title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: In 1931, the Tianyi Studio in Shanghai produced what is considered by some to be the very first sound-on-film Chinese talkie, "Spring on Stage" (歌場春色). In 1932, they teamed up with Cantonese opera singer Sit Gok-Sin () to make the first Cantonese talkie, "White Golden Dragon" (). This film proved to be very successful, and in 1934, they established the Tianyi Studio (Hong Kong) in Kowloon to make Cantonese films. The move to Hong Kong was accelerated as the Nanjing government had issued a ban on martial arts films as well as Cantonese films, and two years later, they moved the entire film production operation from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Tianyi was reorganized into Nanyang (南洋) Productions with Runde Shaw as the studio head. They also announced plan for their first film production studio in Singapore in 1937 to make films in Malay; a studio was built in 1940 to make Malay and Cantonese films, followed by another called Singapore Film Studios in 1941 on Jalan Ampas. It produced Malay films under the studio named Malay Film Productions (formally incorporated in 1949) which lasted until 1967. The most prominent Malay actor, director and producer of this period was P. Ramlee.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: The Shaw Brothers continued to expand but suffered a setback during the Second World War when the Japanese occupied Malaya and Singapore. After the war, they began to rebuild. In the 1950s, Nanyang started to switch film production from Cantonese to Mandarin as Communist takeover in mainland China had cut off the supply of Mandarin films to overseas Chinese communities. In this period, Nanyang Studio operated under the company name of Shaw and Sons Ltd. The Mandarin films of the 1950s were primarily "wenyi" films (文藝片) in a contemporary setting as well as a few period dramas. In 1957, Run Run Shaw moved to Hong Kong, set up a new company, Shaw Brothers (Hong Kong) Ltd., and built a new studio at Clearwater Bay, which officially opened in 1961 as Movietown. In the mid-1960s, Movietown was the largest and best-equipped studio in Chinese filmmaking as well as the largest privately owned studio in the world, with 15 stages, two permanent sets, state-of-the-art film-making equipment and facilities, and 1,300 employees. Period and music dramas were popular in the 1960s, and later in the decade Kung fu films also became popular. Some of Shaw Brothers' most notable films were made in this period, including "The Magnificent Concubine", "The Love Eterne", as well as "One-Armed Swordsman", which broke the box office records and some spawned multiple sequels. The studio popularized the kung-fu genre of films, which included "Five Fingers of Death" and "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin" made in the 1970s. The 1960s was a period of intense rivalry between Shaw Brothers and Cathay Organisation, but eventually Shaw Brothers gained the upper hand and Cathay ceased film production in 1970. Sir Run Run Shaw became involved in television when TVB was launched in 1967. In 1969, Shaw Brothers (HK) issued shares and became a public listed company.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: In the 1970s, Shaw Brothers faced a strong challenge from a new studio, Golden Harvest, which had considerable success internationally with the martial arts film, "Enter the Dragon" starring Bruce Lee. Shaw Brothers then also began to co-produce films with Western producers for the international market, and invest in films such as "Meteor" and "Blade Runner". However, Shaw Brothers ceased film production in 1986 because of competition from Golden Harvest and increasing piracy, focusing instead on TV production. In 1986, Movietown became TV City, which was leased to TVB for TV production. In 1988, the company was reorganized under the umbrella of the Shaw Organization. In the 1990s, Shaw again started making a few films, but no longer on the same scale as before. Shaw has since relocated to a new site in Tseung Kwan O, Hong Kong.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Shaw Brothers is noted for film directors such as King Hu, Lau Kar-leung, P. Ramlee and Chang Cheh. King Hu was an early director who is best remembered for his film, "Come Drink with Me", a martial arts film which differed from those of Chang Cheh in that it featured a capable female protagonist and revolved around romance in the martial arts world, rather than fast-paced action and the tales of brotherhood which Chang Cheh would later popularize. Chang Cheh, who was more fond of the latter components, would go on to be Shaw Studio's best-known director, with such films as "Five Deadly Venoms", "The Brave Archer" (based on the works of Jin Yong), "One-Armed Swordsman", and other classics of Wuxia and Wushu film. Almost equally as famous was fight-choreographer-turned-director Lau Kar-leung, who would produce such highly regarded kung fu films as "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin" and "The Eight Diagram Pole Fighter." While P. Ramlee was known for Malay style romantics and comedy such as "Nujum Pa' Belalang, Seniman Bujang Lapok" and "Do Re Mi."


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Shaw Brothers was modeled after the classic Hollywood system, with hundreds of actors signed to exclusive contracts. While other studios rotated cast members, Shaw Brothers assigned certain groups of actors to work exclusively with certain directors.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Shaw Brothers productions during the late 1950s to early '60s were dominated by actresses like Li Li-Hua, Ivy Ling Po, Linda Lin Dai, Betty Loh Ti, Li Ching in dramatic and romantic features. In particular, the Huangmei opera "The Love Eterne", starring Ivy Ling Po and Betty Loh Ti and based on the "Butterfly Lovers" folk legend from the Jin Dynasty, is one of the highest-grossing features of the Shaw Studio. Its huge success is in part due to the ingenious casting of Ivy Ling Po, who was a relatively unknown supporting actress, as the male lead. In the story of "Butterfly Lovers", the female lead, played by Betty Loh Ti, disguised herself as a male to attend college because social mingling between the sexes was forbidden. The film resonated with its audience, and reportedly some members of the audience in Hong Kong and Taiwan repeatedly bought tickets and watched the feature in theaters over and over again in 1962, with some having watched it over 20 times.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: From the late 1960s onward, production of dramatic features was reduced in favor of martial arts features. The group of actors from the 1978 release, "Five Deadly Venoms", and the subsequent series of films—known by the name the Venom Mob—were among the most memorable. They were Lo Mang, Lu Feng, Sun Chien, Chiang Sheng, and Kuo Chui, who had been stars in the Shaw Studio for years, but did not become memorable faces until "Five Deadly Venoms". Wei Pai, who played the Snake (referred to as "Number Two" throughout the film "Five Deadly Venoms"), was also part of the "Venom Mob", which numbered over 15 actors who appeared in almost all of the "Venom" movies.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: In the first half of the 1970s, two other stars were particularly renowned and favored by the "Million-Dollar Director" Chang Cheh in his movies: Ti Lung and David Chiang. He is also accredited as a capable actor who reinforced his muscular glamor with strong characterization over his many films. Chiang, on the other hand, was slight and wiry and often played the sarcastic antihero to Lung's standard archetype. Chang Cheh, with his stars Ti Lung and David Chiang, were known as the cinematic "Iron Triangle" throughout Southeast Asia. In the middle of that decade, the duo was overshadowed by the rise of Alexander Fu Sheng, who had played supporting roles opposite them on many occasions. Fu was killed in 1983 in a car accident, at age 28, ending a brief but spectacular career.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Members of the Peking Opera School, including Jackie Chan, Yuen Biao, and Sammo Hung, played extras and bit parts in several Shaw Brothers films in the 1970s, although they were unknowns at the time.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Better-known female martial arts actresses of Shaw Brothers include Cheng Pei-pei, Lily Ho, Shih Szu, Lily Li, and Kara Hui Ying-Hung. Cheng Pei-pei in particular is relatively well-known for her starring role in King Hu's "Come Drink with Me" and more recently in Ang Lee's "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" as Jade Fox.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: The films produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio were highly popular among Chinese communities in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia and they would have a significant influence on later filmmakers, particularly in the Kung fu genre. These films also reached the West and were popular for a time in the 1970s, and had some influence on filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino, who paid homage to the studio by displaying their logo in his "" and "" films and adapting the styles of some of their films."


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Many Shaw Brothers classic films have been bootlegged due to the popularity of particular kung fu/martial arts titles. Celestial Pictures acquired rights to the Shaw Studio's legacy and is releasing, on DVD, 760 out of the nearly 1,000 films with restored picture and sound quality. Many of these DVDs have come under controversy, however, for remixing audio and not including the original mono soundtracks.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: Karmaloop TV, a multi-platform programming network designed to help operators "reclaim" viewership among the 18- to 34-year-old demographic, announced its first film licensing deal with Celestial Pictures. The Hong Kong-based company owns, restores and licenses the world's largest collection of Chinese-made films including the Shaw Brothers library of fan-favourite kung fu and action classics such as "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin", "Five Deadly Venoms", and "The One-Armed Swordsman".


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: The licensing deal with Karmaloop TV means that kung fu and action fans in the United States will see these films in their digitally restored versions, many of which will be premiering for the first time on U.S. television in high definition. The licensed collection includes more than 60 of the greatest martial arts masterpieces—movies which launched the careers of stars like Jimmy Wang Yu, Cheng Pei-Pei, Ti Lung, David Chiang, Alexander Fu Sheng, Chen Kuan-Tai, and Gordon Liu.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: The Clearwater Bay site at Clearwater Bay Road and Ngan Ying Road is the former home of Shaw Studio (built 1960–1961), as well as the vacated TVB headquarters and studios (1986–2003, since relocated to TVB City) and Celestial Pictures. There are also apartment blocks used to house Shaw actors. The newer Shaw House and Shaw Villa are there. The site has been vacant since 2003, and has been targeted for redevelopment several times since 2006. In 2015, Hong Kong's Antiquities Advisory Board declared the entire studio complex a site of cultural significance, and subsequent redevelopment plans have included measures to restore and preserve the existing structures.


