title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 10 May 2018, Nicktoons UK announced they had acquired the broadcast rights to all the seasons of the show, and it premiered on 28 May 2018 on Nicktoons in the UK and Ireland with a special "Horrid Half Term". On the same day, Novel Entertainment ordered 42 new episodes slated to start airing in early 2019. The final episode of series 5 aired on 17 May 2019. Series 5 took the episode count to 250 in total.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: Horrid Henry was broadcast on Nicktoons UK in May 2018 and quickly became the channel's most popular show. In 2019 the series was the number three most-watched animation across all the UK's commercial TV services.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: CITV lost the rights to the series in January 2019, just a few months before the fifth series ended in May that year.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: Beginning in 2020, with the successful release of the "Horrid Henry's Wild Weekend" special, Novel Entertainment announced they would be producing a series of one-hour specials for Netflix, beginning with "Horrid Henry's Gross Day Out".


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 11 October 2006, Novel appointed the Copyright Promotions Licensing Group as the British and the European licensing agent for the series.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 19 May 2009, Novel appointed Stella Projects as the licensing agent for the series in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 17 November 2008, Novel Entertainment signed a record deal with EMI to release "Horrid Henry's Most Horrid Album", which consisted of new music from the series which would later be featured in Series 2 of the show and was previously featured in the "Live and Horrid" Live Show. It was released on 1 December 2008.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: "Horrid Henry's Horrid Album" was released on 14 January 2020. New tracks including "My Song, Born To Be Rude, Wanna Be Me" and "Too Cool For School" featured on the Vue Cinema special and will be released on the album.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 27 January 2009, CPLG and Novel Entertainment appointed Asylum Entertainment as the show's video game partner. On 1 June 2009, it was announced that SouthPeak Games would co-publish and distribute the game. The game: "Horrid Henry: Missions of Mischief", was released for the Nintendo DS and Wii on 4 December 2009. The game was later released on Microsoft Windows, and altogether sold 100,000 units on all three platforms in the UK.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 25 November 2011, Asylum and Koch Media released "Horrid Henry: The Good, The Bad and the Bugly" for the Nintendo 3DS.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 21 January 2022, P2 Games released "Horrid Henry's Krazy Karts" for the Nintendo Switch eShop. A Microsoft Windows port was released on 30 June 2022 on Steam.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 5 June 2008, Novel Entertainment announced a theatrical stage show titled "Horrid Henry: Live and Horrid". Produced by Watershed Productions and Sheffield Theatres, the show opened at Lyceum Theatre, Sheffield on 28 August 2008, with previews from 26 August, and ruan at the venue until 13 September. After which, the show toured the UK at locations such as High Wycombe, Bromley, Newcastle, Hull, Liverpool, and Bradford. During Christmas 2008, the show was showcased in London's West End to great fanfare.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: In January 2009, it was announced that the show would tour again for the 2009 season due to popular demand during its run. The second run of the show started in Oxford in April before the show travelled to Coventry, Wolverhampton, Nottingham and Cambridge. During the Christmas season that year, the show toured Manchester's Dancehouse


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: During August and December 2009, Horrid Henry took to the airwaves with his own radio show on "Fun Kids Radio", hosting a weekly show of comedy and music.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 22 February 2007, Novel announced that Nelvana Enterprises would distribute the series worldwide except in the UK and Germany. Other than CITV in the UK, RTÉ in Ireland and ZDF in Germany already acquired the rights to the series in the respective countries.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: On 19 February 2008, Novel transitioned the show's international distribution to Little Bird Rights. By March, the series was pre-sold to Disney Channel in France, RÚV in Iceland, SVT in Sweden, NRK in Norway and YLE in Finland, with broadcast deals in South Africa, Turkey and Portugal being negotiated. In October 2008, the broadcast rights for the three regions were pre-sold to MNet, Digiturk and RTP respectively, in addition to a Polish deal with Op Art.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: In the United States, the series has been exclusively released on Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, where it is currently available. In the Middle East and North Africa, the series has previously aired on M-Net and Disney XD, as of now, it currently airs on Nicktoons. In 2014, Cartoon Network and Boomerang acquired the series for Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, India, South-East Asia, South Korea and Taiwan. In the MENA region, it is being aired on Jeem TV. In 2018, the series premiered in Canada on Toon-A-Vision.


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: In Wales, the series was dubbed in Welsh and aired on children's block "Stwnsh" on S4C and was titled "Henri Helynt". In France, the series was dubbed into French under the title "Lucas la Cata" and aired on Disney Channel. In Ireland, the series was dubbed into Irish under the title "Dónal Dána" and aired on TG4. In India, the series was later acquired by Sony YAY! and aired on that channel under the title "Haste Raho Henry".


title: Horrid Henry (TV series)

text: It was revealed that a podcast entitled "Horrid Henry: Unlocked!" would be broadcast on Spotify and iTunes every Sunday and was presented by Lizzie Waterworth (as herself and Henry), and children's radio presenter "Silly" Sean Thorne. The series features a variety of fun and games, as well as short stories narrated by the title character. It was revealed that the podcast would have a second series during the Autumn, however, the series was postponed until a later date.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: The royal Flight to Varennes () during the night of 20–21 June 1791 was a significant event in the French Revolution in which King Louis XVI of France, Queen Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family unsuccessfully attempted to escape from Paris in order to initiate a counter-revolution at the head of loyal troops under royalist officers concentrated at Montmédy near the frontier. They escaped only as far as the small town of Varennes-en-Argonne, where they were arrested after having been recognized at their previous stop in Sainte-Menehould.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: This incident was a turning point after which popular hostility towards the French monarchy as an institution, as well as towards the king and queen as individuals, became much more pronounced. The king's attempted flight provoked charges of treason that ultimately led to his execution in 1793.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: The escape failed due to a series of misadventures, delays, misinterpretations and poor judgments. Much was due to the king's indecision; he repeatedly postponed the schedule, allowing small problems to become much larger. Furthermore, he overestimated popular support for the traditional monarchy, mistakenly believing only Parisian radicals supported the revolution and that the populace as a whole opposed it. He also mistakenly believed that he enjoyed particular favor with the peasantry and other commoners.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: The king's flight was traumatic for France, inciting reactions ranging from anxiety to violence and panic. Everyone was aware that foreign intervention was imminent. The realization that the king had effectually repudiated the revolutionary reforms made up to that point came as a shock to people who had seen him as a well-intentioned monarch who governed as a manifestation of God's will. Republicanism quickly evolved from being merely a subject of coffeehouse debate to the dominant ideal of revolutionary leaders.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: The king's brother also fled on the same night, by a different route. He successfully escaped, and spent the French revolution in exile, later returning to be crowned King Louis XVIII.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: Louis XVI's indecisive response was one of the causes of the forcible transfer of the royal family from the Palace of Versailles to the Tuileries in Paris on 6 October 1789 after The Women's March on Versailles. The relocation seemed to have emotionally paralyzed the king, which left many important decisions to the politically untrained queen. On 28 February 1791, while the Marquis de Lafayette was handling a conflict in Vincennes, hundreds of royalists came to the Tuileries to demonstrate in support of the royal family, only to be expelled from the palace by National Guards.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: The intended goal of the unsuccessful flight was to provide the king with greater freedom of action and personal security than was possible in Paris. At Montmédy, General François Claude de Bouillé, the marquis de Bouillé, had concentrated a force of 10,000 regulars of the old royal army who were considered to still be loyal to the monarchy. De Bouillé himself had shown energy in suppressing a serious mutiny in Nancy in 1790. The troops under his command included two Swiss and four German mercenary regiments who were perceived as being more reliable in a time of general political unrest than their French counterparts.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: In a letter drafted for presentation to the Diet of the Swiss Cantons at Zurich, the royalist baron de Breteuil stated that "His Majesty desires to have such imposing forces at his disposition, that even the most audacious rebels will have no other option than to submit". The court expectation was that "numerous faithful subjects of all classes" would then rally to demand the restoration of the rights of the throne and that order would be restored without the need for civil war or foreign invasion.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: The long-term political objectives of the royal couple and their closest advisors remain unclear. A detailed document entitled "Declaration to the French People" prepared by Louis for presentation to the National Assembly and left behind in the Tuileries indicates that his personal goal was a return to the concessions and compromises contained in the declaration of the Third Estate on 23 June 1789, immediately prior to the outbreak of violence in Paris and the storming of the Bastille. Private correspondence from Marie Antoinette takes a more reactionary line looking to a restoration of the old monarchy without concessions; though referring to pardons for all but the revolutionary leadership and the city of Paris "if it does not return to its old order".


