title: Hyundai Rotem

text: Hyundai Rotem was awarded a contract with Boston's MBTA in early 2008 for the construction of 75 cars. The contract entails the delivery of the first 4 cars by October 2010 while the remaining 71 cars were scheduled to be delivered by the end of 2012. However, due to chronic delays, shoddy workmanship, material shortage, and the death of Hyundai Rotem's chief executive, M.H. Lee, in November 2012, only four cars have been delivered by the end of 2012. On December 21, 2012, the MBTA sent a letter to Hyundai Rotem threatening to cancel the contract if a solution is not soon reached, which, would be a breach of the contract terms. Since then, the new cars have continued to experience various mechanical problems resulting in car shortages and delays.


title: African-American names

text: African-American names are an integral part of African-American tradition. While many black Americans use names that are popular with wider American culture, a number of specific naming trends have emerged within African-American culture. Black names are often derived from existing Biblical names, African names, Arabic and Muslim names, French names, and other European names.


title: African-American names

text: It is widely held that prior to the 1950s and 1960s, most African-American names closely resembled those used within European-American culture. Even within the White-American population, a few very common names were given to babies of that era, with nicknames often used to distinguish among various people with the same name. It was also quite common for immigrants and cultural minorities to choose baby names or change their names to fit in within the wider American culture. This applied to both given names and surnames.


title: African-American names

text: Recent research by economic historians Lisa D. Cook, John Parman and Trevon Logan has found that distinctive African-American naming practices happened as early as in the Antebellum period. However, those early names are no longer used by Black people.


title: African-American names

text: With the rise of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement and the wider counterculture of the 1960s, there was a dramatic rise in African-American names of various origins. San Diego State University professor Jean Twenge believes that the shift toward unique black-American baby names is also the result of the cultural shift in America that values individuality over conformity.


title: African-American names

text: In 2004, Fryer et al. examined the rapid change in naming practices in the early 1970s, with the rapid adoption of distinctively black names, especially in low-income, racially isolated neighborhoods. They favor an explanatory model which attributes a change in black perceptions of their identity to the Black Power Movement.


title: African-American names

text: Lieberson and Mikelson of Harvard University analyzed black names, finding that the recent innovative naming practices follow American linguistic conventions even if they are independent of organizations or institutions. Given names used by African-American people are often invented or creatively-spelled variants of more traditional names. Some names are created using fashionable syllables, for example the prefixes La- or De- and the suffixes -ique or -isha. Also, punctuation marks like apostrophes and dashes are sometimes used (though infrequently).


title: African-American names

text: While creoles of color historically had classical French names, many names of French origin entered the picture during the 1950s and 1960s. Opinions on the origins of the French influence vary, but historically French names such as Monique, Chantal, André, and Antoine became so common within African-American culture that many Americans began to think of them solely as "black names". These names are often seen with spelling variations such as Antwan (Antoine) or Shauntelle (Chantal).


title: African-American names

text: The Afrocentrism movement that grew in popularity during the 1970s saw the advent of African names among African-Americans, as well as names imagined to be African sounding. Names such as Ashanti have African origins. The Black Power movement inspired many to show pride in their heritage. Harvard University sociologist Stanley Lieberson noted that in 1977, the name "Kizzy" rose dramatically in popularity following the use of the name in the book and television series "".


title: African-American names

text: By the 1970s and 1980s, it had become common within African-American culture to invent new names. Many of the invented names took elements from popular existing names. Prefixes such as La/Le, Da/De, Ra/Re, or Ja/Je and suffixes such as -ique/iqua, -isha, -ari, and -aun/-awn are common, as well as inventive spellings for common names. The book "Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names" places the origins of "La" names in African-American culture in New Orleans. The name LaKeisha is typically considered American in origin but has elements drawn from both African and French roots.


title: African-American names

text: Apostrophes are seen more often within African-American names than other American names, such as the names Mo'nique and D'Andre.


title: African-American names

text: In his dictionary of black names, Cenoura asserts that in the early 21st century, black names are "unique names that come from combinations of two or more names, names constructed with common prefixes and suffixes...'conjugated' with a formula..." "Da", "La", and related sounds may originate from the French spoken in Louisiana. Attached to a common name such as Seán and spelled phonetically, one obtains "DaShawn". Diminutive suffixes from French, Spanish and Scottish such as "ita" may be combined directly with prefixes or to a name, as is often found in white naming or nicknaming. Conventions followed usually make the person's gender easily identifiable. Following Spanish, masculine names often end in "o", e.g. "Carmello", while feminine names end with "a", e.g. "Jeretta". Following Irish, French and Italian, apostrophes may be used, e.g. "D'Andre" and "Rene'e". Parents' names may be blended, e.g. the son of "Raymond" and "Yvonne" might be named "Rayvon".


title: African-American names

text: Islam has been an influence upon African-American names. Islamic names entered African-American culture with the rise of The Nation of Islam among black Americans with its focus upon black advocacy. The popular names Aisha, Aaliyah, and others are also examples of names derived from Islam.


title: African-American names

text: A number of African-American celebrities began adopting Muslim names, including Muhammad Ali, who changed his name in 1964 from Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. Other celebrities adopting Muslim names include Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (formerly Lew Alcindor) and Amiri Baraka (formerly LeRoi Jones). Despite the Muslim origin of these names and the place of the Nation of Islam in the Civil Rights Movement, many Muslim names such as Jamal and Malik entered popular usage among black Americans simply because they were fashionable, and many Islamic names are now commonly used by African Americans regardless of religion.


title: African-American names

text: Even with the rise of created names, it is also still common for African Americans to use biblical, historic, or European names. Daniel, Christopher, Michael, David, James, Joseph, and Matthew were among the most common names for African-American boys in 2013.


title: African-American names

text: In recent years it has become evident that workplace discrimination exists on the basis of names. A recent study concluded that applicants with traditionally “Black names” have a 2.1% fewer chance of getting a call back after an interview. Studies done at the University of Chicago and the University of California Berkeley in which over 83,000 entry-level job applications were submitted and results showed that 7% of all jobs in the experiment were prejudiced against traditionally "Black names." This research concludes that candidates with more "ethnically-sounding" names were less likely to get a called back.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Lost Boys: The Tribe is a 2008 American black comedy horror film directed by P. J. Pesce, which serves as a sequel to the 1987 film, "The Lost Boys". The film stars Tad Hilgenbrink, Angus Sutherland, Autumn Reeser and Corey Feldman.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Chris Emerson, a young former surfing pro and his younger sister Nicole move to Luna Bay, California, following the death of their parents, to live in a house owned by their aunt Jillian. Chris leaves his address at the home of Edgar Frog, the town's surfboard shaper, in hopes of getting a job. Chris is approached at their new home by former pro surfer Shane Powers, who invites him to a party that night.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Chris and Nicole go to the party, where Shane and his friends Kyle, Erik, and Jon entertain themselves with the guests. Chris showers with a girl named Lisa, and Shane gets Nicole alone, chats with her for a bit, and then tricks her into drinking his blood. When Chris learns that Nicole has been with Shane, he angrily and protectively takes her home, where she begins to manifest vampiric strength and rage. But before Nicole can kill Chris, she is knocked out by Edgar, who reveals that he is a vampire hunter, and Nicole has been infected with vampirism. Chris throws Edgar out of the house. Then, Lisa shows up and pretends to chat with Chris for a bit before she finally tries to seduce and feed on him. In fending her off, he accidentally impales her on a mounted rack of antlers, killing her when she is petrified and explodes.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Finally convinced of the situation, Chris seeks Edgar's help. Edgar explains that Nicole is only half-vampire and will remain that way unless she feeds, and she can be turned human again if they kill the head vampire before that. Chris interrupts her just before she can feed on 22-year-old Evan Monroe, a nice young man who has been courting her, and explains what is happening to her, and Nicole is surprised at what she almost did (because she believes herself to be a vegetarian). However, Shane draws her to their lair, and they have sex.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Chris and Edgar - who lost an unnamed sibling to the vampires - plot for Chris to "join" the tribe of vampires in order to learn the location of their lair. He drinks Shane's blood and begins to develop vampire traits, but when the tribe (minus Shane and Nicole) feed on a group of girls, he refuses and kills Jon by impaling him with a stick in self-defense. Edgar joins him, and they go to the lair, killing Erik and Kyle. Chris impales Erik with a large drill, and Edgar kills Kyle by making his head explode with a holy water balloon.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Meanwhile, Shane goads Nicole to kill Evan, whom they have bound and gagged for her, but she refuses. With Chris' help, she impales Shane with a stake. Just as Shane attempts to pull Nicole onto the stake with him, Chris appears with a sword and decapitates him with it, returning them both to normal. They thank Edgar, who promises to bill them for his services, and Evan takes the opportunity to ask Nicole for a date. They are confronted by their aunt at home, who believes they have been doing drugs and promises zero tolerance.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: In a mid-credits scene, Edgar encounters Sam Emerson, now a vampire. They exchange some dialogue and charge at each other as the credits resume.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Plans for a sequel to "The Lost Boys" had been in varying stage of development since the release of the original film. The director of the original film Joel Schumacher had wanted to do a sequel called "The Lost Girls" before the announcement of "The Tribe", a film in which he had no input and did not believe should be made. In addition, a script called "Lost Boys: Devil May Cry" was also considered.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Hans Rodionoff originally wrote a script about surfing werewolves titled "The Tribe" which was turned down by studios including Warner Bros. for its resemblance to The Lost Boys. Warner Bros. studio executives changed their mind when they decided on a sequel, who then persuaded Rodionoff to alter the script as a sequel, including changing the werewolves of the original to vampires.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Corey Feldman returns to play the role of one of the vampire slaying "Frog Brothers", Edgar but was initially reluctant to participate in the sequel. Newcomer Greyston Holt, as Evan, finds himself up against the vampire horde after he becomes close to the object of the head vampire's affection, Reeser. Merwin Mondesir, Shaun Sipos, and Kyle Cassie have been cast as the vampires led by Angus Sutherland's character, Shane. Moneca Delain has also been added to the cast.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Said Feldman on the film: "Warner Bros. has further developed the script — they brought on a great writer, Hans Rodionoff, who came up with a great story line. In the script, as it is today, I am one of the leads. My involvement is very close to what my involvement was in the first one. So I'm pretty much scattered throughout. Edgar was always an outcast, but here his close-knit family have drifted apart. They've had a major problem, and because of that problem, Edgar today is working alone. The film is about him trying to still carry the torch as it were, without the aid and assistance of his partners. That leaves him in an even lonelier and even more delicate place than he was in the first film being the outsider that he already was."