title: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: A new Shaw Studios (note the plural "s") has been built at Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate, and was opened in stages between 2006 and 2008.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: Bharata () is a character in the ancient Indian epic "Ramayana". He is the son of Dasharatha, the virtuous king of Kosala, and Kaikeyi, daughter of the King Ashwapati of Kekeya. He is a younger half-brother of Rama and rules Ayodhya while Rama is banished from the country and fights to recover his wife Sita, kidnapped by Ravana.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: In the "Ramayana", Bharata is presented as a symbol of dharma. He is also an incarnation of Sudarshana Chakra, the divine weapon of Vishnu, while Rama is the incarnation of Vishnu himself.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: Today, Bharata is mostly worshipped in Kerala. One of the few temples in India dedicated to him is the Koodalmanikyam Temple.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: Bharata was born in Ayodhya as the second son of King Dasharata, and the only child of his second wife, Kaikeyi. His childhood was knitted together with his elder half-brother and heir apparent to the Kosala Kingdom, Rama, and his younger half-brothers; Lakshmana and Shatrughana. Akin to Lakshmana's devotion to Rama, Shatrughana had been a devotee of Bharata.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: During Rama's betrothal to Sita, King Janaka of Videha and his younger brother King Kushadhwaja of Sāṃkāśya had permitted Dasharatha's request for the unity between the Ikshvaku and Nimi, and as such was married to Kushadhwaj's daughter, Mandavi.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: Prior to Dasharatha's attempt to abdicate and hand over the throne to Lord Rama, Bharata had left for Kekaya along with Shatrughana, as his Grandfather King Ashwapati requested his presence, as he was ill.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: During his absence; his mother Kaikayi, under the influence of her maid Manthara, had forced Dasharatha to overturn his decision for Rama to be king, in favour for Rama to be exiled for 14 Years, as well as Bharata to become the Maharaja of Kosala. Lord Rama had accepted this decision and went to live in Chitrakoot, accompanied by his wife Sita and half-brother Lakshmana. Soon after, Dasharatha had died due to the grief of being separated from his sons.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: Upon returning to Ayodhya, Bharata and Shatrughana were mortified to find out the events which transpired in their absence. Bharata had proceeded to shun his relationship with Kekayi, as a son; and attempted to retrieve Rama, Sita and Lakshmana.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: After meeting the tribal king Guha of the Nishadas, and crossing the river Ganga, Bharata, along with Shatrughana and the army of Kosala had reached Chitrakoot. Initially, Lakshamana had perceived the incoming army as an attempt to oust Rama permanently, and attempted to attack first; before being stopped by Rama. Bharata had greeted and embraced his brothers and sister-in-law, begging them to forgive him for his actions; and later on broke the news of Dasharatha's passing, and his desire to see Rama on the throne. However, Lord Rama was persistent in maintaining his oath given to his late father; and allowed Bharata to take his shoes, as a symbol of his presence.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: Bharata had accepted, and placed the shoes on the throne of Ayodhya, and declared that he will rule under his brother's presence; but would live in a rural town of Nandigrama as an ascetic, till his brother returns.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: During the War in Lanka, in the 14th year of Rama's exile; after Lakshmana's defeat by Indrajit, Hanuman had went to the Himalayas to fetch Mount Dronagiri; which contained the plants needed to save Lakshmana. During his return, he had met Bharata in Nandigrama and told him about the events that had transpired during the year, and soon left.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: When Lord Rama had returned, Bharata approached him, with Rama's shoes above his head, and gave it to him. After Rama's coronation as King of Kosala, Bharata later on reconciled with Kaikayi.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: After Sita's Exile, Mandavi had borne him two sons; Taksha and Pushkala, and Bharata had vanquished Sindh, and became it's overlord.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: During Lord Rama's Ashwamedha Yagna, in order to become a Chakravarti, he had fought with Lava and Kusha, the twin sons of Rama, who were borne to Sita, during her exile; and lost to them in combat, along with Shatrughana and Lakshmana. Years after the revelation of the identities of Lava and Kusha, and Sita's return to the Earth; Bharata had waged war against Nagnajit of Gandhara for his repeated aggressions against the Kekaya kingdom. After exterminating his rivals; Bharata had placed Taksha as the King of Takshashila and Pushkala as the King of Pushkalavati.


title: Bharata (Ramayana)

text: Bharata had later on committed Samadhi, by drowning in the River Sarayu alongside Lord Rama, and Shatrughana; and became the Panchajanya of Vishnu, once more.


title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)

text: The first season of "Chicago P.D." aired on NBC from January 8, 2014, at 10:00 p.m. EST, to May 21, 2014.


title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)

text: On March 27, 2013, it was reported that NBC was considering plans for a spin-off of "Chicago Fire". "Deadline" revealed that the proposed spin-off would involve the Chicago Police Department, and would be created and executive produced by Dick Wolf, Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead.


title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)

text: On May 10, 2013, NBC picked up the proposed spin-off, now titled "Chicago P.D.", for the 2013–14 United States network television schedule.


title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)

text: On January 31, 2014, NBC ordered two additional episodes of "Chicago P.D.", bringing the total number of episodes for the first season to fifteen.


title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)

text: Tania Raymonde was cast in the planned series as an Officer named Nicole. Kelly Blatz, the lead-actor of Disney XD's "Aaron Stone", was also cast as a young but seasoned Officer Elam. Scott Eastwood was set to portray Officer Jim Barnes. Eastwood also co-starred with Tania Raymonde in "Texas Chainsaw 3D". Melissa Sagemiller would portray Detective Willhite, a member of the "Chicago P.D." Intelligence Unit. LaRoyce Hawkins, in the role of Officer Kevin Atwater, was the only Chicago area actor originally cast in May. These characters were introduced in the penultimate episodes of "Chicago Fire"s first season.


title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)

text: Sagemiller's character was dropped after her initial guest spot on "Chicago Fire" and in the first episode of "Chicago P.D.". Jesse Lee Soffer, who already had a recurring role on "Chicago Fire" as undercover cop Detective Jay Halstead, was added to the main cast in her place. Jason Beghe was cast as Sergeant of the Intelligence Unit Hank Voight and Jon Seda would play the role of Intelligence Unit Detective Antonio Dawson. Patrick Flueger and "One Tree Hill" star Sophia Bush joined the cast as Officer Adam Ruzek and Detective Erin Lindsay respectively. Marina Squerciati joined the cast in the role of Officer Kim Burgess. Elias Koteas became a member of the main cast and would play Intelligence Unit Detective Alvin Olinsky. Archie Kao was later announced to be playing Sheldon Jin, a tech-expert working with the Intelligence Unit. Stella Maeve was cast in the recurring role of playing Nadia, a pretty 18-year-old escort who is addicted to heroin and goes through a very difficult withdrawal. Both Eastwood and Raymonde, like Sagemiller, departed the series and would no longer be a part of the show's main cast. Sydney Tamiia Poitier was to guest star in five episodes as a Detective, who would eventually crossover on to the parent series, "Chicago Fire".


title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)

text: The series premiere was watched by 8.59 million viewers and achieved a 2.0/6 Adults 18–49 rating with the DVR ratings reaching 11 million. The season concluded on May 21 with 6.27 million, averaging the first season with 8.03 million viewers per episode.


title: Chicago P.D. (season 1)

text: The DVD release of season one was released after the season had completed its original television broadcast. The DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast, deleted scenes, gag reels and behind-the-scenes featurettes.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ( or ; Greek: "horned faces") is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic. The earliest known ceratopsian, "Yinlong downsi", lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago. The last ceratopsian species, "Triceratops prorsus", became extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, .


title: Ceratopsia

text: "Triceratops" is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public. It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in ""-ceratops"", although this is not always the case. One of the first named genera was "Ceratops" itself, which lent its name to the group, although it is considered a "nomen dubium" today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Early members of the ceratopsian group, such as "Psittacosaurus", were small bipedal animals. Later members, including ceratopsids like "Centrosaurus" and "Triceratops", became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck. While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators, they may also have been used for display, thermoregulation, the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above. Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter (3 ft) and 23 kilograms (50 lb) to over 9 meters (30 ft) and 9,100 kg (20,100 lb).


title: Ceratopsia

text: Ceratopsians are easily recognized by features of the skull. On the tip of a ceratopsian upper jaw is the rostral bone, an edentulous (toothless) ossification, unique to ceratopsians. Othniel Charles Marsh recognized and named this bone, which acts as a mirror image of the predentary bone on the lower jaw. This ossification evolved to morphologically aid the mastication of plant matter. Along with the predentary bone, which forms the tip of the lower jaw in all ornithischians, the rostral forms a superficially parrot-like beak. Also, the jugal bones below the eye are prominent, flaring out sideways to make the skull appear somewhat triangular when viewed from above. This triangular appearance is accentuated in later ceratopsians by the rearwards extension of the parietal and squamosal bones of the skull roof, to form the neck frill.


title: Ceratopsia

text: The epoccipital is a distinctive bone found lining the frills of ceratopsid ceratopsians. The name is a misnomer, as they are not associated with the occipital bone. Epoccipitals begin as separate bones that fuse during the animal's growth to either the squamosal or parietal bones that make up the base of the frill. These bones were ornamental instead of functional, and may have helped differentiate species. Epoccipitals probably were present in all known ceratopsids. They appear to have been broadly different between short-frilled ceratopsids (centrosaurines) and long-frilled ceratopsids (chasmosaurines), being elliptical with constricted bases in the former group, and triangular with wide bases in the latter group. Within these broad definitions, different species would have somewhat different shapes and numbers. In centrosaurines especially, like "Centrosaurus", "Pachyrhinosaurus", and "Styracosaurus", these bones become long and spike- or hook-like. A well-known example is the coarse sawtooth fringe of broad triangular epoccipitals on the frill of "Triceratops". When regarding the ossification's morphogenetic traits, it can be described as dermal. The term epoccipital was coined by famous paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889.