title: Flight to Varennes

text: Prodded by the queen, Louis committed himself and his family to a disastrous escape attempt from the capital to the eastern frontier on 21 June 1791. With the dauphin's governess, the Marquise de Tourzel, taking on the role of a Russian baroness, the queen and the king's sister Madame Élisabeth playing the roles of governess and nurse respectively, the king a valet, and the royal children her daughters, the royal family made their escape leaving the Tuileries Palace at about midnight. The escape was largely planned by the queen's favourite, the Swedish Count Axel von Fersen and the Baron de Breteuil, who had garnered support from Swedish King Gustavus III. Fersen had urged the use of two light carriages that could have made the 200-mile journey to Montmédy relatively quickly. This would have involved the splitting up of the royal family, however, thus Louis and Marie-Antoinette decided on the use of a heavy and conspicuous coach drawn by six horses.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: Due to the cumulative effect of slow progression, time miscalculations, lack of secrecy, and the need to repair broken coach traces, the royal family was thwarted in its escape attempt after leaving Paris. Louis himself chatted with peasants while horses were being changed at Fromentieres and Marie Antoinette gave silver dishes to a helpful local official at Chaintrix. At Châlons townspeople reportedly greeted and applauded the royal party. Finally, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, the postmaster of Sainte-Menehould, recognized the king from his portrait printed on an assignat in his possession. Seven detachments of cavalry posted along the intended route had been withdrawn or neutralized by suspicious crowds before the large and slow moving vehicle being used by the royal party had reached them. The king and his family were eventually arrested in the town of Varennes, 50 km (31 miles) from their ultimate destination, the heavily fortified royalist citadel of Montmédy.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: Whether De Bouillé's army would have been numerous or reliable enough to change the direction of the revolution and preserve the monarchy can never be known.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: When the royal family finally returned under guard to Paris, the revolutionary crowd met the royal carriage with uncharacteristic silence and consequently, complete shock rippled throughout the crowd at the sight of their king. The royal family was confined to the Tuileries Palace. From this point forward, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The credibility of the king as a constitutional monarch had been seriously undermined by the escape attempt.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: After they returned, the National Constituent Assembly agreed that the king could be restored to power if he agreed to the constitution. However, various factions in Paris like the Cordeliers and the Jacobins disagreed, and this led to a protest at the Champ de Mars; the protest turned violent, resulting in the Champ de Mars Massacre.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: From the autumn of 1791 on, the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the dubious prospects of foreign intervention. At the same time, he encouraged the Girondin faction in the Legislative Assembly in their policy of war with Austria, in the expectation that a French military disaster would pave the way for the restoration of his royal authority. Prompted by Marie Antoinette, Louis rejected the advice of the moderate constitutionalists, led by Antoine Barnave, to fully implement the Constitution of 1791, which he had sworn to maintain. He instead secretly committed himself to a policy of covert counter-revolution.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: The king's failed escape attempt alarmed many other European monarchs, who feared that the revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries and result in instability outside France. Relations between France and its neighbors, already strained because of the revolution, deteriorated even further with some foreign ministries calling for war against the revolutionary government.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: The outbreak of the war with Austria in April 1792 and the publication of a manifesto by the Prussian commander, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, threatened the destruction of Paris if the safety of the royal family was again endangered. Upon hearing this, Parisian radicals stormed the Tuileries Palace on 10 August 1792. This was the event that sounded the death knell for the monarch.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: This attack led in turn to the suspension of the king's powers by the Legislative Assembly and the proclamation of the First French Republic on 21 September. In November, proof of Louis XVI's secret dealings with the deceased revolutionary politician, Mirabeau, and of his counterrevolutionary intrigues with foreigners was found in a secret iron chest, the "armoire de fer", in the Tuileries. It was now no longer possible to pretend that the reforms of the French Revolution had been made with the free consent of the king. Some Republicans called for his deposition, others for his trial for alleged treason and intended defection to the enemies of the French Nation. On 3 December, it was decided that Louis XVI, who together with his family had been imprisoned since August, should be brought to trial for treason. He appeared twice, on 11 and 23 December, before the National Convention.


title: Flight to Varennes

text: Convicted, Louis was sent to the guillotine on 21 January 1793. Nine months later, Marie Antoinette was also convicted of treason, and was beheaded on 16 October. (She asked the prosecutor to kill her as well, as she couldn't "suffer for long").


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Daniel Dodd Wilson is an American musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. His songwriting résumé includes "Closing Time", which he wrote for his band, Semisonic; "Not Ready to Make Nice", co-written with The Chicks; and "Someone Like You", co-written with Adele. He earned a Grammy nomination for "Closing Time" (Best Rock Song) and won Grammys for Song of the Year ("Not Ready to Make Nice" in 2007) and Album of the Year (which he won in 2012 as one of the producers of Adele's "21").


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: In addition to being the leader of Semisonic, Wilson has released several solo recordings, including the 2017 release "Re-Covered". He was also a member of the Minneapolis psychedelic rock band Trip Shakespeare.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson is a native of St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Wilson attended Harvard University, where he studied visual arts with a focus on printmaking and from which he graduated B.A. "summa cum laude" in Visual and Environmental Studies in 1983, while he resided in Dunster House. Wilson is an accomplished artist, and won the first Louis Sudler Prize for Outstanding Artistic Talent and Achievement in 1983. While in college, he began collaborating with his brother, singer-songwriter Matt Wilson, who also attended Harvard College. The Wilson brothers played in two bands, Animal Dance and the Love Monsters. After college, Wilson pursued his interest in drawing and painting, first in San Francisco and then in Minneapolis.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: In 1987, Wilson joined the Minneapolis psychedelic band, Trip Shakespeare, which Matt Wilson had founded with bassist John Munson and drummer Elaine Harris. The original three members had already released one record, "Applehead Man", and now as a quartet, with Wilson on guitar, piano, sharing lead vocal duties with Matt Wilson—with whom Wilson also co-wrote many of the songs—and Munson, the band released three more albums ("Are You Shakespearienced?", 1988, Gark Records; "Across the Universe", 1990, A&M Records; "Lulu", 1991, A&M Records) and one EP ("Volt", 1992, Twin Tone).


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Since Trip Shakespeare's breakup in 1992, Wilson has continued to collaborate with his brother, including the release of two live albums ("Minneapolis 2010" and "Minneapolis 2013").


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: After Trip Shakespeare's breakup in 1992, Wilson and Munson joined with drummer Jacob Slichter to form Pleasure, a trio that was later renamed Semisonic. Semisonic released one EP, three full-length albums, and one live album.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: The band's first album, "Great Divide", received critical acclaim. David Fricke wrote in a year-end Rolling Stone article on the notable albums of 1996, "Great Divide is that rare '96 beast, a record of simple but sparkling modern pop, rattling with power-trio vitality." It was their 1998 release, "Feeling Strangely Fine", however, that brought the band to widespread national and then international attention and success. Powered by Wilson's songs "Closing Time", which was a number-one hit on the Modern Rock charts for thirteen weeks in the spring and summer of 1998, the follow-up single "Singing in My Sleep", and "Secret Smile", a breakthrough hit for the band internationally, "Feeling Strangely Fine" attained platinum sales status in the U.S. and U.K. "Closing Time" received a 1999 Grammy nomination for Best Rock Song and has become an enduring pop-culture reference point for the late 1990s. It was a focal point of the plot and soundtrack of the 2011 film "Friends with Benefits".


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Semisonic's third album, "All About Chemistry", was released in 2001, and featured Wilson's song "Chemistry", the album's first single, and also included "One True Love", a song Wilson co-wrote with Carole King.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Semisonic stopped touring in August 2001 but continued to perform on occasion. Slichter's memoir, "So You Wanna Be a Rock & Roll Star", provides a detailed account of the band's adventures and misadventures in the music business.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: On June 26, 2020, Semisonic released their first single in nearly 20 years titled "You're Not Alone," followed by an EP of the same name on September 18, 2020.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson's solo debut, "Free Life", was released in 2007 by American Recordings. Produced with Rick Rubin, "Free Life" was recorded in Minneapolis and Los Angeles and includes performances by Tracy Bonham, Sheryl Crow, Jason Lader, Gary Louris, Natalie Maines, Benmont Tench, and a number of Minneapolis-based musicians including multi-instrumentalist and frequent Semisonic sideman Ken Chastain, Eric Fawcett, John Hermanson, Joanna James, Mason Jennings, Steve Rhoem, Joe Savage, as well as Wilson's Semisonic bandmates Munson and Slichter.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: "Free Life" helped establish Wilson's reputation as a songwriter, with "The A.V. Club" writing, "the star of the show here is Wilson's remarkable instinct for creating gorgeous songs, and his unabashed, obvious joy in doing so. For anyone worried that songcraft is an endangered species, "Free Life" should ease those fears."


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: The song "Breathless" became a big hit in Greece (and other Balkan countries) and Dan Wilson performed it at the 2009 MAD Video Music Awards.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson's second solo album, "Love Without Fear", was released on April 15, 2014 and includes performances by Sara Bareilles, Missy Higgins, Lissie, Natalie Maines, Blake Mills, Sara Watkins, and Sean Watkins. The first recording from "Love Without Fear", "Disappearing" (with a cover of Neil Young's "Out on the Weekend" included as a b-side) was released on November 7, 2013 and was the debut release of the new singles label, Canvasclub.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: In describing the album, Wilson said, "The songs are about being left alone, not wanting to lose someone, about desperately wishing for connection and togetherness. The sound of the record lives at the intersection of Americana and Beatles- influenced rock and roll. A little bit of twang and a lot of cinematic emotion." The album received largely favourable reviews emphasizing Wilson's reputation as a songwriter. "Dan Wilson's career is proof positive that smart, elegant songwriting has a place in music… [Love Without Fear] is a lovely amalgamation of chamber rock, gentle country, gooey '70s pop and snappy soul."


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson's third solo studio album, "Re-Covered", was released on August 4, 2017. The album is a collection of reinterpretations of songs Wilson wrote for other artists, both big hits and "songs that I always wished were big hits, but weren't." The album includes "Someone Like You" (written with Adele), "Not Ready To Make Nice" (written with Dixie Chicks), "Home" (written with Dierks Bentley and Brett Beavers), and "When The Stars Come Out" (written with Chris Stapleton).


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: In September 2018 Wilson announced that he would begin releasing new music that Fall. Rather than organizing the new songs into an album, he would instead release them over time as monthly singles. According to Wilson, "I fell in love with the idea of just letting songs out into the world when they happen." "I don't have anything against making an album. If I do 15 or 20 of these I would love the idea of packaging them together and calling it an album. I think that'd be fantastic, but I don't really have that in my mind. I'm just trying to be free."


