was set.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: Closing arguments were made on February 18, and jury deliberations began on Tuesday, February 22, following the Monday Presidents' Day holiday. After deliberating for about nine hours, the jury delivered a verdict of guilty of second-degree murder and grand larceny. After a further two hours of deliberation, the jury recommended a 26-year sentence: 25 years for second-degree murder and one year for grand larceny. The jury ruled out the "heat of passion" clause that characterizes voluntary manslaughter. A few of the jurors who spoke to the news media cited the importance of the videotape of Huguely's police interrogation, which was a central part of prosecutor Dave Chapman's case: the jury found that "pretty much every opportunity he had, he lied first. He was not telling the truth on several occasions."


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: On May 8, 2012, non-jurors for the first time were able to see Huguely in a 64-minute video in which he was told of Love's death. As he was interrogated by police, Huguely admitted, "I may have grabbed her neck" and "maybe I shook her a little bit." He then retells the argument and fight that happened in Love's bedroom, demonstrating how he shook her and kicked her door. Eventually, the detective informs Huguely that Love is dead. Huguely reacts in disbelief and says, "Kill me." Because of the raw emotions seen in this tape, the jury was convinced that Love's murder was not premeditated.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: On August 30, 2012, Huguely was formally sentenced to 23 years in prison by Judge Edward Hogshire, with sentences of 23 years for the second-degree murder conviction and one year for the grand larceny conviction to run concurrently.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: The Court of Appeals of Virginia issued a ruling on April 23, 2013, which granted Huguely an appeal based on two key issues. The court agreed with the defense's argument that Huguely's right to counsel was violated when one of his attorneys, Rhonda Quagliana, fell ill and missed a day of trial. The court also granted the appeal based on the failure to exclude "Juror 32" because of possible doubts about that juror's impartiality. The Court of Appeals then heard oral arguments from Huguely's new lawyer, former U.S. Solicitor General Paul Clement, on December 11, 2013. Clement argued for a new trial, arguing Huguely was denied his right to an attorney when one of his two lawyers fell ill during the trial. Nine days into the trial, Huguely co-counsel Quagliana became visibly ill with stomach flu, but the trial judge refused to grant a continuance, even though Huguely objected: co-counsel Frances Lawrence was asked by the trial judge whether he could proceed without Quagliana and said he could. In addition to raising questions about "Juror 32", Huguely's appeal team also objected to the trial judge's refusal to allow "blame the victim" questions of jurors and said the jury was not properly instructed on the definition of "malice", an element in a second-degree murder conviction. The Court of Appeals ruled against Huguely on March 4, 2014, affirming the second-degree murder conviction. In November 2014 the Virginia Supreme Court declined to consider Huguely's appeal.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: More than four years after Huguely was sent to prison, his mother Marta Murphy spoke out. Murphy said that her son should have been convicted of a lesser charge and face less prison time as the murder was a "drunken accident." Murphy concluded that Huguely had no intent to murder Love and that Love's death was caused by injuries sustained from falling off the bed. Marta Murphy waited to speak out in respect for Love's family. Murphy believes that the criminal justice system has proven to be wrong and did not come to the correct verdict concerning her son.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: In late September 2012, Huguely was moved from the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail to the Powhatan Reception and Classification Center. On October 15, he was assigned to Keen Mountain Correctional Center, a high-security state prison in the far southwestern corner of Virginia: Keen is a Level 4 facility in Virginia's six-tier system of rating prison security. A spokesperson for the Virginia Department of Corrections said Huguely must serve at least a year of his 23-year sentence with no major infractions before the state would consider allowing him to transfer to the Maryland prison system (where he could be closer to his parents' home in Bethesda). In early November 2013, Huguely was transferred from the Keen Mountain Correctional Center to River North Correctional Center in Independence, Virginia. The River North facility opened in October 2013 and is a Level 4 facility meant for long-term prisoners. he was being held at the Augusta Correctional Center in Craigsville. Huguely currently is held at the State Farm Enterprise Unit (formerly named Powhatan Reception And Classification Center). His release date is May 30, 2030, at which time he will be 42 years old.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: On April 26, 2012, Sharon Love filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Huguely, asking for $29.45 million in compensatory damages and $1 million in punitive damages. On May 1, 2012, she filed a $29.45 million wrongful death lawsuit against UVA, men's lacrosse head coach Dom Starsia, associate head coach Marc Van Arsdale, and UVA director of athletics Craig Littlepage, alleging gross negligence on the part of the coaching staff. The suit alleged that, "It was well known to the players and coaches on the UVA men's and women's lacrosse teams that Huguely's alcohol abuse and erratic, aggressive behavior was increasingly getting out of control, especially his obsession with Love and his aggressiveness and threats to Love" and that in spite of this, no action was taken "to discipline Huguely, to suspend or remove Huguely from the lacrosse team, to refer Huguely for treatment or counseling for alcohol/substance abuse or anger/aggressive behavior management, or to subsequently report Huguely's potential risk of violence pursuant to the UVA Policy on Preventing and Addressing Threats or Acts of Violence".


