title: Girl on the Third Floor

text: "Slashfilm" reviewer Matt Donato decided, "there have been smoother and more leveled 'tortured past inhabitants won't leave' realty nightmares than "Girl On The Third Floor", but this one ain't too shabby." Donato notes how director Stevens "breaks a man down, tears a house apart, and leaves us with the ultimate conclusion that forgiveness can only be granted so many times."


title: La Caixa

text: La Caixa, also known as the "La Caixa" Foundation (), is a not-for-profit banking foundation based in Catalonia. Originally a savings bank ("caja"), it reorganized in the 2000s and 2010s: Its commercial assets are managed under its subsidiary CriteriaCaixa, which also has partial ownership of La Caixa's old banking business CaixaBank; those are used to fund La Caixa's " — social, cultural, scientific, and civic projects for the public good.


title: La Caixa

text: The foundation commonly dates itself to the 1990 creation of the (, ) as a merger of the founded in 1844 and commonly known as , founded in 1844, with the , founded in 1904 and commonly known as the "" and later "La Caixa".


title: La Caixa

text: The ' () was formed in 1904 in Catalonia by Francesc Moragas, and opened to the public in 1905, expanding to the Balearic Islands in 1915. It merged with the ' in 1915, taking on the name "".


title: La Caixa

text: By 1930, the Caja had been reformed 15 times by mergers with other organizations; the first outside of Catalonia was the " in 1930.


title: La Caixa

text: In 1969, the " became the first in Europe to begin real-time computerized tele-processing of transactions, allowing customers to do banking at any branch at will.


title: La Caixa

text: In the late 1980s, the "", by then known commonly known as "La Caixa", began work to expand outside of its usual territory: In 1986 it formed GrupCaixa to get around then-restrictive geographic limitations in the law; GrupCaixa was folded back into La Caixa in 1989 when the limitations were removed.


title: La Caixa

text: 1990, the , and La Caixa, also formerly called the , merged to form the , which itself continued the name "La Caixa".


title: La Caixa

text: In 1995, La Caixa opened the first international representative offices in Porto, Portugal and Brussels, Belgium.


title: La Caixa

text: In January 2008, La Caixa bought part of Morgan Stanley's private banking business in Spain for almost 600 million euros and in 2010, the group acquired Caixa Girona, being one of the three savings bank integration operations that did not require assistance from the FROB (Fund for the orderly restructuring of the banking sector).


title: La Caixa

text: On 29 January 2008, Criteria CaixaCorp was included in IBEX 35. In addition, La Caixa acquired 14.91% of Bank of East Asia's capital.


title: La Caixa

text: It has a portfolio of industrial holdings in companies in the infrastructure, energy and communications sectors, among others.


title: La Caixa

text: On 27 January 2011, within the context of the restructuring of the financial system in Spain, the board of directors of La Caixa unveiled a complete reorganization of the group. The savings bank would transfer its banking business entirely (office network, client portfolio, assets, bank capital...) to a subsidiary in which the majority of shares are held by the same savings bank (74%), which adopted the name of CaixaBank, and was formerly known as Criteria CaixaCorp.


title: La Caixa

text: In this way La Caixa ceased to conduct retail banking business, and its only activity was limited to the maintenance of La Caixa Social Work Project. Although the savings bank no longer operates financially, CaixaBank decided, in its offices and in the commercial relationship with its customers, to use the commercial pseudonym of La Caixa, leaving the brand "CaixaBank" solely for institutional use.


title: La Caixa

text: At the same time, in July 2011, another subsidiary of the group was created, in this case 100% owned by La Caixa, called Criteria CaixaHolding, which would not list on the stock exchange and would bring together the less attractive stocks such as real estate services (Servihabitat) and industrial holdings (Gas Natural Fenosa, Abertis...) and PortAventura World.


title: La Caixa

text: CaixaBank which is publicly traded, remained at the helm of the banking business, the insurer (SegurCaixa) and the more financially attractive shares in foreign banks and in Telefónica and Repsol.


title: La Caixa

text: In March 2012, the group announced an agreement whereby it acquired for 979 million euros and subsequently integrated within CaixaBank the SIP (Institutional Protection Scheme) formed by Cajasol (including Caja de Guadalajara), Caja Navarra, CajaCanarias and Caja de Burgos, commercially known until then as Banca Cívica (Civic Bank). The "Civic Bank" brand was discarded and the SIP was liquidated, transferring its clients, offices and assets to CaixaBank. However, due to its cultural roots, the entity decided to maintain the savings banks' logos that gave rise to the integration in its offices and communications in the offices, combining them with that of the Catalan bank, but only in the territories of influence of each entity.


title: La Caixa

text: On 12 June 2013 the General Shareholders' Meeting of Banco de Valencia approved its integration into CaixaBank. It was agreed to maintain the Banco de Valencia brand in the offices held by the bank in the provinces of Valencia and Castellón with a dual label to indicate that they also belong to CaixaBank.


title: La Caixa

text: On 19 July 2013 the merger deed of Banco de Valencia and CaixaBank was registered in the commercial register, and the integration of Banco de Valencia into CaixaBank became fully effective.


title: La Caixa

text: After the absorption of Banco de Valencia by CaixaBank, both the offices of La Caixa and those of Banco de Valencia in the Region of Murcia regained the name of “Banco de Murcia", next to the star denoting La Caixa.


title: La Caixa

text: On 10 April 2014 it was announced that its transformation into a banking foundation would be decided at the ordinary general meeting on May 22 to comply with the Savings Banks and Banking Foundations Law, which requires savings banks with indirect banking activity to be liquidated and transformed into foundations, responsible for managing social work projects. This would lead to a process of reorganization within the group, which would involve, on the one hand, the dissolution and liquidation of the La Caixa Foundation and, on the other hand, the transfer to Criteria CaixaHolding (100% of La Caixa) of the participation in CaixaBank.


title: La Caixa

text: On 22 May 2014, the general assembly of La Caixa approved its transformation into a banking foundation.


title: La Caixa

text: The foundation was established on 17 June 2014. As a result, on the one hand, the dissolution and liquidation of the La Caixa Foundation would occur, with the overall transfer of its assets and liabilities in favour of the La Caixa Banking Foundation, and, on the other hand, the transfer in favour of Criteria CaixaHolding of the participation of the Caixa at CaixaBank, so that the banking foundation would go on to hold its stake in CaixaBank through Criteria CaixaHolding, and the debt instruments of which La Caixa was the issuer. In this way, the group led by the new La Caixa Banking Foundation would have as main activities: the management of the entire Social Work, those of a financial nature related to the management of its participation in CaixaBank, the administration of the debt instruments that have La Caixa as an issuer, and the management of investments in industries other than finance grouped so far in Criteria CaixaHolding. The liquidation of the La Caixa Foundation took place on 16 October 2014 while the transfer of the stake in CaixaBank took place on 14 October 2014.


title: La Caixa

text: On 26 June 2014, the president of CaixaBank and until then president of the savings bank, Isidro Fainé, was elected president of the Board of Trustees of the La Caixa Banking Foundation.


title: La Caixa

text: The La Caixa Banking Foundation manages the Group's shareholdings through Criteria Caixa (formerly Criteria CaixaHolding), a equity instrumental company fully controlled by the foundation. The shares of Criteria Caixa include the ones owned in CaixaBank (as of 31 December 2018: 40.00%), as well as those held in several companies including Cellnex, Naturgy, Saba, Suez and Telefónica.


title: La Caixa

text: As explained above, since September 2014, La Caixa Banking Foundation is responsible for managing the social work projects of the former savings bank. Until then, this work was carried out by the La Caixa Foundation.


title: La Caixa

text: In 2018, the La Caixa Banking Foundation had an allocated budget of 520 million euros. The foundation, one of the most significant worldwide, supported more than 11 million people in 2017, through nearly 50,000 initiatives. According to the OECD, La Caixa Banking Foundation’s financing for 2019 development increased by 58% to US$33.9 million.


title: Traction motor

text: A traction motor is an electric motor used for propulsion of a vehicle, such as locomotives, electric or hydrogen vehicles, elevators or electric multiple unit.


title: Traction motor

text: Traction motors are used in electrically powered rail vehicles (electric multiple units) and other electric vehicles including electric milk floats, elevators, roller coasters, conveyors, and trolleybuses, as well as vehicles with electrical transmission systems (diesel-electric locomotives, electric hybrid vehicles), and battery electric vehicles.


title: Traction motor

text: Direct-current motors with series field windings are the oldest type of traction motors. These provide a speed-torque characteristic useful for propulsion, providing high torque at lower speeds for acceleration of the vehicle, and declining torque as speed increases. By arranging the field winding with multiple taps, the speed characteristic can be varied, allowing relatively smooth operator control of acceleration. A further measure of control is provided by using pairs of motors on a vehicle in series-parallel control; for slow operation or heavy loads, two motors can be run in series off the direct-current supply. Where higher speed is desired, these motors can be operated in parallel, making a higher voltage available at each motor and so allowing higher speeds. Parts of a rail system might use different voltages, with higher voltages in long runs between stations and lower voltage near stations where only slower operation is needed.


title: Traction motor

text: A variant of the DC system is the AC series motor, also known as the universal motor, which is essentially the same device but operates on alternating current. Since both the armature and field current reverse at the same time, the behavior of the motor is similar to that when energized with direct current. To achieve better operating conditions, AC railways are often supplied with current at a lower frequency than the commercial supply used for general lighting and power; special traction current power stations are used, or rotary converters used to convert 50 or 60 Hz commercial power to the 25 Hz or  Hz frequency used for AC traction motors. Because it permits the simple use of transformers, the AC system allows efficient distribution of power down the length of a rail line, and also permits speed control with switchgear on the vehicle.