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson's discoveries as a solo artist and collaborator with other artists are the subject of "Words and Music by Dan Wilson", solo concerts in which he performs some of his songs and describes the songs' various inspirations or the insights that occasioned their composition. "Words and Music by Dan Wilson" has come to Hotel Cafe, Room 5 and Largo in Los Angeles, Joe's Pub and City Winery in New York, World Cafe Live in Philadelphia, Jammin' Java in DC, Rams Head in Annapolis, The Cedar Cultural Center in Minneapolis, the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul, Schubas Tavern in Chicago, Berklee College of Music's Red Room at Cafe 939 in Boston, and the Red Barn concert series in Northfield, MN. Wilson has also presented Words & Music workshops at the 2012 ASCAP expo, UCLA's Herb Alpert School of Music, and USC's Thornton School of Music.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson's thoughts about songwriting and the creative process are also captured in his series, Words & Music in Six Seconds, which was originally launched on Vine and is now regularly posted on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. From American Songwriter, "In his short videos, Wilson provides insightful quips about common songwriting insecurities, methodology, personal writing quirks, and various other tips for writing your best."


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: As a songwriter and producer, Wilson has collaborated with a number of artists. Two of these collaborations have earned him Grammy Awards.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: A number of artists have described Wilson's ability to help put their feelings and ideas into song. Speaking of her experience of working with him, Pink said, in an online interview, "He is brilliant, and he's a thoughtful songwriter. And he's a song crafter . . . like old-school. He crafts songs and he thinks about them. And I learned a lot from working with him." In describing her co-writing with Wilson, Adele said, "Dan had me on my hands and knees, crying my eyes out - there's just something about him that made me completely open up as a composer."


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson co-wrote six of the songs on the Dixie Chicks multiple-Grammy-winning album "Taking the Long Way", including the title song and "Not Ready to Make Nice", which earned Wilson and the Dixie Chicks the 2007 Grammy for Song of the Year. In the 2006 film "", Wilson speaks on camera about his experience as a co-writer on this album, especially in regard to helping the Dixie Chicks make an artistic response to their rejection by radio and a large swath of their fans in the wake of the band's statements about President Bush and the Iraq War.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: One of the songs he co-wrote for this album, "Easy Silence", appears on "Free Life", with Dixie Chicks singer Natalie Maines singing harmonies.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson co-wrote three of the songs on Adele's multiple-Grammy-winning "21", "Don't You Remember", "One and Only", and, most notably, "Someone Like You", which became a number one hit in the US, UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand was a top ten hit around the globe. As a producer of this track, on which he also played piano, Wilson shared in the 2012 Grammy Award for Album of the Year.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: In an interview with American Songwriter, Wilson recounted the writing and recording of "Someone Like You":


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: "Someone Like You" won the 2012 Grammy for Best Pop Solo Performance, and as she accepted the award, Adele said, "I want to thank Dan Wilson, who wrote this song with me. My life changed when I wrote this song and I felt it before anyone even heard it."


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: "Someone Like You" was the most downloaded single of all time in the UK and was voted third most favourite single of the last 60 years in the UK.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson's career as a painter, illustrator, and calligrapher is less widely known, but his artwork has often intersected with his music career. He was represented by Thomas Barry Fine Arts in Minneapolis, and his works are included in numerous private and corporate collections.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson's paintings are featured on the artwork for two of Trip Shakespeare's albums, "Are You Shakespearienced?" and "Lulu", as well as on the cover of his first solo album, "Free Life".


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson created all of the artwork for his 2014 album "Love Without Fear". Most notably, a hand illustrated 24-page hardcover Deluxe Album Book/CD. The package includes Wilson's own calligraphy, sketches, and handwritten lyrics for each song on the album. The official lyric videos for his singles from the album, "Disappearing" and "A Song Can Be About Anything" are also made entirely from his own illustrations.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: At his "Words and Music by Dan Wilson" shows, audience members receive illuminated set lists that are hand illustrated by Wilson. One of these set lists was featured on NPR's blog All Songs Considered.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson's calligraphy and illustrations are featured in his Tumblr series, "DW's Sketchbook" and his musical cartoons have been featured in "The Wall Street Journal"'s Speakeasy Blog.


title: Dan Wilson (musician)

text: Wilson is married to Diane Espaldon. Wilson and his wife were contemporaries at Harvard University, where he studied visual arts and she studied government. Wilson's wife subsequently earned a M.A. from School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University. Together, they have one biological daughter, Corazon ("Coco") (b. 1997), who was born prematurely and has disabilities and for whom "Closing Time" was written before her birth, and Lily (b. 2007), who was adopted at age two from the Philippines.


title: Danny Kruger

text: Daniel Rayne Kruger (born 23 October 1974) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Devizes in Wiltshire since 2019.


title: Danny Kruger

text: The son of writer and property developer Rayne Kruger and restaurateur and television presenter Prue Leith, Kruger was educated at Eton College, subsequently studying history at the University of Edinburgh and University of Oxford. After university, he worked at the Centre for Policy Studies think tank, and then became a policy adviser for the Conservative Party.


title: Danny Kruger

text: Kruger became David Cameron's chief speechwriter in 2006. He left this role two years later to work full-time at a youth crime prevention charity that he had co-founded called Only Connect. For his charitable work, Kruger received an MBE in 2017. He was Prime Minister Boris Johnson's political secretary between August and December 2019.


title: Danny Kruger

text: Kruger was born in Westminster to South African parents, writer and property developer Rayne Kruger, and restaurateur and television presenter Prue Leith. He was privately educated at Eton College. Kruger studied history at the University of Edinburgh. While at the university, he was the editor of the magazine "Intercourse", which had a controversial issue featuring three naked students and an advertisement for a massage parlour. He obtained a doctorate in history from the University of Oxford in 2000.


title: Danny Kruger

text: After university, he became the director of research at the centre-right think tank Centre for Policy Studies in 2001. Kruger worked as a policy adviser in the Conservative Party's Policy Unit from 2003 to 2005. During this time, he was credited with contributing to then Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith's speech at the 2003 Conservative Party Conference. In 2005, Kruger became the chief leader writer of "The Daily Telegraph".


title: Danny Kruger

text: Kruger was selected as the Conservative candidate for Sedgefield at the 2005 general election, challenging prime minister Tony Blair in the seat. He was forced to drop out of the contest, however, after "The Guardian" quoted him stating that the party had planned "to introduce a period of creative destruction in the public services". Kruger left his position at "The Daily Telegraph" to become the chief speechwriter to then Conservative Party leader David Cameron in 2006. He wrote Cameron's 2006 address to the think-tank Centre for Social Justice, which was later dubbed the "hug-a-hoodie" speech, and was noted as a call to re-brand the party with compassionate conservatism at its core.


title: Danny Kruger

text: He co-founded the London-based youth crime prevention charity Only Connect in 2006 and in 2008 left his position as Cameron's chief speechwriter to work full-time for the charity. In 2015, the charity was acquired by Catch22 but continued to operate independently with its own brand. He also founded the charity West London Zone, which aims to provide support to at-risk youth. Kruger was made an MBE for services to charity in the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours. In the same year, he voiced his support for the legalisation of cannabis.


title: Danny Kruger

text: Kruger supported Brexit in the 2016 UK EU membership referendum. He was a senior fellow at the pro-Brexit think-tank Legatum Institute, which he left in 2018 to become an adviser at the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. In August 2019, Kruger became the political secretary to Prime Minister Boris Johnson.


title: Danny Kruger

text: Kruger was selected as a parliamentary candidate for the safe Conservative seat of Devizes on 9 November 2019. The constituency's incumbent Conservative MP, Claire Perry O'Neill, had previously announced that she would be standing down at the next election to become the president of the 2020 United Nations Climate Change Conference, and spend more time with her family; she was later fired from that role by Prime Minister Boris Johnson on 31 January 2020 for unspecified reasons. Kruger was elected as MP for Devizes in the 2019 general election, with a majority of 23,993 (47.1%). After the election, he was replaced as political secretary to the PM by Ben Gascoigne. He made his maiden speech on 29 January 2020, in which he called for a return to Christian values.


title: Danny Kruger

text: In May 2020 he tweeted extensively in support of the apparent breach of lockdown by Dominic Cummings and Mary Wakefield, describing them as "old friends".


title: Danny Kruger

text: In August 2020 Kruger was photographed breaching the rules on the mandatory wearing of masks on public transport. He apologised and stated that he "simply forgot", but also criticised the photographer for not asking him to put on a mask. He has also referred to his dislike for "absurd masks" in an interview with local media.


title: Danny Kruger

text: In May 2021 Kruger wrote an essay entitled "Restoring Rights, Reclaiming Liberty" for inclusion in "Common Sense: Conservative Thinking for a Post-Liberal Age" published by the Common Sense Group, an informal group of Conservative MPs. He was appointed as a Parliamentary Private Secretary in the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities in September 2021.


title: Danny Kruger

text: In June 2022, Kruger supported Prime Minister Boris Johnson in the 2022 Conservative Party vote of confidence in his leadership, saying "I don't judge people's private morals, or rather I do but I oughtn't. I judge public conduct. And on that, I think we should be forgiving about minor slips". In the same month, while speaking during a debate on the overturning of "Roe v. Wade" by the Supreme Court of the United States which resulted in the removal of pregnant women's constitutional right to abortion, he commented that he did not agree "that women have an absolute right to bodily autonomy" in relation to abortion as "in the case of abortion that right is qualified by the fact that another body is involved".


title: Danny Kruger

text: On 6 July 2022, as part of the crisis of confidence in Boris Johnson of 2022, Kruger resigned as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities.