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: The Love family dropped its suit against UVA and its coaches on July 23, 2013, with no reason given. The wrongful death suit against Huguely was scheduled to go to trial September 29, 2014, but after multiple delays was pushed back to a trial date of July 30, 2018; ultimately, shortly before the scheduled trial date, the civil suit was dropped (dismissed without prejudice) by Love's family on June 11, 2018.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: The Love family re-filed its suit against George Huguely in 2018, and a trial began in Charlottesville District Court on April 25, 2022. On May 2, a jury found Huguely liable and awarded $15 million in compensatory, split evenly between Sharon Love and Love's sister, Lexie Love Hodges.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: At a May 6, 2010 candlelight vigil, UVA president John T. Casteen III said "My hope for Yeardley, and for you, is that her dying inspires an anger, a sense of outrage that engenders determination here and wherever Yeardley's name is recognized that no woman, no person in this place, this community, this state, our nation need either fear for her safety or experience violence for any reason." A funeral Mass for Love was held at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen on May 8, with an attendance of around 2,000.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: On May 10, UVA women's lacrosse coach Julie Myers explained the team planned to go forward with its role in the NCAA tournament: "Let's do it the way that Yards would want us to do it." In their respective tournaments, the men's team advanced to the semifinal and the women's team advanced to the quarterfinal.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: Love wore jersey number 1 while playing lacrosse for UVA and the team retired her number. Within months of her murder, her family established the One Love Foundation to raise awareness about domestic violence, especially relationship violence.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: Currently, the One Love Foundation has educated around 1 million young people on the signs of an unhealthy relationship and how to have healthy love. The purpose of the One Love Foundation is to improve the relationship health of the next generation. One Love Foundation pairs fictional films with discussions between peers as a way to educate young people on the signs of unhealthy and healthy relationships. At the end of March 2020, One Love revealed their online platform that works to teach people about the warning signs of relationship violence. One Love Foundation works with schools and communities across the United States and they look forward to grow their program to educate more young people.


title: Murder of Yeardley Love

text: In 2014, the One Love Foundation showed their film called "Escalation" to baseball and lacrosse players at the Jacksonville University (JU). After watching this short film, the student-athletes at JU had a discussion. Since then, many other universities and colleges have required their student-athletes to complete this workshop that encompasses watching a film and having a discussion. The One Love Foundation is looking to expand to more colleges across the country to make their workshops about relationship violence mandatory to all student-athletes. Since 2016, the One Love Foundation has also been partnered with the NFL.


title: Aerial tramway

text: An aerial tramway, sky tram, cable car, ropeway, aerial tram, telepherique, or seilbahn is a type of aerial lift which uses one or two stationary ropes for support while a third moving rope provides propulsion. With this form of lift, the grip of an aerial tramway cabin is fixed onto the propulsion rope and cannot be decoupled from it during operations.


title: Aerial tramway

text: In comparison to gondola lifts, aerial tramways generally provide lower line capacities and higher wait times.