title: Ceratopsia

text: The first ceratopsian remains known to science were discovered during the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories led by the American geologist F.V. Hayden. Teeth discovered during an 1855 expedition to Montana were first assigned to hadrosaurids and included within the genus "Trachodon". It was not until the early 20th century that some of these were recognized as ceratopsian teeth. During another of Hayden's expeditions in 1872, Fielding Bradford Meek found several giant bones protruding from a hillside in southwestern Wyoming. He alerted paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who led a dig to recover the partial skeleton. Cope recognized the remains as a dinosaur, but noted that even though the fossil lacked a skull, it was different from any type of dinosaur then known. He named the new species "Agathaumas sylvestris", meaning "marvellous forest-dweller". Soon after, Cope named two more dinosaurs that would eventually come to be recognized as ceratopsids: "Polyonax" and "Monoclonius". "Monoclonius" was notable for the number of disassociated remains found, including the first evidence of ceratopsid horns and frills. Several "Monoclonius" fossils were found by Cope, assisted by Charles Hazelius Sternberg, in summer 1876 near the Judith River in Chouteau County, Montana. Since the ceratopsians had not been recognised yet as a distinctive group, Cope was uncertain about much of the fossil material, not recognizing the nasal horn core, nor the brow horns, as part of a fossil horn. The frill bone was interpreted as a part of the breastbone.


title: Ceratopsia

text: In 1888 and 1889, Othniel Charles Marsh described the first well preserved horned dinosaurs, "Ceratops" and "Triceratops". In 1890 Marsh classified them together in the family Ceratopsidae and the order Ceratopsia. This prompted Cope to reexamine his own specimens and to realize that "Triceratops", "Monoclonius", and "Agathaumas" all represented a single group of similar dinosaurs, which he named Agathaumidae in 1891. Cope redescribed "Monoclonius" as a horned dinosaur, with a large nasal horn and two smaller horns over the eyes, and a large frill.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Ceratopsia was coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890 to include dinosaurs possessing certain characteristic features, including horns, a rostral bone, teeth with two roots, fused neck vertebrae, and a forward-oriented pubis. Marsh considered the group distinct enough to warrant its own suborder within Ornithischia. The name is derived from the Greek "κέρας"/"kéras" meaning 'horn' and "ὄψῐς"/"ópsis" meaning 'appearance, view' and by extension 'face'. As early as the 1960s, it was noted that the name "Ceratopsia" is actually incorrect linguistically and that it should be "Ceratopia". However, this spelling, while technically correct, has been used only rarely in the scientific literature, and the vast majority of paleontologists continue to use Ceratopsia. As the ICZN does not govern taxa above the level of superfamily, this is unlikely to change.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Following Marsh, Ceratopsia has usually been classified as a suborder within the order Ornithischia. While ranked taxonomy has largely fallen out of favor among dinosaur paleontologists, some researchers have continued to employ such a classification, though sources have differed on what its rank should be. Most who still employ the use of ranks have retained its traditional ranking of suborder, though some have reduced to the level of infraorder.


title: Ceratopsia

text: In clade-based phylogenetic taxonomy, Ceratopsia is often defined to include all marginocephalians more closely related to "Triceratops" than to "Pachycephalosaurus". Under this definition, the most basal known ceratopsians are "Yinlong", from the Late Jurassic Period, along with "Chaoyangsaurus" and the family Psittacosauridae, from the Early Cretaceous Period, all of which were discovered in northern China or Mongolia. The rostral bone and flared jugals are already present in all of these forms, indicating that even earlier ceratopsians remain to be discovered.


title: Ceratopsia

text: The clade Neoceratopsia includes all ceratopsians more derived than psittacosaurids. Another subset of neoceratopsians is called Coronosauria, which either includes all ceratopsians more derived than "Auroraceratops", or more derived than Leptoceratopsidae. Coronosaurs show the first development of the neck frill and the fusion of the first several neck vertebrae to support the increasingly heavy head. Within Coronosauria, three groups are generally recognized, although the membership of these groups varies somewhat from study to study and some coronosaurs may not fit in any of them. One group can be called Protoceratopsidae and includes "Protoceratops" and its closest relatives, all Asian. Another group, Leptoceratopsidae, includes mostly North American animals that are more closely related to "Leptoceratops". The third group, Ceratopsoidea, includes the family Ceratopsidae and closely related animals like "Zuniceratops". Ceratopsidae itself includes "Triceratops" and all the large North American ceratopsians and is further divided into the subfamilies Centrosaurinae and Chasmosaurinae.


title: Ceratopsia

text: All previously published neoceratopsian phylogenetic analyses were incorporated into the analysis of Eric M. Morschhauser and colleagues in 2019, along with all previously published diagnostic species excluding the incomplete juvenile "Archaeoceratops yujingziensis" and the problematic genera "Bainoceratops", "Lamaceratops", "Platyceratops" and "Gobiceratops" that are very closely related to and potentially synonymous with "Bagaceratops". While there were many unresolved areas of the strict consensus, including all of Leptoceratopsidae, a single most parsimonious tree was found that was most consistent with the relative ages of the taxa included, which is shown below.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Unlike almost all other dinosaur groups, skulls are the most commonly preserved elements of ceratopsian skeletons and many species are known only from skulls. There is a great deal of variation between and even within ceratopsian species. Complete growth series from embryo to adult are known for "Psittacosaurus" and "Protoceratops", allowing the study of ontogenetic variation in these species.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Most restorations of ceratopsians show them with erect hindlimbs but semi-sprawling forelimbs, which suggest that they were not fast movers. But Paul and Christiansen (2000) argued that at least the later ceratopsians had upright forelimbs and the larger species may have been as fast as rhinos, which can run at up to 56 km or 35 miles per hour.


title: Ceratopsia

text: A nocturnal lifestyle has been suggested for the primitive ceratopsian "Protoceratops". However, comparisons between the scleral rings of "Protoceratops" and "Psittacosaurus" and modern birds and reptiles indicate that they may have been cathemeral, active throughout the day at short intervals.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Ceratopsia appears to have originated in Asia, as all of the earliest members are found there. Fragmentary remains, including teeth, which appear to be neoceratopsian, are found in North America from the Albian stage (112 to 100 million years ago), indicating that the group had dispersed across what is now the Bering Strait by the middle of the Cretaceous Period. Almost all leptoceratopsids are North American, aside from "Udanoceratops", which may represent a separate dispersal event, back into Asia. Ceratopsids and their immediate ancestors, such as "Zuniceratops", were unknown outside of western North America, and were presumed endemic to that continent. The traditional view that ceratopsoids originated in North America was called into question by the 2009 discovery of better specimens of the dubious Asian form "Turanoceratops", which confirmed it as a ceratopsid. It is unknown whether this indicates ceratopsids actually originated in Asia, or if the "Turanoceratops" immigrated from North America.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Possible ceratopsians from the Southern Hemisphere include the Australian "Serendipaceratops", known from an ulna, and "Notoceratops" from Argentina is known from a single toothless jaw (which has been lost). "Craspedodon" from the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) of Belgium may also be a ceratopsian, specifically a neoceratopsian closer to ceratopsoidea than protoceratopsidae. Possible leptoceratopsid remains have also been described from the early Campanian of Sweden.


title: Ceratopsia

text: "Psittacosaurus" and "Protoceratops" are the most common dinosaurs in the different Mongolian sediments where they are found. "Triceratops" fossils are far and away the most common dinosaur remains found in the latest Cretaceous rocks in the western United States, making up as much as 5/6ths of the large dinosaur fauna in some areas. These facts indicate that some ceratopsians were the dominant herbivores in their environments.


title: Ceratopsia

text: Some species of ceratopsians, especially "Centrosaurus" and its relatives, appear to have been gregarious, living in herds. This is suggested by bonebed finds with the remains of many individuals of different ages. Like modern migratory herds, they would have had a significant effect on their environment, as well as serving as a major food source for predators.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: Siobhan Redmond, ( ; born 27 July 1959) is a Scottish actress, a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, and known for various stage, audio and television roles.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: Siobhan Redmond was born on 27 July 1959 in the Tollcross area of Glasgow as the second-eldest of three children to Charlotte Redmond, a drama teacher, and John Redmond, a university lecturer. She attended the Sunshine School of Dance and Park School for Girls in Glasgow's West End.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: Redmond studied at the University of St Andrews, where she earned a Master of Arts in English. At St Andrews University, she has said to have been 'discovered' by playwright Liz Lochhead while performing in a student Mermaids society production written by Marcella Evaristi. Redmond also did a course in massage and did a postgraduate year at the Bristol Old Vic.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: Her first television appearances were in the early 1980s, the first of these being in 1982 in the sketch show "There's Nothing To Worry About!" After appearing in the two series of "Alfresco" in 1983 and 1984, her first major television success was as George Bulman's assistant Lucy McGinty in "Bulman" (1985–1987). She played, among other roles, Maureen Connell in "Between the Lines" (1992–1994); Shona Spurtle in "The High Life" (1994–1995); Madame Sin in "In The Red" BBC TV (1998) adaptation of the novel; Janice Taylor in "Holby City" (2000–2002), Sharon in "The Smoking Room" (2004–2005); Maeve Brown in "EastEnders"; clinical psychiatrist Pru Plunkett in "Midsomer Murders"; and Ailsa in "Shoebox Zoo". She also appeared on radio including in the 2002 BBC Radio 4 series "The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" and as Jean Brash in BBC Radio 4's "McLevy" series.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: Redmond is also a stage actress, having starred in such theatre productions as "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" in 2003, and is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, with whom she appeared as Maria in "Twelfth Night" in 2007. She played Titania/Hippolyta for Shakespeare's Globe in "A Midsummer Night's Dream", in its summer 2008 season.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: In 2004, Redmond starred in the BBC TV series Sea of Souls as twin sisters Carol and Helen. Redmond appeared in the "Gingers for Justice" sketch on "The Catherine Tate Show" in 2005 and then again in 2006. In 2007 she joined "The Bill" as Crime Scene Examiner Lorna Hart and in 2010 played one of the leads in David Greig's play "Dunsinane", reprising her role for the BBC Radio 3 adaptation on 30 January 2011.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: On 26 June 2014, it was announced that Redmond would play a new incarnation of the Rani, a villainous character in the long-running series "Doctor Who", originally portrayed on television by Kate O'Mara, who had died earlier that year. Redmond's version of the Rani is featured in BBC-licensed audio dramas by Big Finish Productions beginning with "The Rani Elite", which was released in December 2014.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: In November 2014 Redmond joined Alun Armstrong and William Gaunt in a production of Eugène Ionesco's "Exit the King" at the Ustinov Studio in Bath.