title: Danny Kruger

text: Kruger is married to Emma, a former teacher. They are both co-founders of the charity Only Connect. He is an evangelical Christian. He was fined after his puppy caused a stampede when it chased a 200-strong herd of deer in London's Richmond Park in March 2021. Kruger apologised and said he would be more careful in future.


title: Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction

text: In 2021, "Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction" won the 66th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category, as well as the Excellence Award of the 25th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2022.


title: Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction

text: A large spaceship appears over Tokyo three years before the story starts. A one-sided war against the seemingly harmless aliens ensues, sparking controversy and pacifism.


title: Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction

text: Despite this unique and tragic event, high school girls Koyama Kadode and Nakagawa Ouran behave as if nothing has changed. They live their days like they always have. The focus of this story is not the alien invasion, but human nature, dialogue, growing up, and life.


title: Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction

text: "Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction", written and illustrated by Inio Asano, was first announced with the tentative title . The manga started in Shogakukan's manga magazine "Big Comic Spirits" on April 28, 2014. The series went on hiatus multiple times. It finished on February 28, 2022. Shogakukan collected its chapters in twelve volumes, released from September 30, 2014, to March 30, 2022.


title: Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction

text: Viz Media announced at Comic-Con International 2017 that it had licensed the manga in North America. The manga has also been licensed in Brazil by Editora JBC, in France by Kana, in Spain by Norma Editorial, in Germany by Tokyopop, and in Italy by Panini Comics.


title: Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction

text: "Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction" placed 18th on Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" 2016 ranking of top 20 manga for male readers. It has won the French award the "Daruma Best Drawing manga" at the Japan Expo Awards 2017. The series was chosen as one of the Best Manga at the Comic-Con International Best & Worst Manga of 2018. The manga received the Attilio Micheluzzi Award 2018 for the Best Foreign Manga. The series won the French Konishi Prize for the Best Translated Manga. In 2021, along with "Police in a Pod", "Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction" won the 66th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category. It also won an Excellence Award in the Manga Division at the 25th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2022.


title: Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction

text: The manga was nominated for an Eisner Award in the category "Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia" in 2019.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: Justin Carl Blackmon (born January 9, 1990) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at Oklahoma State, where he was twice recognized as a consensus All-American, before being drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars fifth overall in the 2012 NFL Draft. With the Jaguars, he was suspended for the first four games of the 2013 season for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy before being suspended indefinitely for another violation later that year and has not played since.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: Blackmon was born in Oceanside, California. He attended Plainview High School in Ardmore, Oklahoma, where he was a four-sport star in football, basketball, baseball and track. In football, he earned SuperPrep All-America honors as a senior after receiving 61 passes for 1,547 yards with 14 touchdowns, rushing for 152 rushing yards with two scores and returning four interceptions for touchdowns, leading his team to a 12–1 record. In basketball, he was the conference MVP as a junior.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: Blackmon also lettered once in track & field. At the 2008 Oklahoma State T&F Championships, he captured the state title in the long jump with a leap of 7.01 meters (22 ft, 10 in), while also placing second in the high jump event, with a leap of 1.98 meters (6 ft, 6 in). After spending the summer working on his 400-meter dash technique, he was challenged by his coach to run under 50 seconds, and he was clocked at 49.2. Regarded as a three-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Blackmon was listed as the No. 91 wide receiver prospect in the class of 2008. Colorado and Missouri were among the programs seeking his signature.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: Blackmon received an athletic scholarship to attend Oklahoma State University, where he played for coach Mike Gundy's Oklahoma State Cowboys football team from 2008 to 2011. He was redshirted as a true freshman in 2008, and quickly earned a starting position in 2009. He was named the 2010 Big 12 Offensive Player of the Year, the first receiver to earn the honor. He was awarded the Fred Biletnikoff Award as the nation's top receiver, and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. Blackmon also holds the NCAA records for most consecutive games gaining 100 yards or more and most games gaining 200 yards or more. Statistically, Blackmon caught 111 passes for 1,782 yards and 20 touchdowns in 12 games during the 2010 season and also added a pair of scores with a 69-yard run and a blocked punt return. This performance earned him the 15th-best season in NCAA history.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: Blackmon finished the 2011 regular season with 121 catches for 1,522 yards and 18 touchdowns. He led the Big 12 in receiving and ranked second nationally in both receptions per game and total receptions. His 15 touchdown catches led the league and represented the third-highest total in the nation. Following his 2010 sophomore season, he was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. Despite the extreme defensive game plans geared specifically at stopping him, he emerged as the Biletnikoff Award winner as the nation's top receiver for the second consecutive season; former Texas Tech receiver Michael Crabtree is the only other player to win the Biletnikoff Award twice. At the 2012 Fiesta Bowl, Blackmon caught 8 passes for 186 yards and 3 touchdowns. After the game, he declared for the 2012 NFL Draft. He was also named the 2012 Fiesta Bowl offensive MVP.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: Blackmon decided not to participate in any workouts at the NFL Combine, instead performing at Oklahoma State's Pro Day. He was considered the best wide receiver in the 2012 NFL Draft and predicted to go early in the first round. He has been compared to Anquan Boldin and Terrell Owens. He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the fifth pick in the first round of the draft. Jacksonville traded up with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to draft him, exchanging their number seven selection and a fourth round pick for Tampa Bay's spot. Blackmon was the highest drafted player from Oklahoma State since Barry Sanders in 1989.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: Blackmon scored his first career touchdown on November 4, 2012 against the Detroit Lions. On November 18, in a game against the Houston Texans, Blackmon had seven receptions for 236 yards. The 236 yards were third-most for an NFL rookie, the most since Jerry Rice as well as the second-most in a game in franchise history, trailing only 291 yards by Jimmy Smith in a September 2000 game at the Baltimore Ravens. Blackmon combined with Andre Johnson (273 yards on 14 receptions) to have the most receiving yards in a game by two players on different teams. Blackmon finished his 2012 season with 64 receptions and 865 yards receiving, both of which led all NFL rookies. Blackmon also led all rookie receivers in first downs. His 81-yard touchdown reception against Houston was the longest pass completion to any rookie.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: On June 3, 2012, Blackmon was arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol in Stillwater, Oklahoma and was released from custody later that day. On April 20, 2013, Blackmon received a four-game suspension by the NFL for violating the league's substance abuse policy. In July, he underwent groin surgery. The Jaguars placed him on the PUP list in which he missed training camp and the start of the preseason. Blackmon returned to the active roster and practiced on August 12, however he missed the first four games of the regular season due to his suspension. In his first game back, he caught 5 passes for 136 yards and a touchdown. In his next game, against the Denver Broncos, he recorded 14 catches for 190 yards. On November 1, during the Jaguars' bye week, he was suspended indefinitely without pay for again violating the NFL's Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse. He would have been eligible to apply for reinstatement prior to the 2014 season.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: On May 2, 2014, Jaguars general manager David Caldwell announced that it was unlikely that Blackmon would join the team for the 2014 season. Blackmon was arrested following a traffic stop on July 23, 2014 in Edmond, Oklahoma for possession of marijuana. On October 1, 2014, Jaguars head coach Gus Bradley said Blackmon had voluntarily checked into a 90-day program, adding that he had completed nearly half of his commitment, was doing very well and learning a lot. On May 10, 2015, Blackmon was reportedly denied reinstatement by the NFL, effectively ending his 2015 season. In August 2015, Jaguars general manager David Caldwell said that the Jaguars did not expect Blackmon to play for them again, adding that the team had not heard from him for some time. That same month Blackmon was added to the Toronto Argonauts' "confidential" negotiating list before the NFL disallowed it due to his suspension.


title: Justin Blackmon

text: On December 19, 2015, Blackmon was arrested for DUI in his hometown of Ardmore, Oklahoma. He pleaded guilty to DUI, and in August 2016 was sentenced to one year in jail, which was suspended pending the completion of one year of probation. He was also fined $1,000 and ordered to undergo 100 hours of community service. If he ever decided to play again, he would have to go through a two-month vetting process after applying for reinstatement. Despite this, Caldwell said at the time of Blackmon's arrest that the Jaguars had no intention of releasing him. Blackmon reportedly completed the terms of his probation in August 2017.


title: Pact of Steel

text: The Pact of Steel (, ), formally known as the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was a military and political alliance between Italy and Germany.


title: Pact of Steel

text: The pact was initially drafted as a tripartite military alliance between Japan, Italy and Germany. While Japan wanted the focus of the pact to be aimed at the Soviet Union, Italy and Germany wanted the focus of it to be aimed at the British Empire and France. Due to this disagreement, the pact was signed without Japan and as a result, it became an agreement which only existed between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, signed on 22 May 1939 by foreign ministers Galeazzo Ciano of Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop of Germany.


title: Pact of Steel

text: The pact consisted of two parts. The first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and co-operation between Germany and Italy. The second section, the "Secret Supplementary Protocol", encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and the economy.


title: Pact of Steel

text: Germany and Italy fought against each other in World War I. Popularity and support for radical political parties (such as the Nazis of Adolf Hitler and the Fascists of Benito Mussolini) exploded after the Great Depression had severely hampered the economy of both countries.


title: Pact of Steel

text: In 1922, Mussolini secured his position as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy. His first actions made him immensely popular - massive programs of public works provided employment and transformed Italy's infrastructure. In the Mediterranean Mussolini launched a powerful navy, larger than the combined might of the British and French Mediterranean fleets.


title: Pact of Steel

text: When he was appointed Chancellor in 1933, Hitler initiated a huge wave of public works and secret rearmament. Fascism and Nazism shared similar principles and Hitler and Mussolini met on several state and private occasions in the 1930s. On 23 October 1936, Italy and Germany signed a secret protocol aligning their foreign policy for the first time on such issues as the Spanish Civil War, the League of Nations and the Abyssinia Crisis.