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: In an interview with "Fangoria", Tom Savini said the following in regards to his role in the film: "I'm one of the first vampires you see in the movie, I'm a surfer who runs into the vampires at the beginning of the film, in a sequence that is shot very Sergio Leone-style. They're shooting "The Tribe" in Vancouver right now, and I'll be there September 11."


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Jason Patric, who portrayed Michael in the first film, was rumored to be returning to the role for a small scene in the sequel; however, this was debunked in MTV's August 28, 2007 interview with Corey Feldman. Corey Haim briefly reprises his role as Sam Emerson, but only appears following a portion of the film's final credits, and in the two nearly identical alternative endings. Jamison Newlander is also listed in the film's credits, although he only appears very briefly as Alan Frog in the two alternative endings.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Nathan Barr composed the original score for the film. A soundtrack of songs by various artists was released by Adrenaline Records on July 22, 2008. The album includes a cover version of "Cry Little Sister" by Aiden.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: The film was Warner Premiere's highest selling DVD release of 2008, performing so impressively that Warner immediately greenlit a third installment. It covered its $5 million production cost in its first three weeks of release. As of January 2011, it has sold over 1,250,000 copies, a record for a direct-to-DVD release.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Despite the success of the DVD, the film received poor reviews. It currently has a 0% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 2.85/10.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: The third film, "", was directed by Dario Piana (director of "The Deaths of Ian Stone") and written by Evan Charnov. It was released direct-to-DVD on the Warner Premiere label.


title: Lost Boys: The Tribe

text: Both Corey Feldman and Jamison Newlander reprised their respective roles as the Frog Brothers. Shooting began in November 2009 in South Africa and the South African super model Tanit Phoenix was cast as Gwen Lieber, an author of romantic vampire novels.


title: Pakora

text: Pakora () is a spiced fritter originating from the Indian subcontinent. They are sold by street vendors and served in restaurants in South Asia and UK. It consists of items, often vegetables such as potatoes and onions, coated in seasoned gram flour batter and deep fried.


title: Pakora

text: The pakora is known also under other spellings including pikora, pakoda, pakodi and regional names such as bhaji, bhajiya, bora, ponako and chop.


title: Pakora

text: The word "pakoṛā" is derived from Sanskrit पक्ववट "pakvavaṭa", a compound of "pakva" ('cooked') and "vaṭa" ('a small lump') or its derivative "vaṭaka", 'a round cake made of pulse fried in oil or ghee'.


title: Pakora

text: Some divergence of transliteration may be noted in the third consonant in the word. The sound is a hard 'da' in the Telugu language and the 'ra' sound would be an incorrect pronunciation. The sound is the retroflex flap , which is written in Hindi with the Devanagari letter ड़, and in Urdu with letter ڑ.


title: Pakora

text: However, in the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, the Hindi letter ड़ is transliterated as <ṛ>, popular or non-standard transliterations of Hindi use <d> for this sound, because etymologically, it derives from ड . The occurrence of this consonant in the word "pakora" has given rise to two common alternative spellings in English: "pakoda", which reflects its etymology, and "pakora", which reflects its phonology.


title: Pakora

text: Early variation of pakora appears in Sanskrit literature and Tamil Sangam literature but recipe is not clearly provided as they only mention them as 'a round cake made of pulse fried in oil' and 'crispy fried vegetables' which were served as part of the meals. Early known recipes come from Manasollasa (1130 CE) cookbook where it mentions ""Parika"" (pakoda) and method of preparing it with vegetables and gram flour. Lokopakara (1025 CE) cookbook also mentions unique pakora recipe where gram flour is pressed into fish-shaped moulds and fried in mustard oil.


title: Pakora

text: Pakoras are made by coating ingredients, usually vegetables, in a spiced batter, then deep frying them.


title: Pakora

text: Common varieties of pakora use onion, chicken, arbi root and leaves, eggplant, potato, chili pepper, spinach, paneer, cauliflower, mint, plantain or baby corn.


title: Pakora

text: The batter is most commonly made with gram flour or mixture of gram flour and rice flour but variants can use other flours, such as buckwheat flour. The spices used in the batter are up to the cook and may be chosen due to local tradition or availability; often these include fresh and dried spices such as chilli, fenugreek and coriander.


title: Pakora

text: Pakoras are eaten as a snack or appetiser, often accompanied with chutney or raita. They are also offered with "masala chai" to guests at Indian wedding ceremonies.


title: Pakora

text: A gram flour fritter is known in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka as Pakoda or bajji, Gujarat as "bhajia", in Maharashtra as "bhaji", in Andhra Pradesh/Telangana and Karnataka as "bajji" or "Pakodi". "Pakoda" may be interpreted in these states as deep fried balls of finely chopped onions, green chilis, and spices mixed in gram flour.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: "There's a Hole in My Bucket" (or "...in the Bucket") is a children's song based on a protracted dialogue between two characters, Henry and Liza, about a leaky bucket. Various versions exist but they differ only slightly, all describing a "deadlock" situation essentially as follows: Henry's bucket leaks, so Liza tells him to repair it. To fix the leaky bucket, he needs straw. To cut the straw, he needs a knife. To use the knife, he needs to sharpen it. But the sharpening stone must be damp, so he needs water. But to fetch water, he needs the bucket, which has a hole in it. In honour of the song, people celebrate National Hole in My Bucket Day on May 30 every year.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: <score sound="1">{ \key g \major \time 3/4 \partial 4 g'8 \noBeam a' | b'4 d' d' | e'8 g'4. d'4 | e' g' d' | e' g' a'8 \noBeam a' | b'4 d' d' | e'8 g'4. d'4 | e' g' fis' | g'2 | \bar "|." } \addlyrics { There's a hole in my buc -- ket, dear Li -- za, dear Li -- za, There's a hole in my buc -- ket, dear Li -- za, a hole. }</score>


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: The earliest known archetype of this song seems to be in the German collection of songs "Bergliederbüchlein" (c 1700). It is set as a dialogue between a woman named "Liese", and an unnamed man.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: In later German sources the song is reproduced under the title of "Heinrich und Liese" and credited as a folk song from Hesse. In the 19th century it was sung as a commercium song and printed in the 1858 "Kommersbuch". The renowned song collection "Deutscher Liederhort" (3 volumes, 1856–1894) edited by Ludwig Erk and Franz Magnus Böhme includes the song, relating it also to the Flemish song "Mooy Bernardyn" ("Wat doet gy in het groene veld ?"). The German song became even more widespread when it was included in the famous Wandervogel songbook "Der Zupfgeigenhansl" in 1909.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: In George Korson's "Pennsylvania Songs and Legends" (1949) there is a song with meter closer to the modern English version and beginning thus:


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: This was collected in 1940, and is earlier than any known English-language version. This suggests that it might be a traditional "Pennsylvania Dutch" (i.e. German) song. Ed McCurdy recorded it in 1958 on "Children's Songs". Harry Belafonte recorded it with Odetta in 1960. It reached No. 32 in the UK Singles Chart in September 1961. In his book "Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Singer's Songs, Stories, Seeds, Robberies" (1993), Pete Seeger refers to it as an originally German song, "Lieber Heinrich". "Songs Along the Mahantongo: Pennsylvania Dutch Folksongs" (1951), by Boyer, Buffington, & Yoder, has a version


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: These German-American versions all have Henry as the foolish questioner and Lisa as the common-sense woman.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: An English version of the song existed by 1937, when it was quoted in the novel "Starting Point" by Cecil Day-Lewis.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: In 1953, Flanders and Swann wrote a parody named "There's a Hole in My Budget" satirising the British budget deficit, substituting the Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Chancellor Rab Butler for Henry and Liza, respectively. They rerecorded it in 1974, updating the characters to Harold Wilson and Denis Healey.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: A Hebrew version (יש חור בדלי / "There is a hole in the bucket") was written by Israeli songwriter Dan Almagor and was recorded in 1961, sung by Yossi Banai and Yona Atari.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: In a 1963 (April 27th) episode of "Saint Germain De Prés", Dorus (Tom Manders) sang a Dutch version of the song on television. It was later released as single Philips 327 529 JF.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: In a 1966 episode of "The Dean Martin Show", Dean Martin and George Gobel sang a version of the song on television. It was also performed by Jim Henson as Henry and Rita Moreno as Liza on "Sesame Street".