title: Traction motor

text: AC induction motors and synchronous motors are simple and low maintenance, but up until the advent of power semiconductors, were awkward to apply for traction motors because of their fixed speed characteristic. An AC induction motor generates useful amounts of power only over a narrow speed range determined by its construction and the frequency of the AC power supply. The advent of power semiconductors has made it possible to fit a variable frequency drive on a locomotive; this allows a wide range of speeds, AC power transmission, and the use of rugged induction motors that do not have wearing parts like brushes and commutators.


title: Traction motor

text: Traditionally road vehicles (cars, buses and trucks) have used diesel and petrol engines with a mechanical or hydraulic transmission system. In the latter part of the 20th century, vehicles with electrical transmission systems (powered from internal combustion engines, batteries or fuel cells) began to be developed—one advantage of using electric machines is that specific types can regenerate energy (i.e. act as a regenerative brake)—providing deceleration as well as increasing overall efficiency by charging the battery pack.


title: Traction motor

text: Traditionally, these were series-wound brushed DC motors, usually running on approximately 600 volts. The availability of high-powered semiconductors (thyristors and the IGBT) has now made practical the use of much simpler, higher-reliability AC induction motors known as asynchronous traction motors. Synchronous AC motors are also occasionally used, as in the French TGV.


title: Traction motor

text: Before the mid-20th century, a single large motor was often used to drive multiple driving wheels through connecting rods that were very similar to those used on steam locomotives. Examples are the Pennsylvania Railroad DD1, FF1 and L5 and the various Swiss Crocodiles. It is now standard practice to provide one traction motor driving each axle through a gear drive.


title: Traction motor

text: Usually, the traction motor is three-point suspended between the bogie frame and the driven axle; this is referred to as a "nose-suspended traction motor". The problem with such an arrangement is that a portion of the motor's weight is unsprung, increasing unwanted forces on the track. In the case of the famous Pennsylvania Railroad GG1, two frame-mounted motors drove each axle through a quill drive. The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Milwaukee Road had direct drive motors. The rotating shaft of the motor was also the axle for the wheels. In the case of French TGV power cars, a motor mounted to the power car's frame drives each axle; a "tripod" drive allows a small amount of flexibility in the drive train allowing the trucks bogies to pivot. By mounting the relatively heavy traction motor directly to the power car's frame, rather than to the bogie, better dynamics are obtained, allowing better high-speed operation.


title: Traction motor

text: The DC motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. It consists of two parts, a rotating armature and fixed field windings surrounding the rotating armature mounted around a shaft. The fixed field windings consist of tightly wound coils of wire fitted inside the motor case. The armature is another set of coils wound round a central shaft and is connected to the field windings through "brushes" which are spring-loaded contacts pressing against an extension of the armature called the commutator. The commutator collects all the terminations of the armature coils and distributes them in a circular pattern to allow the correct sequence of current flow. When the armature and the field windings are connected in series, the whole motor is referred to as "series-wound". A series-wound DC motor has a low resistance field and armature circuit. For this reason, when voltage is applied to it, the current is high due to Ohm's law. The advantage of high current is that the magnetic fields inside the motor are strong, producing high torque (turning force), so it is ideal for starting a train. The disadvantage is that the current flowing into the motor has to be limited, otherwise the supply could be overloaded or the motor and its cabling could be damaged. At best, the torque would exceed the adhesion and the driving wheels would slip. Traditionally, resistors were used to limit the initial current.


title: Traction motor

text: As the DC motor starts to turn, interaction of the magnetic fields inside causes it to generate a voltage internally. This counter-electromotive force (CEMF) opposes the applied voltage and the current that flows is governed by the difference between the two. As the motor speeds up, the internally generated voltage rises, the resultant EMF falls, less current passes through the motor and the torque drops. The motor naturally stops accelerating when the drag of the train matches the torque produced by the motors. To continue accelerating the train, series resistors are switched out step by step, each step increasing the effective voltage and thus the current and torque for a little bit longer until the motor catches up. This can be heard and felt in older DC trains as a series of clunks under the floor, each accompanied by a jerk of acceleration as the torque suddenly increases in response to the new surge of current. When no resistors are left in the circuit, full line voltage is being applied directly to the motor. The train's speed remains constant at the point where the torque of the motor, governed by the effective voltage, equals the drag - sometimes referred to as balancing speed. If the train starts to climb an incline, the speed decreases because drag is greater than torque and the reduction in speed causes the CEMF to fall and thus the effective voltage to rise - until the current through the motor produces enough torque to match the new drag. The use of series resistance was wasteful because a lot of energy was lost as heat. To reduce these losses, electric locomotives and trains (before the advent of power electronics) were normally equipped for series-parallel control as well.


title: Traction motor

text: Locomotives that operated from AC power sources (using universal motors as traction motors) could also take advantage of tap changers on their transformers to vary the voltage applied to the traction motors without the losses inherent in resistors. The Pennsylvania Railroad class GG1 was an example of such a locomotive.


title: Traction motor

text: If the train starts to descend a grade, the speed increases because the (reduced) drag is less than the torque. With increased speed, the internally generated back-EMF voltage rises, reducing the torque until the torque again balances the drag. Because the field current is reduced by the back-EMF in a series wound motor, there is no speed at which the back-EMF will exceed the supply voltage, and therefore a single series wound DC traction motor alone cannot provide dynamic or regenerative braking.


title: Traction motor

text: There are, however various schemes applied to provide a retarding force using the traction motors. The energy generated may be returned to the supply (regenerative braking), or dissipated by on board resistors (dynamic braking). Such a system can bring the load to a low speed, requiring relatively little friction braking to bring the load to a full stop.


title: Traction motor

text: On an electric train, the train driver or motorman originally had to control the cutting out of resistance manually, but by 1914, automatic acceleration was being used. This was achieved by an accelerating relay (often called a "notching relay") in the motor circuit which monitored the fall of current as each step of resistance was cut out. All the driver had to do was select low, medium or full speed (called "series", "parallel" and "shunt" from the way the motors were connected in the resistance circuit) and the automatic equipment would do the rest.


title: Traction motor

text: Electric locomotives usually have a "continuous" and a "one-hour" rating. The one-hour rating is the maximum power that the motors can continuously develop over a one-hour period without overheating. Such a test starts with the motors at +25 °C (and the outside air used for ventilation also at +25 °C). In the USSR, per GOST 2582-72 with class N insulation, the maximum temperatures allowed for DC motors were 160 °C for the armature, 180 °C for the stator, and 105 °C for the collector. The one-hour rating is typically about ten percent higher than the continuous rating, and limited by the temperature rise in the motor.


title: Traction motor

text: As traction motors use a reduction gear setup to transfer torque from the motor armature to the driven axle, the actual load placed on the motor varies with the gear ratio. Otherwise "identical" traction motors can have significantly different load rating. A traction motor geared for freight use with a low gear ratio will safely produce higher torque at the wheels for a longer period at the same current level because the lower gears give the motor more mechanical advantage.


title: Traction motor

text: In diesel-electric and gas turbine-electric locomotives, the horsepower rating of the traction motors is usually around 81% that of the prime mover. This assumes that the electrical generator converts 90% of the engine's output into electrical energy and the traction motors convert 90% of this electrical energy back into mechanical energy. Calculation: 0.9 × 0.9 = 0.81


title: Traction motor

text: Another important factor when traction motors are designed or specified is operational speed. The motor armature has a maximum safe rotating speed at or below which the windings will stay safely in place.


title: Traction motor

text: Above this maximum speed centrifugal force on the armature will cause the windings to be thrown outward. In severe cases, this can lead to "birdnesting" as the windings contact the motor housing and eventually break loose from the armature entirely and uncoil.


title: Traction motor

text: Bird-nesting (the centrifugal ejection of the armature's windings) due to overspeed can occur either in operating traction motors of powered locomotives or in traction motors of dead-in-consist locomotives being transported within a train traveling too fast. Another cause is replacement of worn or damaged traction motors with units incorrectly geared for the application.


title: Traction motor

text: Damage from overloading and overheating can also cause bird-nesting below rated speeds when the armature assembly and winding supports and retainers have been damaged by the previous abuse.


title: Traction motor

text: Because of the high power levels involved, traction motors are almost always cooled using forced air, water or a special dielectric liquid.