title: Pact of Steel

text: In 1931, Japanese forces invaded the region of Manchuria because of its rich grain fields and reserves of raw minerals. This, however, provoked a diplomatic clash with the Soviet Union, which bordered Manchuria. To combat this Soviet threat, the Japanese signed a Pact with Germany in 1936. The aim of the pact was to guard against any attack from Soviet Russia were it to move on China.


title: Pact of Steel

text: Japan elected to focus on anti-Soviet alliances instead of anti-Western alliances like Italy and Germany. Germany, however, feared that an anti-USSR alliance would create the possibility of a two-front war before they could conquer Western Europe. So when Italy invited Japan to sign the Pact of Steel, it demurred.


title: Pact of Steel

text: Officially, the Pact of Steel obliged Germany and Italy to aid the other country militarily, economically or otherwise in the event of war, and to collaborate in wartime production. The Pact aimed to ensure that neither country was able to make peace without the agreement of the other. The agreement was based on the assumption that a war would not occur within three years. When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and war broke out on 3 September, Italy was not yet prepared for conflict and had difficulty meeting its obligations. Consequently, Italy did not enter World War II until June 1940, with a delayed invasion of Southern France.


title: Pact of Steel

text: The secret supplementary protocols of the Pact of Steel, which were split into two sections, were not made public at the time of the signing of the Pact.


title: Pact of Steel

text: The first section urged the countries to quicken their joint military and economic cooperation whilst the second section committed the two countries to cooperate in "matters of press, the news service and the propaganda" to promote the power and image of the Rome-Berlin Axis. To aid in this, each country was to assign "one or several specialists" of their country in the capital city of the other for close liaisons with the Foreign Minister of that country.


title: Pact of Steel

text: After being told the original name, "Pact of Blood", would likely be poorly received in Italy, Mussolini proposed the name "Pact of Steel", which was ultimately chosen.


title: Pact of Steel

text: According to Article VII, the pact was to last 10 years, but this did not happen. In November 1942, the Axis forces in North Africa, led by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, were decisively defeated by the British and British Commonwealth forces at the Second Battle of El Alamein. In July 1943 the Western Allies opened up a new front by invading Sicily. In the aftermath of this, Mussolini was overthrown by 19 members of the Gran Consiglio who voted in favour of the Ordine Grandi. The new Italian government, under Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio, signed an armistice with the Allies in September and became a non-belligerent, thus effectively ending Italy's involvement in the pact.


title: Pact of Steel

text: Although a puppet government under Mussolini, the Italian Social Republic, was established in Northern Italy by Nazi Germany, Italy continued as a member of the pact in name only.


title: Jennifer Salt

text: Jennifer Salt is an American producer, screenwriter, and former actress known for playing Eunice Tate on "Soap" (1977–1981).


title: Jennifer Salt

text: Salt was born in Los Angeles, California to screenwriter Waldo Salt and actress Mary Davenport. She has a younger sister, Deborah. Her stepmother was the writer Eve Merriam. She attended the High School of Performing Arts in New York City, and graduated from Sarah Lawrence College. Salt's father had been blacklisted by Hollywood for most of the 1950s and early 1960s after a run-in with the House Un-American Activities Committee, but managed a triumphant return with the two movies that won him Oscars.


title: Jennifer Salt

text: She made several stage appearances, winning a 1971 "Theatre World" award as Estelle in the play "Father's Day", and she portrayed Eunice Tate-Leitner, the snobbish daughter of Chester and Jessica Tate in the television comedy series "Soap". An early movie role was in "Midnight Cowboy" (1969) as Joe Buck's hometown lover, Crazy Annie. While living with actress Margot Kidder in Malibu in the early 1970s, she worked in tandem with American director Brian De Palma in the films "The Wedding Party" (1969), "Hi, Mom!" (1970), and "Sisters" (1972), and appeared with Cornel Wilde and Scott Glenn in the TV film "Gargoyles" (1972)..


title: Jennifer Salt

text: Salt has retired from acting, and is pursuing her writing career, including episode scripts for "Nip/Tuck" and other programs. In 1998, she landed her first steady job in her new profession as a low-rung writer on a cable detective drama titled "Sins of the City". She is a co-writer of the script for the Julia Roberts film "Eat Pray Love" (2010) based on Elizabeth Gilbert's best-selling memoir of the same name. In 2011, Salt helped work on a pilot for an HBO series based on the memoir "Foreign Babes in Beijing" written by Rachel De Woskin.


title: Jennifer Salt

text: In 2006, she was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for the "Nip/Tuck" episode "Rhea Reynolds". In 2011, she joined the FX horror series "American Horror Story" as a writer and co-executive producer.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Tacit knowledge or implicit knowledge—as opposed to formal, codified or explicit knowledge—is knowledge that is difficult to express or extract, and thus more difficult to transfer to others by means of writing it down or verbalizing it. This can include personal wisdom, experience, insight, and intuition.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: For example, knowing that London is in the United Kingdom is a piece of "explicit" knowledge; it can be written down, transmitted, and understood by a recipient. In contrast, the ability to speak a language, ride a bicycle, knead dough, play a musical instrument, or design and use complex equipment requires all sorts of knowledge which is not always known "explicitly", even by expert practitioners, and which is difficult or impossible to explicitly transfer to other people.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: The term tacit knowing is attributed to Michael Polanyi's "Personal Knowledge" (1958). In his later work, "The Tacit Dimension" (1966), Polanyi made the assertion that "we can know more than we can tell." He states not only that there is knowledge that cannot be adequately articulated by verbal means, but also that all knowledge is rooted in tacit knowledge. While this concept made most of its impact on philosophy of science, education and knowledge management—all fields involving humans—it was also, for Polanyi, a means to show humankind's evolutionary continuity with animals. Polanyi describes that many animals are creative, some even have mental representations, but can only possess tacit knowledge. This excludes humans, however, who developed the capability of articulation and therefore can transmit partially explicit knowledge. This relatively modest difference then turns into a big practical advantage, but there is no unexplained evolutionary gap.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: "Tacit knowledge" can be defined as skills, ideas and experiences that are possessed by people but are not codified and may not necessarily be easily expressed. With tacit knowledge, people are not often aware of the knowledge they possess or how it can be valuable to others. Effective transfer of tacit knowledge generally requires extensive personal contact, regular interaction, and trust. This kind of knowledge can only be revealed through practice in a particular context and transmitted through social networks. To some extent it is "captured" when the knowledge holder joins a network or a community of practice.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Some examples of daily activities and tacit knowledge are: riding a bike, playing the piano, driving a car, hitting a nail with a hammer, putting together pieces of a complex jigsaw puzzle, and interpreting a complex statistical equation.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: In the field of knowledge management, the concept of tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that cannot be fully codified. An individual can acquire tacit knowledge without language. Apprentices, for example, work with their mentors and learn craftsmanship not only through language but also by observation, imitation, and practice.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: The key to acquiring tacit knowledge is experience. Without some form of shared experience, it is extremely difficult for people to share each other's thinking processes.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Tacit knowledge can be divided according to the terrain. Terrains affect the process of changing tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge. Terrains are of three kinds:


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Tacit knowledge has been described as “know-how” as opposed to “know-what” (facts). This distinction between “know-how” and “know-what” is considered to date back to a 1945 paper by Gilbert Ryle given to the Aristotelian Society in London. In his paper, Ryle argues against the (intellectualist) position that all knowledge is knowledge of Propositions (“know-what”), and therefore the view that some knowledge can only be defined as “know-how”. Ryle's argument has, in some contexts, come to be called "anti-intellectualist". There are further distinctions such as "know-why" (science) or "know-who" (networking).


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Tacit knowledge involves learning and skill but not in a way that can be written down. On this account, knowing-how or “embodied knowledge” is characteristic of the expert, who acts, makes judgments, and so forth without explicitly reflecting on the principles or rules involved. The expert works without having a theory of his or her work; he or she just performs skillfully without deliberation or focused attention. Embodied knowledge represents a learned capability of a human body's nervous and endocrine systems.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Although it is possible to distinguish conceptually between explicit and tacit knowledge, they are not separate and discrete in practice. The interaction between these two modes of knowing is vital for the creation of new knowledge.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: The process of transforming tacit knowledge into explicit or specifiable knowledge is known as codification, articulation, or specification. The tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be codified, but can only be transmitted via training or gained through personal experience. There is a view against the distinction, where it is believed that all propositional knowledge (knowledge that) is ultimately reducible to practical knowledge (knowledge how).


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Ikujiro Nonaka proposed a model of knowledge creation that explains how tacit knowledge can be converted to explicit knowledge, both of which can be converted into organisational knowledge. While introduced by Nonaka in 1990, the model was further developed by Hirotaka Takeuchi and is thus known as the Nonaka–Takeuchi model. In this model, tacit knowledge is presented variously as uncodifiable ("tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be codified") and codifiable ("transforming tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge is known as codification"). This ambiguity is common in the knowledge management literature.