title: Aerial tramway

text: Because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alpine regions of Europe, the French and German names, "téléphérique" and "Seilbahn", respectively, are often also used in an English language context. "Cable car" is the usual term in British English, as in British English the word "tramway" generally refers to a railed street tramway while in American English, "cable car" may additionally refer to a cable-pulled street tramway with detachable vehicles; e.g., San Francisco's cable cars. As such, careful phrasing is necessary to prevent confusion.


title: Aerial tramway

text: It is also sometimes called a "ropeway" or even incorrectly referred to as a gondola lift. A gondola lift has cabins suspended from a continuously circulating cable whereas aerial trams simply shuttle back and forth on cables. In Japan, the two are considered as the same category of vehicle and called "ropeway", while the term "cable car" refers to both grounded cable cars and funiculars. An aerial railway where the vehicles are suspended from a fixed track (as opposed to a cable) is known as a suspension railway.


title: Aerial tramway

text: An aerial tramway consists of one or two fixed cables (called "track cables"), one loop of cable (called a "haulage rope"), and one or two passenger or cargo cabins. The fixed cables provide support for the cabins while the haulage rope, by means of a grip, is solidly connected to the truck (the wheel set that rolls on the track cables). An electric motor drives the haulage rope which provides propulsion. Aerial tramways are constructed as "reversible systems"; vehicles shuttling back and forth between two end terminals and propelled by a cable loop which stops and reverses direction when the cabins arrive at the end stations. Aerial tramways differ from gondola lifts in that gondola lifts are considered "continuous systems" (cabins attached onto a "circulating" haul rope that moves continuously).


title: Aerial tramway

text: Two-car tramways use a "jig-back" system: a large electric motor is located at the bottom of the tramway so that it effectively pulls one cabin down, using that cabin's weight to help pull the other cabin up. A similar system of cables is used in a funicular railway. The two passenger or cargo cabins, which carry from 4 to over 150 people, are situated at opposite ends of the loops of cable. Thus, while one is coming up, the other is going down the mountain, and they pass each other midway on the cable span.


title: Aerial tramway

text: Some aerial trams have only one cabin, which lends itself better for systems with small elevation changes along the cable run.


title: Aerial tramway

text: The first design of an aerial lift was by Croatian polymath Fausto Veranzio and the first operational aerial tram was built in 1644 by Adam Wiebe in Gdańsk. It was moved by horses and used to move soil over the river to build defences. It is called the first known cable lift in European history and precedes the invention of steel cables. It is not known how long this lift was used. In any case, it would be another 230 years before Germany would get the second cable lift, this newer version equipped with iron wire cable.


title: Aerial tramway

text: Tramways are sometimes used in mountainous regions to carry ore from a mine located high on the mountain to an ore mill located at a lower elevation. Ore tramways were common in the early 20th century at the mines in North and South America. One can still be seen in the San Juan Mountains of the US state of Colorado.


title: Aerial tramway

text: Other firms entered the mining tramway business—Otto, Leschen, Breco Ropeways Ltd., Ceretti and Tanfani, and Riblet for instance. A major British contributor was Bullivant who became a constituent of British Ropes in 1924.


title: Aerial tramway

text: In the beginning of the 20th century the rise of the middle class and the leisure industry allowed for investment in sight-seeing machines. Prior to 1893 a combined goods and passenger carrying cableway was installed at Gibraltar. Initially its passengers were military personnel. An 1893 industry publication said of a two-mile system in Hong Kong that it "is the only wire tramway which has been erected exclusively for the carriage of individuals" (albeit workmen). After the pioneer cable car of 1907 at Mount Ulia (San Sebastián, Spain) by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo and the Wetterhorn Elevator (Grindelwald, Switzerland) in 1908, others to the top of high peaks in the Alps of Austria, Germany and Switzerland resulted. They were much cheaper to build than the earlier rack railway.


title: Aerial tramway

text: One of the first trams was at Chamonix, while others in Switzerland, and Garmisch soon followed. From this, it was a natural transposition to build ski lifts and chairlifts. The first cable car in North America was at Cannon Mountain in Franconia, New Hampshire in 1938.