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: In January 2020, Redmond played the role of the Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge in the ITV series "Grantchester".


title: Siobhan Redmond

text: Redmond was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by her alma mater, the University of St Andrews, in 2000. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to drama.


title: Gorget

text: A gorget , from the French "" meaning throat, was a band of linen wrapped around a woman's neck and head in the medieval period or the lower part of a simple chaperon hood. The term later described a steel or leather collar to protect the throat, a set of pieces of plate armour, or a single piece of plate armour hanging from the neck and covering the throat and chest. Later, particularly from the 18th century, the gorget became primarily ornamental, serving as a symbolic accessory on military uniforms, a use which has survived in some armies.


title: Gorget

text: The term may also be used for other things such as items of jewellery worn around the throat region in several societies, for example wide thin gold collars found in prehistoric Ireland dating to the Bronze Age.


title: Gorget

text: In the High Middle Ages, when mail was the primary form of metal body armour used in Western Europe, the mail coif protected the neck and lower face. As more plate armour appeared to supplement mail during the 14th century, the bascinet helmet incorporated a mail curtain called the aventail which protected the lower face, neck and shoulders. A separate mail collar called a "pisan" or "standard" was sometimes worn under the aventail as additional protection. Towards the end of the 14th century, threats including the increased penetrating power of the lance when paired with a lance rest on the breastplate made more rigid forms of neck protection desirable. One solution was a standing collar plate separate from the helmet that could be worn over the aventail, with enough space between the collar and helmet that a man-at-arms could turn his head inside it. In the early 15th century, such collar plates were integrated into the helmet itself to form the great bascinet. Other forms of helmet such as the sallet which did not protect the lower face and throat with plate were paired with a separate bevor, and the armet was often fitted with a wrapper that included gorget lames protecting the throat. The mail standard was still worn under such bevors and wrappers, since the plates did not cover the back or sides of the neck.


title: Gorget

text: At the beginning of the 16th century, the gorget reached its full development as a component of plate armour. Unlike previous gorget plates and bevors which sat over the cuirass and also required a separate mail collar to fully protect the neck, the developed gorget was worn under the cuirass and was intended to cover a larger area of the neck, nape, shoulders and upper chest, from which the edges of the backplate and breastplate had receded. The gorget served as an anchor point for the pauldrons, which either had holes in them to engage pins projecting from the gorget, or straps which could be buckled to the gorget. The neck was protected by a high collar of articulated lames, and the entire gorget was divided into front and back pieces which were hinged at the side so that the gorget could be put on and taken off. Some helmets had additional neck lames which overlapped the gorget, while others formed a tight seal with the rim of the gorget to eliminate any gaps.


title: Gorget

text: By the 17th century there appeared a form of gorget with a low, unarticulated collar and larger front and back plates which covered more of the upper chest and back. In addition to being worn under the breast & backplates, as evidenced by at least two contemporary engravings, they were also commonly worn over civilian clothing or a buff coat. Some gorgets of this period were "parade" pieces that were beautifully etched, gilded, engraved, chased, embossed or enameled at great expense. Gradually the gorget grew smaller and more symbolic, becoming a single crescent shape worn on a chain which suspended the gorget ever lower on the chest, so that the gorget no longer protected the throat in normal wear.


title: Gorget

text: The Japanese (samurai) form of the "gorget", called a nodowa, was either fastened by itself around the neck or came as an integral part of the face defence or "men yoroi". It consisted of several lames made of lacquered leather or iron, each of which either consisted of one piece or of scales laced together in horizontal rows. The lames were articulated vertically, overlapping bottom to top, by another set of silk laces.


title: Gorget

text: During the 18th and early 19th centuries, crescent-shaped gorgets of silver or silver gilt were worn by officers in most European armies, as a badge of rank and an indication that they were on duty. These last survivals of armour were much smaller (usually about three to four inches in width) than their Medieval predecessors and were suspended by chains or ribbons. In the British service they carried the Royal coat of arms until 1796 and thereafter the Royal Cypher.


title: Gorget

text: Gorgets ceased to be worn by British army officers in 1830 and by their French counterparts 20 years later. They were still worn to a limited extent in the Imperial German Army until 1914, as a special distinction by officers of the Prussian Gardes du Corps and the 2nd Cuirassiers "Queen". Officers of the Spanish infantry continued to wear gorgets with the cypher of King Alfonso XIII in full dress, until the overthrow of the Monarchy in 1931. Mexican Federal army officers also wore the gorget with the badge of their branch as part of their parade uniform until 1947.


title: Gorget

text: The gorget was revived as a uniform accessory in Nazi Germany, seeing widespread use within the German military and Nazi party organisations. During World War II, it continued to be used by "Feldgendarmerie" (military field police), who wore metal gorgets as emblems of authority. German police gorgets of this period typically were flat metal crescents with ornamental designs that were suspended by a chain worn around the neck. The Prussian-influenced Chilean army uses the German style metal gorget in parades and in the uniform of their Military Police.


title: Gorget

text: As early as 1688, regulations provided for the wearing of gorgets by Swedish army officers. For those of captain's rank the gorget was gilt with the king's monogram under a crown in blue enamel, while more junior officers wore silver-plated gorgets with the initials in gold.


title: Gorget

text: The gorget was discontinued as a rank insignia for Swedish officers in the Swedish Armed Forces in 1792, when epaulettes were introduced. The gorget was revived in 1799, when the Officer of the day was given the privilege of wearing a gorget which featured the Swedish lesser coat of arms. It has since been a part of the officer's uniform (when he or she functions as "Officer of the day") a custom which continues.


title: Gorget

text: The same use of the gorget also continues in Norway and Finland, worn by officers or corporals responsible for guard changes and "Inspecting Officers" (officer of the day). The officer of the day of a company (Finnish: "päivystäjä") is usually a non-commissioned officer (or even a private), who guards the entrance and is responsible for security within company quarters.


title: Gorget

text: Gorgets made of shell, as well as stone and copper, have been found at archaeological sites of various ages associated with mound building cultures of Eastern North America, going back thousands of years.


title: Gorget

text: The British Empire awarded gorgets to chiefs of American Indian tribes both as tokens of goodwill and a badge of their high status. Those being awarded a gorget were known as gorget captains Gorgets were also awarded to African chiefs.


title: Gorget

text: In colonial Australia gorgets were given to Aboriginal people by government officials and pastoralists as insignia of high rank or reward for services to the settler community. Frequently inscribed with the word "King" along with the name of the tribal group to which the recipient belonged (despite the absence of this kind of rank among indigenous Australians), the "breastplates", as they came to be known, were highly regarded by those who received them.


title: Gorget

text: The scarlet patches still worn on each side of the collar of the tunics of British Army general officers and senior officers are called "gorget patches" in reference to this article of armour. There were two types - the first, red with a crimson centre stripe, were for Colonels and Brigadiers, and red with a gold centre stripe for General Officers. Today, they signify an officer of the General Staff, to which all British officers are appointed on reaching the rank of Colonel. With limited exceptions such as senior officers of the Army Medical and Dental Corps, the historic colour differentials are no longer worn in the British service.


title: Gorget

text: However, the historic colours are still used in the gorget patches of the Canadian Army. Air officers in the Indian and Sri Lankan air forces also wear gorget patches with one to five stars depending on their seniority.


title: Gorget

text: RAF officer cadets wear white gorget patches on their service dress and mess dress uniforms. Very similar collar patches are worn by British army officer cadets at Sandhurst on the standup collars of their dark-blue "Number One" dress uniforms. These features of modern uniforms are a residual survival from the earlier practice of suspending the actual gorgets from ribbons attached to buttons on both collars of the uniform. Such buttons were often mounted on a patch of coloured cloth or gold embroidery.


title: Gorget

text: Recent advances in protective armour have led to the functional gorget being reintroduced into the US Army and Marine Improved Outer Tactical Vest and Modular Tactical Vest systems respectively.


title: Gorget

text: The state flag of South Carolina features a crescent in the upper left quadrant which now resembles a crescent moon, but which some oral traditions have suggested may have once represented a gorget. The state flag derives from a flag designed by Colonel William Moultrie in 1775 with a blue ground and crescent based on the uniforms of the Second South Carolina Regiment, who wore a crescent with the tips pointing up on their hats. Through the 19th century, the crescent on the state flag also appeared with the tips pointing up, and it was not until the 20th century that it was turned on its side to resemble a crescent moon. The mystery of its original meaning is still unresolved, and the crescent as it appears on the modern state flag is normally interpreted as a moon.


title: Gorget

text: The term also refers to a patch of coloured feathers found on the throat or upper breast of some species of birds.


title: Führerprinzip

text: The (; German for 'leader principle') prescribed the fundamental basis of political authority in the Government of Nazi Germany. This principle can be most succinctly understood to mean that "the Führer's word is above all written law" and that governmental policies, decisions, and offices ought to work toward the realization of this end. In actual political usage, it refers mainly to the practice of dictatorship within the ranks of a political party itself, and as such, it has become an earmark of political fascism. Nazi Germany aimed to implement the leader principle at all levels of society, with as many organizations and institutions as possible being run by an individual appointed leader rather than by an elected committee. This included schools, sports associations, factories, and more. Nazi propaganda often focused on the theme of a single heroic leader overcoming the adversity of committees, bureaucrats and parliaments. German history, from Nordic sagas to Frederick the Great and Otto von Bismarck, was interpreted to emphasize the value of unquestioning obedience to a visionary leader.


title: Führerprinzip

text: The was not invented by the Nazis. Hermann von Keyserling, a Baltic German philosopher from Estonia, was the first to use the term. One of Keyserling's central claims was that certain "gifted individuals" were "born to rule" on the basis of Social Darwinism.