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Assuming that knowledge is created through the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge, the Nonaka–Takeuchi model postulates four different modes of knowledge conversion:


title: Tacit knowledge

text: Nonaka's view may be contrasted with Polanyi's original view of "tacit knowing". Polanyi believed that while declarative knowledge may be needed for acquiring skills, it is unnecessary for using those skills once the novice becomes an expert. Indeed, it does seem to be the case that, as Polanyi argued, when people acquire a skill, they acquire a corresponding understanding that defies articulation.


title: Gold Codes

text: The Gold Codes are the launch codes for nuclear weapons provided to the president of the United States in his role as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In conjunction with the nuclear football, the Gold Codes allow the president to authorize a nuclear attack. Gold Codes, as well as a separate nuclear football, are also assigned to the vice president in case the president is incapacitated or otherwise unable to discharge the duties of office pursuant to the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Gold Codes are arranged in a column and printed on a plastic card nicknamed "the biscuit".


title: Gold Codes

text: The card's size is similar to that of a credit card, and the president is supposed to carry it on their person. Before it can be read, an opaque plastic covering must be snapped in two and removed.


title: Gold Codes

text: Gold Codes are generated daily and provided by the National Security Agency (NSA) to the White House, The Pentagon, United States Strategic Command and TACAMO. For an extra level of security, the list of codes on the card includes codes that have no meaning, and therefore the president must memorize where on the list the correct code is located. The concept behind the codes is that they permit the president to positively identify himself as the commander-in-chief and thereby authenticate a launch order to the National Military Command Center (NMCC).


title: Gold Codes

text: Should the president decide to order the launch of nuclear weapons, the president would be taken aside by the carrier of the nuclear football and the briefcase would be opened. The president would then decide which attack options (specific orders for attacks on specific targets) to use. The attack options are preset war plans developed under OPLAN 8010, and include major attack options (MAOs), selected attack options (SAOs) and limited attack options (LAOs). The chosen attack option and the Gold Codes would then be transmitted to the NMCC via a special secure channel.


title: Gold Codes

text: Stephen Schwartz, an independent nuclear policy consultant, explained in 2018: "Once [the president's] identity is verified, he gives the order and it is transmitted down the chain of command. The chain of command goes from the president through the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and then, if we’re using long-range weapons, down through the Strategic Command, then the order is relayed to our forces in the field. It always happens extremely quickly."


title: Gold Codes

text: As commander-in-chief, the president is the only individual with the authority to order the use of nuclear weapons. The president and another high-ranking official, such as the vice president or secretary of defense, must jointly authenticate the order to use nuclear weapons. Nuclear-defense policy expert Franklin Miller states that the president has almost single authority to initiate a nuclear attack; though the secretary of defense is required to verify the order, they cannot legally veto it. However, of the Constitution allows for the vice president, together with a majority of cabinet heads or Congress, to declare the president disabled or unfit to execute the duties of the office.


title: Cooper Rush

text: Cooper Robert Rush (born November 21, 1993) is an American football quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Central Michigan, and was signed by the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2017.


title: Cooper Rush

text: Originally from Charlotte, Michigan, Rush attended Lansing Catholic High School in Lansing, Michigan, with an enrollment of just over 500 students, where he became a three-year starter at quarterback for the football team. He also played basketball and baseball (until his freshman year).


title: Cooper Rush

text: In 2010 and 2011, he led his team to back-to-back undefeated regular seasons. In 2011, he led his team to the state runner-up title. In the Division 5 regional championship game against Dowagiac Union High School, he set Michigan state records with 5 touchdown passes in one quarter and 8 for the game. The team would end up losing in the finals against Powers Catholic High School 26–56, even though he registered 300 passing yards and 3 touchdowns.


title: Cooper Rush

text: As a senior he received All-State, Associated Press’ Michigan Division 5/6 Player of the Year and ESPN’s Michigan Gatorade Player of the Year honors.


title: Cooper Rush

text: He finished his high school career throwing for 7,248 passing yards (455-for-734, 62 percent), 80 passing touchdowns, 1,438 rushing yards and 27 rushing touchdowns. A 3-star recruit, Cooper Rush only received scholarship offers from Central Michigan and Toledo, but received preferred walk-on offers from Michigan, Michigan State, Northwestern, and Western Michigan.


title: Cooper Rush

text: In his redshirt season at Central Michigan, he was named the school’s Scout Team Player of the Year. As a freshman, although he began the season as the third-string quarterback, he was named the starter by the third game, after Cody Kater was injured (collarbone fracture) and his backup Alex Niznak couldn't move the offense against the University of New Hampshire. In that contest he came in the second quarter and helped engineer a 24–21 come from behind victory, where he tallied 326 passing yards and 3 touchdowns, tying the school record for the longest in history (97 yards). He would never relinquish the position or miss a start after the game.


title: Cooper Rush

text: As a sophomore, he played in the 2014 Bahamas Bowl against Western Kentucky. By the middle of the third quarter, his team had fallen behind 49–14, but scored 4 unanswered touchdowns and were down by only 7 points near the end of the fourth quarter. With one second remaining on the contest, Central Michigan had the ball on their own 25 yard line. The would-be final play started with a 45-yard Hail Mary pass from Rush to wide receiver Jesse Kroll. As Kroll was being tackled he lateraled the ball to teammate Deon Butler, who ran 20 yards before lateraling to Courtney Williams. With no space to run, Williams made a quick third lateral pass to leading receiver Titus Davis who ran the final 13 yards, scoring a touchdown that would have tied the game with a kicked extra point and sent the game into overtime, but instead Central Michigan attempted a two-point conversion for the win, which was unsuccessful. Had the try succeeded, it would have marked the largest comeback in bowl history and tied the largest comeback in any Division I game. His seven touchdown passes set an all-time record for all bowl games.


title: Cooper Rush

text: His best season came as a junior in 2015, through the first 13 games he had 3,703 passing yards, which was a new school single-season record. He completed 66.3 percent of his passes for 3,848 total passing yards, 25 touchdowns, and 11 interceptions.


title: Cooper Rush

text: As a senior, his production dropped to 3,540 passing yards, 23 touchdowns, but with 16 interceptions and a low 59.8 completion percentage. Against Oklahoma State University, the game sparked controversy after the officials made an incorrect call that would eventually give Central Michigan the win. Oklahoma State threw the ball away to end the game and received a penalty for intentional grounding. Under college football rules, the game would have ended and Oklahoma State would have won the game. However, the officials gave Central Michigan an untimed down, and Rush threw a 51-yard Hail Mary pass to wide receiver Jesse Kroll, who made a lateral to fellow receiver Corey Willis at the 12-yard line, running for a touchdown with no time remaining for a 30–27 win. The team lost 55–10 to Tulsa in the 2016 Miami Beach Bowl at the end of the season.


title: Cooper Rush

text: He finished his college career with 49 straight starts, 12,894 passing yards (12 yards short of Dan LeFevour school and conference record) and 90 touchdowns.


title: Cooper Rush

text: Coming out of Central Michigan, Rush was projected by the majority of NFL draft experts and analysts to be a seventh round pick or a priority undrafted free agent. On December 6, 2016, it was announced that Rush had accepted his invitation to the East–West Shrine Game. On January 21, 2017, Rush performed in the East–West Shrine Game for the East and completed 11 of 17 pass attempts for 97 yards in a 10–3 loss to the West.


title: Cooper Rush

text: He received an invitation to the NFL combine and performed almost all of the required drills except for the bench press. He had an underwhelming lackluster performance and had some of the lowest marks at the combine. On March 20, 2017, Rush participated at Central Michigan's pro day and chose to attempt the vertical jump, broad jump, short shuttle, and three-cone drill once again. He gave a slower time in the three-cone drill (7.28), but was able to have better results in the vertical (30"), broad (8'11"), and short shuttle (4.46). Rush was ranked the 14th best quarterback prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.


title: Cooper Rush

text: Rush was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2017 NFL Draft on May 12. As a rookie, he initially competed with Zac Dysert in training camp for the job as the third-string quarterback. After Dysert suffered a herniated disc, the Cowboys signed Luke McCown to replace him on the roster.


title: Cooper Rush

text: Following multiple productive preseason performances in the Hall of Fame Game and the next two contests, he began to share second-team reps in practice with backup quarterback Kellen Moore before the preseason game against the Oakland Raiders. During the contest, he was given most of the time with the second-team offense and completed 12 of his 13 attempts for 115-yards and two touchdowns in a comeback 24–20 victory. He finished the preseason with a total of 38 pass completions out of 51 attempts, 398 passing yards, and six touchdown passes with no interceptions. Head coach Jason Garrett named Rush the Cowboys' third quarterback on their depth chart, behind Dak Prescott and Moore. Rush did not dress for the first five games and was a healthy scratch.


title: Cooper Rush

text: Rush was promoted to second-string for the sixth game of the season, with Moore being released and signed to the Cowboy's practice squad. In Week 7, in the 40–10 victory over the San Francisco 49ers, he appeared late in the game in relief of Prescott. He was 1-of-3 passing for 2 yards and had 2 rushes for 13 yards in his NFL debut.


title: Cooper Rush

text: In 2018, he was the backup at quarterback from the start of organized team activities, as he never received any strong competition from rookie Mike White. He only played in the sixth game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, closing out a 40–7 win in the fourth quarter, where he only handed the ball to the running backs.


title: Cooper Rush

text: In 2019, he wasn't challenged for the backup quarterback role, so the Cowboys decided to keep only two quarterbacks on the roster, releasing White at the end of the preseason. He only played in the season opener against the New York Giants and in the fourteenth game against the Los Angeles Rams. He did not have any pass attempts while closing out the two wins in the fourth quarter.


title: Cooper Rush

text: On March 18, 2020, Rush re-signed with the Cowboys on a one-year restricted free agent tender. On May 4, Rush was waived by the Cowboys after the team signed former Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton.


title: Cooper Rush

text: On May 5, 2020, Rush was claimed off waivers by the New York Giants, reuniting with offensive coordinator Jason Garrett, who was his head coach with the Cowboys. On September 5, 2020, he was waived and signed to the practice squad the next day. On September 29, 2020, Rush was released from the Giants practice squad to make room for another former Cowboys quarterback (Clayton Thorson).