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: Czech lyrics were written by M. Bukovič, who stayed true to the English lyrics of the song and only translated it while keeping the rhyme. It was first sung by the band Fešáci in 1977 by their front man Michal Tučný.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: This song is featured in "The Railway Series" book "Tank Engine Thomas Again" in the story "Thomas Goes Fishing". This does not appear in the TV series episode.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: Chumbawamba included a version of one verse of this song titled "Knickers" in their 1999 album WYSIWYG.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: The first lines are sung by a Hybrid being in the science-fiction TV series "Battlestar Galactica", in the 2009 episode "Islanded in a Stream of Stars." It is a reference to an eternal, unresolvable cycle, an infinite loop, which is relevant to the show's themes.


title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: In the lead up to the 2022 Australian federal election, a version of the song was used by the Liberal Party of Australia in an campaign ad to attack the Australian Labor Party over their alleged deficits and paying for them with new taxes while in government. The advertisement was widely ridiculed as ineffective.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: Kenneth Golladay (born November 3, 1993) is an American football wide receiver for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at North Dakota and Northern Illinois and was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the third round of the 2017 NFL Draft. He led the NFL in receiving touchdowns with the Lions in 2019.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: Golladay attended and played high school football at Chicago's St. Rita High School. He earned first-team Blue Division All-Catholic League honors for his senior season.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: Golladay began his collegiate career at North Dakota in 2012. As a freshman, Golladay had 30 catches for 429 yards and a touchdown. In his sophomore season in 2013, Golladay had a breakout year with a team-high 69 catches for 884 yards and eight touchdowns.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: After two seasons at North Dakota, Golladay transferred to Northern Illinois in 2014. His transfer coincided with North Dakota's firing of head coach Chris Mussman. He had to sit out one season per NCAA transfer rules. As a junior, Golladay had 73 catches for 1,129 yards and 10 touchdowns in 2015.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: In his final collegiate season, Golladay had 87 catches for 1,156 yards and eight touchdowns in 2016.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: On December 23, 2016, it was announced that Golladay had accepted his invitation to play in the 2017 East–West Shrine Game but was not able to play after he suffered an elbow injury during Senior Bowl practice. He was one of 58 collegiate wide receivers to attend the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. Golladay had a mediocre performance as he finished 20th among all wide receivers in the 40-yard dash and 26th in the three-cone drill. On March 10, 2017, Golladay attended Northern Illinois' pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. He performed well and caught every pass as scouts and team representatives from 18 NFL teams attended. Although 13 other prospects attended, Golladay was the featured prospect at the Huskies' pro day. He attended private workouts and visits with the Green Bay Packers, Detroit Lions, Pittsburgh Steelers, and New Orleans Saints. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Golladay was projected to be a fourth or fifth round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the 21st best wide receiver in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: Golladay was selected in the 2017 NFL draft by the Detroit Lions with in the third round with the 96th overall pick. On June 19, 2017, Golladay was signed to a four-year, $3.19 million contract that included a signing bonus of $718,824.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: Throughout training camp, Golladay competed against T. J. Jones, Keshawn Martin, Jared Abbrederis, and Ryan Spadola for the third wide receiver role. Golladay made his NFL debut in the Detroit Lions' first preseason game at the Indianapolis Colts and caught three passes for 53 receiving yards and two touchdowns in their 24–10 victory. His first preseason touchdown came on a 23-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Jake Rudock in the first quarter. Head coach Jim Caldwell named Golladay the third wide receiver on the depth chart, behind Golden Tate and Marvin Jones.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the Detroit Lions' season-opener against the Arizona Cardinals and made four receptions for 69 yards and two touchdowns in the Lions' 35–23 victory. His first career touchdown came on a 10-yard pass from Matthew Stafford in the fourth quarter and he also caught a 45-yard reception to seal the game. Golladay missed five games (Weeks 3–9) after suffering a strained hamstring. On December 3, 2017, Golladay earned his first career start and caught two passes for 44 yards in the Lions' 44–20 loss at the Baltimore Ravens. In Week 17, Golladay caught two passes for a season-high 80 yards and scored a 54-yard touchdown during a 35–11 victory at the Green Bay Packers. Golladay finished the season with 28 receptions for 477 receiving yards and three touchdown receptions in 11 games and five starts. The Lions finished second in the NFC North with a 9–7 record and fired head coach Jim Caldwell at the end of the season.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: With new head coach Matt Patricia, Golladay started his second professional season off strong with seven receptions for 114 yards in a losing effort to the New York Jets in the season opener on "Monday Night Football". After the loss to the Jets, he scored a receiving touchdown in three of the following four games. In Week 11, against the Carolina Panthers, he had eight receptions for 113 yards and a touchdown in the 20–19 victory. In Week 15, against the Buffalo Bills, he had seven receptions for 146 yards in the 14–13 loss. He finished the season as the Lions' leading receiver with 70 receptions for 1,063 yards and five touchdowns.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: In Week 2 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Golladay caught eight passes for 117 yards and a touchdown as the Lions won 13–10. In Week 4 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Golladay caught five passes for 67 yards and two touchdowns in the 34–30 loss. In Week 6 against the Green Bay Packers, Golladay caught five passes for 121 yards in the 23–22 loss. In Week 8 against the New York Giants, Golladay caught six passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns in the 31–26 win. In Week 9 against the Oakland Raiders, Golladay caught four passes for a season high 132 yards and a touchdown in the 31–24 loss. During the Thanksgiving Series against the Chicago Bears in Week 13, Golladay finished with 158 receiving yards on only four receptions, with one of them being a 75-yard touchdown. The Lions lost 24–20. Golladay was selected to his first Pro Bowl at the end of the season. He finished the 2019 season with 65 receptions for 1,190 receiving yards and a league-leading 11 receiving touchdowns.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: Golladay was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Lions on July 29, 2020, and was activated a week later.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: Golladay missed the first two games due to a hamstring injury. He made his return in Week 3 against the Arizona Cardinals. During the game, Golladay caught six passes for 57 yards and his first receiving touchdown of the season during the 26–23 win.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: In Week 6 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had four receptions for 105 receiving yards in the 34–16 victory. In Week 7 against the Atlanta Falcons, Golladay recorded six catches for 114 yards during the 23–22 win. Golladay suffered a hip injury in the Week 8 game against Indianapolis that kept him out of the rest of the 2020 season . He finished the 2020 season with 20 receptions for 338 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: In Week 4, against the New Orleans Saints, Golladay had six receptions for 116 receiving yards in the 27–21 overtime victory. Golladay finished his first season with the Giants totaling 37 receptions for 521 yards and no touchdowns in 14 games played.


title: Kenny Golladay

text: In the 2022 season, Golladay was criticized for a lack of production, including having drops in games against the Dallas Cowboys, and Houston Texans, and missing four games due to injury. Through Week 13, Golladay only had four catches for 51 yards, and had fallen out of favor for Isaiah Hodgins and Marcus Johnson. Many NFL analysis has ranked Golladay's contract one of the worst free agent busts.


title: Siouxsie and the Banshees discography

text: The discography of Siouxsie and the Banshees, an English rock band, consists of eleven studio albums, three live albums, four compilation albums, one extended play (EP), and thirty singles. This list does not include material recorded by band members with the Creatures or the Glove, or solo work by Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin.


title: Siouxsie and the Banshees discography

text: This page lists albums, singles, and compilations by the band Siouxsie and the Banshees, alongside their chart positions, release date, and sales achievements in the United Kingdom.


title: Siouxsie and the Banshees discography

text: In 2020, a limited edition of "Once Upon a Time/The Singles" on clear vinyl was released with an extra poster included. In 2021, a limited edition of "Tinderbox" on burgundy coloured vinyl, was released for the 35th anniversary of the album.


title: Siouxsie and the Banshees discography

text: In 2022, a new 10 track compilation "All Souls", including a selection of singles, album tracks and b-sides curated by Siouxsie, was released on black vinyl and also on orange vinyl - in limited edition.


title: Rishi Kapoor filmography

text: Rishi Kapoor (born Rishi Raj Kapoor; 4 September 1952 30 April 2020) was an Indian actor, film director and film producer who worked in Bollywood movies.


title: Calorimeter

text: A calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types. A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a combustion chamber. It is one of the measurement devices used in the study of thermodynamics, chemistry, and biochemistry.


title: Calorimeter

text: To find the enthalpy change per mole of a substance A in a reaction between two substances A and B, the substances are separately added to a calorimeter and the initial and final temperatures (before the reaction has started and after it has finished) are noted. Multiplying the temperature change by the mass and specific heat capacities of the substances gives a value for the energy given off or absorbed during the reaction. Dividing the energy change by how many moles of A were present gives its enthalpy change of reaction.


title: Calorimeter

text: where is the amount of heat according to the change in temperature measured in joules and is the heat capacity of the calorimeter which is a value associated with each individual apparatus in units of energy per temperature (joules/kelvin).


title: Calorimeter

text: In 1761 Joseph Black introduced the idea of latent heat which led to the creation of the first ice calorimeters. In 1780, Antoine Lavoisier used the heat from the guinea pig's respiration to melt snow surrounding his apparatus, showing that respiratory gas exchange is combustion, similar to a candle burning. Lavoisier dubbed this apparatus the calorimeter, based on both Greek and Latin roots. One of the first ice calorimeters was used in the winter of 1782 by Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace, which relied on the heat required to melt ice to water to measure the heat released from chemical reactions.


title: Calorimeter

text: An adiabatic calorimeter is a calorimeter used to examine a runaway reaction. Since the calorimeter runs in an adiabatic environment, any heat generated by the material sample under test causes the sample to increase in temperature, thus fueling the reaction.


title: Calorimeter

text: No adiabatic calorimeter is fully adiabatic - some heat will be lost by the sample to the sample holder. A mathematical correction factor, known as the phi-factor, can be used to adjust the calorimetric result to account for these heat losses. The phi-factor is the ratio of the thermal mass of the sample and sample holder to the thermal mass of the sample alone.


title: Calorimeter

text: A reaction calorimeter is a calorimeter in which a chemical reaction is initiated within a closed insulated container. Reaction heats are measured and the total heat is obtained by integrating heatflow versus time. This is the standard used in industry to measure heats since industrial processes are engineered to run at constant temperatures. Reaction calorimetry can also be used to determine maximum heat release rate for chemical process engineering and for tracking the global kinetics of reactions. There are four main methods for measuring the heat in reaction calorimeter:


title: Calorimeter

text: The cooling/heating jacket controls either the temperature of the process or the temperature of the jacket. Heat is measured by monitoring the temperature difference between heat transfer fluid and the process fluid. In addition, fill volumes (i.e. wetted area), specific heat, heat transfer coefficient have to be determined to arrive at a correct value. It is possible with this type of calorimeter to do reactions at reflux, although it is very less accurate.


title: Calorimeter

text: The cooling/heating jacket controls the temperature of the process. Heat is measured by monitoring the heat gained or lost by the heat transfer fluid.