title: Führerprinzip

text: The ideology of the sees each organization as a hierarchy of leaders, where every leader (, in German) has absolute responsibility in his own area, demands absolute obedience from those below him and answers only to his superiors. This required obedience and loyalty even over concerns of right and wrong. The supreme leader, Adolf Hitler, answered to the German nation only. Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben has argued that Hitler saw himself as an incarnation of , and as the living law or highest law itself, effectively combining in his persona executive power, judicial power, and legislative power. After the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler declared: "in this hour, I was responsible for the fate of the German nation and was therefore the supreme judge of the German people!"


title: Führerprinzip

text: The paralleled the functionality of military organizations, which continue to use a similar authority structure today, although in democratic countries members are supposed to be restrained by codes of conduct. The – German paramilitary organizations made up of men who had fought in World War I and been mustered out after Germany's defeat, but who found it impossible to return to civilian life – were run on the principle. Many of the same men had, earlier in life, been part of various German youth groups in the period from 1904–1913. These groups had also accepted the idea of blind obedience to a leader. The justification for the civil use of the was that unquestioning obedience to superiors supposedly produced order and prosperity in which those deemed 'worthy' would share.


title: Führerprinzip

text: In the case of the Nazis, the became integral to the Nazi Party in July 1921, when Adolf Hitler forced a showdown with the original leaders of the party after he learned that they were attempting to merge it with the somewhat larger German Socialist Party. Learning of this, and knowing that any merger would dilute his influence over the group, Hitler quit the Nazis. Realizing that the party would be completely ineffective without Hitler as their front man, the founder of the party, Anton Drexler, opened negotiations with Hitler, who delivered an ultimatum: he must be recognized as the sole leader () of the party, with dictatorial powers. The executive committee gave in to his demands, and Hitler rejoined the party a few days later to become its permanent ruler, with Drexler demoted to honorary chairman for life.


title: Führerprinzip

text: In time, as the party expanded, it fragmented somewhat, with the northern faction led by the Strasser brothers, Otto and Gregor, and including Joseph Goebbels, holding more Third Positionist views than the southern faction controlled by Hitler in Munich. They differed in other ways as well, including on the party's acceptance of the Führer Principle. In another confrontation engineered by Hitler, a party conference was called on February 14, 1926 in Bamberg. At this conference, Hitler won over the leaders of the northern faction with his oratorical skills, and the question of whether the NSDAP would follow the was put to rest for good.


title: Führerprinzip

text: When Hitler finally came to absolute power, after being appointed Chancellor and assuming the powers of the President when Paul von Hindenburg died, he changed his title to ("Führer and Reich Chancellor"), and the became an integral part of German society. Appointed mayors replaced elected local governments. Schools lost elected parents' councils and faculty advisory boards, with all authority being put in the headmaster's hands. The Nazis suppressed associations and unions with elected leaders, putting in their place mandatory associations with appointed leaders. The authorities allowed private corporations to keep their internal organization, but with a simple renaming from hierarchy to . Conflicting associations—e.g., sports associations responsible for the same sport—were into a single one under the leadership of a single , who appointed the of a regional association, who appointed the sports club Führer, often appointing the person whom the club had previously elected. Shop stewards had their authority carefully circumscribed to prevent their infringing on that of the plant leader. Eventually, virtually no activity or organization in Germany could exist that was completely independent of party or state leadership.


title: Führerprinzip

text: Hermann Göring told Nevile Henderson that: "When a decision has to be taken, none of us counts more than the stones on which we are standing. It is the alone who decides". In practice, the selection of unsuitable candidates often led to micromanagement and commonly to an inability to formulate coherent policy. Albert Speer noted that many Nazi officials dreaded making decisions in Hitler's absence. Rules tended to become oral rather than written; leaders with initiative who flouted regulations and carved out their own spheres of influence might receive praise and promotion rather than censure.


title: Führerprinzip

text: Many Nazi propaganda films promoted the importance of the . depicted Volga German refugees saved from Communist persecution by a leader demanding unquestioning obedience. altered its source material to depict its hero, Clausen, as the unwavering leader of his munitions firm, who, faced with his children's machinations, disowns them and bestows the firm on the state, confident that a worker will arise capable of continuing his work and, as a true leader, needing no instruction. "Carl Peters" shows the title character in firm, decisive action to hold and win African colonies, but brought down by a parliament that does not realize the necessity of .


title: Führerprinzip

text: In the schools, adolescent boys were presented with Nordic sagas as the illustration of , which was developed with such heroes as Frederick the Great and Otto von Bismarck.


title: Führerprinzip

text: This was combined with the glorification of the one, central , Adolf Hitler. During the Night of Long Knives, it was claimed that his decisive action saved Germany, though it meant (in Goebbels's description) suffering "tragic loneliness" from being a Siegfried forced to shed blood to preserve Germany. In one speech Robert Ley explicitly proclaimed "The is always right." Booklets given out for the Winter Relief donations included "The Führer Makes History", a collection of Hitler photographs, and "The Führer’s Battle in the East" Films such as and "Triumph of the Will" glorified him.


title: Führerprinzip

text: Carl Schmitt – drawn to the Nazi party by his admiration for a decisive leader praised him in his pamphlet "State, and Movement" because only the ruthless will of such a leader could save Germany and its people from the "asphalt culture" of modernity, to bring about unity and authenticity.


title: Führerprinzip

text: During the post-war Nuremberg Trials, Nazi war criminals – and, later, Adolf Eichmann during his trial in Israel – used the concept to argue that they were not guilty of war crimes by claiming that they were only following orders. Eichmann may have declared his conscience was inconvenienced by war events in order to "do his job" as best he could.


title: Führerprinzip

text: In "Eichmann in Jerusalem", Hannah Arendt concluded that, aside from a desire for improving his career, Eichmann showed no trace of anti-Semitism or psychological abnormalities whatsoever. She called him the embodiment of the "banality of evil", as he appeared at his trial to have an ordinary and common personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred, denying any form of responsibility. Eichmann argued he was simply "doing his job" and maintained he had always tried to act in accordance with Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative. Arendt suggested that these statements most strikingly discredit the idea that Nazi criminals were manifestly psychopathic and different from common people, that even the most ordinary of people can commit horrendous crimes if placed in the catalyzing situation, and given the correct incentives. However, Arendt disagreed with this interpretation, as Eichmann justified himself with the . Arendt argued that children obey, whereas adults adhere to an ideology.


title: Zee News

text: Zee News is an Indian Hindi-language news channel owned by Subhash Chandra's Essel Group. It launched on 27 August 1999 and is the flagship channel of the Zee Media Corporation.


title: Zee News

text: The channel has been involved in several controversies and has broadcast fabricated news stories on multiple occasions. The channel has been subjected to an ongoing criminal defamation case against legislator Mahua Moitra as of March 2020.


title: Zee News

text: Zee Media Corporation Limited (formerly Zee News Ltd.) was founded by Essel Group. and it was incorporated in August 27, 1999 as Zee Sports Ltd. it was a subsidiary of the Zee Telefilms Ltd (later renamed to Zee Entertainment Enterprises).The company was reincorporated on 27 May 2004, as Zee News Ltd. It was demerged as a separate company of the Essel Group in 2006. In 2013, Zee News Ltd changed its name to Zee Media Corporation Limited.


title: Zee News

text: The chairman of the group is Subhash Chandra, who is a Bharatiya Janata Party-backed member of the Rajya Sabha.


title: Zee News

text: The channel was tried for allegedly extorting ₹1 billion from the Jindal Group revealed through a sting operation. Two senior journalists Sudhir Chaudhary and Sameer Ahluwalia were arrested. The two were sent to 14-day judicial custody in Tihar jail and were ultimately released on bail.


title: Zee News

text: Naveen Jindal had accused the two journalists of trying to extort in advertisements for Zee News from him through blackmail by threatening to air stories against his company in the Coalgate scam.


title: Zee News

text: Zee News denied the charges and made counter claims of Jindal offering them to halt their investigations against Jindal Steel's involvement in the scam but filed no charges.


title: Zee News

text: In July 2018, the Jindal Group withdrew the case against Zee News and both parties to the litigation stated that an out of court settlement had been reached which remains undisclosed.


title: Zee News

text: On 9 July 2020, Nepal's satellite and cable television operators banned Zee News and some other Indian privately owned news channels, citing "propaganda and defamatory report against Nepal government".


title: Zee News

text: In June 2022, The News Broadcasting and Digital Standards Authority said Zee News' headlines on Umar Khalid ‘gave an impression that the accused had already been declared guilty’ and asked them to take down the segments.


title: Zee News

text: In the same month, The News Broadcasting and Digital Standards Authority directed Zee News to take down a debate show from its website and social media handles about Muslim population for violating the regulator’s code of ethics, saying it was “telecast without any data or substantial material to support it”. Further, the news regulator said that the manner in which the topic was framed and language used, it was clear that there was an agenda behind the debate.


title: Zee News

text: Sudhir Chaudhary was the former editor-in-chief of Zee News and also the former anchor of the prime time show on the channel.


title: Zee News

text: "Zee News" reported that students from the Democratic Students' Union (DSU) raised "anti-India" slogans such as "Bharat ki barbadi" (Destruction of India) and "Pakistan Zindabad" (Long live Pakistan) in an event on the Jawaharlal Nehru University campus. In a letter Vishwa Deepak, a journalist working at the channel gave a statement that "our biases made us hear "Bhartiya Court Zindabad" (Long live Indian courts) as "Pakistan Zindabad."" Vishwa Deepak later resigned from the channel after expressing reservations over its "biased coverage". The footage on the newscast of Zee News had formed the basis of charges filed by the Delhi Police. Sudhir Chaudhary, editor and prime time anchor of the channel however on a telecast made a statement saying "our channel only showed what was happening there, whatever we have shown is 100% authentic." A forensic report of the Delhi Police however later stated that the footage was doctored.


title: Zee News

text: Anchor Sudhir Chaudhary ran a Daily News and Analysis program announcing that the Indian 2000-rupee note issued after the 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation by the government have GPS chips which will allow the government to track currency, thereby reducing corruption. The Minister of Finance, Arun Jaitley dismissed the report as being rumours. The Reserve Bank of India has also given a statement that no such chips are present in the currency notes. The presence of "nano GPS" in the currency notes has been classified as a hoax being spread on social media.