title: Traction motor

text: Typical cooling systems on U.S. diesel-electric locomotives consist of an electrically powered fan blowing air into a passage integrated into the locomotive frame. Rubber cooling ducts connect the passage to the individual traction motors and cooling air travels down and across the armatures before being exhausted to the atmosphere.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: Qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations. Each confederation — the AFC (Asia), CAF (Africa), CONCACAF (North, Central America and Caribbean), CONMEBOL (South America), OFC (Oceania), and UEFA (Europe) — was allocated a certain number of the 32 places at the tournament. A total of 205 teams entered the qualification competition, with South Africa, as the host, qualifying for the World Cup automatically. The first qualification matches were played on 25 August 2007 and qualification concluded on 18 November 2009. Overall, 2,338 goals were scored over 852 matches, scoring on average 2.74 per match.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: At the close of entries on 15 March 2007, 204 football associations had entered the preliminary competition: 203 out of the 207 FIFA members at that time (including the host nation, South Africa, as the qualification procedure in Africa also acted as the qualification for the 2010 African Cup of Nations) and the Montenegro team, which later became FIFA's 208th member. The final number of teams entered breaks the previous record of 199 entrants set during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Four FIFA members (all from the AFC) failed to register for the tournament by 15 March 2007: Bhutan, Brunei, Laos, and the Philippines.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: After the close of entries, Bhutan were allowed to enter and were included in the Asian preliminary draw, while Brunei and the Philippines had their late entries rejected.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: However, five teams withdrew during qualifying without playing a match: Bhutan, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Guam, and São Tomé and Príncipe. In addition, Papua New Guinea failed to meet the registration deadline for the South Pacific Games (which was also the initial stage of the Oceania qualification) and took no part in qualification.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The qualification process commenced in August 2007 and was completed in November 2009. An initial draw for preliminary qualification (qualifying groups in Oceania, and knockout ties in CAF and AFC) had been announced for Zurich on 28 May 2007, but none was held.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: Initial groups for the Oceania qualification were eventually held in Auckland, New Zealand, in early June, with preliminary draws for the Asian and African qualification announced in August.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The draw for the main 2010 World Cup qualifying groups was held in Durban, South Africa on 25 November 2007. 34 teams had been eliminated before the actual draw — 6 from OFC, 5 from CAF and 23 from AFC — and CONMEBOL qualification also had started (no draw was required for this confederation, as all 10 members play in the same group, with the order of fixtures the same as for the 2006 qualification rounds). The 4 remaining teams from OFC had also started playing the final stage as a single group, and no draw was needed. Therefore, the draw of 25 November involved 156 FIFA members from the original 205 entries, divided as follows: UEFA–53 entries in draw; CAF–48 entries in draw (original 53 minus 5 preliminary round losers and withdrawals); AFC–20 entries in draw (original 43 minus 23 1st and 2nd round losers and withdrawals); and CONCACAF–35 entries in draw.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: UEFA and CAF had a guaranteed number of places, whereas the number of qualifiers from other confederations was dependent on play-offs between the highest placed teams in the qualification tournaments not guaranteed a place in the finals, with CONCACAF's fourth-place team facing CONMEBOL's fifth-placed team, and AFC's fifth-placed team facing the winner of the OFC.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: As the host nation, South Africa qualified automatically. As in 2006, the current cup holders – Italy – did not qualify automatically.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: For FIFA World Cup qualifying stages the method used for separating teams level on points is the same for all Confederations, as decided by FIFA itself. If teams were even on points at the end of group play, the tied teams would be ranked by:


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: This is a change from 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, where results between tied teams was the first tiebreaker.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: "(43 teams competing for 4 or 5 berths; a playoff against OFC determines which confederation gets the extra berth)"


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: Two preliminary rounds (one in October 2007 and one in the first half of November) narrowed the field from 43 to 20 prior to the group stage draw in Durban on 25 November 2007.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The group stage draw divided the 20 remaining sides into 5 groups of 4, which were played from February to June 2008, from which the winners and runners-up advanced to the final group stage. The winners and runners-up from 2 final groups of 5 nations (playing from September 2008 to June 2009) will qualify automatically for the World Cup finals, with the 2 third-placed sides playing off in September 2009 for the right to compete against the Oceania winner for a final qualification spot (with matches played in October and November 2009).


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The knock-out preliminary rounds themselves were somewhat unusual, with all 38 AFC sides that did not qualify for the 2006 World Cup playing in the first knock-out round, but the 11 best-ranked winners from that round receiving byes in the second round (and only the 8 lowest-ranked winners competing to reduce the fields of teams to 20).


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: 2–2 on aggregate; Bahrain advanced on the away goals rule to the AFC-OFC playoff against New Zealand, the winner of the OFC zone (2008 OFC Nations Cup).


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The CAF qualification process began with a preliminary round played on 13 October and 17 November 2007 to narrow the field to 48 teams, and then 12 groups of 4 teams were drawn in Durban in November 2007.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The 12 groups winners and 8 best runners-up advanced to the next stage. The procedure was complicated due to two of the groups being reduced to just 3 teams due to the withdrawal of Eritrea (before the commencement of the group) and the exclusion of Ethiopia (which saw all their results annulled). As a result, the comparison of the 12 runners-up did not include results against teams finishing fourth in 4-team groups.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The remaining 20 teams were placed in 5 groups of 4 teams at a draw held in Zürich on 22 October 2008. The winners of these groups qualified for the World Cup finals.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The qualifying competition for the 2010 World Cup was combined with the qualification process for the 2010 African Cup of Nations. Since South Africa was hosting the World Cup, it automatically qualified for that tournament, although it (unlike hosts in previous qualifying tournaments since 1938) played in the qualifiers themselves to facilitate the use of the same set of qualifying matches for the 2010 African Cup of Nations.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: Had South Africa advanced to the third round (second group stage), their matches would not have been counted in determining who advances to the World Cup finals. However, South Africa were eliminated from the qualifiers after the second round. This meant that they could not qualify for the African Cup of Nations, and all matches in Round 3 counted towards World Cup qualification.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: In Group C, Algeria and Egypt finished with identical overall and head-to-head records. A tiebreaking play-off was contested on 18 November 2009 in Sudan to determine which team would qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with Algeria prevailing 1–0.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: "(35 teams competing for 3 or 4 berths; a playoff against CONMEBOL determines which confederation gets the extra berth)"


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The CONCACAF qualification process is identical to that for the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, except that as Puerto Rico competed this time (they were the only CONCACAF member not to enter 2006 qualification), there were 11 matches instead of 10 in the first preliminary round, and thus 13 teams instead of 14 received a bye to the second preliminary round. The two preliminary rounds, played in the first half of 2008, reduced the 35 entrants to 24 and then 12 teams. 3 semi-final groups of 4 were played between August and November 2008, with the top two in each group advancing to a final 6-team group held during 2009. The top 3 of this group qualified for the World Cup finals; the 4th-place team advancing to the playoff against the 5th-place CONMEBOL team.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: Honduras advanced on goal difference tiebreaker. "Costa Rica" moved to the CONCACAF/CONMEBOL intercontinental play-off.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: "(10 teams competing for 4 or 5 berths; a playoff against CONCACAF determined which confederation filled the extra berth)"


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The CONMEBOL qualification process again featured a league system (home and away matches) for a single group of 10 associations, with matches played from October 2007 to October 2009. The fixture list was identical to that used in the qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. To limit the amount of travel by European-based players to South America, CONMEBOL's schedule used nine 'double match days' (with two sets of matches held within a few days of each other).


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The top 4 teams qualified for the World Cup finals; the 5th-place team advancing to a playoff against the 4th-place CONCACAF team.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: "(10 teams competing for 0 or 1 berth; a playoff against AFC determines which confederation gets the extra berth. Tuvalu also played in the qualifying tournament, but was not an entrant to the World Cup qualification)"


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The qualification process began with a tournament at the 2007 South Pacific Games in August 2007. The top three (New Caledonia, Fiji, and Vanuatu, respectively) joined New Zealand in a 4-team group, which was also the 2008 OFC Nations Cup, playing home and away. The winner would play a home and away playoff with the fifth-place Asian nation for a World Cup berth.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The European qualification games started in August 2008 after Euro 2008. Eight groups of six teams and one group of five contested the European qualifying competition. As a result, the nine group-winners qualified directly, while the best eight of the nine second-placed teams contested home and away play-off matches for the remaining four places. In determining the best eight second-placed teams, the results against teams finishing last in the six-team groups were not counted for consistency between the five- and six-team groups.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The First Round was completed on 14 October 2009. A draw for the Second Round was held in Zurich on 19 October, with the matches played on 14 and 18 November.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The Second Round was contested by the top eight runners up. With one group having one team fewer than the others, matches against the sixth-placed team in each of the other groups were not included in this ranking.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The draw for the second round play-offs was held in Zürich on 19 October, and the matches were played on 14 and 18 November 2009. The eight teams were seeded according to the FIFA World Rankings released on 16 October. The top four teams were seeded into one pot, with the bottom four teams seeded into a second. A separate draw was conducted between each matchup to decide who would host the first leg.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: There were two scheduled inter-confederation playoffs to determine the final two qualification spots to the finals. The matches were played in October and November 2009.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: The draw for the order in which the matches were to be played was held on 2 June 2009 during the FIFA Congress in Nassau, the Bahamas.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: In the second leg of the play-off between France and the Republic of Ireland, French captain Thierry Henry, unseen by the referee, twice illegally handled the ball in the lead up to the decisive goal, which saw France make the final 32 teams ahead of Ireland. The incident caused widespread debate on FIFA Fair Play, and how matches should be refereed at the highest level. The Football Association of Ireland requested a replay on grounds of fairness, but this was denied by FIFA under the Laws of the Game. A widely reported later request by Ireland to be included as an unprecedented 33rd World Cup entrant was later withdrawn by the FAI, and dismissed by the FAI as peripheral to their other more substantial petitions for change in world football made to FIFA.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: There was crowd trouble around two matches between Egypt and Algeria, with the Algerian team bus stoned before the first in Cairo, and reports of Egyptian fans ambushed after the second in Khartoum, Sudan. Local media made lurid reports, and diplomatic relations between the countries nosedived.


title: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: In response to the incidents during qualification, and to a match fixing controversy, on 2 December 2009 FIFA called for an extraordinary general meeting of their executive committee. After the meeting, FIFA announced that they would be setting up an inquiry into technology and extra officials in the game, but they did not announce the widely expected move of fast-tracking the introduction of goal-line referee's assistants, already being trialled in the Europa League, and instead restated that the competition in South Africa would be officiated as before, with just one referee, two assistants, and a fourth official. On the subject of fair play, FIFA President Sepp Blatter said:


title: General linear group

text: In mathematics, the general linear group of degree "n" is the set of invertible matrices, together with the operation of ordinary matrix multiplication. This forms a group, because the product of two invertible matrices is again invertible, and the inverse of an invertible matrix is invertible, with identity matrix as the identity element of the group. The group is so named because the columns (and also the rows) of an invertible matrix are linearly independent, hence the vectors/points they define are in general linear position, and matrices in the general linear group take points in general linear position to points in general linear position.


title: General linear group

text: To be more precise, it is necessary to specify what kind of objects may appear in the entries of the matrix. For example, the general linear group over R (the set of real numbers) is the group of invertible matrices of real numbers, and is denoted by GL(R) or .