title: Calorimeter

text: Power compensation uses a heater placed within the vessel to maintain a constant temperature. The energy supplied to this heater can be varied as reactions require and the calorimetry signal is purely derived from this electrical power.


title: Calorimeter

text: Constant flux calorimetry (or COFLUX as it is often termed) is derived from heat balance calorimetry and uses specialized control mechanisms to maintain a constant heat flow (or flux) across the vessel wall.


title: Calorimeter

text: A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. Bomb calorimeters have to withstand the large pressure within the calorimeter as the reaction is being measured. Electrical energy is used to ignite the fuel; as the fuel is burning, it will heat up the surrounding air, which expands and escapes through a tube that leads the air out of the calorimeter. When the air is escaping through the copper tube it will also heat up the water outside the tube. The change in temperature of the water allows for calculating calorie content of the fuel.


title: Calorimeter

text: In more recent calorimeter designs, the whole bomb, pressurized with excess pure oxygen (typically at 30 atm) and containing a weighed mass of a sample (typically 1–1.5 g) and a small fixed amount of water (to saturate the internal atmosphere, thus ensuring that all water produced is liquid, and removing the need to include enthalpy of vaporization in calculations), is submerged under a known volume of water (ca. 2000 ml) before the charge is electrically ignited. The bomb, with the known mass of the sample and oxygen, form a closed system — no gases escape during the reaction. The weighed reactant put inside the steel container is then ignited. Energy is released by the combustion and heat flow from this crosses the stainless steel wall, thus raising the temperature of the steel bomb, its contents, and the surrounding water jacket. The temperature change in the water is then accurately measured with a thermometer. This reading, along with a bomb factor (which is dependent on the heat capacity of the metal bomb parts), is used to calculate the energy given out by the sample burn. A small correction is made to account for the electrical energy input, the burning fuse, and acid production (by titration of the residual liquid). After the temperature rise has been measured, the excess pressure in the bomb is released.


title: Calorimeter

text: Basically, a bomb calorimeter consists of a small cup to contain the sample, oxygen, a stainless steel bomb, water, a stirrer, a thermometer, the dewar or insulating container (to prevent heat flow from the calorimeter to the surroundings) and ignition circuit connected to the bomb. By using stainless steel for the bomb, the reaction will occur with no volume change observed.


title: Calorimeter

text: Since there is no heat exchange between the calorimeter and surroundings (Q = 0) (adiabatic), no work is performed (W = 0)


title: Calorimeter

text: Before the bomb can be used to determine heat of combustion of any compound, it must be calibrated. The value of formula_6 can be estimated by


title: Calorimeter

text: In the laboratory, formula_6 is determined by running a compound with known heat of combustion value: formula_14


title: Calorimeter

text: A small factor contributes to the correction of the total heat of combustion is the fuse wire. Nickel fuse wire is often used and has heat of combustion: 981.2cal/g.


title: Calorimeter

text: In order to calibrate the bomb, a small amount (~ 1g) of benzoic acid, or p-methyl benzoic acid is weighed.


title: Calorimeter

text: A length of nickel fuse wire (~10 cm) is weighed both before and after the combustion process. Mass of fuse wire burned formula_18


title: Calorimeter

text: Once formula_6 value of the bomb is determined, the bomb is ready to use to calculate heat of combustion of any compounds by


title: Calorimeter

text: The higher pressure and concentration of in the bomb system can render combustible some compounds that are not normally flammable. Some substances do not combust completely, making the calculations harder as the remaining mass has to be taken into consideration, making the possible error considerably larger and compromising the data.


title: Calorimeter

text: When working with compounds that are not as flammable (that might not combust completely) one solution would be to mix the compound with some flammable compounds with a known heat of combustion and make a pallet with the mixture. Once the of the bomb is known, the heat of combustion of the flammable compound (), of the wire () and the masses ( and ), and the temperature change (Δ"T"), the heat of combustion of the less flammable compound () can be calculated with:


title: Calorimeter

text: The detection is based on a three-dimensional fluxmeter sensor. The fluxmeter element consists of a ring of several thermocouples in series. The corresponding thermopile of high thermal conductivity surrounds the experimental space within the calorimetric block. The radial arrangement of the thermopiles guarantees an almost complete integration of the heat. This is verified by the calculation of the efficiency ratio that indicates that an average value of 94% ± 1% of heat is transmitted through the sensor on the full range of temperature of the Calvet-type calorimeter. In this setup, the sensitivity of the calorimeter is not affected by the crucible, the type of purgegas, or the flow rate. The main advantage of the setup is the increase of the experimental vessel's size and consequently the size of the sample, without affecting the accuracy of the calorimetric measurement.


title: Calorimeter

text: The calibration of the calorimetric detectors is a key parameter and has to be performed very carefully. For Calvet-type calorimeters, a specific calibration, so called Joule effect or electrical calibration, has been developed to overcome all the problems encountered by a calibration done with standard materials. The main advantages of this type of calibration are as follows:


title: Calorimeter

text: An example of Calvet-type calorimeter is the C80 Calorimeter (reaction, isothermal and scanning calorimeter).


title: Calorimeter

text: Sometimes referred to as constant-pressure calorimeters, adiabatic calorimeters measure the change in enthalpy of a reaction occurring in solution during which the no heat exchange with the surroundings is allowed (adiabatic) and the atmospheric pressure remains constant.


title: Calorimeter

text: An example is a coffee-cup calorimeter, which is constructed from two nested Styrofoam cups, providing insulation from the surroundings, and a lid with two holes, allowing insertion of a thermometer and a stirring rod. The inner cup holds a known amount of a solvent, usually water, that absorbs the heat from the reaction. When the reaction occurs, the outer cup provides insulation. Then


title: Calorimeter

text: The measurement of heat using a simple calorimeter, like the coffee cup calorimeter, is an example of constant-pressure calorimetry, since the pressure (atmospheric pressure) remains constant during the process. Constant-pressure calorimetry is used in determining the changes in enthalpy occurring in solution. Under these conditions the change in enthalpy equals the heat.


title: Calorimeter

text: Commercial calorimeters operate in a similar way. The semi-adiabatic (isoperibol) calorimeters measure temperature changes up to 10°C and account for heat loss through the walls of the reaction vessel to the environment, hence, semi-adiabatic. The reaction vessel is a dewar flask which is immersed in a constant temperature bath. This provides a constant heat leak rate that can be corrected through the software. The heat capacity of the reactants (and the vessel) are measured by introducing a known amount of heat using a heater element (voltage and current) and measuring the temperature change.


title: Calorimeter

text: In a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), heat flow into a sample—usually contained in a small aluminium capsule or 'pan'—is measured differentially, i.e., by comparing it to the flow into an empty reference pan.


title: Calorimeter

text: In a heat flux DSC, both pans sit on a small slab of material with a known (calibrated) heat resistance K. The temperature of the calorimeter is raised linearly with time (scanned), i.e., the heating rate


title: Calorimeter

text: is kept constant. This time linearity requires good design and good (computerized) temperature control. Of course, controlled cooling and isothermal experiments are also possible.


title: Calorimeter

text: Heat flows into the two pans by conduction. The flow of heat into the sample is larger because of its heat capacity "C". The difference in flow "dq"/"dt" induces a small temperature difference Δ"T" across the slab. This temperature difference is measured using a thermocouple. The heat capacity can in principle be determined from this signal:


title: Calorimeter

text: Note that this formula (equivalent to Newton's law of heat flow) is analogous to, and much older than, Ohm's law of electric flow:


title: Calorimeter

text: When suddenly heat is absorbed by the sample (e.g., when the sample melts), the signal will respond and exhibit a peak.


title: Calorimeter

text: From the integral of this peak the enthalpy of melting can be determined, and from its onset the melting temperature.


title: Calorimeter

text: Differential scanning calorimetry is a workhorse technique in many fields, particularly in polymer characterization.


title: Calorimeter

text: A modulated temperature differential scanning calorimeter (MTDSC) is a type of DSC in which a small oscillation is imposed upon the otherwise linear heating rate.


title: Calorimeter

text: This has a number of advantages. It facilitates the direct measurement of the heat capacity in one measurement, even in (quasi-)isothermal conditions. It permits the simultaneous measurement of heat effects that respond to a changing heating rate (reversing) and that don't respond to the changing heating rate (non-reversing). It allows for the optimization of both sensitivity and resolution in a single test by allowing for a slow average heating rate (optimizing resolution) and a fast changing heating rate (optimizing sensitivity).


title: Calorimeter

text: Safety screening:- DSC may also be used as an initial safety screening tool. In this mode the sample will be housed in a non-reactive crucible (often gold, or gold-plated steel), and which will be able to withstand pressure (typically up to 100 bar). The presence of an exothermic event can then be used to assess the stability of a substance to heat. However, due to a combination of relatively poor sensitivity, slower than normal scan rates (typically 2–3°/min - due to much heavier crucible) and unknown activation energy, it is necessary to deduct about 75–100 °C from the initial start of the observed exotherm to suggest a maximum temperature for the material. A much more accurate data set can be obtained from an adiabatic calorimeter, but such a test may take 2–3 days from ambient at a rate of 3 °C increment per half hour.


title: Calorimeter

text: In an isothermal titration calorimeter, the heat of reaction is used to follow a titration experiment. This permits determination of the midpoint (stoichiometry) (N) of a reaction as well as its enthalpy (delta H), entropy (delta S) and of primary concern the binding affinity (Ka)


title: Calorimeter

text: The technique is gaining in importance particularly in the field of biochemistry, because it facilitates determination of substrate binding to enzymes. The technique is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to characterize potential drug candidates.


title: Calorimeter

text: The Continuous Reaction Calorimeter is especially suitable to obtain thermodynamic information for a scale-up of continuous processes in tubular reactors. This is useful because the released heat can strongly depend on the reaction control, especially for non-selective reactions. With the Continuous Reaction Calorimeter an axial temperature profile along the tube reactor can be recorded and the specific heat of reaction can be determined by means of heat balances and segmental dynamic parameters. The system must consist of a tubular reactor, dosing systems, preheaters, temperature sensors and flow meters.