title: Aerial tramway

text: Many aerial tramways were built by Von Roll Ltd. of Switzerland, which has since been acquired by Austrian lift manufacturer Doppelmayr. Other German, Swiss, and Austrian firms played an important role in the cable car business: Bleichert, Heckel, Pohlig, PHB (Pohlig-Heckel-Bleichert), Garaventa and Waagner-Biró. Now there are three groups dominating the world market: Doppelmayr Garaventa Group, Leitner Group, and Poma, the last two being owned by one person.


title: Aerial tramway

text: Some aerial tramways have their own propulsion, such as the Lasso Mule or the Josef Mountain Aerial Tramway near Merano, Italy.


title: Aerial tramway

text: While typically used for ski resorts, aerial tramways have been ported over for usage in the urban environment in recent times. The Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City, the Cable cars in Haifa Israel and the Portland Aerial Tram are examples where this technology has been successfully adapted for public transport purposes.


title: Aerial tramway

text: The telpherage concept was first publicised in 1883 and several experimental lines were constructed. It was designed to compete not with railways, but with horses and carts.


title: Aerial tramway

text: The first commercial telpherage line was in Glynde, which is in Sussex, England. It was built to connect a newly opened clay pit to the local railway station and opened in 1885.


title: Aerial tramway

text: There are aerial tramways with double deck cabins. The Vanoise Express cable car carries 200 people in each cabin at a height of over the Ponturin gorge in France. The Shinhotaka Ropeway carries 121 people in each cabin at Mount Hotaka in Japan. The CabriO cable car to the summit of the Stanserhorn in Switzerland carries 60 persons, with the upper floor accommodating 30 people in the open air.


title: Aerial tramway

text: Despite the introduction of various safety measures (back-up power generators, evacuation plans, etc.) there have been several serious incidents on aerial tramways, some of which were fatal.


title: Snap-on

text: Snap-on Incorporated is an American designer, manufacturer and marketer of high-end tools and equipment for professional use in the transportation industry including the automotive, heavy duty, equipment, marine, aviation, and railroad industries. Headquartered in Kenosha, Wisconsin, Snap-on also distributes lower-end tools under the brand name "Blue-Point". Their primary competitors include Matco, Mac Tools, Cornwell Tools, and Ko-Ken Tools.


title: Snap-on

text: Snap-on Inc. operates plants in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Elizabethton, Tennessee, and Elkmont, Alabama. Wheel balancers and tire changers are produced in Conway, Arkansas. Torque products are made and assembled in City of Industry, California. The company manufactures tool storage cabinets in its Algona, Iowa plant.


title: Snap-on

text: Snap-on produces hand-held electronic diagnostic tools for the computer systems used in most modern cars and heavy duty vehicles at their Kenosha site, along with sockets, extension bars, pliers, and screwdriver blades and bits. Software development happens in the US, Ireland, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and China. Automotive emissions control diagnostics equipment is produced in its San Jose, California diagnostic facility. Snap-on diagnostic products are sold in Europe and Brazil under the name "Sun".


title: Snap-on

text: Snap-on tools are sold only by dealers and not in retail stores. Snap-on has always maintained the philosophy that the customer's time was too valuable to spend going shopping for tools. Snap-on franchisees visit their customers in their place of work, once weekly, in a van loaded with items for purchase.


title: Snap-on

text: The Snap-on TechKnow Express is a van that showcases everything Snap-on has to offer in the realm of diagnostic equipment, and the Rock 'n Roll Cab Express is a truck with various types of tool storage showing customization options, including units larger than what can fit on a standard franchisee van. These trucks are typically assigned to a particular region and work within that region with individual franchisees.


title: Snap-on

text: Snap-on was founded as the Snap-on Wrench Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1920 by Joseph Johnson and William Seidemann. The business manufactured and marketed ten sockets that would "snap on" to five interchangeable handles. The company's slogan was "5 do the work of 50". In 1930, the company's headquarters moved to Kenosha, Wisconsin.