title: General linear group

text: More generally, the general linear group of degree "n" over any field "F" (such as the complex numbers), or a ring "R" (such as the ring of integers), is the set of invertible matrices with entries from "F" (or "R"), again with matrix multiplication as the group operation. Typical notation is GL("F") or , or simply GL("n") if the field is understood.


title: General linear group

text: More generally still, the general linear group of a vector space GL("V") is the abstract automorphism group, not necessarily written as matrices.


title: General linear group

text: The special linear group, written or SL("F"), is the subgroup of consisting of matrices with a determinant of 1.


title: General linear group

text: The group and its subgroups are often called linear groups or matrix groups (the abstract group GL("V") is a linear group but not a matrix group). These groups are important in the theory of group representations, and also arise in the study of spatial symmetries and symmetries of vector spaces in general, as well as the study of polynomials. The modular group may be realised as a quotient of the special linear group .


title: General linear group

text: If "V" is a vector space over the field "F", the general linear group of "V", written GL("V") or Aut("V"), is the group of all automorphisms of "V", i.e. the set of all bijective linear transformations , together with functional composition as group operation. If "V" has finite dimension "n", then GL("V") and are isomorphic. The isomorphism is not canonical; it depends on a choice of basis in "V". Given a basis of "V" and an automorphism "T" in GL("V"), we have then for every basis vector "e" that


title: General linear group

text: for some constants "a" in "F"; the matrix corresponding to "T" is then just the matrix with entries given by the "a".


title: General linear group

text: In a similar way, for a commutative ring "R" the group may be interpreted as the group of automorphisms of a "free" "R"-module "M" of rank "n". One can also define GL("M") for any "R"-module, but in general this is not isomorphic to (for any "n").


title: General linear group

text: Over a field "F", a matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is nonzero. Therefore, an alternative definition of is as the group of matrices with nonzero determinant.


title: General linear group

text: Over a commutative ring "R", more care is needed: a matrix over "R" is invertible if and only if its determinant is a unit in "R", that is, if its determinant is invertible in "R". Therefore, may be defined as the group of matrices whose determinants are units.


title: General linear group

text: Over a non-commutative ring "R", determinants are not at all well behaved. In this case, may be defined as the unit group of the matrix ring .


title: General linear group

text: The general linear group over the field of real numbers is a real Lie group of dimension "n". To see this, note that the set of all real matrices, M(R), forms a real vector space of dimension "n". The subset consists of those matrices whose determinant is non-zero. The determinant is a polynomial map, and hence is an open affine subvariety of M(R) (a non-empty open subset of M(R) in the Zariski topology), and therefore


title: General linear group

text: The Lie algebra of , denoted formula_2 consists of all real matrices with the commutator serving as the Lie bracket.


title: General linear group

text: As a manifold, is not connected but rather has two connected components: the matrices with positive determinant and the ones with negative determinant. The identity component, denoted by , consists of the real matrices with positive determinant. This is also a Lie group of dimension "n"; it has the same Lie algebra as .


title: General linear group

text: The polar decomposition, which is unique for invertible matrices, shows that there is a homeomorphism between and the Cartesian product of O("n") with the set of positive-definite symmetric matrices. Similarly, it shows that there is a homeomorphism between and the Cartesian product of SO("n") with the set of positive-definite symmetric matrices. Because the latter is contractible, the fundamental group of is isomorphic to that of SO("n").


title: General linear group

text: The homeomorphism also shows that the group is noncompact. “The” maximal compact subgroup of is the orthogonal group O("n"), while "the" maximal compact subgroup of is the special orthogonal group SO("n"). As for SO("n"), the group is not simply connected (except when , but rather has a fundamental group isomorphic to Z for or Z for .


title: General linear group

text: The general linear group over the field of complex numbers, , is a "complex" Lie group of complex dimension "n". As a real Lie group (through realification) it has dimension 2"n". The set of all real matrices forms a real Lie subgroup. These correspond to the inclusions


title: General linear group

text: which have real dimensions "n", 2"n", and . Complex "n"-dimensional matrices can be characterized as real 2"n"-dimensional matrices that preserve a linear complex structure — concretely, that commute with a matrix "J" such that , where "J" corresponds to multiplying by the imaginary unit "i".


title: General linear group

text: The Lie algebra corresponding to consists of all complex matrices with the commutator serving as the Lie bracket.


title: General linear group

text: Unlike the real case, is connected. This follows, in part, since the multiplicative group of complex numbers C is connected. The group manifold is not compact; rather its maximal compact subgroup is the unitary group U("n"). As for U("n"), the group manifold is not simply connected but has a fundamental group isomorphic to Z.


title: General linear group

text: If "F" is a finite field with "q" elements, then we sometimes write instead of . When "p" is prime, is the outer automorphism group of the group Z, and also the automorphism group, because Z is abelian, so the inner automorphism group is trivial.


title: General linear group

text: This can be shown by counting the possible columns of the matrix: the first column can be anything but the zero vector; the second column can be anything but the multiples of the first column; and in general, the "k"th column can be any vector not in the linear span of the first columns. In "q"-analog notation, this is formula_4.


title: General linear group

text: For example, has order . It is the automorphism group of the Fano plane and of the group Z, and is also known as .


title: General linear group

text: More generally, one can count points of Grassmannian over "F": in other words the number of subspaces of a given dimension "k". This requires only finding the order of the stabilizer subgroup of one such subspace and dividing into the formula just given, by the orbit-stabilizer theorem.


title: General linear group

text: These formulas are connected to the Schubert decomposition of the Grassmannian, and are "q"-analogs of the Betti numbers of complex Grassmannians. This was one of the clues leading to the Weil conjectures.


title: General linear group

text: Note that in the limit the order of goes to 0! – but under the correct procedure (dividing by ) we see that it is the order of the symmetric group (See Lorscheid's article) – in the philosophy of the field with one element, one thus interprets the symmetric group as the general linear group over the field with one element: .


title: General linear group

text: The general linear group over a prime field, , was constructed and its order computed by Évariste Galois in 1832, in his last letter (to Chevalier) and second (of three) attached manuscripts, which he used in the context of studying the Galois group of the general equation of order "p".


title: General linear group

text: The special linear group, , is the group of all matrices with determinant 1. They are special in that they lie on a subvariety – they satisfy a polynomial equation (as the determinant is a polynomial in the entries). Matrices of this type form a group as the determinant of the product of two matrices is the product of the determinants of each matrix. is a normal subgroup of .


title: General linear group

text: If we write "F" for the multiplicative group of "F" (excluding 0), then the determinant is a group homomorphism


title: General linear group

text: that is surjective and its kernel is the special linear group. Therefore, by the first isomorphism theorem, is isomorphic to "F". In fact, can be written as a semidirect product:


title: General linear group

text: The special linear group is also the derived group (also known as commutator subgroup) of the GL("n", "F") (for a field or a division ring "F") provided that formula_5 or "k" is not the field with two elements.


title: General linear group

text: When "F" is R or C, is a Lie subgroup of of dimension . The Lie algebra of consists of all matrices over "F" with vanishing trace. The Lie bracket is given by the commutator.


title: General linear group

text: The special linear group can be characterized as the group of "volume and orientation-preserving" linear transformations of R.


title: General linear group

text: The group is simply connected, while is not. has the same fundamental group as , that is, Z for and Z for .


title: General linear group

text: The set of all invertible diagonal matrices forms a subgroup of isomorphic to ("F"). In fields like R and C, these correspond to rescaling the space; the so-called dilations and contractions.


title: General linear group

text: A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix which is a constant times the identity matrix. The set of all nonzero scalar matrices forms a subgroup of isomorphic to "F". This group is the center of . In particular, it is a normal, abelian subgroup.


title: General linear group

text: The center of is simply the set of all scalar matrices with unit determinant, and is isomorphic to the group of "n"th roots of unity in the field "F".


title: General linear group

text: The so-called classical groups are subgroups of GL("V") which preserve some sort of bilinear form on a vector space "V". These include the


title: General linear group

text: The projective linear group and the projective special linear group are the quotients of and by their centers (which consist of the multiples of the identity matrix therein); they are the induced action on the associated projective space.


title: General linear group

text: The affine group is an extension of by the group of translations in "F". It can be written as a semidirect product:


title: General linear group

text: where acts on "F" in the natural manner. The affine group can be viewed as the group of all affine transformations of the affine space underlying the vector space "F".


title: General linear group

text: One has analogous constructions for other subgroups of the general linear group: for instance, the special affine group is the subgroup defined by the semidirect product, , and the Poincaré group is the affine group associated to the Lorentz group, .


title: General linear group

text: The general semilinear group is the group of all invertible semilinear transformations, and contains GL. A semilinear transformation is a transformation which is linear “up to a twist”, meaning “up to a field automorphism under scalar multiplication”. It can be written as a semidirect product:


title: General linear group

text: where Gal("F") is the Galois group of "F" (over its prime field), which acts on by the Galois action on the entries.


title: General linear group

text: The main interest of is that the associated projective semilinear group (which contains is the collineation group of projective space, for , and thus semilinear maps are of interest in projective geometry.


title: General linear group

text: If one removes the restriction of the determinant being non-zero, the resulting algebraic structure is a monoid, usually called the full linear monoid, but occasionally also "full linear semigroup", "general linear monoid" etc. It is actually a regular semigroup.


title: General linear group

text: The infinite general linear group or stable general linear group is the direct limit of the inclusions as the upper left block matrix. It is denoted by either GL("F") or , and can also be interpreted as invertible infinite matrices which differ from the identity matrix in only finitely many places.


title: General linear group

text: It is used in algebraic K-theory to define K, and over the reals has a well-understood topology, thanks to Bott periodicity.


title: General linear group

text: It should not be confused with the space of (bounded) invertible operators on a Hilbert space, which is a larger group, and topologically much simpler, namely contractible – see Kuiper's theorem.