title: Calorimeter

text: In traditional heat flow calorimeters, one reactant is added continuously in small amounts, similar to a semi-batch process, in order to obtain a complete conversion of the reaction. In contrast to the tubular reactor, this leads to longer residence times, different substance concentrations and flatter temperature profiles. Thus, the selectivity of not well-defined reactions can be affected. This can lead to the formation of by-products or consecutive products which alter the measured heat of reaction, since other bonds are formed. The amount of by-product or secondary product can be found by calculating the yield of the desired product.


title: Calorimeter

text: If the heat of reaction measured in the HFC (Heat flow calorimetry) and PFR calorimeter differ, most probably some side reactions have occurred. They could for example be caused by different temperatures and residence times. The totally measured Qr is composed of partially overlapped reaction enthalpies (ΔHr) of main and side reactions, depending on their degrees of conversion (U).


title: Ida Red (film)

text: Ida Red is a 2021 American crime drama film written and directed by John Swab and starring Melissa Leo, Frank Grillo and Josh Hartnett.


title: Ida Red (film)

text: It had its world premiere at the Locarno Film Festival on August 11, 2021, and it was released in the United States on November 5, 2021 by Saban Films.


title: Ida Red (film)

text: Ida "Red" Walker (Melissa Leo), the biological mother of a criminal family, sits rotting in jail. She is a widow as a result of the bust that nabbed her. Now that she's got cancer, she wants to die in freedom. So she plots both a parole and, true to form, a heist.


title: Ida Red (film)

text: Her son is a successful career criminal, ethical Wyatt (Josh Hartnett) and so is brother-in-law, psycho Dallas (Frank Grillo). There is also sister Jeanie (Deborah Ann Woll), estranged from Ida because she married kind and dim cop Bodie Collier (George Carroll). Their rebellious teen kid Darla (Sofia Hublitz) is drawn to uncle Wyatt and is romantically involved with local dirtbag Petey (Nicholas Cirillo).


title: Ida Red (film)

text: Wyatt's having a hard time after a truck heist goes wrong, and cranky FBI Special Agent Lawrence Twilley (William Forsythe), who is partnering with Collier, is on the trail. Dallas, who appoints himself cleaner, nastily shoots people responsible for the screw-up, or their kin.


title: Ida Red (film)

text: It had its world premiere at the Locarno Film Festival in August 11, 2021. It will have its North American premiere at the Fantasia International Film Festival, also in August 2021. Prior to, Saban Films acquired U.S. and U.K. distribution rights to the film. It is scheduled to be released on November 5, 2021.


title: Ida Red (film)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 29% approval rating based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5.10/10.


title: Ida Red (film)

text: Angie Han, writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", criticized the first scene as "set in tedium and confusion" but highlighted two memorable elements categorizing them in "what-does-this-remind-me-of feeling" part of the film and Grillo's performance. However, Han said that "Ida Red" does not make much impression and concluded, writing that "[the film] turns out to be just the latest faint echo of stories we’ve heard too many times already."


title: Ram (director)

text: Ram is an Indian film director, who works in Tamil cinema. After assisting Hindi directors Rajkumar Santoshi and working under Balu Mahendra, he made his directorial debut with "Kattradhu Thamizh" (2007), which fetched him strong critical acclaim. His second film "Thanga Meengal" (2013) also won critical praise and three National Film Awards. He released his next film Taramani in August 2017 which was critically acclaimed and a box-office hit. His fourth film Peranbu starring Mammootty was premiered at International Film Festival Rotterdam in January 2018, which was also critically acclaimed.


title: Ram (director)

text: Ram, completed his Bachelor of Arts in American College in Madurai, while he was pursuing a Master of Arts postgraduate degree in Tamil literature at the Madras Christian College, began writing short stories in Tamil language. He worked with director Thangar Bachan in a few films, then Thangar Bachan recommended Ram to meet Hindi film director Rajkumar Santoshi. Since he was unaware about Hindi films, and Rajkumar Santoshi, he was initially reluctant, but eventually decided to meet him and joined him as a script writer, travelling to Mumbai subsequently. Ram worked together with Santoshi in several Hindi films, including "Pukar" (2000) and "Lajja" (2001), and helped him in shaping the story of Lajja.


title: Ram (director)

text: Ram had first planned to make a "cross-over English film on man-woman relationship" and approached Balu Mahendra to handle the cinematography, since he felt Mahendra's style suited his script best. The project failed to take off, but Ram continued working with Mahendra. Though he did not assist him in any of his films, Ram considers Balu Mahendra as his teacher, who, he says, "converted" him "from being a film maniac to a film student" as he also learned about cinematic techniques from him, particularly about cinematography.


title: Ram (director)

text: By mid-2006, Ram began working on his directorial debut, initially being titled as "Tamil M.A.", which was later changed to "Kattradhu Thamizh" to get exempted from the entertainment taxation. The film revolves around a young man, who gets into trouble because of his education, quoting that it would show the "pathetic state of our mother tongue Tamil in today's society". He selected Jeeva as the lead character in his film, after he saw "Raam" (2005) and been impressed by the actor's performance. while a newcomer Anupama from Mumbai was tipped to play the lead female character of Anandhi first, however she was later replaced by Anjali, who debuted in Tamil cinema with this film. The film was shot for nearly a year across Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Chennai, and gained high anticipation in its finishing stage, mainly due to Jeeva's looks in the promotional stills, and Ram's controversial statements at the film's soundtrack release.


title: Ram (director)

text: Kattradhu Thamizh followed the journey of a lower middle class post-graduate degree holder in Tamil literature, who struggles to find a job and gradually turns a sociopath, frustrated by the inequality in the social stratification. Following its release in October 2007, the film received high critical praise, becoming termed as a "cult classic". "Behindwoods" in its review called the film a "kurinji flower in Indian cinema", citing that "once in a while a movie re-writes Tamil cinema history" and that "Kattradhu Thamizh" was "one such precious gem", further adding that Ram deserved a "standing ovation for not bowing down to commercial format and sticking to his theme with strong conviction". Ram denied that the film was his autobiography, clarifying that, unlike the protagonist in the film, he went on to work as a media consultant and that the film was an autobiography of a fictional character named Prabhakar.


title: Ram (director)

text: Shortly after the film's release, Ram was expected to commence his second project, which was tentatively titled "Saddam Hussain" featuring Dhanush and Bhavana. The project was shelved and Ram took a sabbatical, beginning to pen a new story titled "Thanga Meengal" instead. By mid-2009, Touch Stone agreed to produce the film, with Karunas being signed to play the lead role, however the studio opted out the following year after facing financial troubles. Director-producer Gautham Vasudev Menon eventually accepted to produce it, asking Ram to enact the protagonist's role, which he agreed to after shooting rehearsal scenes with cinematographer P. G. Muthiah and being "thoroughly convinced". "Thanga Meengal" discusses how a common man's life is twisted and turned by globalization and today's educational system. The film was a critical success, winning three National Film Awards including the Best Tamil Feature Film Award and three awards at the Chennai International Film Festival. It was also screened in the International Children's Film Festival, India in the Children's World section which screens the finest movies of the last decade, and was the only Tamil film selected to Indian Panorama in IFFI, Goa.


title: Ram (director)

text: In 2014, Ram started filming his next project Taramani that deals with contemporary relationships. The movie was released on 11 August 2017 garnering rave reviews from both audiences and critics and becoming a box-office hit. The movie was a box office hit and was re-released later. Taramani was also screened at the International film festival Rotterdam in their House on Fire section and gained standing ovations and applauds from international audience.


title: Ram (director)