title: Zee News

text: Zee News telecasted a video with the claim that the slogans of "Pakistan Zindabad" were raised at a rally in Alwar presided over by the Indian National Congress politician, Navjot Singh Sidhu. Sidhu accused Zee News of playing a doctored video and threatened to file a defamation suit against Zee News. Sidhu stated that slogans of "Jo Bole So Nihal" were misconstrued as being in favor of Pakistan. Zee News accused Sidhu of calling a news broadcast to be fake news sent a defamation notice to him. The noticed demanded an apology from him within 24 hours and threatened to pursue legal recourse if an apology was not issued by him.


title: Zee News

text: Zee News telecasted a show featuring editor-in-chief Sudhir Chaudhary where he claimed that Trinamool Congress legislator Mahua Moitra had plagiarised author Martin Longman in her maiden speech after being elected to the Lok Sabha. Moitra accused the channel of false reporting and submitted a breach of privilege motion against Zee News and Sudhir Chaudhary. Martin Longman responded and stated that the legislator did not plagiarise him. Subsequently, Moitra filed a criminal defamation case against Chaudhary.


title: Zee News

text: In January 2021, during 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest, Zee News aired a video of decorated tractors, claiming that it was evidence of a forthcoming protest by farmers, and commenting, "Why use such tractors of terror in the farmer protests? Are these tractors a means of waging war with the law? Are these farmers' tractors or terror tractors?". The video in question contained persons speaking in German and was confirmed as having been taken from a rally conducted in Germany in December 2020, in which tractors were decorated, and displayed to raise funds for children who were being treated for cancer.


title: Zee News

text: The 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election were held on 8 February 2020. The exit poll results predicted the Aam Aadmi Party to retain their government in National capital territory of Delhi. The Zee News telecast of the exit poll results featured Sudhir Chaudhary who indulged in polemic commentary against the voters of the election. He stated that the people of Delhi had chosen Pakistan over Hindustan and that the rule of Mughals will now return. He further alleged that, the people of Delhi are lazy and only concerned about "freebies" and that issues like Ram Mandir, Balakot airstrike and Revocation of Article 370 do not matter to them which is why they have rejected the Bharatiya Janata Party. The telecast resulted in backlash and mockery of Zee News and Sudhir Chaudhary on social media.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: Cenwalh, also Cenwealh or Coenwalh, was King of Wessex from c. 642 to c. 645 and from c. 648 until his death, according to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", in c. 672.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: Bede states that Cenwalh was the son of the King Cynegils baptised by Bishop Birinus. He was also the great-great grandson of Cerdic. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" offers several ancestries for Cynegils, and the relationship of Cynegils and Cenwalh to later kings is less than certain. It has been noted that the name Cenwalh is of British rather than Anglo-Saxon etymology. Although Cynegils is said to have been a convert to Christianity, Bede writes that Cenwalh:refused to embrace the mysteries of the faith, and of the heavenly kingdom; and not long after also he lost the dominion of his earthly kingdom; for he put away the sister of Penda, king of the Mercians, whom he had married, and took another wife; whereupon a war ensuing, he was by him expelled his kingdom...


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: Cenwalh took refuge with the Christian king Anna of East Anglia, and was baptised while in exile, although the date of his exile is uncertain. Bede says that it lasted three years, but does not give the dates. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" reports that he granted lands at Ashdown to a kinsman named Cuthred. If this is the same Cuthred whose death is reported around 661, then he was perhaps a son of King Cwichelm or a grandson of Cynegils, if indeed King Cwichelm was not also a son of Cynegils.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: None of the West Saxon dates give any clear evidence for the period of Cenwalh's exile, but since King Anna was killed by Penda in 654, and exiled from East Anglia by him in 651 (according to the contemporary "Additamentum Nivialensis"), Cenwalh's exile cannot have begun much later than 648. Furthermore, if (as William of Malmesbury states) Cenwalh was baptised by Saint Felix, this must have occurred by c. 647. Cenwalh's repudiation of Penda's sister therefore followed fairly closely upon Penda's killing of Oswald of Northumbria at Maserfeld in 642, Oswald being the godfather of Cynegils, and husband of Cenwalh's sister Cyneburh, and thus the protector of Cynegils's line in Wessex. Penda was killed at the Battle of Winwaed on 15 November 655. Barbara Yorke suggests that Cenwalh returned to power in 648, D.P. Kirby places his exile in the 650s.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: Whenever Cenwalh returned to power, his Bishop in Dorchester-on-Thames was the Frank Agilbert. Bede states:At length the king, who understood none but the language of the Saxons, grown weary of that bishop's barbarous tongue, brought into the province another bishop of his own nation, whose name was Wini, who had been ordained in France; and dividing his province into two dioceses, appointed this last his episcopal see in the city of Winchester, by the Saxons called Wintancestir.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: The new diocese of Winchester, in lands formerly belonging to the Jutes (who were thereafter confined to the Isle of Wight) lay in the heart of the future Wessex. The ravaging of Ashdown by Penda's son Wulfhere c. 661, in the original lands of the Gewisse, suggests that this movement was brought about by sustained Mercian pressure on the Saxons.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: Wulfhere advanced as far south as the Isle of Wight, and detached the Meon valley from Cenwalh's kingdom, giving it to his godson Æthelwalh, King of the South Saxons. At around this time, the Mercian prince Frithuwold was ruling Surrey and Berkshire. Wulfhere's defeat at the hands of Ecgfrith in 674 freed the southern kingdoms from Mercian control, and Wulfhere was defeated the following year by the West Saxons, led by Æscwine.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" records a battle between Cenwalh and the Britons in its entry for 658: "Here Cenwalh fought at Peonnum against the Wealas and caused them to flee as far as the Parret". The advance into the British south-west is obscure, but Cenwalh's relations with the Britons were not uniformly hostile. He is reported to have endowed the British monastery at Sherborne, in Dorset, while the early Anglo-Saxon missionary Saint Boniface is said to have been born in Crediton, Devon, and educated at a formerly British monastery near Exeter.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: Whether Cenwalh ruled alone in Wessex is uncertain. Earlier kings appear to have shared rulership, and Cenberht, father of the future King Caedwalla, may have ruled together with Cenwalh rather than being merely a sub-king.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: In 665–668 Cenwalh quarreled with Bishop Wini, who sought refuge with the Mercian king Wulfhere, which D.P. Kirby takes to be a sign of Wulfhere's influence. By this time, the Bishop at Dorchester was the Mercian-backed Ætla, and Thame was a possession of Wulfhere's.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", Cenwalh died in 672, and was succeeded by his widow, Seaxburh, who held power for about a year.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: No later kings of the West Saxons are known to be descended from Cenwalh, indeed no descendants of his are known. King Centwine is said to have been his brother, but Kirby notes the circumstantial evidence which makes this unlikely.


title: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: However, if no descendants of Cenwalh held the throne in Wessex, it may be that his descendants held power in Mercia and Kent in the 9th century. The Mercian kings Coenwulf and Ceolwulf, and their brother Cuthred, King of Kent, claimed descent from an otherwise unknown brother of Penda and Eowa called Coenwalh. It has been suggested that Coenwalh was in fact this Cenwalh, brother-in-law, rather than brother, of Penda and Eowa.


title: Nagendra Prasad

text: Nagendra Prasad Sundaram (born 19 December 1975) is an Indian dance choreographer and actor who works in Tamil and Kannada films (as a lead actor). He is the youngest son of dance master Mugur Sundar, and younger brother to popular cine artistes Prabhu Deva and Raju Sundaram.


title: Nagendra Prasad

text: He was most noted for his appearance in the song "Humma Humma", from the film "Bombay". He has also acted in the 2001 Kannada movie "Chithra", opposite Rekha Vedavyas a.k.a. Akshara. He also acted in the Kannada movie "Manasalla Neene", which was directed by his father – ace choreographer Mugur Sundaram and was the remake of the Telugu movie "Manasantha Nuvve", starring Uday Kiran and Reema Sen. He has also acted in a tele-serial called "Maya Machindra" on STAR Vijay. He took part in "Jodi" number 1 season 7. He was eliminated in the semi-finals, but his performance in all the rounds were outstanding. He has a dance school, MSM dance school named after his father.


title: Shivon Zilis

text: Shivon Alice Zilis (born February 8, 1986) is a Canadian venture capitalist who works in the technology and artificial intelligence fields.


title: Shivon Zilis

text: Zilis was born in Markham, Ontario, Canada on 8 February 1986 to an Indian Punjabi mother and a white Canadian father. She is an only child and one of her parents is a former federal bureaucrat. Zilis graduated from Markham's Unionville High School. She graduated from Yale University on academic and athletic financial aid in 2008, with degrees in economics and philosophy. She identifies with philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and David Hume. At Yale, she played on the ice hockey team and is credited with one of the all-time best save percentages as a goalkeeper at the school. Outside of athletics, she played the drums and guitar and read literature. Zilis was inspired by Canadian band Our Lady Peace to read the 1999 book "The Age of Spiritual Machines" by Ray Kurzweil, and has studied artificial intelligence ever since.


title: Shivon Zilis

text: After graduating from Yale, Zilis initially planned to return to Canada but instead started her career at IBM in New York, working in financial technologies in developing countries, especially Peru and Indonesia. From 2012 to 2018, she was one of the founding investors and partner of Bloomberg Beta, funded by Bloomberg L.P., utilizing what she calls "machine intelligence".


title: Shivon Zilis

text: She is a Fellow at the Creative Destruction Lab (a machine learning incubator at University of Toronto), on the board of Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, and a charter member of C100.


title: Shivon Zilis

text: She co-hosts an annual conference at the University of Toronto that brings together the foremost authors, academics, founders, and investors in machine intelligence. She was one of Forbes 30 Under 30 in and LinkedIn's 35 Under 35.


title: Shivon Zilis

text: In 2015, Zilis was listed on the "Forbes 30 Under 30" list for venture capital. Zilis serves as director of operations and special projects at Neuralink and reports directly to Elon Musk. Zilis met Musk through her non-profit work at OpenAI, of which she is currently a board member. Although Musk co-founded OpenAI, as of 2019, he is no longer involved in the organization or its board. From 2017 to 2019, she served as a project director for Tesla, Inc.'s Autopilot product and chip design team.


title: Shivon Zilis

text: In July 2022, it was revealed through the obtaining of Travis County, Texas court documents that Zilis had twins with Elon Musk who were born in November 2021. Executives claimed that they were born via in vitro fertilization (IVF). She stated in 2020, that Musk is the person she admires most despite criticism towards him. According to court documents to register the twins' names, Musk and Zilis listed the same address in Austin.