title: Café au lait spot

text: Café au lait" spots, or café au lait" macules, are flat, hyperpigmented birthmarks. The name "café au lait" is French for "coffee with milk" and refers to their light-brown color. Café au lait lesions with rough borders ("coast of Maine") may be seen in McCune-Albright syndrome. In contrast, café au lait lesions of neurofibromatosis have smooth borders ("coast of California").


title: Café au lait spot

text: Café au lait spots are often harmless but may be associated with syndromes such as neurofibromatosis type 1 and McCune–Albright syndrome.


title: Café au lait spot

text: Diagnosis is visual with measurement of spot size. The number of spots can have clinical significance for diagnosis of associated disorders such as Neurofibromatosis type I. Six or more spots of at least 5mm in diameter in pre-pubertal children and at least 15mm in post-pubertal individuals is one of the major diagnostic criteria for NF1.


title: Café au lait spot

text: Café au lait spots are usually present at birth, permanent, and may grow in size or increase in number over time.


title: Café au lait spot

text: Cafe au lait spots are themselves benign and do not cause any illness or problems. However, they may be associated with syndromes such as Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and McCune-Albright syndrome.


title: Café au lait spot

text: The size and shape of the spots can vary in terms of description. In Neurofibromatosis Type 1, the spots tend to be described as ovoid, with smooth borders. In other disorders, the spots can be less ovoid, with jagged borders. In Neurofibromatosis Type 1, the spots tend to resemble the "coast of California," rather than the "coast of Maine," meaning the edges are smoother and more linear.


title: Café au lait spot

text: Café au lait spots can be removed with lasers. Results are variable as the spots are often not completely removed or can come back after treatment. Often, a test spot is treated first to help predict the likelihood of treatment success.


title: Kristin Herrera

text: Kristin Lisa Herrera (born February 21, 1989) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Dana Cruz on the first season of the Nickelodeon series "Zoey 101" and as Lourdes Del Torro on "General Hospital".


title: Kristin Herrera

text: Herrera was born in Los Angeles, California on February 21, 1989. She has two older brothers and a sister, named Ryan, Justin and Ashley. She is of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent and speaks fluent Spanish. She attended Hillcrest Christian School in Granada Hills, Los Angeles.


title: Kristin Herrera

text: Herrera has been acting in commercials since she was six. Her first TV role was in a phone service commercial. Other roles include Eleena on "NYPD Blue", Aimee Varga on "The Division", Sophie on "The Bernie Mac Show", Katie on "7th Heaven" and Frederika in "ER".


title: Kristin Herrera

text: In 2004, at 15, Herrera was cast as Dana Cruz in "Zoey 101", Zoey Brooks (Jamie Lynn Spears) and Nicole Bristow's (Alexa Nikolas) roommate. After the first season, Herrera was unceremoniously written out from working on "Zoey 101" because the producers thought she looked too old next to her co-stars, though it was never confirmed by Nickelodeon. It was also stated that there was bullying on set, where she pushed Nikolas. She was replaced by the character Lola Martinez (Victoria Justice).


title: Kristin Herrera

text: She also co-starred in feature film "Freedom Writers" opposite Hilary Swank. In 2008, Herrera stopped taking acting roles. Her last acting role was on the soap opera "General Hospital".


title: Kristin Herrera

text: On July 15, 2016, Herrera announced via Instagram that she is engaged to long time partner, Daniel Novak. Their engagement ended shortly afterward. However, on February 14, 2020, she announced that she is engaged to Novak again. They got married on October 26, 2022.


title: Kristin Herrera

text: In November 17, 2021 she announced on Instagram that she is pregnant with her first child. She gave birth to her child on May 23, 2022.


title: Bipin Chandra Pal

text: Bipin Chandra Pal ( ; 7 November 1858 – 20 May 1932) was an Indian nationalist, writer, orator, social reformer and Indian independence movement freedom fighter. He was one third of the “Lal Bal Pal” trio. Pal was one of the main architects of the Swadeshi movement along with Sri Aurobindo. He also opposed the partition of Bengal by the British colonial government.


title: Bipin Chandra Pal

text: Bipin Chandra Pal was born in the village of Poil, Habiganj, Sylhet District, Bengal Presidency of British India, in a Hindu Bengali Kayastha family. His father was Ramchandra Pal, a Persian scholar, and small landowner. He studied and taught at the Church Mission Society College (now the St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College), an affiliated college of the University of Calcutta. He also studied comparative theology for a year (1899-1900) at New Manchester College, Oxford in England but did not finish the course. His son was Niranjan Pal, one of the founders of Bombay Talkies. One son-in-law was the ICS officer, S. K. Dey, who later became a union minister. His other son-in-law was freedom fighter Ullaskar Dutta who married Lila Dutta his childhood love


title: Bipin Chandra Pal

text: Nephew- Suresh Chandra Pal - Son - Niranjan Pal (founder of Bombay Takies) Grandson- Colin Pal (writer of Shooting Star) film director Great Grandson - Deep Pal (Steadicam camerawork). As revolutionary as he was in politics, Pal was the same in his private life. After his first wife died he married a widow and joined the Brahmo Samaj.


title: Bipin Chandra Pal

text: Pal is known as the "Father of Revolutionary Thoughts" in India. Pal became a major leader of the Indian National Congress. At the Madras session of Indian National Congress held in 1887, Bipin Chandra Pal made a strong plea for repeal of the Arms Act which was discriminatory in nature. Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak he belonged to the Lal-Bal-Pal trio that was associated with revolutionary activity. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh and Pal were recognised as the chief exponents of a new national movement revolving around the ideals of Purna Swaraj, Swadeshi, boycott and national education. His programme consisted of Swadeshi, boycott and national education. He preached and encouraged the use of Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty and unemployment. He wanted to remove social evils from the form and arouse the feelings of nationalism through national criticism. He had no faith in mild protests in the form of non-cooperation with the British colonial government. On that one issue, the assertive nationalist leader had nothing in common with Mahatma Gandhi. During the last six years of his life, he parted company with the Congress and led a secluded life. Sri Aurobindo referred to him as one of "mightiest prophets of nationalism". Bipin Chandra Pal made efforts to remove social and economic ills. He opposed the caste system and advocated widow remarriage. He advocated a 48 hour working week and demanded a hike in the wages of workers. He expressed his disdain for Gandhi's ways, which he criticised for being rooted in “magic” instead of “logic”.


title: Bipin Chandra Pal

text: As a journalist, Pal worked for "Bengal Public Opinion", "The Tribune" and "New India", where he propagated his brand of nationalism. He wrote several articles warning India of the changes happening in China and other geopolitical situations. In one of his writings, describing where the future danger for India would come from, Pal wrote under the title "Our Real Danger".


title: Shane Thorne

text: Shane Veryzer (born 24 September 1985) is an Australian professional wrestler, who is currently working for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) under the ring name Shane Haste. He is best known for his tenure in WWE, where he performed under the ring names Shane Thorne and Slapjack.


title: Shane Thorne

text: He is also known for his work in Pro Wrestling Noah, where, as part of The Mighty Don't Kneel with partner Mikey Nicholls, he is a former two-time GHC Tag Team Champion. He also competed for Ring of Honor (ROH) and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) in the United States. He signed with WWE in 2016 and was assigned to the NXT brand, where he was given the Shane Thorne ring name. In early 2020, Thorne debuted on Raw, and in August of that year was repackaged as Slapjack, a hockey mask wearing member of Retribution. Following the stable's split, he reverted to his previous ring name and was moved to SmackDown. Despite this, he was only limited to dark matches and was released from the promotion in November 2021. He then began working for NJPW's American subsidary, where TMDK were reformed as a stable, with Jonah as the leader.


title: Shane Thorne

text: Veryzer started training at the Dynamite Factory, the wrestling school of Explosive Pro Wrestling (EPW). His debut match took place at the Uprising event on 22 February 2003 in a four-way match under the Shane Haste ring name. He won the EPW Heavyweight Championship once and the EPW Tag Team Championship twice. After working all over the Australian continent, he moved to California, United States, and started working for independent wrestling promotions in the US, such as Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) and World League Wrestling (WLW).


title: Shane Thorne

text: On 23 February 2011, Haste made his debut in Pro Wrestling Noah as he had a tryout match against his teammate Mikey Nicholls. A month after the try-out match, both men started to work full-time with the Japanese promotion.


title: Shane Thorne

text: On 7 July, Haste and Nicholls, known together as The Mighty Don't Kneel (TMDK), won the GHC Tag Team Championship after they defeated Toru Yano and Takashi Iizuka. At the end of 2013, the Tokyo Sports magazine named Haste and Nicholls the tag team of the year, making them the first foreign team to win the award since Stan Hansen and Vader in 1998. They lost the title to Maybach Taniguchi and Takeshi Morishima on 25 January 2014.


title: Shane Thorne

text: They regained the title from Dangan Yankies (Masato Tanaka and Takashi Sugiura) on 10 January 2015. They lost the title to K.E.S. (Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Lance Archer) on 11 February. On 28 December, Noah announced that Haste and Nicholls would leave the promotion following their contracts expiring at the end of the year. On 11 February 2016, Noah announced that Haste and Nicholls would return to the promotion the following month to take part in a five-show-long farewell tour, entitled "Departure to the World". Their final Noah match took place on 10 March and saw them defeat Naomichi Marufuji and Mitsuhiro Kitamiya.


title: Shane Thorne

text: After starting out in Noah, Haste returned to the United States and compete on Ring of Honor (ROH) in February 2012. He and Nicholls won the Rise and Prove Tournament, defeating two other teams to qualify for a match against The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe). At the Showdown in the Sun iPPV on 30 March, Haste and Nicholls lost to The Briscoe Brothers in a Proving Ground match.