text: In 2016, Ram started shooting for the next film titled Peranbu starring Mammootty and Thanga Meengal fame Sadhana. The movie had its world premiere at 47th International film festival Rotterdam. It was recommended as one of must watch 20 films at IFFR 2018 by VPRO, a Netherlands-based leading publication company. Peranbu was nominated for the NETPAC Award and also for the Audience award. The film secured 20th position based on the voting of the audience among 187 films competing for the Audience Award category at IFFR 2018. It was the only Indian film to be in the top 20 in the Audience Award category at Rotterdam.Peranbu has been officially selected for and will have its Asian premiere at the 21st Shanghai International Film Festival 2018. The movie is slotted to release in August 2018.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: A helium–neon laser or He-Ne laser, is a type of gas laser whose high energetic medium gain medium consists of a mixture of 10:1 ratio of helium and neon at a total pressure of about 1 torr inside of a small electrical discharge. The best-known and most widely used He-Ne laser operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, in the red part of the visible spectrum.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: The first He-Ne lasers emitted infrared at 1150 nm, and were the first gas lasers and the first lasers with continuous wave output. However, a laser that operated at visible wavelengths was much more in demand, and a number of other neon transitions were investigated to identify ones in which a population inversion can be achieved. The 633 nm line was found to have the highest gain in the visible spectrum, making this the wavelength of choice for most He-Ne lasers. However, other visible and infrared stimulated-emission wavelengths are possible, and by using mirror coatings with their peak reflectance at these other wavelengths; He-Ne lasers could be engineered to employ those transitions, including visible lasers appearing red, orange, yellow, and green. Stimulated emissions are known from over 100 μm in the far infrared to 540 nm in the visible.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: Because visible transitions have somewhat lower gain, these lasers generally have lower output efficiencies and are more costly. The 3.39 μm transition has a very high gain, but is prevented from use in an ordinary He-Ne laser (of a different intended wavelength) because the cavity and mirrors are lossy at that wavelength. However, in high-power He-Ne lasers having a particularly long cavity, superluminescence at 3.39 μm can become a nuisance, robbing power from the stimulated emission medium, often requiring additional suppression.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: The best-known and most widely used He-Ne laser operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, in the red part of the visible spectrum. It was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1962, 18 months after the pioneering demonstration at the same laboratory of the first continuous infrared He-Ne gas laser in December 1960.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: The gain medium of the laser, as suggested by its name, is a mixture of helium and neon gases, in approximately a 10:1 ratio, contained at low pressure in a glass envelope. The gas mixture is mostly helium, so that helium atoms can be excited. The excited helium atoms collide with neon atoms, exciting some of them to the state that radiates 632.8 nm. Without helium, the neon atoms would be excited mostly to lower excited states, responsible for non-laser lines.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: A neon laser with no helium can be constructed, but it is much more difficult without this means of energy coupling. Therefore, a He-Ne laser that has lost enough of its helium (e.g., due to diffusion through the seals or glass) will lose its laser functionality because the pumping efficiency will be too low. The energy or pump source of the laser is provided by a high-voltage electrical discharge passed through the gas between electrodes (anode and cathode) within the tube. A DC current of 3 to 20 mA is typically required for CW operation. The optical cavity of the laser usually consists of two concave mirrors or one plane and one concave mirror: one having very high (typically 99.9%) reflectance, and the output coupler mirror allowing approximately 1% transmission.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: Commercial He-Ne lasers are relatively small devices, among gas lasers, having cavity lengths usually ranging from 15 to 50 cm (but sometimes up to about 1 meter to achieve the highest powers), and optical output power levels ranging from 0.5 to 50 mW.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: The red He-Ne laser wavelength of 633 nm has an actual vacuum wavelength of 632.991 nm, or about 632.816 nm in air. The wavelengths of the stimulated emission modes lie within about 0.001 nm above or below this value, and the wavelengths of those modes shift within this range due to thermal expansion and contraction of the cavity. Frequency-stabilized versions enable the wavelength of a single mode to be specified to within 1 part in 10 by the technique of comparing the powers of two longitudinal modes in opposite polarizations. Absolute stabilization of the laser's frequency (or wavelength) as fine as 2.5 parts in 10 can be obtained through use of an iodine absorption cell.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: The mechanism producing population inversion and light amplification in a He-Ne laser plasma originates with inelastic collision of energetic electrons with ground-state helium atoms in the gas mixture. As shown in the accompanying energy-level diagram, these collisions excite helium atoms from the ground state to higher energy excited states, among them the 2S and 2S (LS, or Russell–Saunders coupling, front number 2 indicates that an excited electron is  = 2 state) are long-lived metastable states. Because of a fortuitous near-coincidence between the energy levels of the two He metastable states and the 5s and 4s (Paschen notation) levels of neon, collisions between these helium metastable atoms and ground-state neon atoms results in a selective and efficient transfer of excitation energy from the helium to neon. This excitation energy transfer process is given by the reaction equations


title: Helium–neon laser

text: where * represents an excited state, and Δ"E" is the small energy difference between the energy states of the two atoms, of the order of 0.05 eV, or 387 cm, which is supplied by kinetic energy. Excitation-energy transfer increases the population of the neon 4s and 5s levels manyfold. When the population of these two upper levels exceeds that of the corresponding lower level, 3p, to which they are optically connected, population inversion is present. The medium becomes capable of amplifying light in a narrow band at 1.15 μm (corresponding to the 4s to 3p transition) and in a narrow band at 632.8 nm (corresponding to the 5s to 3p transition). The 3p level is efficiently emptied by fast radiative decay to the 3s state, eventually reaching the ground state.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: The remaining step in utilizing optical amplification to create an optical oscillator is to place highly reflecting mirrors at each end of the amplifying medium so that a wave in a particular spatial mode will reflect back upon itself, gaining more power in each pass than is lost due to transmission through the mirrors and diffraction. When these conditions are met for one or more longitudinal modes, then radiation in those modes will rapidly build up until gain saturation occurs, resulting in a stable continuous laser-beam output through the front (typically 99% reflecting) mirror.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: The gain bandwidth of the He-Ne laser is dominated by Doppler broadening rather than pressure broadening due to the low gas pressure and is thus quite narrow: only about 1.5 GHz full width for the 633 nm transition. With cavities having typical lengths of 15 to 50 cm, this allows about 2 to 8 longitudinal modes to oscillate simultaneously (however, single-longitudinal-mode units are available for special applications). The visible output of the red He-Ne laser, long coherence length, and its excellent spatial quality, makes this laser a useful source for holography and as a wavelength reference for spectroscopy. A stabilized He-Ne laser is also one of the benchmark systems for the definition of the meter.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: Prior to the invention of cheap, abundant diode lasers, red He-Ne lasers were widely used in barcode scanners at supermarket checkout counters. Laser gyroscopes have employed He-Ne lasers operating at 633 nm in a ring laser configuration. He-Ne lasers are generally present in educational and research optical laboratories.


title: Helium–neon laser

text: Red He-Ne lasers have an enormous number of industrial and scientific uses. They are widely used in laboratory demonstrations in the field of optics because of their relatively low cost and ease of operation compared to other visible lasers producing beams of similar quality in terms of spatial coherence (a single-mode Gaussian beam) and long coherence length (however, since about 1990 semiconductor lasers have offered a lower-cost alternative for many such applications).


title: Helium–neon laser

text: Starting in 1978, HeNe tube lasers (manufactured by Toshiba and NEC) were used in Pioneer LaserDisc players. This continued until the 1984 model lineup, which contained infrared laser diodes instead. Pioneer continued to use laser diodes in all subsequent players until the format's discontinuation in 2009.


title: Dark ride

text: A dark ride or ghost train is an indoor amusement ride on which passengers aboard guided vehicles travel through specially lit scenes that typically contain animation, sound, music and special effects. Appearing as early as the 19th century, such exhibits include tunnels of love, scary themes and interactive stories.


title: Dark ride

text: In its most traditional form, the term "dark ride" refers to ride-through attractions with scenes that use black lights, whereby visible light is prevented from entering the space, and only show elements that fluoresce under ultraviolet radiation are seen by the riders. The size of each room containing a scene or scenes is thus concealed, and the set designer can use forced perspective, Pepper's ghost and other visual tricks to create the illusion of distance. Typically, these experiences also use a series of opaque doors between scenes to further control riders' views within a space-constrained building. Prominent examples include Disneyland's Snow White's Scary Adventures, Pinocchio's Daring Journey, Peter Pan's Flight, Mr. Toad's Wild Ride and Alice in Wonderland, which all rely on the use of blacklights in almost every scene.


title: Dark ride

text: The first dark rides appeared in the late 19th century and were called "scenic railways" and "pleasure railways". A popular type of dark ride commonly referred to as an old mill or tunnel of love used small boats to carry riders through water-filled canals. A Trip to the Moon began operation at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition. Marvin Rempfer and Leon Cassidy of the Pretzel Amusement Ride Company patented the first single-rail electric dark ride in 1928. Historically notable dark rides include Futurama at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and Pirates of the Caribbean and The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland.


title: Dark ride

text: Modern attractions in this genre vary widely in technical sophistication. Smaller-scale rides often feature the same sorts of simple animation and sounds used since the genre's early days, while more ambitious projects feature complex animatronics, special effects and ride vehicles utilizing cutting-edge technology.


title: Dark ride

text: To improve the effect and give a sense of journey, passages in dark rides frequently change direction. Sudden curves give a sense of disorientation and allow new scenes to surprise the rider. The rides may also feature sudden ascents or descents to further the excitement.


title: Dark ride

text: Although ever increasing investments are made in dark rides, empirical research in this area is relatively scarce. Based on a systematic literature review, a team of researchers from the University of Liechtenstein developed a model that illustrates the underlying effect mechanism that attendees of Dark Rides experience.


title: Dark ride

text: The model suggests that "Storytelling" in Dark Rides influences an attendee's "emotional attachment" to the ride through the mediator of "Immersion". It is assumed that a person's prior knowledge about the ride's story and a person's cultural background have moderating effects on the relationship between "storytelling" and "immersion".


title: Dark ride

text: In the United Kingdom, the United States, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, China and Australia, dark rides with a scary theme are called "ghost trains".


title: Dark ride

text: The first ride to use the name "Ghost Train" was that of Blackpool Pleasure Beach. The ride was imported in 1930 and originally called The Pretzel (due to the curving shape of its track layout); but as pretzels were little-known in Britain, it was soon renamed after "The Ghost Train", a play which ran for a year in London, a film adaptation of which was showing in 1931. It was rebuilt in 1936 and has remained unchanged since. Blackpool Pleasure Beach is also home to Valhalla, the world's largest indoor dark ride, known for its many complex effects.


title: Dark ride

text: Prolific designers of dark rides in the UK include Keith Sparks and John Wardley between the 1970s and 1990s. Notable UK dark rides include Phantom Fantasia at Thorpe Park; The 5th Dimension, Terror Tomb, The Gruffalo River Ride Adventure and Professor Burp's Bubbleworks at Chessington World of Adventures; Around The World in 80 Days, The Haunted House, Toyland Tours and Hex – The Legend of the Towers at Alton Towers; and Valhalla at Blackpool Pleasure Beach. (Not a ghost train per se, Derren Brown's Ghost Train at Thorpe Park is a motion simulation and virtual reality attraction.)


title: Dark ride

text: In Australia, a dark ride is named The Ghost Train at Luna Park, Melbourne, and a similarly-named ride was destroyed by fire in 1979 at Luna Park Sydney.


title: Dark ride

text: The concept is also popular in the United States. One notable ghost train from the country is The Haunted Mansion, first opened in Disneyland in Anaheim, California on August 9, 1969.


title: Dark ride

text: "Interactive" dark rides feature a component that allows riders to be involved in the attraction's story. The first interactive dark ride ever built is El Paso at the Belgium theme park Bobbejaanland.