title: Cooper Rush

text: On October 31, 2020, Rush was signed to the Dallas Cowboys' practice squad, to provide depth after starter Dak Prescott suffered a season-ending ankle injury. He was elevated to the active roster on November 7 for the team's week 9 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, and reverted to the practice squad after the game. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Cowboys on January 4, 2021. He beat out Garrett Gilbert and Ben DiNucci to be the backup QB for Dallas in the 2021 NFL season.


title: Cooper Rush

text: Rush was named the starter for the Cowboys Week 8 game against the Minnesota Vikings after Prescott was out with a calf injury. It was Rush's first start since entering the NFL. He passed for 325 yards, 2 touchdowns, and an interception, and led a comeback drive that he ended by throwing a touchdown to Amari Cooper in the final minute of a 20–16 Dallas victory.


title: Cooper Rush

text: On August 30, 2022, Rush was waived by the Cowboys and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was signed to the active roster on September 17, 2022 to be the starter following an injury to Dak Prescott. He made his first start of the season in Week 2 against the Cincinnati Bengals, where he threw for 235 yards and a touchdown in the 20–17 win.


title: Cooper Rush

text: In his second start of the season against the New York Giants in Week 3, Rush threw for 225 yards and 1 touchdown in a 23–16 win. In Week 4 against the Washington Commanders, in his third straight start of the season, Rush completed 15 of 27 pass attempts for 223 yards, with 2 passing touchdowns, 0 interceptions and a passer rating of 107.5 in the 25–10 win. With the victory, Rush became the first quarterback in Dallas Cowboys history to win his first five starts. In Week 5 against the Los Angeles Rams, Rush completed 10 of 16 passes for 102 yards with zero touchdowns or interceptions, in a 22-10 win. This was Rush's 4th straight start and win during the season. After four starts in the season, Rush had the 5th highest QBR in the NFL at 66.9. In Week 6 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Rush completed 18 of 38 pass attempts for 181 yards with one touchdown and three interceptions in a 26-17 loss.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or AATD) is a genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease. Onset of lung problems is typically between 20 and 50 years of age. This may result in shortness of breath, wheezing, or an increased risk of lung infections. Complications may include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cirrhosis, neonatal jaundice, or panniculitis.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: A1AD is due to a mutation in the SERPINA1 gene that results in not enough alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT). Risk factors for lung disease include tobacco smoking and environmental dust. The underlying mechanism involves unblocked neutrophil elastase and buildup of abnormal A1AT in the liver. It is autosomal co-dominant, meaning that one defective allele tends to result in milder disease than two defective alleles. The diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and confirmed by blood tests or genetic tests.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Treatment of lung disease may include bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, and, when infections occur, antibiotics. Intravenous infusions of the A1AT protein or in severe disease lung transplantation may also be recommended. In those with severe liver disease liver transplantation may be an option. Avoiding smoking is recommended. Vaccination for influenza, pneumococcus, and hepatitis is also recommended. Life expectancy among those who smoke is 50 years while among those who do not smoke it is almost normal.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: The condition affects about 1 in 2,500 people of European descent. Severe deficiency occurs in about 1 in 5,000. In Asians it is uncommon. About 3% of people with COPD are believed to have the condition. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency was first described in the 1960s.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Individuals with A1AD may develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema) during their thirties or forties even without a history of smoking, though smoking greatly increases the risk. Symptoms may include shortness of breath (on exertion and later at rest), wheezing, and sputum production. Symptoms may resemble recurrent respiratory infections or asthma.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: A1AD may cause several manifestations associated with liver disease, which include impaired liver function and cirrhosis. In newborns, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can result in early onset jaundice followed by prolonged jaundice. Between 3% and 5% of children with ZZ mutations develop life-threatening liver disease, including liver failure. A1AD is a leading reason for liver transplantation in newborns. In newborns and children, A1AD may cause jaundice, poor feeding, poor weight gain, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Apart from COPD and chronic liver disease, α-antitrypsin deficiency has been associated with necrotizing panniculitis (a skin condition) and with granulomatosis with polyangiitis in which inflammation of the blood vessels may affect a number of organs but predominantly the lungs and the kidneys.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 1 ("SERPINA1") is the gene that encodes the protein alpha-1 antitrypsin. "SERPINA1" has been localized to chromosome 14q32. Over 75 mutations of the "SERPINA1" gene have been identified, many with clinically significant effects. The most common cause of severe deficiency, PiZ, is a single base-pair substitution leading to a glutamic acid to lysine mutation at position 342 (dbSNP: rs28929474), while PiS is caused by a glutamic acid to valine mutation at position 264 (dbSNP: rs17580). Other rarer forms have been described .


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: A1AT is a glycoprotein mainly produced in the liver by hepatocytes, and, in some quantity, by enterocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. In a healthy lung, it functions as an inhibitor against neutrophil elastase, a neutral serine protease that controls lung elastolytic activity which stimulates mucus secretion and CXCL8 release from epithelial cells that perpetuate the inflammatory state. With A1AT deficiency, neutrophil elastase can disrupt elastin and components of the alveolar wall of the lung that may lead to emphysema, and hypersecretion of mucus can develop chronic bronchitis. Both conditions are the makeup of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Normal blood levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin may vary with analytical method but are typically around 1.0-2.7 g/L. In individuals with PiSS, PiMZ and PiSZ genotypes, blood levels of A1AT are reduced to between 40 and 60% of normal levels; this is usually sufficient to protect the lungs from the effects of elastase in people who do not smoke. However, in individuals with the PiZZ genotype, A1AT levels are less than 15% of normal, and they are likely to develop panlobular emphysema at a young age. Cigarette smoke is especially harmful to individuals with A1AD. In addition to increasing the inflammatory reaction in the airways, cigarette smoke directly inactivates alpha-1 antitrypsin by oxidizing essential methionine residues to sulfoxide forms, decreasing the enzyme activity by a factor of 2,000.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: With A1AT deficiency, the pathogenesis of the lung disease is different from that of the liver disease, which is caused by the accumulation of abnormal A1AT proteins in the liver, resulting in liver damage. As such, lung disease and liver disease of A1AT deficiency appear unrelated, and the presence of one does not appear to predict the presence of the other. Between 10 and 15% of people with the PiZZ genotype will develop liver fibrosis or liver cirrhosis, because the A1AT is not secreted properly and therefore accumulates in the liver. The mutant Z form of A1AT protein undergoes inefficient protein folding (a physical process where a protein chain achieves its final conformation). 85 percent of the mutant Z form are unable to be secreted and remain in the hepatocyte. Nearly all liver disease caused by A1AT is due to the PiZZ genotype, although other genotypes involving different combinations of mutated alleles (compound heterozygotes) may also result in liver disease. A liver biopsy in such cases will reveal PAS-positive, diastase-resistant inclusions within hepatocytes. Unlike glycogen and other mucins which are diastase sensitive (i.e., diastase treatment disables PAS staining), A1AT deficient hepatocytes will stain with PAS even after diastase treatment - a state thus referred to as "diastase resistant". The accumulation of these inclusions or globules is the main cause of liver injury in A1AT deficiency. However, not all individuals with PiZZ genotype develop liver disease (incomplete penetrance), despite the presence of accumulated mutated protein in the liver. Therefore, additional factors (environmental, genetic, etc.) likely influence whether liver disease develops.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: The gold standard of diagnosis for A1AD consists of blood tests to determine the phenotype of the AAT protein or genotype analysis of DNA. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for determining the extent of hepatic fibrosis and assessing for the presence of cirrhosis.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: A1AT deficiency remains undiagnosed in many patients. Patients are usually labeled as having COPD without an underlying cause. It is estimated that about 1% of all COPD patients actually have an A1AT deficiency. Testing is recommended in those with COPD, unexplained liver disease, unexplained bronchiectasis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis or necrotizing panniculitis. American guidelines recommend that all people with COPD are tested, whereas British guidelines recommend this only in people who develop COPD at a young age with a limited smoking history or with a family history. The initial test performed is serum A1AT level. A low level of A1AT confirms the diagnosis and further assessment with A1AT protein phenotyping and A1AT genotyping should be carried out subsequently.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: As protein electrophoresis does not completely distinguish between A1AT and other minor proteins at the alpha-1 position (agarose gel), antitrypsin can be more directly and specifically measured using a nephelometric or immunoturbidimetric method. Thus, protein electrophoresis is useful for screening and identifying individuals likely to have a deficiency. A1AT is further analyzed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the pH range 4.5-5.5, where the protein migrates in a gel according to its isoelectric point or charge in a pH gradient.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Normal A1AT is termed M, as it migrates toward the center of such an IEF gel. Other variants are less functional and are termed A-L and N-Z, dependent on whether they run proximal or distal to the M band. The presence of deviant bands on IEF can signify the presence of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Since the number of identified mutations has exceeded the number of letters in the alphabet, subscripts have been added to most recent discoveries in this area, as in the Pittsburgh mutation described above. As every person has two copies of the A1AT gene, a heterozygote with two different copies of the gene may have two different bands showing on electrofocusing, although a heterozygote with one null mutant that abolishes expression of the gene will only show one band. In blood test results, the IEF results are notated as, e.g., PiMM, where Pi stands for protease inhibitor and "MM" is the banding pattern of that person.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Other detection methods include use of enzyme-linked-immuno-sorbent-assays in vitro and radial immunodiffusion.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Alpha-1 antitrypsin levels in the blood depend on the genotype. Some mutant forms fail to fold properly and are, thus, targeted for destruction in the proteasome, whereas others have a tendency to polymerize, thereafter being retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The serum levels of some of the common genotypes are:


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Treatment of lung disease may include bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, and, when infections occur, antibiotics. Intravenous infusions of the A1AT protein or in severe disease lung transplantation may also be recommended. In those with severe liver disease liver transplantation may be an option. Avoiding smoking and getting vaccinated for influenza, pneumococcus, and hepatitis is also recommended.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: People with lung disease due to A1AD may receive intravenous infusions of alpha-1 antitrypsin, derived from donated human plasma. This augmentation therapy is thought to arrest the course of the disease and halt any further damage to the lungs. Long-term studies of the effectiveness of A1AT replacement therapy are not available. It is currently recommended that patients begin augmentation therapy only after the onset of emphysema symptoms. As of 2015 there were four IV augmentation therapy manufacturers in the United States, Canada, and several European countries. IV therapies are the standard mode of augmentation therapy delivery.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Liver disease due to A1AD does not include any specific treatment, beyond routine care for chronic liver disease. However, the presence of cirrhosis affects treatment is several ways. Individuals with cirrhosis and portal hypertension should avoid contact sports to minimize the risk of splenic injury. All people with A1AD and cirrhosis should be screened for esophageal varices, and should avoid all alcohol consumption. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should also be avoided, as these medications may worsen liver disease in general, and may particularly accelerate the liver injury associated with A1AD. Augmentation therapy is not appropriate for people with liver disease. If progressive liver failure or decompensated cirrhosis develop, then liver transplantation may be necessary.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: People of Northern European and Iberian ancestry are at the highest risk for A1AD. Four percent of them carry the PiZ allele; between 1 in 625 and 1 in 2000 are homozygous.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Another study detected a frequency of 1 in 1550 individuals. The highest prevalence of the PiZZ variant was recorded in the northern and western European countries with mean gene frequency of 0.0140. Worldwide, an estimated 1.1 million people have A1AT deficiency and roughly 116 million are carriers of mutations.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: A1AD is one of the most common genetic diseases worldwide and the second most common metabolic disease affecting the liver.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: Laurell, along with a medical resident, Sten Eriksson, made the discovery after noting the absence of the α band on protein electrophoresis in five of 1500 samples; three of the five patients were found to have developed emphysema at a young age.


title: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

text: The link with liver disease was made six years later, when Harvey Sharp "et al." described A1AD in the context of liver disease.


title: Lycoming O-360

text: The Lycoming O-360 is a family of four-cylinder, direct-drive, horizontally opposed, air-cooled, piston aircraft engines. Engines in the O-360 series produce between 145 and 225 horsepower (109 to 168 kW), with the basic O-360 producing 180 horsepower.


title: Lycoming O-360

text: The engine family has been installed in thousands of aircraft, including the Cessna 172, Piper Cherokee/Archer, Grumman Tiger, and many home-built types. It has a factory rated time between overhaul (TBO) of 2000 hours or twelve years. O-360 family engines are also widely used in airboats, most notably in the Hurricane Aircats used by the US Army during the Vietnam War.


title: Lycoming O-360

text: The first O-360 certified was the A1A model, certified on 20 July 1955 to United States CAR 13 effective March 5, 1952 as amended by 13-1 and 13-2. The Lycoming IO-390 is an O-360 which has had its cylinder bore increased by , developing .


title: Lycoming O-360

text: The O-360 family of engines comprises 167 different models with 12 different prefixes. All have a displacement and bore and stroke.


title: Stereolithography

text: Stereolithography (SLA or SL; also known as vat photopolymerisation, optical fabrication, photo-solidification, or resin printing) is a form of 3D printing technology used for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts in a layer by layer fashion using photochemical processes by which light causes chemical monomers and oligomers to cross-link together to form polymers. Those polymers then make up the body of a three-dimensional solid. Research in the area had been conducted during the 1970s, but the term was coined by Chuck Hull in 1984 when he applied for a patent on the process, which was granted in 1986. Stereolithography can be used to create prototypes for products in development, medical models, and computer hardware, as well as in many other applications. While stereolithography is fast and can produce almost any design, it can be expensive.


title: Stereolithography

text: Stereolithography or "SLA" printing is an early and widely used 3D printing technology. In the early 1980s, Japanese researcher Hideo Kodama first invented the modern layered approach to stereolithography by using ultraviolet light to cure photosensitive polymers. In 1984, just before Chuck Hull filed his own patent, Alain Le Mehaute, Olivier de Witte and Jean Claude André filed a patent for the stereolithography process. The French inventors' patent application was abandoned by the French General Electric Company (now Alcatel-Alsthom) and CILAS (The Laser Consortium). Le Mehaute believes that the abandonment reflects a problem with innovation in France.


title: Stereolithography

text: The term “stereolithography” (Greek: stereo-solid and lithography) was coined in 1984 by Chuck Hull when he filed his patent for the process. Hull patented stereolithography as a method of creating 3D objects by successively "printing" thin layers of an object using a medium curable by ultraviolet light, starting from the bottom layer to the top layer. Hull's patent described a concentrated beam of ultraviolet light focused onto the surface of a vat filled with a liquid photopolymer. The beam is focused onto the surface of the liquid photopolymer, creating each layer of the desired 3D object by means of crosslinking (generation of intermolecular bonds in polymers). It was invented with the intent of allowing engineers to create prototypes of their designs in a more time effective manner. After the patent was granted in 1986, Hull co-founded the world's first 3D printing company, 3D Systems, to commercialize it.


title: Stereolithography

text: Stereolithography's success in the automotive industry allowed 3D printing to achieve industry status and the technology continues to find innovative uses in many fields of study. Attempts have been made to construct mathematical models of stereolithography processes and to design algorithms to determine whether a proposed object may be constructed using 3D printing.


title: Stereolithography

text: Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing process that, in its most common form, works by focusing an ultraviolet (UV) laser on to a vat of photopolymer resin. With the help of computer aided manufacturing or computer-aided design (CAM/CAD) software, the UV laser is used to draw a pre-programmed design or shape on to the surface of the photopolymer vat. Photopolymers are sensitive to ultraviolet light, so the resin is photochemically solidified and forms a single layer of the desired 3D object. Then, the build platform lowers one layer and a blade recoats the top of the tank with resin. This process is repeated for each layer of the design until the 3D object is complete. Completed parts must be washed with a solvent to clean wet resin from their surfaces.


title: Stereolithography

text: It is also possible to print objects "bottom up" by using a vat with a transparent bottom and focusing the UV or deep-blue polymerization laser upward through the bottom of the vat. An inverted stereolithography machine starts a print by lowering the build platform to touch the bottom of the resin-filled vat, then moving upward the height of one layer. The UV laser then writes the bottom-most layer of the desired part through the transparent vat bottom. Then the vat is "rocked", flexing and peeling the bottom of the vat away from the hardened photopolymer; the hardened material detaches from the bottom of the vat and stays attached to the rising build platform, and new liquid photopolymer flows in from the edges of the partially built part. The UV laser then writes the second-from-bottom layer and repeats the process. An advantage of this bottom-up mode is that the build volume can be much bigger than the vat itself, and only enough photopolymer is needed to keep the bottom of the build vat continuously full of photopolymer. This approach is typical of desktop SLA printers, while the right-side-up approach is more common in industrial systems.


title: Stereolithography

text: Stereolithography requires the use of supporting structures which attach to the elevator platform to prevent deflection due to gravity, resist lateral pressure from the resin-filled blade, or retain newly created sections during the "vat rocking" of bottom up printing. Supports are typically created automatically during the preparation of CAD models and can also be made manually. In either situation, the supports must be removed manually after printing.


title: Stereolithography

text: The liquid materials used for SLA printing are commonly referred to as "resins" and are thermoset polymers. A wide variety of resins are commercially available and it is also possible to use homemade resins to test different compositions for example. Material properties vary according to formulation configurations: "materials can be soft or hard, heavily filled with secondary materials like glass and ceramic, or imbued with mechanical properties like high heat deflection temperature or impact resistance". Recently, some studies have tested the possibility to green or reusable materials to produce "sustainable" resins. It is possible to classify the resins in the following categories:


title: Stereolithography

text: Stereolithographic models have been used in medicine since the 1990s, for creating accurate 3D models of various anatomical regions of a patient, based on data from computer scans. Medical modelling involves first acquiring a CT, MRI, or other scan. This data consists of a series of cross sectional images of the human anatomy. In these images different tissues show up as different levels of grey. Selecting a range of grey values enables specific tissues to be isolated. A region of interest is then selected and all the pixels connected to the target point within that grey value range are selected. This enables a specific organ to be selected. This process is referred to as segmentation. The segmented data may then be translated into a format suitable for stereolithography. While stereolithography is normally accurate, the accuracy of a medical model depends on many factors, especially the operator performing the segmentation correctly. There are potential errors possible when making medical models using stereolithography but these can be avoided with practice and well trained operators.


title: Stereolithography

text: Stereolithographic models are used as an aid to diagnosis, preoperative planning and implant design and manufacture. This might involve planning and rehearsing osteotomies, for example. Surgeons use models to help plan surgeries but prosthetists and technologists also use models as an aid to the design and manufacture of custom-fitting implants. For instance, medical models created through stereolithography can be used to help in the construction of Cranioplasty plates.


title: Stereolithography

text: In 2019, scientists at Rice University published an article in the journal "Science", presenting soft hydrogel materials for stereolithography used in biological research applications.


title: Stereolithography

text: Stereolithography is often used for prototyping parts. For a relatively low price, stereolithography can produce accurate prototypes, even of irregular shapes. Businesses can use those prototypes to assess the design of their product or as publicity for the final product.