title: Shane Thorne

text: Also in February 2012, Haste and Nicholls wrestled television matches for Championship Wrestling from Hollywood (CWFH). Also in March 2012, Haste and Nicholls started wrestling for Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), during their stint there, they were defeated in a title match for the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship by Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade.


title: Shane Thorne

text: On 20 December 2014, Haste and Nicholls made their debut for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), when they, along with Naomichi Marufuji, were revealed as Toru Yano's tag team partners at Wrestle Kingdom 9 on 4 January 2015. At the event, the four defeated Suzuki-gun (Davey Boy Smith Jr, Lance Archer, Shelton X Benjamin, and Takashi Iizuka) in an eight-man tag team match.


title: Shane Thorne

text: In June 2015, Haste and Nicholls took part in a WWE tryout camp. In February 2016, it was reported that Haste and Nicholls were scheduled to join WWE's NXT brand following their Noah farewell tour. On 25 March 2016, WWE confirmed the signings of both Haste and Nicholls, and they began training at the WWE Performance Center, while working for the promotion's developmental branch NXT. On 19 May, Haste and Nicholls were renamed Shane Thorne and Nick Miller, respectively, while TMDK was renamed TM-61. They debuted on 25 May episode of "NXT", losing to Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa. In October, TM-61 entered the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, in which they defeated Riddick Moss and Tino Sabbatelli in the first round, Austin Aries and Roderick Strong (Thorne defeated Strong in a singles match, due to Aries being unable to wrestle through injury) in the quarterfinals, and SAnitY in the semifinals. At , TM-61 lost in the finals to The Authors of Pain. Thorne then had knee surgery in January 2017, which was expected to sideline him for seven to nine months. Thorne returned from injury on 14 September. TM-61 returned to television on 31 January 2018 episode of "NXT", defeating The Ealy Brothers. TM-61 then entered the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, being eliminated by The Authors of Pain in the first round. On 2 May episode of "NXT", TM-61 defeated The Street Profits with a dirty pin, thus turning heel in the process. On 6 June episode of "NXT", the team was renamed The Mighty. On 28 November episode of "NXT", The Mighty lost to Oney Lorcan and Danny Burch in what would be their final match as a tag team. On 14 December, Miller was released from his WWE contract, disbanding the team.


title: Shane Thorne

text: On 22 January 2019, WWE announced that Thorne would be replacing Otis Dozovic in the Worlds Collide tournament. Thorne was eliminated in the first round by Adam Cole. Following this, Thorne would mainly wrestle at NXT live events for the next several months. Thorne would then return to television on 7 August episode of "NXT", defeating Joaquin Wilde. On 11 September episode of "NXT", Thorne would interrupt Johnny Gargano as he was cutting a promo to the crowd which resulted in Thorne getting super kicked by Gargano. The two faced off on 2 October episode with Gargano defeating Thorne.


title: Shane Thorne

text: In March 2020, Thorne began appearing on "Raw" alongside his former TMDK stablemate Brendan Vink. On 27 April episode of Raw, Thorne and Vink became MVP's newest associates, as he challenged Cedric Alexander and Ricochet to a match the next week on their behalf. On 4 May episode of "Raw", Thorne and Vink defeated Alexander and Ricochet, earning their first victory. However, their alliance with MVP ended after they were both traded back to NXT and Thorne and Vink would quietly disband as a team soon after. On 21 September 2020 episode of "Raw", Thorne was revealed as one of the main members of the Retribution faction, under the new ring name Slapjack. At the Hell in a Cell event, Slapjack challenged Bobby Lashley for the United States Championship, but lost. Retribution disbanded at the Fastlane Kickoff Show, where Reckoning and Slapjack walked out on leader Mustafa Ali, then T-Bar and Mace performed a double chokeslam on Ali after he lost a match for the WWE United States Championship to Riddle. On 9 April episode of "SmackDown", Slapjack took part in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal but failed to win the match. Following this, Slapjack would be taken off television for several months. Following the split of Retribution, Veryzer would be quietly moved to SmackDown in April. He wrestled in a dark match after the 16 July episode of SmackDown under his original Shane Thorne name. He would wrestle two more dark matches in September with a loss to Keith Lee and a win over Austin Theory respectively. On 18 November 2021, Thorne was released from his WWE contract without ever reappearing on television.


title: Shane Thorne

text: On the March 6, 2022 episode of "NJPW Strong", Haste interfered in the tag team match between FinJuice (David Finlay and Juice Robinson) and the pairing of Jonah and Bad Dude Tito. He attacked Robinson while the referee was distracted, allowing Tito to hit a frog splash on Robinson for the win. This saw the reformation of TMDK, with Haste and Jonah tagging together (as Jonah was a member of the stable on the Australian independent scene). On the April 3 episode of "NJPW Strong", Haste caused a disqualification loss to FinJuice after he struck Robinson with a steel chair. Robinson challenged TMDK and Tito to a Chicago Street Fight at Windy City Riot, alongside a mystery partner. At the event, TMDK and Tito were defeated by FinJuice and their partner, revealed to be Brody King. On May 14, at Capital Collision, Haste reunited with Mikey Nicholls, as TMDK defeated the United Empire. Haste and Nicholls then entered a tournament to become the inaugural Strong Openweight Tag Team Champions, but were defeated in the semi-final to the pairing of Christopher Daniels and Yuya Uemura.


title: Shane Thorne

text: On May 1, 2022, at Delivering the Goods, Haste was defeated by Jack Cartwheel; it was his first match in Pro Wrestling Guerrilla since 2009. On July 3, at Nineteen, Haste defeated Titus Alexander.


title: Shane Thorne

text: As Shane Thorne, he made his video game debut as a playable character in "WWE 2K18" and has since appeared in "WWE 2K19" and "WWE 2K20". He also appears in "WWE 2K22" under his Slapjack persona.


title: Shane Thorne

text: Veryzer began dating actress Kimmy Jimenez, of the popular YouTube channel Smosh, in May 2020. The couple announced their engagement in February 2022 via Instagram.


title: MasterClass

text: Yanka Industries, Inc., doing business as MasterClass, is an American online education subscription platform on which students can access tutorials and lectures pre-recorded by experts in various fields.


title: MasterClass

text: MasterClass was founded by David Rogier while a student at Stanford University, originally under the name "Yanka Industries". Rogier, who continues to serve as chief executive officer (CEO), asked Aaron Rasmussen to join the company as a co-founder and chief technology officer; Rasmussen would also serve as creative director, before leaving in January 2017. The website launched under the MasterClass name on May 12, 2015.


title: MasterClass

text: MasterClass launched in 2015 with three instructors, and twelve classes were added in 2017. In late 2017, an acting class given by Kevin Spacey was removed after multiple sexual assault allegations were publicly made against the actor. By late 2018 MasterClass had about 50 classes and 1,000 lessons. Support for mobile devices was first added in April 2018. MasterClass hired David Schriber as chief marketing officer in June 2019.


title: MasterClass

text: MasterClass was started with $4.5 million in initial funding and two seed-funding rounds totaling $1.9 million. This was followed by $15 million in funding announced in 2016, $35 million in 2017, and $80 million in 2018. In May 2020, MasterClass raised $100 million in a Series E funding round led by Fidelity Investments, bringing total funding to approximately $240 million.


title: MasterClass

text: In May 2021, the company received $225 million in a Series F round, giving it a $2.75 billion valuation according to CNBC reporting.


title: MasterClass

text: MasterClass produces online classes with well-known instructors in their field of expertise. Classes cover topics like writing, sports, and cooking. As of 2019, the company was expanding into politics, economics, and video game design. Many instructors do live demonstrations if the topic is easy to illustrate visually, while writers lecture.


title: MasterClass

text: The courses are available through an annual subscription. The classes are typically not interactive, though at least one course included interactive assignments where the student acted with other students, either in person or over Skype.


title: MasterClass

text: Reviewers have noted that some of the courses, such as those related to the performing arts, require that students already have some basic proficiency. The courses were also noted for their high production values, and for inspiring students to continue to pursue the subject matter. Exposure to popular celebrities was also reported as a benefit. "The Verge" noted that while the subscriptions initially lasted a lifetime, different courses have different replay value. The publication also noted the challenge of keeping students on the site to take additional classes.


title: MasterClass

text: In 2019, chef Dominique Ansel's MasterClass on French pastries received a James Beard Foundation Broadcast Media Award in the Online Video, Fixed Location and/or Instructional category.