title: Dark ride

text: The vast majority of interactive dark rides are shooting dark rides, which require riders to aim and shoot at targets throughout the ride using handheld or vehicle-mounted light guns. Successfully shooting a target usually triggers special animation, such as flashing lights or moving the target. The more targets riders hit, the higher their scores at the end of the ride. The use of light guns varies between rides, from killing aliens on at Universal Studios Florida to calling turkeys on Gobbler Getaway at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari. The ride systems of conventional dark rides can be easily converted into shooting dark rides. Such conversions include Duel: The Haunted House Strikes Back! at Alton Towers and Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin at Disney's Magic Kingdom. The latter uses facilities that previously housed If You Had Wings, Delta Dreamflight, and Take Flight. A recent dark ride, Wonder Mountain's Guardian at Canada's Wonderland, has the world's longest interactive screen at over .


title: Dark ride

text: Among non-shooting interactive dark rides, Etnaland's award-winning Haunted School is described by "Park World" magazine as "one of the most idiosyncratic dark rides". It is themed to a school exam, with riders individually answering multiple-choice questions throughout it. Riders are graded on their responses, and each receives a school report at the end of the ride. While technically a coaster, the Gekion Live coaster at Joypolis had elements of a dark ride. It used to have a shooting element, only for it to be refurbished with a dance element (tapping buttons on the restraints) later.


title: Dark ride

text: Trackless dark rides utilize automated guided vehicles that do not require guide rails, and thus are able to cross existing paths, reverse, and rotate. Some trackless dark rides, such as the Big Red Car Ride at Dreamworld, rely on a buried wire for navigation. Others, such as at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland Park, Mystic Manor at Hong Kong Disneyland or at Disneyland Paris and Epcot, use Wi-Fi and RFID-based local positioning systems.


title: Dark ride

text: While some roller coasters may be indoors, simply enclosing a roller coaster does not make it a dark ride. Dark coasters are roller coasters that feature heavily themed layouts, special effects (such as animated characters, fire, smoke, and sound/lighting effects), and a dark ride portion that abruptly transitions into a roller coaster-style layout with heavily banked turns, sharp turns, steep drops, and helices. Some of them include backward motion, and many have launch mechanisms rather than lifts. Examples include:


title: Dark ride

text: Test Track at Epcot, Journey to the Center of the Earth at Tokyo DisneySea, and Radiator Springs Racers at Disney California Adventure each use a slot car track rather than that of a roller coaster, but they provide a similar pairing of dark ride scenes with a high-speed thrill ride.


title: Dark ride

text: Saw – The Ride at Thorpe Park features an enclosed dark section with strobe lighting and special effects, before the car enters the outdoor section of the ride.


title: Dark ride

text: Particularly in Disney-built or -influenced parks, a number of attractions use traditional dark-ride features, such as animatronics and theatrical lighting, but are not "dark rides" in that patrons do not board vehicles. Examples include the walk-through dioramas in Disneyland's Sleeping Beauty Castle, and theater-based Disney attractions like Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, The Hall of Presidents, The American Adventure and Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room. Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress (and its now-closed Disneyland replacement America Sings) had four auditoriums that rotated audiences around a stationary core with show scenes.


title: Dark ride

text: The Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover in the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World and the Disneyland Railroad both include brief dark-ride scenes, but for the most part transport guests outdoors. Expedition Everest at Disney's Animal Kingdom, Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland, Big Thunder Mountain Railroad and Space Mountain at several Disney parks, and Big Grizzly Mountain Runaway Mine Cars at Hong Kong Disneyland likewise include some dark-ride elements, but function primarily as indoor/outdoor roller coasters.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: The Trial () is a 1962 drama film directed by Orson Welles, who also wrote the screenplay based on the 1925 posthumously published novel of the same name by Franz Kafka. Welles stated immediately after completing the film: ""The Trial" is the best film I have ever made". The film begins with Welles narrating Kafka's parable "Before the Law" to pinscreen scenes created by the artists Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker. Anthony Perkins stars as Josef K., a bureaucrat who is accused of a never-specified crime, and Jeanne Moreau, Romy Schneider, and Elsa Martinelli play women who become involved in various ways in Josef's trial and life. Welles plays the Advocate, Josef's lawyer and the film's principal antagonist.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: "The Trial" has grown in reputation over the years, and some critics, including Roger Ebert, have called it a masterpiece. It is often praised for its scenic design and cinematography, the latter of which includes disorienting camera angles and unconventional use of focus.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Josef K. (Anthony Perkins) is sleeping in his bedroom, in an apartment he shares with other lodgers. He is awakened when a man in a suit opens his bedroom door. Josef assumes the glib man is a policeman, but the intruder does not identify himself and ignores Josef's demand to produce police ID. Several detectives enter and tell Josef he is under open arrest. In another room Josef K. sees three co-workers from his place of employment; they are there to provide evidence regarding some unstated crime. The police refuse to inform Josef K. of his misdeeds, or if he is even being charged with a crime, and they do not take him into custody.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: After the detectives leave, Josef converses with his landlady, Mrs. Grubach (Madeleine Robinson), and neighbor, Miss Bürstner (Jeanne Moreau), about the strange visit. Later he goes to his office, where his supervisor thinks he has been having improper relations with his teenaged female cousin. That evening, Josef attends the opera, but is abducted from the theater by a police inspector (Arnoldo Foà) and brought to a courtroom, where he attempts in vain to confront the still-unstated case against him.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Josef returns to his office and discovers the two police officers who first visited him being whipped in a small room. Josef's uncle Max suggests that Josef consult with Hastler (Orson Welles), a law advocate. After brief encounters with the wife of a courtroom guard (Elsa Martinelli) and a roomful of condemned men awaiting trial, Josef is granted an interview with Hastler, which proves unsatisfactory.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Hastler's mistress (Romy Schneider) suggests that Josef seek the advice of the artist Titorelli (William Chappell), but this also proves unhelpful. Seeking refuge in a cathedral, Josef learns from a priest (Michael Lonsdale) that he has been condemned to death. Hastler abruptly appears at the cathedral to confirm the priest's assertion.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: On the evening before his thirty-first birthday, Josef is apprehended by two executioners and brought to a quarry pit, where he is forced to remove some of his clothing. The executioners pass a knife back and forth, apparently deliberating on who will do the deed, before handing the knife to the condemned man, who refuses to commit suicide. The executioners leave Josef in the quarry and toss dynamite in the pit. Josef laughs at his executioners and picks up the dynamite. From a distance one can hear an explosion and smoke billows into the air.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: In 1960, Welles was approached by producer Alexander Salkind to make a film from a public domain literary work. Salkind had originally wanted Welles to make a film of Nikolai Gogol's novella "Taras Bulba". When Salkind found out that producer Harold Hecht was already making a version of "Taras Bulba" with Yul Brynner in the lead, he offered Welles a list of 82 other film titles to choose from. From that selection, Welles decided "The Trial" would be the most feasible film to make. (Earlier that year, Michael Lindsay-Hogg—who may have been Welles's son—had casually mentioned an idea to Welles about adapting "The Trial" as a stage play, prompting Welles to state that "The Trial" was an important book and that he, Welles, should re-read it.) Salkind promised that Welles would have total artistic freedom and he would not interfere with Welles' creation. They later discovered that the book was not yet in the public domain and that they needed to obtain the rights to the property.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Salkind committed 650 million French francs (U.S.$1.3 million in 1962 currency) to the budget for "The Trial" and secured backing from West German, French and Italian investors.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Welles took six months to write the screenplay. In adapting the work, he rearranged the order of Kafka's chapters. In this version, the chapter line-up read 1, 4, 2, 5, 6, 3, 8, 7, 9, 10. However, the order of Kafka's chapters was arranged by his literary executor, Max Brod, after the writer's death, and this order is not definitive. Welles also modernized several aspects of the story, introducing computer technology and changing Miss Bürstner's profession from a typist to a cabaret performer. Welles also opened the film with a fable from the book about a man who is permanently detained from seeking access to the Law by a guard. To illustrate this allegory, he used the pin screen animation of Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker, who created animated prints using thousands of pins.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Welles also changed the manner of Josef K.'s death. Kafka originally had the executioners pass the knife over the head of Josef K., thus giving him the opportunity to take the weapon and kill himself, in a more dignified manner—Josef K. does not; instead he is fatally stabbed by his executioners in the heart, and as he dies Josef K. says "like a dog." In the film, whilst the executioners still offer him the knife, Josef K. refuses to take it, and goads the executioners by yelling "You'll have to do it!" The film ends with the smoke of the fatal dynamite blast forming a mushroom cloud in the air while Welles reads the closing credits on the soundtrack.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Another notable change is that of Josef's relationships with the numerous women in the film. Although Josef seems to be interested in Miss Bürstner, his later interactions with Hilda and Leni are dispassionate and awkward. In the film, Josef shows little romantic attention to Leni, and she often touches him sexually without him asking her to. Henry Jaglom, a friend of Welles's, claimed that Welles confided in him, saying that he knew Perkins was gay "and used that quality in Perkins to suggest another texture in Joseph K, a fear of exposure. The whole homosexuality thing—using Perkins that way—was incredible for that time. It was intentional on Orson's part: He had these three gorgeous women (Jeanne Moreau, Romy Schneider, Elsa Martinelli) trying to seduce this guy, who was completely repressed and incapable of responding." Jaglom went on to say, "The closetedness of Perkins' homosexuality... he thought that brought a whole wonderful subtext. I remember him saying that they never talked about it, but he felt that Perkins definitely knew what he was doing." Film critic Roger Ebert theorized that this "could be interpreted as a nightmare in which women make demands [Josef] K is uninterested in meeting." This has led some to believe that "The Trial" might have queer undertones.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Welles initially hoped to cast U.S. comic actor Jackie Gleason as Hastler, but he took the role himself when Gleason rejected the part. Welles also dubbed the dialogue for 11 actors in "The Trial". Welles reportedly dubbed a few lines of Anthony Perkins’ dialogue and challenged Perkins to identify the dubbing. Perkins was unable to locate the lines where Welles dubbed his voice.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: In actor Peter Sallis's 2006 autobiography, "Fading into the Limelight", Sallis details how he starred with Welles in Welles' stage play, "Moby Dick—Rehearsed" and tells of a later meeting with him where he received a mysterious telephone call summoning him to the deserted and spooky Gare d'Orsay in Paris, where Welles announced he wanted him to dub all the Hungarian bit-players in "The Trial". Sallis pronounces the episode to be "Kafka-esque, to coin a phrase", but does not reveal whether he actually did go through with the dubbing.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Welles began the production in Yugoslavia. To create Josef K.’s workplace, he created a set in an exposition hall just outside Zagreb, where 850 secretaries banged typewriters at 850 office desks. Other sequences were later shot in Dubrovnik, Rome, Milan and Paris. Welles was not able to film "The Trial" in Kafka’s home city of Prague, as his work was seen as decadent by the communist government in Czechoslovakia.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: In Paris, Welles planned to shoot the interiors of his film at the Bois de Boulogne studios, but Salkind had difficulties collecting promised capital to finance the film. Instead, he used the Gare d'Orsay, an abandoned Parisian railway station. Welles rearranged his set design to accommodate this new setting, and he later defended his decision to film at Gare d'Orsay in an interview with "Cahiers du cinéma", where he stated: "Everything was improvised at the last moment, because the whole physical concept of my film was quite different. It was based on the absence of sets. And the gigantic nature of the sets, which people have objected to, is partly due to the fact that the only setting I had was that old abandoned station."