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: The 2022 ARCA Menards Series was the 70th season of the ARCA Menards Series, a stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States. The season began at Daytona International Speedway with the Lucas Oil 200 on February 19 and ended with the Shore Lunch 200 at Toledo Speedway on October 8.


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: Ty Gibbs, the 2021 series champion, ran full-time for Joe Gibbs Racing in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in 2022 and therefore did not return to run full-time in the ARCA Menards Series and defend his title.


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: Nick Sanchez won his first championship in the series in 2022. It was the first championship for Rev Racing in the main ARCA Series and their first NASCAR/ARCA championship since winning the 2012 East Series title with Kyle Larson. Sanchez, who is Hispanic, is also the first driver in NASCAR's Drive for Diversity program to win a championship while a member of the program since Larson in 2012. He is also the first driver of Hispanic ancestry to win an ARCA championship.


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: The race at Milwaukee also featured six female drivers competing in the race (Amber Balcaen, Toni Breidinger, Mandy Chick, Stephanie Moyer, Amber Slagle, and Rita Thomason). This tied a record for the series, as six female drivers also ran the 2010 season-opener at Daytona (Jennifer Jo Cobb, Milka Duno, Jill George, Leilani Münter, Alli Owens and Danica Patrick).


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: Note: If a driver is listed as their own crew chief for a particular race, that means that their entry in that race was a start and park.


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: Some tracks announced their 2022 race dates before the release of the entire schedule on October 29, 2021.


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: The TV lineup is similar to what it looked like in 2021, with FS1 airing almost all of the races that occur at tracks that the NASCAR Cup, Xfinity and Truck Series go to and have races at on the same weekend as the ARCA Menards Series and FS1 is at the track to broadcast at least one of those series. The rest of the races are aired on MAVTV. The only races that FS1 is not broadcasting where the Cup, Xfinity and/or Truck Series does have a race at on the same weekend are Phoenix and Kansas, which are both on MAVTV.


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: NBC Sports TrackPass, which previously had the streaming rights to all of the MAVTV races, lost the rights to FloRacing. The Fox Sports App will continue to stream all of the races on FS1.


title: 2022 ARCA Menards Series

text: () Bold – Pole position awarded by time. "Italics" – Pole position set by final practice results or rainout. * – Most laps led. ** – All laps led.


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: Angelique Pettyjohn (born Dorothy Lee Perrins; March 11, 1943 – February 14, 1992) was an American actress and burlesque queen. She appeared as the drill thrall Shahna in the "" episode "The Gamesters of Triskelion".


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: Pettyjohn was born in Los Angeles, California, and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. Her first credited film appearances were in 1967 under the name Angelique. They include "The Touch of Her Flesh" and "The Love Rebellion". Her big break came that same year in the Elvis Presley film "Clambake".


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: Pettyjohn was one of the go-go dancers in the opening scene of the comedy film "The Odd Couple" (1968), starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau, and she also tested for the role of Nova in "Planet of the Apes" the same year (Linda Harrison accepted the role).


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: In 1968, Pettyjohn appeared in the "" episode "The Gamesters of Triskelion" as Shahna, the thrall trainer of Captain James T. Kirk. She also appeared on other 1960s television series such as "Mister Terrific"; "The Green Hornet"; "Batman"; "Love, American Style"; "The Girl from U.N.C.L.E."; and as male CONTROL agent Charlie Watkins (a "master of disguise" who is able to appear convincingly female) in two episodes of "Get Smart": "Smart Fit the Battle of Jericho" and "Pussycats Galore" (1967).


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: In 1969, she starred in the horror film "The Mad Doctor of Blood Island", appeared as Cherry in the biker film "Hell's Belles", played a saloon girl in the Glenn Ford Western "Heaven with a Gun", and starred in "Childish Things", co-directed by John Derek.


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: Her 1970s films included "Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon" (1970) starring Liza Minnelli, the sci-fi exploitation film "The Curious Female" (1970), and the low-budget crime drama "The G.I. Executioner" (1971) where she played a topless dancer. She played a stripping nun in the comedy film "Good-bye, Cruel World" (1983), and appeared in such cult classic features as "The Lost Empire" (1984), "Repo Man" (1984), "Biohazard" (1985), and Mike Jittlov's film "The Wizard of Speed and Time" (1989), where she played an assistant to a movie executive (and designed her own costumes).


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: During the early 1980s, she made use of her buxom figure in such hardcore adult films as "Titillation", "Stalag 69", and "Body Talk" (all 1982) under the pseudonyms Angelique, Heaven St. John, and Angel St. John.


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: During the 1970s, she worked as a burlesque star in Las Vegas. In 1970, she appeared in Barry Ashton's Burlesque Show at the Silver Slipper Gambling Hall and Saloon. She later was a featured showgirl in the Vive Paris Vive show at the Aladdin Hotel. She also was featured in the Maxim Hotel & Casino Burlesque Show, and in 1978 teamed with Bob Mitchell and Miss Nude Universe in "True Olde Tyme Burlesque" at the Joker Club. She was photographed by Robert Scott Hooper for the February 1979 "Playboy" pictorial "The Girls of Las Vegas".


title: Angelique Pettyjohn

text: Pettyjohn became quite popular at the "Star Trek" conventions and in 1979 Hooper photographed her in her costume from the episode "The Gamesters of Triskelion". They produced two posters, one in her complete costume and one nude without the costume that she sold at the conventions.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: George Best Belfast City Airport is a single-runway airport in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Situated in County Down, it is adjacent to the Port of Belfast and is from Belfast City Centre. It shares the site with the Spirit AeroSystems (formerly Short Brothers/Bombardier) aircraft manufacturing facility. The airport began commercial operations in 1983, and was known as "Belfast City Airport" until it was renamed in 2006 in memory of George Best, the professional footballer from Belfast. The airport has a CAA public use aerodrome licence (number P862) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: As of October 2022, 7 airlines operate 22 routes across the UK and Europe from Belfast City Airport. In 2021, the airport handled over 800,000 passengers, having peaked at 2.7 million in 2010.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: The airport serves as a regional base for Aer Lingus, British Airways and Flybe, who are the largest operators there. Ground handling is provided by Swissport and Menzies Aviation, the latter also offering cargo handling services.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: Sydenham Airport was established by Shorts beside its Belfast factory at Sydenham in 1937. It was opened on 16 March 1938 by Anne Chamberlain, the wife of then British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain. The inaugural flight was to Glasgow, Scotland. This became Belfast's main civilian airport from 1938 to 1939. The airfield was requisitioned by the RAF as RAF Belfast in 1941, then transferred to the Royal Navy, becoming "HMS Gadwall" (also known as RNAS Belfast or RNAS Sydenham) in 1943. RAF Nutts Corner then became Belfast's main airport (while Aldergrove would later become the primary airport in Northern Ireland).


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In 1952, the runway was extended to its present . The airfield at Sydenham continued to be used for military purposes until the 1970s (reverting to RAF Belfast in 1973 and closing in 1978), including a period of use by the Fleet Air Arm as a naval aircraft storage unit. After this, it was used solely by Shorts.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In 1983, following interest from airlines and customers, the airfield was opened for commercial flights as "Belfast Harbour Airport" (subsequently "Belfast City Airport" and then with its current name). Its IATA airport code "BHD" refers to "Belfast Harbour" and to its location in "County Down". Jersey European began operations at the airport in 1988. At the time of its demise in 2020, the airline - by then called Flybe - operated a large base from the airport.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: A new terminal was officially opened on 3 June 2001. Following major capital investment Bombardier sold the airport in 2003 for £35 million to the Spanish company Ferrovial, the owner of BAA Airports. Ferrovial re-sold the airport in September 2008 for £132.5 million to ABN Amro Global Infrastructure Fund.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In March 2006, it was announced that the airport would be renamed in memory of Northern Irish footballer George Best. The new name, "George Best Belfast City Airport", and signage were revealed at the renaming ceremony attended by Best's family and friends on 22 May 2006, which would have been Best's 60th birthday. The renaming of the airport caused controversy, with many articles in local and national print media highlighting the mixed feelings of Belfast residents. Also in March 2006 Flybe announced that it would be naming its Belfast City – Manchester service after the footballer, dedicating a plane to him.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In October 2007 Ryanair established its 23rd base at the airport, operating five routes and carrying 800,000 annual passengers. The airline closed its Belfast City base in 2010 due to delays in the planned runway extension. The airline stated that would fly to European destinations from the airport if the runway was extended.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In January 2010 easyJet commenced flights to London Luton, though the airline moved the route back to Belfast International in 2011.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: Manx2 moved its Isle of Man service to the airport in 2010, however the airline has since ceased operations.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In January 2011 Bmibaby moved its Belfast base to the airport, in order to keep its operation under one roof with sister airline BMI. The airline ceased operations from Belfast City Airport in June 2012.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In October 2012 Aer Lingus moved its services from Belfast International to the airport. The airline launched flights to five destinations, though it has since reduced their operations to just one route. Spanish carrier Vueling launched summer-seasonal flights to Barcelona in May 2015, though the route was cancelled in late 2015. Dutch carrier KLM launched daily flights to Amsterdam in 2015, with flights operated by KLM Cityhopper. Brussels Airlines launched flights to Brussels in 2016, though the airline axed the route in 2017. In early 2017, Eastern Airways commenced flights to the Isle of Man following the demise of Citywing, though the airline axed the route in 2018. Icelandic carrier Air Iceland Connect commenced flights to Keflavik in 2017 on behalf of Icelandair, though the route was cancelled in 2018. Scottish airline Loganair commenced operations to Carlisle in 2019, followed by Dundee in 2020.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: Flybe, which operated 80% of flights at the airport, and carried over 1.6 million passengers across 14 routes, ceased operations in March 2020. Subsequently, Loganair commenced flights to Aberdeen, Glasgow, and Inverness, while Eastern Airways commenced flights to Cardiff and Southampton. In addition, British Airways subsidiary BA Cityflyer commenced flights to London City during 2020.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In August 2020, Aer Lingus subsidiary Aer Lingus Regional established a new base at the airport, operating five aircraft to six UK destinations. In June 2021, Aer Lingus Regional operator Stobart Air ceased operations, leading to the cancellation of all Aer Lingus Regional flights. Aer Lingus and British Airways commenced flights to the majority of Aer Lingus Regional's destinations from Belfast City Airport.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: Ryanair resumed flying from the airport after a hiatus of around 11 years, on 1 June 2021, but announced in late August 2021 that it would withdraw from Northern Ireland altogether in September 2021, in protest at the UK's Air Passenger Duty, and the lack of post-Covid incentives for airlines.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: In March 2022, Emerald Airlines, the new operator of Aer Lingus Regional flights, announced that they would be opening a base at the airport. Initially with a base of three ATR-72-600 aircraft, Emerald plan on serving six UK destinations from March 24, 2022 under the Aer Lingus brand, with Aer Lingus itself operating the London Heathrow route.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: On the 16 March 2022, the new Flybe announced that the airport would become their second operating base following their spring relaunch, with flights going on sale the following week.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: As the airport is adjacent to residential areas, the issue of noise pollution is a major source of public debate. The airport has developed a noise management strategy following the making of a planning agreement, under which the airport operates, and has established operational noise abatement procedures.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: The airport applied for a complete removal of the limit on the seats it could sell in 2013 – a key element of the 1997 planning agreement, which was designed to guard against over-expansion. As a result, numerous residents' groups formed a coalition – The Coalition Against Belfast City Airport Expansion – to protest against the airport's proposed expansion plans, and to represent the views of residents at the Examination in Public held during 2006.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Belfast City Airport:


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: Sydenham railway station is adjacent to the southern perimeter of the airport, across the A2 from the old passenger terminal. It is served by frequent Northern Ireland Railways trains between Bangor and Portadown. Trains towards Portadown call at the Belfast Central and Great Victoria Street railway stations. With the construction of the new passenger terminal further northeast, passengers arriving or departing by train can request an airport courtesy bus to take them to or from the terminal.


title: George Best Belfast City Airport

text: Translink Metro route 600 is the Belfast City Airlink service, from the terminal to the Belfast Europa Buscentre adjacent to the Europa Hotel and Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station. Buses run every thirty minutes throughout the day. In addition Metro bus 3A operates every ten minutes from Sydenham to Belfast City Hall. The Airporter service operates 12 coach services to the airport on weekdays as well as five coaches on Saturdays and eight coaches on Sundays to Derry.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: Although a variety of infectious diseases existed in the Americas in pre-Columbian times, the limited size of the populations, smaller number of domesticated animals with zoonotic diseases, and limited interactions between those populations (as compared to areas of Europe and Asia) hampered the transmission of communicable diseases. One notable infectious disease of American origin is syphilis. Aside from that, most of the major infectious diseases known today originated in the Old World (Africa, Asia, and Europe). The American era of limited infectious disease ended with the arrival of Europeans in the Americas and the Columbian exchange of microorganisms, including those that cause human diseases. Eurasian infections and epidemics had major effects on Native American life in the colonial period and nineteenth century, especially.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: Eurasia was a crossroads among many distant, different peoples separated by hundreds, if not thousands, of miles. But repeated warfare by invading populations spread infectious disease throughout the continent, as did trade, including the Silk Road. For more than 1,000 years travelers brought goods and infectious diseases from the East, where some of the latter had jumped from animals to humans. As a result of chronic exposure, many infections became endemic within their societies over time, so that surviving Europeans gradually developed some acquired immunity, although they were still subject to pandemics and epidemics. Europeans carried such endemic diseases when they migrated and explored the New World.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: Native Americans often contracted infectious disease through trading and exploration contacts with Europeans, and these were transmitted far from the sources and colonial settlements, through exclusively Native American trading transactions. Warfare and enslavement also contributed to disease transmission. Because their populations had not been previously exposed to most of these infectious diseases, the indigenous people rarely had individual or population acquired immunity and consequently suffered very high mortality. The numerous deaths disrupted Native American societies. This phenomenon is known as the virgin soil effect.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: The arrival and settlement of Europeans in the Americas resulted in what is known as the Columbian exchange. During this period European settlers brought many different technologies, animals, plants, and lifestyles with them, some of which benefited the indigenous peoples. Europeans also took plants and goods back to the Old World. Potatoes and tomatoes from the Americas became integral to European and Asian cuisines, for instance.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: But Europeans also unintentionally brought new infectious diseases, including smallpox, bubonic plague, chickenpox, cholera, the common cold, diphtheria, influenza, malaria, measles, scarlet fever, sexually transmitted diseases (with the possible exception of syphilis), typhoid, typhus, tuberculosis (although a form of this infection existed in South America prior to contact), and pertussis. Each of these resulted in sweeping epidemics among Native Americans, who had disability, illness, and a high mortality rate. The Europeans infected with such diseases typically carried them in a dormant state, were actively infected but asymptomatic, or had only mild symptoms, because Europe had been subject for centuries to a selective process by these diseases. The explorers and colonists often unknowingly passed the diseases to natives. The introduction of African slaves and the use of commercial trade routes contributed to the spread of disease.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: The infections brought by Europeans are not easily tracked, since there were numerous outbreaks and all were not equally recorded. Historical accounts of epidemics are often vague or contradictory in describing how victims were affected. A rash accompanied by a fever might be smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, or varicella, and many epidemics overlapped with multiple infections striking the same population at once, therefore it is often impossible to know the exact causes of mortality (although ancient DNA studies can often determine the presence of certain microbes). Smallpox was the disease brought by Europeans that was most destructive to the Native Americans, both in terms of morbidity and mortality. The first well-documented smallpox epidemic in the Americas began in Hispaniola in late 1518 and soon spread to Mexico. Estimates of mortality range from one-quarter to one-half of the population of central Mexico.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: Native Americans initially believed that illness primarily resulted from being out of balance, in relation to their religious beliefs. Typically, Native Americans held that disease was caused by either a lack of magical protection, the intrusion of an object into the body by means of sorcery, or the absence of the free soul from the body. Disease was understood to enter the body as a natural occurrence if a person was not protected by spirits, or less commonly as a result of malign human or supernatural intervention. For example, Cherokee spiritual beliefs attribute disease to revenge imposed by animals for killing them. In some cases, disease was seen as a punishment for disregarding tribal traditions or disobeying tribal rituals. Spiritual powers were called on to cure diseases through the practice of shamanism. Most Native American tribes also used a wide variety of medicinal plants and other substances in the treatment of disease.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: Smallpox was lethal to many Native Americans, resulting in sweeping epidemics and repeatedly affecting the same tribes. After its introduction to Mexico in 1519, the disease spread across South America, devastating indigenous populations in what are now Colombia, Peru and Chile during the sixteenth century. The disease was slow to spread northward due to the sparse population of the northern Mexico desert region. It was introduced to eastern North America separately by colonists arriving in 1633 to Plymouth, Massachusetts, and local Native American communities were soon struck by the virus. It reached the Mohawk nation in 1634, the Lake Ontario area in 1636, and the lands of other Iroquois tribes by 1679. Between 1613 and 1690 the Iroquois tribes living in Quebec suffered twenty-four epidemics, almost all of them caused by smallpox. By 1698 the virus had crossed the Mississippi, causing an epidemic that nearly obliterated the Quapaw Indians of Arkansas.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: The disease was often spread during war. John McCullough, a Delaware captive since July 1756, who was then 15 years old, wrote that the Lenape people, under the leadership of Shamokin Daniel, "committed several depredations along the Juniata; it happened to be at a time when the smallpox was in the settlement where they were murdering, the consequence was, a number of them got infected, and some died before they got home, others shortly after; those who took it after their return, were immediately moved out of the town, and put under the care of one who had the disease before."


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: By the mid-eighteenth century the disease was affecting populations severely enough to interrupt trade and negotiations. Thomas Hutchins, in his August 1762 journal entry while at Ohio's Fort Miami, named for the Mineamie people, wrote:


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: On June 24, 1763, during the siege of Fort Pitt, as recorded in his journal by fur trader and militia captain William Trent, dignitaries from the Delaware tribe met with British officials at the fort, warned them of "great numbers of Indians" coming to attack the fort, and pleaded with them to leave the fort while there was still time. The commander of the fort, Simeon Ecuyear, refused to abandon the fort. Instead, Ecuyear gave as gifts two blankets, one silk handkerchief and one piece of linen- all infected with smallpox from the fort infirmary- to the two Delaware emissaries Turtleheart and Mamaltee, allegedly in the hope of spreading the deadly disease to nearby tribes, as attested in Trent's journal. The dignitaries were met again later and they seemingly hadn't contracted smallpox. A relatively small outbreak of smallpox had begun spreading earlier that spring, with a hundred dying from it among Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes area through 1763 and 1764. The effectiveness of the biological warfare itself remains unknown, and the method used is inefficient compared to airborne transmission.


title: Native American disease and epidemics

text: 21st-century scientists such as V. Barras and G. Greub have examined such reports. They say that smallpox is spread by respiratory droplets in personal interaction, not by contact with fomites, such objects as were described by Trent. The results of such attempts to spread the disease through objects are difficult to differentiate from naturally occurring epidemics.