title: MasterClass

text: In 2020, MasterClass won two Webby Awards, for Education & Reference in the Apps, Mobile & Voice category, and for Media Streaming in the Web category.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Colin Kazim-Richards (born 26 August 1986), also known as Colin Kâzım, Kâzım or Kâzım Kâzım, is a professional footballer as a forward for Süper Lig club Fatih Karagümrük S.K.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Born and raised in England, he qualified for Turkish nationality through his mother's heritage. An anglicised form of the Turkish given name Kâzım was intended to be a middle name, which would have rendered his full name as Colin Kazim Richards, but due to an error, he was legally registered as Colin Kazim-Richards.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Having played as a junior for Queens Park Rangers and Arsenal, Kazim-Richards was handed a professional contract by Bury. He noted Bury as a pinpoint of his career. He found playing under former Manchester United player Chris Casper influential to his development. He also went on to feature in the Football League for Brighton & Hove Albion before transferring to Premier League side Sheffield United where he remained for one season. He has since forged a career in Europe with Fenerbahçe, Toulouse, Galatasaray and Olympiacos. In 2007, he chose to represent Turkey at international level, retiring in 2015. Kazim-Richards earned 37 caps, scoring twice.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: In June 2005, at the age of 18, he was signed on a three-year contract by Brighton & Hove Albion for £250,000. The contract was signed after a fan of the club, Aaron Berry, won the sum for the club in a competition run by Coca-Cola which, in turn, led to Kazim-Richards being dubbed the "Coca-Cola Kid". In August 2006, at the start of the new season, he tried to hand in a transfer request after being dropped by manager Mark McGhee.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Subsequently, Brighton sold him to Sheffield United for £150,000 on 31 August 2006, the deadline day for the transfer window. Kazim-Richards signed a three-year deal with the Blades after passing a medical and agreeing personal terms. He scored once for the eventually relegated Blades, in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers on 11 November 2006.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 15 June 2007, Kazim-Richards signed a four-year contract with the Turkish club Fenerbahçe. He scored his second UEFA Champions League goal for Fenerbahçe in the quarter-final first leg against Chelsea on 2 April 2008. After serving as a rotation player during the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons, Kazim-Richards broke into Christoph Daum's first choice line-up in the 2009–10 season.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Despite success on the pitch during the 2009–10 season, Kazim-Richards had an argument with Fenerbahçe fans after being taken off the pitch in a match against İstanbul Başakşehir. Against Beşiktaş, Kazim-Richards was red carded for swearing at the referee and banned for four matches. While serving his ban, on the same night that his teammates lost to Kasımpaşa, the media reported Kazim-Richards was out on the town. This report was denied by the Fenerbahçe board who released an official statement. The following day, pictures of Kazim-Richards were released and the Fenerbahçe board rescinded their earlier statement, claiming that Kazim-Richards had lied about his whereabouts which had triggered their denial of the report.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Kazim-Richards joined French club Toulouse on a six-month loan from January 2010, for whom he scored on his debut in a 3–1 away win against Le Mans.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: He returned to Fenerbahçe for the following season. On 3 January 2011, Fenerbahçe terminated his contract. He signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with local rivals Galatasaray in January 2011 scoring against Fenerbahçe during the season. In July 2012 he went on trial with English Premier League side West Ham United, appearing in pre-season friendlies. He played a total of thirty one matches scoring five goals.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 10 August 2012 it was confirmed by the official Blackburn Rovers website that the striker had joined the club on a one-year loan deal with the view to a permanent transfer after spending the majority of pre season on trial with the Lancashire club. He scored two goals on his debut in pre season against Cork City. On 18 August he scored on his competitive debut in a 1–1 away draw against Ipswich Town.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 24 May 2013 it was announced that Sussex Police had charged Kazim-Richards under Section 5 of the Public Order Act over an alleged homophobic gesture to Brighton fans on 12 February 2013 while he was playing for Blackburn Rovers in a Championship match at his old club Brighton & Hove Albion's Falmer Stadium. He was due to appear before magistrates in Brighton on 22 August 2013. The trial was set for 14 and 15 January 2014 at Brighton Magistrates Court. He was found guilty in April 2014 and fined £750 plus costs of £1,445. Richards has since stated that he has no regrets over his actions.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 4 September 2013, Kazim-Richards joined Bursaspor for €250,000. He signed a four-year deal on a salary of €1 million per year. Kazim-Richards scored his first official goal for Bursaspor in a Turkish Cup game against Adana Demirspor.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: After a successful loan spell at Feyenoord during the 2014–15 season, Kazim-Richards made a permanent move to the Dutch club in the summer of 2015.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 15 January 2016, Kazim-Richards threatened Dutch "Algemeen Dagblad" newspaper journalist Mikos Gouka. As a result, Feyenoord manager Giovanni van Bronckhorst dropped him from the squad and he did not play the next match, against PSV.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 1 February 2016, Kazim-Richards joined Scottish club Celtic, signing a two-and-a-half-year deal. He scored his first goal for the club in a Scottish Cup tie against East Kilbride on 7 February 2016.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 9 June 2016, Kazim-Richards joined Brazilian club Coritiba, signing an eighteen-month deal. He scored on his debut in a derby against Atlético Paranaense after coming on as a substitute.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 6 January 2017, Kazim-Richards signed with another Brazilian club, Corinthians, for a period of two years. In his debut, he scored in the friendly tournament the Florida Cup.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: On 15 October 2020, he signed a one-year deal with Derby County. He scored his first goal for Derby in a 1-1 draw with Coventry City on 1 December 2020. On 26 February 2021 it was reported that Kazim-Richards had signed a contract extension to keep him at the club until the end of the 2022 season.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Following relegation in the 2021–22 season, Kazim-Richards departed the club upon the expiration of his contract.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Kazim-Richards scored and was credited with an assist in his debut for the Turkey under-21 team in a victory against Switzerland on 24 March 2007. On 30 April, the Turkish national coach Fatih Terim declared that Kazim-Richards would play for the senior team.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Terim called him up for matches against Bosnia and Herzegovina and Brazil. He received his first senior international cap in a 0–0 friendly draw against Brazil on 5 June 2007, a game in which he played 38 minutes. He was a member of Turkey's Euro 2008 squad, playing in all five matches as the side reached the semi-finals.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: Born in London, Kazim-Richards attended Greenleaf Primary School in Walthamstow, where he developed an interest in football, which continued into his secondary education at Aveling Park, Walthamstow. His mother is a Turkish Cypriot (which enabled him to join the Turkish national team), and his father is of Antiguan descent.


title: Colin Kazim-Richards

text: In his youth, Kazim-Richards lost his infant brother to Edwards syndrome and three cousins in unrelated incidents: a heart attack while playing football, a brain haemorrhage in the bathtub, and a car crash. Another of his cousins, Andros Townsend, became a professional footballer.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Revenge of the Mummy, officially named Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride, is an enclosed roller coaster located at Universal Studios Florida, Universal Studios Hollywood, and Universal Studios Singapore. Its theme is based on "The Mummy" film franchise, and the ride features linear induction motors (LIMs) that launch riders from standstill to a maximum speed of in a matter of seconds. The Florida and Singapore locations have the same track layout, and each location offers a slightly different virtual experience. The three attractions were manufactured by Premier Rides and feature track switches installed by Dynamic Structures. Universal Creative and ITEC Entertainment Corporation created the theme at each location, with Adirondack Studios responsible for several of unique elements implemented at the Singapore location.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: In 2002, Universal Parks & Resorts set about designing a dark ride based on the popular Mummy movie franchise. As part of this process, Universal Studios Florida closed Kongfrontation on September 8, 2002, and Universal Studios Hollywood closed E.T. Adventure on March 14, 2003. On May 21, 2004, Revenge of the Mummy opened at Universal Studios Florida. This was followed by the opening of the ride at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 25, 2004.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: In December 2008, Resorts World Sentosa, which now encompasses Universal Studios Singapore, announced a Revenge of the Mummy ride would be built at the park, due to open in 2010. In contrast to the previous two installations, the one at Universal Studios Singapore was cheaper, reportedly costing only US$20 million instead of US$90


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Revenge of the Mummy opened on May 21, 2004. This Revenge of the Mummy roller coaster uses three LIM launches to propel riders from a complete standstill. The roller coaster lasts nearly three minutes and features a top speed of . The track is long featuring no inversions, 80-degree banked turns, and a 50-degree angle of descent. At the end of the ride there is an area where guests may purchase a photo of themselves on the ride from a Mummy-themed gift shop titled "Sahara Traders", which replaced Kongfrontation's "Safari Outfitters" gift shop.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The six-story, building housing the roller coaster was previously home to one of Universal's landmark attractions, Kongfrontation. Homages to the Kong attraction can be found in several areas within Revenge of the Mummy, including a golden statue of King Kong in the second scene of the ride. The slabs used to construct the building were the largest of its kind ever used. Track pieces from Kongfrontation were built into the building during construction and parts of the track still remain within the building. In order to compensate for space, part of the building was excavated several feet deep for the ride's climactic drop.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Guests enter the ride by entering the massive Museum of Antiquities facade, browsing through the film setup of a fictional sequel titled "Revenge of the Mummy". The film's props, molds, and concept drawings are on display inside. TVs around the studio play a video explaining how the original "Mummy" film was made, and most importantly how the film's fictional curse seemingly was proven to be real while filming, with various accidents and plagues striking the cast and crew. Brendan Fraser is skeptical, though, and refuses to wear the medjai symbol that the crew and locals are convinced will protect them from the curse. Fraser steals crew member Reggie's medjai necklace and demands a coffee (which craft services would not serve him before since he was not wearing the medjai symbol). Reggie injures himself in a freak accident later in the video, and then is seen being trapped inside a sarcophagus prop in the background near the end of the video. The inside queue morphs into a 1940s archaeological dig inside an Egyptian tomb, where guests climb to the second floor to board mine carts utilizing individual lap bars.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: As the ride begins, the mine carts move into another room inside Imhotep's tomb, where Reggie (a "Revenge of the Mummy" crew member who was missing on the set) is seen partly mummified and warns the riders: "Are you insane?! Get out of here! The curse is real; this whole place is a trap! He's after your souls!" Before Reggie can finish, Imhotep then comes out of a sarcophagus, prompting Reggie to desperately instruct the riders, "Look for the medjai symbol. It's your only hope!", but Imhotep cuts him off, shouting, "Silence!", and sucking out Reggie's soul, and then reminds the riders, "With your souls, I shall rule for all eternity!"