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Welles edited "The Trial" in Paris while technically on vacation; he commuted in on weekends from Málaga, Spain, where he was taking time to film sequences (reported as being "the prologue and epilogue") for his self-financed film adaptation of "Don Quixote", to oversee the post-production work.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: In a later interview with Peter Bogdanovich, Anthony Perkins stated that Welles gave him the direction that "The Trial" was meant to be seen as a black comedy. Perkins would also state his greatest professional pride came in being the star of a Welles-directed feature.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: While filming in Zagreb, Welles met 21-year-old Croatian actress Olga Palinkaš. He renamed her Oja Kodar, and she became Welles' companion and occasional artistic collaborator during the latter years of his career.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Welles initially planned to premiere "The Trial" at the Venice Film Festival in September 1962, but the film was not completed in time. The festival organizers showed the Academy Award winning musical "West Side Story" instead.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Welles continued to edit the film up until its December 1962 premiere in Paris. In an interview with the BBC, he mentioned that on the eve of the premiere he jettisoned a ten-minute sequence (it is actually about six minutes long) where Josef K. meets with a computer scientist (played by Greek actress Katina Paxinou) who uses her technology to predict his fate. Welles explained the last-minute cut by noting: "I only saw the film as a whole once. We were still in the process of doing the mixing, and then the premiere fell on us... [The scene] should have been the best in the film and it wasn't. Something went wrong, I don't know why, but it didn't succeed."


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: "The Trial" polarized critics upon release. Immediately after its completion, Welles said, "Say what you like, but "The Trial" is the best film I have ever made." The film was reacted to more positively in France, where it won the "Best Film" award of the French Syndicate of Cinema Critics in 1964.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Charles Higham's 1970 biography of Welles dismissed the film as "an agonizing experience ... a dead thing, like some tablet found among the dust of forgotten men, speaking a language that has much to say to us, but whose words have largely been rubbed away."


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Over the years, the film has continued to polarize film critics and scholars. Along with continued criticism, much contemporary analysis is more positive. In his 1996 biography of Welles, David Thomson said the film was "an astonishing work, and a revelation of the man... a stunning film". Today, the film enjoys enthusiastic reviews; on Rotten Tomatoes, 85% of 39 critical reviews awarded the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.5/10. Film critic Roger Ebert called the film "an exuberant use of camera placement and movement and inventive lighting," awarding it a full four stars.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: Film Critic Leonard Maltin gave The Trial 3 and a half out of 4 stars saying, "Gripping, if a bit confusing ... Not for all tastes."


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: In the British Film Institute's 2002 "Sight & Sound" poll, Argentine film critic and historian voted "The Trial" one of his 10 favorite films.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: In 1981, Welles planned to create a documentary on the making of "The Trial". Cinematographer Gary Graver was hired to film Welles addressing a University of Southern California audience on the film's history. The footage was shot with a 16mm camera on color reversal stock, but Welles never completed the proposed documentary. The film is now in the possession of Germany’s Filmmuseum Munich, and has since been restored.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: No copyright was ever filed on "The Trial", which resulted in the film being a public domain title in the US. Although it is possible that the copyright was restored by the URAA, no "Notice of Intent to Enforce" was filed with the US Copyright Office.


title: The Trial (1962 film)

text: In 2000, a restored version based on the long-lost original 35mm negative was released on DVD by Milestone Films. For many years, the film has been available in cheaply made home video of inferior quality, not produced under license. In 2012, a remastered high definition version was released on Blu-ray by Studio Canal which owns the worldwide copyright. As of 2015, a 2K restoration by Rialto Pictures is playing in DCP format in various North American cities.


title: Stabat Mater

text: The Stabat Mater is a 13th-century Christian hymn to Mary, which portrays her suffering as Jesus Christ's mother during his crucifixion. Its author may be either the Franciscan friar Jacopone da Todi or Pope Innocent III. The title comes from its first line, "Stabat Mater dolorosa", which means "the sorrowful mother was standing".


title: Stabat Mater

text: The hymn is sung at the liturgy on the memorial of Our Lady of Sorrows. The Stabat Mater has been set to music by many Western composers.


title: Stabat Mater

text: The Stabat Mater has often been ascribed to Jacopone da Todi, OFM (ca. 1230–1306), but this has been strongly challenged by the discovery of the earliest notated copy of the Stabat Mater in a 13th-century gradual belonging to the Dominican nuns in Bologna (Museo Civico Medievale MS 518, fo. 200v-04r).


title: Stabat Mater

text: The Stabat Mater was well known by the end of the 14th century and Georgius Stella wrote of its use in 1388, while other historians note its use later in the same century. In Provence, about 1399, it was used during the nine days' processions.


title: Stabat Mater

text: As a liturgical sequence, the Stabat Mater was suppressed, along with hundreds of other sequences, by the Council of Trent, but restored to the missal by Pope Benedict XIII in 1727 for the Feast of the Seven Dolours of the Blessed Virgin Mary.


title: Stabat Mater

text: The Latin text below is from an 1853 Roman Breviary and is one of multiple extant versions of the poem. The first English translation by Edward Caswall is not literal but preserves the trochaic tetrameter rhyme scheme and sense of the original text. The second English version is a more formal equivalence translation.


title: Stabat Mater

text: Most of the settings are in Latin, but Karol Szymanowski's and Paul Bebenek's are in Polish, although Szymanowski's may also be sung in Latin. George Oldroyd's setting is in Latin but includes an English translation for Anglican/Episcopalian use.


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: The K239 Chunmoo (Romanization: K239 'Cheon-mu'; Hangul: K239 '천무'; Hanja: K239 '天橆') is a rocket artillery system developed in 2013 to replace the aging K136 Kooryong of the South Korean military.


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: The K239 Chunmoo is a self-propelled multiple rocket launcher (MRL) capable of firing several different guided or unguided artillery rockets.


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: The K239 is capable of launching K33 131 mm rockets, but not 130 mm rockets (such as the K30, K37 and K38), which are used in the existing K136 Kooryong rocket artillery system. The K239 launcher carries two launch pods that can hold three types of rockets:


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: The 239 mm rockets are long and GPS-aided INS guided, and the rocket is designed to be equipped with two types of warheads, a high explosive warhead developed as a bunker buster, or a cluster bomb warhead, with hundreds of bomblets, for use against personnel in a wide area. The high explosive warhead bursts on impact for use against personnel and bursts after a delay to destroy bunkers; it was a requirement of the ROK Army for the guided rocket to have a penetrator warhead to be used as a bunker buster solution against the large number of bunkers along the DMZ.


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: Two different types of rocket pods can be loaded at once. The rocket pod can launch six 239 mm rockets in 30 seconds and a total of 12 rockets in one minute, and it's possible to reload two rocket pods in seven minutes. The launch vehicle is based on a Doosan DST (now Hanwha Defense) K239L 8×8 truck chassis with an armored cab that protects its 3-man crew from small arms fire and artillery shell splinters as well as providing NBC protection. The vehicle can climb 60% slopes (20 degrees), and is equipped with an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Run-flat tires, and a Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS). Each Chunmoo launcher is paired with an K239T Ammunition Support Vehicle (ASV) which uses the same type of truck chassis and carries four reload pods. An ROK Army Chunmoo battery consists of 18 vehicles and uses a K200A1 as a command vehicle.


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: Development of the K239 Chunmoo began in 2009 and was completed in late 2013. South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) spent 131.4 billion won ($112.4 million) on the project to create a replacement for the K136 Kooryong MLRS. Initial production was carried out in August 2014. The main purpose of the Chunmoo MLRS is to suppress North Korea's artillery systems in case of war.


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: In October 2014, South Korea announced the purchase of 58 Chunmoo MLRS. In August 2015, the ROK Army began deploying the Chunmoo batteries.


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: In June 2022, South Korea's Agency for Defense Development revealed efforts to increase the range of the Chunmoo's 239 mm rockets to . This would give them range similar to the North Korean 300 mm KN-09. Research and development efforts are evaluating ducted rocket propulsion technology, which adds an air inlet that absorbs external air and combines it with a gas generator for combustion to produce greater thrust, as well as a valve that controls the flow of gas for maneuvering. There is also research into a larger 400 mm rocket, which the Chunmoo could carry four of.


title: K239 Chunmoo

text: On 27 April 2022, South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration announced a plan to develop a vehicle-mounted tactical surface-to-surface guided weapon (KTSSM-2). The purpose of this development project is to improve the existing KTSSM-1 to increase the range from to and integrate tactical ballistic missile systems into various types of Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) such as the K239 Chunmoo. The development project is scheduled to begin in 2023 and plans to complete the development with a total budget of 1.56 trillion won (US$1.232 billion) by 2034.