title: Snap-on

text: After World War II, Stanton Palmer advertised for a military officer to organize and develop a larger sales force for the expected post war sales boom. Newton Tarble was hired, and came up with the idea of developing routes for company dealers to see mechanics on a weekly basis. Eventually these salesmen became independent businessmen and authorized dealers using larger walk in vans to carry a growing product line.


title: Snap-on

text: The company opened their wrench forging plant in Elizabethton, Tennessee in 1974. The next year, Snap-on opened a manufacturing plant in Johnson City, Tennessee and closed the plant in 2007.


title: Snap-on

text: In 1998, workers at the company's Milwaukee plant voted to join the Teamsters labor union and the company expanded the facility in 2013.


title: Snap-on

text: In 2010, the Murphy, North Carolina plant was named one of the top 10 plants in North America by "IndustryWeek". In 2011, J.H. Williams & Co was officially renamed Snap-on Industrial Brands.


title: Snap-on

text: In October 2016, the company acquired Car-O-Liner Holding AB, a Swedish collision repair tool company, for $155 million. Later that year, the company acquired Sturtevant Richmont for $13 million.


title: Snap-on

text: The company has sponsored Penske Racing teams in the NASCAR Cup Series and Xfinity Series as well as IndyCar. The first driver Snap-on became associated with was Rick Mears in 1979. Since 1992, Snap-on has sponsored Cruz Pedregon. In 2004, the company began sponsoring Cruz’s brother Tony Pedregon. Snap-on has also sponsored Repsol Honda Team in MotoGP since 1998.


title: Snap-on

text: Snap-on sponsored NHRA drag racer Doug Herbert from 1992 until 2008. For the 2010 racing season, the company sponsored Penske Racing.


title: Jessalyn Wanlim

text: Jessalyn Wanlim (born September 3, 1982) is a Canadian-American actress and model. She played Evie Cho on the science fiction television series "Orphan Black", as well as Jenny Matthews on the sitcom "Workin' Moms". She had a recurring role in "Scoundrels" as Patty Hong in five episodes.


title: Jessalyn Wanlim

text: Wanlim was born and raised in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. She currently resides in Los Angeles, California.


title: Jessalyn Wanlim

text: Wanlim started singing in music school, then become a stage actress in her high school's art course. She began acting and landed the recurring role of Rachael, the nanny to Kendall and Zach, in the television series "All My Children", appearing in nearly fifty episodes of the series from 2006 to 2009. During her time on "All My Children", Wanlim also appeared as Pauletta Cho in three episodes of "Gossip Girl".


title: Jessalyn Wanlim

text: She began starring as Jenny Matthews on the CBC sitcom Workin' Moms as a main role in 2017, but was demoted to a recurring role for the second season. She returned as a starring character starting season three and remained until 2023, the seventh and final season.


title: Kiesza

text: Kiesa Rae Ellestad (born January 16, 1989), known professionally as Kiesza ( ), is a Canadian singer and multi-instrumentalist from Calgary.


title: Kiesza

text: In 2017, she was involved in a car accident in Toronto, suffering severe injuries that required her to take several years off to recover. To date, she has released the albums "Sound of a Woman" (2014) and "Crave" (2020).


title: Kiesza

text: Kiesza was born and raised in Calgary. Her last name, Ellestad, is Norwegian from her paternal side and her grandfather is from Fagernes in Norway. In an interview with "Metro", Kiesza claimed that she can trace her lineage to someone who fought alongside Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn, elaborating, "There's a lot of Scottish people in Canada. Tons. My grandpa was of Scottish heritage—he was of the black Douglases".


title: Kiesza

text: At 13, Kiesza took a sailing class at summer camp, and continued her interest past age 16, when she took part in the Sail and Life Training Society (SALTS) program. She later became a sailing instructor at the Glenmore Sailing School in 2007. A year after, she joined the reserves of the Royal Canadian Navy along with her brother, becoming a NavCom (Naval Communicator). It was while she was at crew singalongs at the Navy that she taught herself to play guitar.