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The cars next move into a second room where there is treasure on the left and right sides of the car. Imhotep appears from the sand in front of a tomb mural and tempts riders, "Serve me and savor riches beyond measure". Light appears across the room, revealing treasure around the room. Imhotep also sternly states, "or refuse, and savor a more bitter treasure." Soldier mummies appear in front of the treasure as he utters an Egyptian curse: "Akudei makrraken ra!!". The cart then quickly moves into another room where the mine cart approaches the first launch and "hits" a wall and scarab beetles come "pouring out" of a wall in front of the riders. The cart launches backwards as a screaming sound effect is heard. The cart then drops into another room where it stops.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Imhotep appears again on a screen above the riders, moving across the screen to the back of the room, while the ride vehicle turns 180 degrees to follow him. Imhotep warns "Not even the medjai can save you now. There is no escape. Your end shall be my beginning. Behold your fate. Will this be your destiny?" Then, the ride moves through the second launch and catapults guests to 40 mph while Imhotep shouts: "YOUR SOULS ARE MINE!!!" The mine cart passes through Imhotep's skull (a fog display) and drops through various turns, while speeding past projections of mummies and fire.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The cart comes to a stop after this, and a female ride attendant appears behind a glassed control booth and thanks them for riding, but Imhotep sucks out her soul, breaks the glass, and sets the ceiling on fire while shouting "Prepare to forfeit your souls! Death is only the beginning!" The cart then hits the last launch, drops down 39 ft (the highest drop in the ride) and goes down a winding drop until a medjai symbol appears while Imhotep shouts "NOOOOO!" as the vehicle passes through the medjai symbol.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Then passengers travel through a tunnel of flickering lights with a screen in front of them. Brendan Fraser (dressed as Rick O'Connell) appears and tells the riders, "Hey, welcome back! Hope you enjoyed yourself. I would have enjoyed this interview a lot more if I HAD GOTTEN MY CUP OF COFFEE!!!" Suddenly, a cape passes over the screen and Imhotep's arm offers Fraser a cup of coffee. As Fraser screams and falls back in his chair, the screen fades to black, while riders hear Imhotep roaring over Fraser's screams, ending the ride. Riders are then directed to exit through an actual unload station. At the exit of the ride, riders see a missing persons poster with a picture of Reggie on it.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: On September 21, 2004, a 39-year-old man fell four feet from the ride's loading platform onto the tracks below while boarding the front row. He died the following morning during an operation to remove his spleen. The death was ruled accidental by the local Medical Examiner's Office.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The ride opened on June 25, 2004. The roller coaster has a height restriction of 48 inches. Revenge of the Mummy uses linear induction motors (LIM), a technology used to launch riders. The roller coaster lasts approximately 2 minutes and is housed in the building of the former attraction, the E.T. Adventure.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The ride features warrior mummies, treasures and tombs, a sudden launch, a scarab beetle attack, forwards and backwards motion and surround sound speakers inside the vehicles. Hollywood's coaster was built in the former E.T. Adventure building. Some support beams for the coaster were built by digging downward to accommodate space. Actual props from film series, including their replicated versions can be found in this incarnation; notably the warrior mummies and treasures.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Set in 1944, the queue provides riders with a brief backstory of Imhotep and the ride in general. Once guests enter the building's corridor in to the ride, they first see a hole which air will blast out of every 10 to 15 seconds (there are further traps along the corridor.) When guest move further in, the Book of the Dead is seen. A peep hole is also seen, fenced up by wires, containing a mummified man in his sarcophagus and other mummified remains of people whom Imhotep may have sucked their souls out earlier. The man's mummy is surrounded by carnivorous scarab beetles. When guests move deeper into the building (now appearing to be a tomb), they find an abandoned archaeological dig which is actually Imhotep's burial chamber. Looking up ahead in a giant mirror is a pictogram of Imhotep grinning at the guest followed by another pictogram of the guest being chased by Imhotep's army of mummy soldiers. Further in, riders find an archaeological dig set in a backdrop of 1944. The queue ends in an Ancient Egyptian themed loading platform, complete with hieroglyphs and a large statue of a scarab beetle, in which the riders board mine cart-type coasters.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: As the ride begins, riders enter a dark tomb lit with dark green and red fluorescent lights, with a mummy coming to life to the left and hissing at riders. From above, Omid Djalili's character the Warden Gad Hassan, from "The Mummy" film (who was thought to have met his fate in the first film), warns guests "Run for your lives! The curse is real! Imhotep lives!" He screams as scarab beetles engulf him. The mine car continues through to a dark chamber, as drops of water fall on guests, and mummies stretch their arms out from each side of the cart while mummified arms appear from the ceiling, trying to grab riders.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The mine car slowly continues into the treasure room, filled with large amounts of golden yellow light, Egyptian hieroglyphs covering the walls, and two gigantic statues of Anubis stationed next to a projector screen, where Imhotep appears from sand in a mural and tells guests, "Serve me and savor the riches of eternal life." The mine car makes a sharp turn as the yellow room quickly turns a dark shade of green, Imhotep continues his monologue... "And join us in eternal death." The mine car moves into the grand gallery as an animatronic Imhotep continues to speak a curse in Egyptian language "Akum ra, akum de," before exclaiming "Now your souls belong to "me"... FOREVER!" At the same time, the grand gallery starts to collapse after Imohtep used the powerful curse from the Scroll of Osiris. A wall behind him collapses, forming an eclipse as four more mummy warriors drop down from each side of the track, holding cutlasses in their hands.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The car is then launched at a high speed into darkness as the ride photo is taken. The surround sound speakers in the mine cart provide riders with an added dimension of entertainment, as the sound score begins. The ride continues for 56 seconds in darkness, going around high banked turns and small drops. Various images of mummy warriors and Imhotep are illuminated with ultraviolet lighting as the car twists and turns. The mine car makes a sharp uphill movement and veers left, where the track viciously brakes in a corner. The second launch is located in this area. Scarab beetles appear on the walls in front of the car with help of projectors, as the added special effects of air jets at riders' feet and a spray of water from above create the illusion of the vehicle being overrun by the bugs. As a screaming sound effect is heard, the car launches backwards into the underworld as Imhotep's evil laugh roars on the soundtrack. The vehicle makes a few more twists and turns, while more images of Imhotep and the mummy warriors are lit up as it continues backwards and Imhotep reminds riders "There's no place to hide! Your souls are MINE!"


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The car slows suddenly under the last illuminated painting of Imhotep's outstretched grasp and moves slowly into another room. A turntable moves the car into a forward-facing position as fog machines and strobe lighting fill the blackened room. As the car faces forward once again, Imhotep appears as a projected image and screams "NOOOOO!" hauntingly at riders before vanishing. There is a second of uncertain silence before a floodlight hits riders, and as a wall lifts up into the ceiling to allow the car to pass through, a second strobe light blinds guests. Imhotep's curse is broken as the ride enters the loading platform.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Originally, the ride featured faux-fire and projection effects during the final encounter with Imhotep, engulfing the ride vehicle in pressurized steam and specialized lighting. The ride now uses strobe effects, with a brief pause before the false wall rises on the loading platform.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Revenge of the Mummy was opened on March 18, 2010 with the soft opening of the park. This Revenge of the Mummy roller coaster is nearly identical and almost follows Universal Studios Florida version with differences aside from exchanging the medjai medallion for Book Of The Living. However, the Singapore version includes a different storyline with new sounds and effects, as well as a new ending featuring Imhotep being sealed inside his tomb.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The ride's new theming was designed by Adirondack Studios, ITEC Entertainment Corp and Universal Creative.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Unlike the Orlando version of the ride, guests enter an Egyptian tomb directly. Props from the Mummy film franchise and wall paintings of Imhotep's life as a high priest are featured in the inner queue areas similar to the Orlando version of the ride. When you are about to walk up the staircase, a sign that fades in and tells riders 'Find the gold Book Of The Living, Destroy Imhotep's Curse'. At the loading station, guests board mine cars utilizing individual lap bars.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: As the ride begins with mine cars move deeper into the tomb. The words "Find the Book" are scrawled over the walls. As the mine car turns, riders see Evelyn's supervisor trapped on a table. Before the supervisor can say his final words, Imhotep then comes out of a sarcophagus, prompting the supervisor to desperately instruct the riders, the supervisor desperately instructs the riders, "Find the Book of the Living and kill Imhotep! It's your only hope!". but Imhotep cuts him off, shouting, "Silence!" and sucking out the supervisor's soul, and then warns the riders, "You will never find the book—your souls will be mine for all eternity." Outlines of the Book of the Living, on the walls at the left, glow in red. Almost identical to the Orlando version, the vehicle move into a room with treasure all over. Imhotep appears from the sand in a tomb mural tempts riders, "Serve me and savor riches beyond measure". Light appears across the room, revealing treasure around the room. Imhotep also states, "or refuse, and savor a more bitter treasure." Soldier mummies appear in front of the treasure as he utters an Egyptian curse "Akudei makrraken ra!!" The vehicle then quickly moves into another room and halts into a sudden stop, nearly "crashing" into a wall, causing scarab beetles to "burst out" from the walls in . Then the vehicle drops backwards and turns with an anti-clockwise 180-degree circle as the screaming sound effect is heard and Imhotep warns the riders: "You will never find the book. There is no escape. Your end shall be my beginning. Behold your fate!" Then the ride catapults guests to 40 mph while Imhotep shouts: "YOUR SOULS ARE MINE!!!" At this instant, riders are accelerated from 0 to in a matter of seconds. The vehicle accelerates up a hill as it goes through Imhotep's skull and drops through various turns past projections of mummies.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: The vehicle comes to a stop after this, and riders will find the Book of the Living on a pedestal. Imhotep's voice is heard saying, "Without this book, you will never stop me!" and he suddenly appears behind the book saying "Prepare to forfeit your souls!". The ceiling of the room is engulfed in flames as Imhotep threatens the riders once again opening the book shouting "NOOOOO!" and causing the inscriptions to glow red. The vehicle moves forward and drops down "into hell" (the camera is located here) and goes down a winding drop before the brake run. Further on, riders "pass through" a wall and will see a sarcophagus hanging from the ceiling with Imhotep trapped inside. As the eyes of his Sarcophagus glow red, he shouts that the riders can never be defeated and taunts the riders with a warning, “Hopeless fools! You can never defeat me, I will escape this little tomb. Death is only the beginning!”, followed by an evil laugh as the riders move on to the unload platform.


title: Revenge of the Mummy

text: Due to consistent 1st place awards, the best indoor roller coaster category has been retired and the ride has been given legendary status by the Golden Ticket Awards.